CINXE.COM

Better batteries for a rechargeable world | ESS

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-8858311-13"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag("config", "UA-8858311-13", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false,"page_path":location.pathname + location.search + location.hash});</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/hotjar/hotjar.script.js?sac9rm"></script> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/ess/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://europeanspallationsource.se/article/2019/12/09/better-batteries-rechargeable-world" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://europeanspallationsource.se/node/245303" /> <title>Better batteries for a rechargeable world | ESS</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_e9dgESbGtXgg71f19rQkwvZvXbP7YAP_3-IlRph0FCM.css?delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=ess&amp;include=eJxdj2tuAyEMhC_E40iRAZe1amyEIcnevhvSKlL_WPPNWBpNVa2MNxDgc1K2WP8Zzk6b2GICQ4dm8UtlBtM1MnoDMd-H7oCyioVX7OGBpu39X1kT8JYTEqM5fE4m-Y5lrA4cftHdCR8W9w1Ny2J0HQbUAf2wv-ePE5b0lZjswOJQJs3zhi1hiRn6JJVdmZdNbZ4a1Ffz5SQ8SIq_5MYGJL6hrDdpIsYPG13boW_NWCGf_lo5r7oflvB48Q" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro:300,400,600,700" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_C3zpLvcRllkiWVgt6sALaIoUalXZkrQqBJKpi8e2354.css?delta=2&amp;language=en&amp;theme=ess&amp;include=eJxdj2tuAyEMhC_E40iRAZe1amyEIcnevhvSKlL_WPPNWBpNVa2MNxDgc1K2WP8Zzk6b2GICQ4dm8UtlBtM1MnoDMd-H7oCyioVX7OGBpu39X1kT8JYTEqM5fE4m-Y5lrA4cftHdCR8W9w1Ny2J0HQbUAf2wv-ePE5b0lZjswOJQJs3zhi1hiRn6JJVdmZdNbZ4a1Ffz5SQ8SIq_5MYGJL6hrDdpIsYPG13boW_NWCGf_lo5r7oflvB48Q" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_yRQGPdI76XMtYWgmfeK7lLNtvU7etZO7qXGLqVvnyW0.css?delta=3&amp;language=en&amp;theme=ess&amp;include=eJxdj2tuAyEMhC_E40iRAZe1amyEIcnevhvSKlL_WPPNWBpNVa2MNxDgc1K2WP8Zzk6b2GICQ4dm8UtlBtM1MnoDMd-H7oCyioVX7OGBpu39X1kT8JYTEqM5fE4m-Y5lrA4cftHdCR8W9w1Ny2J0HQbUAf2wv-ePE5b0lZjswOJQJs3zhi1hiRn6JJVdmZdNbZ4a1Ffz5SQ8SIq_5MYGJL6hrDdpIsYPG13boW_NWCGf_lo5r7oflvB48Q" /> </head> <body> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <section id="block-sitemap" class="search-sitemap"> <div class="search-sitemap__inner"> <div class="search-sitemap__content"> <div class="views-exposed-form" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-search-page" id="block-search-form"> <form action="/search" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-search-page" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="form"> <div class="form-item form-item-s js-form-item js-form-item-s js-form-type-textfield form-group"> <label for="edit-s" class="form-group__label">Search for</label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-s" type="text" id="edit-s" name="s" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text input" placeholder="Search..." /> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-search" type="submit" id="edit-submit-search" value="Search" class="button js-form-submit form-submit button--primary" /> </div> </form> </div> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-site-map-navigation-menu" id="block-site-map-navigation"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-site-map-navigation-menu">Main navigation</h2> <ul class="sitemap__1-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/about" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2">About ESS</a> <ul class="sitemap__2-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <div class="sitemap__item-nested"> <a href="/ess-mandate" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/335">The ESS Mandate</a> <button class="sitemap__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle The ESS Mandate sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <ul class="sitemap__3-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/ess-mandate/ess-story" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4">The ESS Story</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <div class="sitemap__item-nested"> <a href="/ess-organisation" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/336">ESS Organisation</a> <button class="sitemap__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle ESS Organisation sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <ul class="sitemap__3-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <div class="sitemap__item-nested"> <a href="/ess-organisation/governance" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/337">Governance</a> <button class="sitemap__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle Governance sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <ul class="sitemap__4-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/councilmeetings" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/248057">Council Meetings</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/ess-organisation/committees" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/338">Committees</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <div class="sitemap__item-nested"> <a href="/news-press" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/339">News &amp; Press</a> <button class="sitemap__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle News &amp; Press sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <ul class="sitemap__3-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/media-bank" data-drupal-link-system-path="media-bank">Media Bank</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/redirects/articles" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/579">Web Articles</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/publications" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/75864">Publications</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <div class="sitemap__item-nested"> <a href="/legal-ip" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/503">Legal</a> <button class="sitemap__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle Legal sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <ul class="sitemap__3-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/privacy" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6622">ESS Privacy and Cookies Policies</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/contact" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/346">Contact ESS</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/science-instruments" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6">Science &amp; Instruments</a> <ul class="sitemap__2-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <div class="sitemap__item-nested"> <a href="/science-using-neutrons" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/38">Science Using Neutrons</a> <button class="sitemap__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle Science Using Neutrons sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <ul class="sitemap__3-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/science-using-neutrons/chemistry-materials-magnetic-electronic-phenomena" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/25">Chemistry of Materials, Magnetic &amp; Electronic Phenomena</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/science-using-neutrons/engineering-materials-geosciences-archeology-heritage-conservation" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/41">Engineering Materials, Geosciences, Archeology &amp; Heritage Conservation and Fast Neutron Applications</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/science-using-neutrons/life-science-soft-condensed-matter" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/40">Life Science &amp; Soft Condensed Matter</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/science-using-neutrons/particle-physics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300">Particle Physics</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <div class="sitemap__item-nested"> <a href="/futurescience" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/248051">Future Science: What will we see at ESS?</a> <button class="sitemap__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle Future Science: What will we see at ESS? sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <ul class="sitemap__4-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/publications/future-science/engineering-materials" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/244096">Safer, lighter and stronger engineering materials</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/publications/future-science/3D-printing-space-exploration" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/244102">Fine-tuning 3D printing for space exploration</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/publications/future-science/fight-against-air-pollution" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/245580">New tools in the fight against air pollution and global warming</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/publications/future-science/exploring-powerhouse-life" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/244103">Exploring the powerhouse of life</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/publications/future-science/better-superconductors-improve-cancer-diagnosis" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/244109">Better superconductors to improve cancer diagnosis</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/publications/future-science/most-effective-cancer-drugs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/245578">Bringing the most effective cancer drugs to market sooner</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/publications/future-science/lighting-way-next-generation-energy" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/244115">Lighting the way to next generation solar energy</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/publications/future-science/new-battery-materials" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/245269">New battery materials for a renewable energy future</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/publications/future-science/promise-of-big-data" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/245306">Delivering on the Promise of Big Data</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/publications/future-science/disorder-essential-to-life" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/245263">Putting a finger on the disorder essential to life</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/publications/future-science/unlocking-secrets-of-water" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/244118">Unlocking the secrets of water</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <div class="sitemap__item-nested"> <a href="/instruments" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/35">Instruments</a> <button class="sitemap__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle Instruments sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <ul class="sitemap__3-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/instruments/beer" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/560">BEER</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/instruments/bifrost" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/553">BIFROST</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/instruments/cspec" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/571">CSPEC</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/instruments/dream" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/561">DREAM</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/instruments/estia" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/393">ESTIA</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/instruments/freia" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/392">FREIA</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/instruments/heimdal" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/576">HEIMDAL</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/instruments/loki" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/577">LOKI</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/instruments/magic" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/636">MAGIC</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/instruments/miracles" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/637">MIRACLES</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/instruments/nmx" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/598">NMX</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/instruments/odin" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/599">ODIN</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/instruments/skadi" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/638">SKADI</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/instruments/t-rex" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/639">T-REX</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/instruments/vespa" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/640">VESPA</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <div class="sitemap__item-nested"> <a href="/data-management-software-centre" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/501">Data Management &amp; Software Centre</a> <button class="sitemap__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle Data Management &amp; Software Centre sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <ul class="sitemap__3-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/data-management-software/computing-centre" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/502">Computing Centre</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <div class="sitemap__item-nested"> <a href="/labs-and-sample-environment" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/507">Labs and Sample Environment</a> <button class="sitemap__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle Labs and Sample Environment sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <ul class="sitemap__3-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/science-support-systems/premp" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/534">PREMP</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/science-support-systems/fluco" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/535">FLUCO</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/science-support-systems/tefi" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/536">TEFI</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/science-support-systems/demax" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/537">DEMAX</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/science-support-systems/sulf" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/538">SULF</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/science-support-systems/mesi" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/539">MESI</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/node/248070" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/248070">Committees</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/science-support-systems/forusers" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/540">For Users</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/ESSscientists" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/248090">ESS Scientists</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/ScienceEvents" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/248100">Science Events</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/sciencehighlights" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/248135">Highlights of Published Papers</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/technology" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/7">Technology</a> <ul class="sitemap__2-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <div class="sitemap__item-nested"> <a href="/accelerator" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/588">Accelerator</a> <button class="sitemap__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle Accelerator sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <ul class="sitemap__3-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/accelerator/how-it-works" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/597">How It Works</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/accelerator/linac" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/606">LINAC</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/accelerator/beam-physics-operation-beam-diagnostics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/603">Beam Physics &amp; Beam Diagnostics</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/accelerator/cryogenics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/604">Cryogenics</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/accelerator/vacuum" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/247984">Vacuum</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/accelerator/radio-frequency-systems" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/605">Radio Frequency Systems</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/accelerator/acceleratorteststands" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/247985">Accelerator Test Stands</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <div class="sitemap__item-nested"> <a href="/target" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/587">Target</a> <button class="sitemap__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle Target sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <ul class="sitemap__3-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/target/how-it-works" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/632">How the Target works</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/controls" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/590">Controls</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/building-ess" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10">Building ESS</a> <ul class="sitemap__2-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <div class="sitemap__item-nested"> <a href="/building-project" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/365">The Building Project</a> <button class="sitemap__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle The Building Project sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <ul class="sitemap__3-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/building-project/site-architecture-energy" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/366">Site, Architecture &amp; Sustainability</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/building-project/licensing-planning" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367">Licensing &amp; Planning</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/building-project/radiation-protection-safety" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368">Radiation Protection &amp; Safety</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/site-weekly-updates" data-drupal-link-system-path="site-weekly-updates/2023">Progress reports from the ESS site</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/aerial" data-drupal-link-system-path="aerial">Aerial Views</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/partnerships" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/9">Partnerships</a> <ul class="sitemap__2-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/in-kind-contributions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/374">In-Kind Contributions</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <div class="sitemap__item-nested"> <a href="/doing-business-ess" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/347">Doing business with ESS</a> <button class="sitemap__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle Doing business with ESS sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <ul class="sitemap__3-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/supplierinformation" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/248056">Supplier Information</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/procurement/listings" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/390">Procurement Listings</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/procurement/contract-award-notices" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/391">Contract Award Notices</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/grants" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/397">Grants</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/careers" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18">Careers</a> <ul class="sitemap__2-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/careers/vacancies" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19">Vacancies</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <div class="sitemap__item-nested"> <a href="/living-working-scandinavia" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/332">Living &amp; Working in Scandinavia</a> <button class="sitemap__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle Living &amp; Working in Scandinavia sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <ul class="sitemap__3-lvl"> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/living-working-scandinavia/sweden" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/333">In Sweden</a> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/living-working-scandinavia/denmark" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/334">In Denmark</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="sitemap__item"> <a href="/careers/family-support" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/302">ESS Family Support</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </section> <div class="site-container"> <header role="banner" class="site-header"> <div class="site-header__behind" data-behind-ess> <nav class="site-header__behind-list"> <a href="https://mail.esss.lu.se/owa/auth/logon.aspx?replaceCurrent=1&url=https%3a%2f%2fmail.esss.lu.se%2fowa%2f" class="site-header__behind-link"> <i class="icon icon--email"></i> <div class="site-header__behind-title">Webmail</div> </a> <a href="https://confluence.esss.lu.se/login.action" class="site-header__behind-link"> <i class="icon icon--inside"></i> <div class="site-header__behind-title">ESS Inside</div> </a> </nav> </div> <div id="block-mobile-menu" class="mobile-menu"> <nav id="block-main-navigation-mobile" class="mobile-nav"> <ul class="mobile-nav__items"> <li class="mobile-nav__item"> <div class="mobile-nav__item-content"> <a href="/about" class="mobile-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2">About ESS</a> <button class="mobile-nav__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle About ESS sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <nav class="mobile-nav__dropdown" aria-label="About ESS sub-menu"> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/ess-mandate">The ESS Mandate</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/ess-organisation">ESS Organisation</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/news-press">News &amp; Press</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/publications">Publications</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/legal-ip">Legal</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/contact">Contact ESS</a> </nav> </li> <li class="mobile-nav__item"> <div class="mobile-nav__item-content"> <a href="/science-instruments" class="mobile-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6">Science &amp; Instruments</a> <button class="mobile-nav__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle Science &amp; Instruments sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <nav class="mobile-nav__dropdown" aria-label="Science &amp; Instruments sub-menu"> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/science-using-neutrons">Science Using Neutrons</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/instruments">Instruments</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/data-management-software-centre">Data Management &amp; Software Centre</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/labs-and-sample-environment">Labs and Sample Environment</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/node/248070">Committees</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/science-support-systems/forusers">For Users</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/ESSscientists">ESS Scientists</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/ScienceEvents">Science Events</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/sciencehighlights">Highlights of Published Papers</a> </nav> </li> <li class="mobile-nav__item"> <div class="mobile-nav__item-content"> <a href="/technology" class="mobile-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/7">Technology</a> <button class="mobile-nav__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle Technology sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <nav class="mobile-nav__dropdown" aria-label="Technology sub-menu"> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/accelerator">Accelerator</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/target">Target</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/controls">Controls</a> </nav> </li> <li class="mobile-nav__item"> <div class="mobile-nav__item-content"> <a href="/building-ess" class="mobile-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10">Building ESS</a> <button class="mobile-nav__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle Building ESS sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <nav class="mobile-nav__dropdown" aria-label="Building ESS sub-menu"> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/building-project">The Building Project</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/site-weekly-updates">Progress reports from the ESS site</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/aerial">Aerial Views</a> </nav> </li> <li class="mobile-nav__item"> <div class="mobile-nav__item-content"> <a href="/partnerships" class="mobile-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/9">Partnerships</a> <button class="mobile-nav__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle Partnerships sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <nav class="mobile-nav__dropdown" aria-label="Partnerships sub-menu"> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/in-kind-contributions">In-Kind Contributions</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/doing-business-ess">Doing business with ESS</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/grants">Grants</a> </nav> </li> <li class="mobile-nav__item"> <div class="mobile-nav__item-content"> <a href="/careers" class="mobile-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18">Careers</a> <button class="mobile-nav__item-toggler" aria-label="Toggle Careers sub-menu"> <i class="icon icon--add"></i> <i class="icon icon--close-bold"></i> </button> </div> <nav class="mobile-nav__dropdown" aria-label="Careers sub-menu"> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/careers/vacancies">Vacancies</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/living-working-scandinavia">Living &amp; Working in Scandinavia</a> <a class="mobile-nav__dropdown-item" href="/careers/family-support">ESS Family Support</a> </nav> </li></ul> </nav> </div> <div id="block-header-top" class="site-header__top"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-secondary-navigation-menu" id="block-secondary-navigation" class="site-header__top-nav"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-secondary-navigation-menu">Secondary navigation</h2> <ul class="navigation"> <li class="navigation__item"> <a href="https://publications.ess.eu/" title="ESS Publications Portal" class="navigation__link">Publications Portal</a> </li> <li class="navigation__item"> <a href="/contact" class="navigation__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/346">Contact</a> </li> <li class="navigation__item"> <a href="/news-press" class="navigation__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/339">Press</a> </li> <li class="navigation__item"> <a class="navigation__link" target="_blank" data-behind-ess-toggler> <i class="icon icon--arrow-down-small"></i>Behind ESS</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div id="block-header-main" class="site-header__main"> <div class="site-header__main__inner"> <div id="block-site-branding" class="site-header__logo"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home"> <img src="/themes/custom/ess/logo.svg" alt="Home" /> </a> </div> <nav class="site-header__main-menu" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-main-navigation-menu"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-main-navigation-menu">Main navigation</h2> <ul class="navigation navigation--main-menu"> <li class="navigation__item"><a href="/about" class="navigation__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2">About ESS</a> <div class="navigation__dropdown"> <div class="navigation__dropdown__inner"> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/ess-mandate"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/media/2017-09/long%20pulse%20performance_550_0.png?h=633228d6&amp;itok=X8zqIpM_" width="90" height="90" alt="ess long pulse slide" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">The ESS Mandate</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/ess-organisation"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/2017-09/organisation.jpg?itok=7wkglOG2" width="90" height="90" alt="organisation" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">ESS Organisation</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/news-press"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/media/2017-09/_MG_3333.jpg?h=e3678651&amp;itok=whQzNdZU" width="90" height="90" alt="News and Press" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">News &amp; Press</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/publications"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/hero/2018-07/waterDreamPromo_300ppi.jpg?h=9003c45f&amp;itok=4h5uSAbr" width="90" height="90" alt="alt" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Publications</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/legal-ip"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/2017-12/legalDoc_220.png?itok=hmVl8eiY" width="90" height="64" alt="legal and ip" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Legal</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/contact"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/media/2017-09/ESS_Logo_Frugal_White-on-blue_cmyk_External%20Use.jpg?h=a53c1963&amp;itok=Aw6xfKL4" width="90" height="90" alt="contact ess " loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Contact ESS</div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="navigation__item"><a href="/science-instruments" class="navigation__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6">Science &amp; Instruments</a> <div class="navigation__dropdown"> <div class="navigation__dropdown__inner"> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/science-using-neutrons"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/hero/2017-08/MakowskaJParc_1200.jpg?h=293adc18&amp;itok=5hB199v8" width="90" height="90" alt="Science using neutrons" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Science Using Neutrons</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/instruments"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/hero/2017-07/instruments_blue_1200.png?h=b2a212ad&amp;itok=JzaQVGuf" width="90" height="90" alt="instruments" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Instruments</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/data-management-software-centre"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/hero/2017-09/dmsc%20chevron%20banner_1400.png?h=66b05cb6&amp;itok=L_wKTjh7" width="90" height="90" alt="dmsc" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Data Management &amp; Software Centre</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/labs-and-sample-environment"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/hero/2017-09/Magnet_4.jpg?h=00e18867&amp;itok=zKHA4a7j" width="90" height="90" alt="sss magnet" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Labs and Sample Environment</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/node/248070"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/media/2021-12/IKON17_formation%20sign_Full%20external%20view%20-%20May%20be%20used%20freely%20in%20alla%20available%20channels.%20.jpg?itok=Ncd8qJ-n" width="90" height="60" alt="Inauguration" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Committees</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/science-support-systems/forusers"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/hero/2023-12/E04%20lab%20people%20Katrin.JPG?itok=QAtE_ZzV" width="90" height="53" alt="Lab Kat" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">For Users</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/ESSscientists"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/media/2021-09/3792558.jpg?itok=8Strvvz3" width="90" height="60" alt="Scientist at work" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">ESS Scientists</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/ScienceEvents"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/hero/2024-02/diffraction.png?itok=yLNb-GsF" width="90" height="49" alt="diffraction" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Science Events</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/sciencehighlights"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/hero/2024-10/Science%20papers%20%282%29.jpeg?itok=zZguiNS8" width="90" height="44" alt="Science papers image" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Highlights of Published Papers</div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="navigation__item"><a href="/technology" class="navigation__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/7">Technology</a> <div class="navigation__dropdown"> <div class="navigation__dropdown__inner"> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/accelerator"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/hero/2017-09/acc_banner_1000.png?h=cb801f2f&amp;itok=EC37vyla" width="90" height="90" alt="ess accelerator" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Accelerator</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/target"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/media/2017-09/target6_Internal%20Use_External%20View.png?h=ff15ea50&amp;itok=XO28MPl3" width="90" height="90" alt="target monolith" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Target</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/controls"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/media/2018-09/Screen%20Shot%202018-09-13%20at%2017.05.48.png?h=a10cddb0&amp;itok=X1_iSQnJ" width="90" height="90" alt="ess ics" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Controls</div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="navigation__item"><a href="/building-ess" class="navigation__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10">Building ESS</a> <div class="navigation__dropdown"> <div class="navigation__dropdown__inner"> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/building-project"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/media/2017-09/A02-40_level100_drawing_1200.png?h=53a98cd7&amp;itok=F9Us25Lr" width="90" height="90" alt="Building project" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">The Building Project</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/site-weekly-updates"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/2018-07/P1140318_Internal%20use%20_%20for%20web%20and%20print.jpg?h=c7bfd0d4&amp;itok=9lwg-gR4" width="90" height="90" alt="weekly construction updates" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Progress reports from the ESS site</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/aerial"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/media/2017-09/18012016-193-1_Internal%20Use_External%20View.jpg?h=0273d20e&amp;itok=2p1nefxU" width="90" height="90" alt="ess aerial snow" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Aerial Views</div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="navigation__item"><a href="/partnerships" class="navigation__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/9">Partnerships</a> <div class="navigation__dropdown"> <div class="navigation__dropdown__inner"> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/in-kind-contributions"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/hero/2017-09/tartu2.png?h=9195438e&amp;itok=L3Hm0xYi" width="90" height="90" alt="tartu pump probe" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">In-Kind Contributions</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/doing-business-ess"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/hero/2017-09/P1090741_Internal%20Use%20Only.jpg?h=4e9d5992&amp;itok=PgyVtvfk" width="90" height="90" alt="procurement" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Doing business with ESS</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/grants"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/media/2017-09/20131004_Partner%20and%20Industry%20Day%209.jpg?h=d142f1ab&amp;itok=OjUzVEZE" width="90" height="90" alt="partner day" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Grants</div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="navigation__item"><a href="/careers" class="navigation__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18">Careers</a> <div class="navigation__dropdown"> <div class="navigation__dropdown__inner"> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/careers/vacancies"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/hero/2017-09/staffMontage_1919.jpg?h=ef1077af&amp;itok=wBEDJhQO" width="90" height="90" alt="careers" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Vacancies</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/living-working-scandinavia"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/media/2017-09/bridge_blue_2000.jpg?h=0d105c19&amp;itok=auzcJxmP" width="90" height="90" alt="scandinavia" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">Living &amp; Working in Scandinavia</div> </div> </a> <a class="navigation__dropdown-item" href="/careers/family-support"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-image"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_thumbnail/public/images/media/2017-09/15062017-276-48-RE_Internal%20Use_External%20View.jpg?h=001871cd&amp;itok=Ry_F7Xe2" width="90" height="90" alt="family" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="navigation__dropdown-content"> <div class="navigation__dropdown-title">ESS Family Support</div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> <button class="button-icon" mobile-menu-toggler> <i class="icon icon--burger" mobile-menu-open-icon></i> <i class="icon icon--close" style="display: none;" mobile-menu-close-icon></i> </button> <div class="site-header__search"> <button class="sitemap-toggler"><i class="icon icon--search"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="site-messages"><div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <main class="site-content" role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div id="block-content"> <div class="article"> <div class="article__main"> <div class="row"> <header class="article__main-header col-12 col-md-8 col-xl-9"> <h1 class="article__title">Better batteries for a rechargeable world</h1> <div class="article__created-date"> <time datetime="2019-12-09T11:13:50+01:00" class="date date--primary"><time datetime="2019-12-09T11:13:50+01:00" title="Monday, December 9, 2019 - 11:13">December 9, 2019</time> </time> </div> </header> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="article__main-content col-12 col-md-8 col-xl-9"> <div class="article__image"> <div class="media media-image media-image--article-lead"> <div class="media__content"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/media/2019-12/_21A2140.jpg?itok=gf4i8eFg 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="1710" height="1140"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/media/2019-12/_21A2140.jpg?itok=gf4i8eFg" width="1710" height="1140" alt="Photograph of Kristina Edström, Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at Uppsala University" /> </picture> </div> <footer class="media__footer"> <div class="caption"> Kristina Edström, Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at Uppsala University in Sweden, leader of Ångströms Advanced Battery Centre and co-ordinator of the European Initiative, Battery 2030+. </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="article__sections"> <section class="layout-section layout-section--primary layout-section--one-columns"> <div class="layout-section__row"> <section class="section section--text"> <p class="lead">Batteries are  an important part of our everyday lives, and will now also be a key focus area for seven European nations, including Sweden, following an announcement by the European Commission of the <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_19_6705" target="_blank">approval of a €3.2 billion R&amp;D partnership for battery research</a>. The partnership will focus on industry initiatives and is funded by the seven countries.</p> <p>The Concept of "better batteries is a major priority for the European economy and the European Union's (EU) ambition to be climate neutral by 2050. An important figure in this swiftly moving push toward a fossil-fuel-free future is Kristina Edström, Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at Uppsala University in Sweden, who also serves as coordinator for <a href="https://battery2030.eu/" target="_blank">BATTERY 2030+</a>, a pan-European research initiative making waves in the build-up to the Horizon Europe, the EU’s new €100 billion framework programme. The <a href="https://battery2030.eu/roadmap/" target="_blank">BATTERY 2030+ Roadmap</a> has identified the critical early-stage contributions that will be made by Europe’s large-scale neutron and photon facilities.</p> <div data-embed-button="block_create" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:block_content.full" data-entity-type="block_content" data-entity-uuid="2841c9cb-309b-44b7-a3f1-63d046bda4c1" class="align-right embedded-entity embedded-block-content embedded-block-content-call-to-action embedded-block-content-call-to-action--full" data-langcode="en" data-entity-embed-display-settings="[]"> <div class="call-to-action call-to-action--"> <p><strong>Future Science at ESS</strong></p> <p>Research using neutrons is valuable in the development and studying of next-generation battery technology and can therefore greatly enable us to achieve our desired renewable energy future. Learn more about the energy research that will be conducted on <a href="/instruments">instruments under construction</a> at ESS.</p> <a href="https://europeanspallationsource.se/sites/default/files/files/document/2019-10/201099_v3_ESS_leaflet_HEIMDAL_AW_Digital.pdf" class="button button--primary">Download PDF</a> </div> </div> <p>"As a society, we are using batteries more and more, and the demands are always increasing," says Kristina Edström. "We want our phones to last longer, our laptops to charge quicker, and our electric cars to go further. The only way to meet these demands is to develop new, more efficient, and more powerful batteries, and this can only be achieved through carrying out the right research.</p> <p>“My group is trying to achieve better batteries,” Kristina shares, “We want to understand the processes within battery cells to really gain deeper knowledge about the complex relationships between the negative and positive electrodes, and how the electrolytes affect the performance of the battery. <a href="https://europeanspallationsource.se/science-using-neutrons">Neutron research</a> can help us with this.”</p> <p>Although it’s easy to take batteries for granted, the science involved is extremely complex. Researchers need to look into how to synthesise new cathodes and anodes, and then see if they’re compatible with each other. They also need to look into complex metal oxides which are almost identical in atomic structure. Then there’s the need to work on extremely small atoms.</p> <div data-embed-button="media" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:media.landscape_33" data-entity-type="media" data-entity-uuid="56a59810-7ac6-4917-8570-1247ce312d66" class="align-left embedded-entity embedded-media embedded-media-image embedded-media-image--landscape-33" data-langcode="en" data-entity-embed-display-settings="[]"> <div class="media media-image media-image--landscape-33"> <div class="media__content"> <picture><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape/public/images/media/2019-12/lithium%20battery_Internal%20use%20_%20for%20web%20and%20print.jpg?itok=6noafVlZ 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="880" height="587"></source><img class="image" loading="eager" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape/public/images/media/2019-12/lithium%20battery_Internal%20use%20_%20for%20web%20and%20print.jpg?itok=6noafVlZ" width="880" height="587" alt="Lithium battery in a mobile phone" /></picture></div> <footer class="media__footer"><div class="caption"><p>Lithium batteries are commonly used in mobile phones.</p> </div> </footer></div> </div> <p>“My group is studying lithium, which is in great demand in batteries today,” continues Kristina. “It’s a very small atom, which makes it difficult to study with other techniques. Neutrons, however, are a brilliant way to study it. You can locate it in an atomic structure in a way that you cannot with other methods. Then you also have some batteries that become magnetic, where you also need neutrons to investigate effectively.”</p> <p>To develop batteries which perform better, it’s not possible to rely on just one kind of research. That’s why <a href="https://battery2030.eu" target="_blank">Batteries 2030+</a> has applied to a number of different research facilities in Europe, explains Kristina. "We’ve had meetings with <a href="https://www.maxiv.lu.se" target="_blank">MAX IV</a> in Lund,<a href="https://www.ill.eu" target="_blank"> ILL</a> in France and the reactor, FRMII, in Munich,” she adds.</p> <p>“ESS will be is really interesting for battery research, as to do it well you need to use a portfolio of techniques. ESS will provide an entire portfolio at one location, with <a href="https://europeanspallationsource.se/instruments">the various instruments that will be available</a>. If you study one problem, you apply for time at one instrument, then you study new phenomena at a new beam line, and then together your results can paint a coherent picture." she explains.</p> <p>The neutron research into batteries can be carried out at other facilities, but ESS will offer unique opportunities due to the fact that it will be home to the brightest beam in the world.</p> </section> <section class="section section--text"> <div data-embed-button="block_create" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:block_content.full" data-entity-type="block_content" data-entity-uuid="798617ae-7e81-4c99-93c6-1cce16f16cd8" class="align-center embedded-entity embedded-block-content embedded-block-content-blockquote embedded-block-content-blockquote--full" data-langcode="en" data-entity-embed-display-settings="[]"> <div><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>"The EU has a target to be climate neutral by 2050. In order to achieve this fossil-free society, where we are no longer dependent on fossil fuels, we need to address the need for more sustainable forms of energy and the storing of energy in more sustainable ways – like safer, sustainable, better-performing batteries." – Kristina Edström</p> </blockquote> </div> </div> </section> </div> </section> <section class="layout-section layout-section--primary layout-section--one-columns"> <div class="layout-section__row"> <section class="section section--text"> <p>“At ESS, you will be able to get results from more realistic sample sizes,” Kristina confirms. “In other facilities you need large samples to effectively study them. Here, you will be able to get valuable, tangible data from a smaller sample. You’ll also be able to more accurately follow what’s happening mechanically when things are moving within the material, as the charge moves back and forth. The possibilities are exciting!”</p> <div data-embed-button="media" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:media.landscape_33" data-entity-type="media" data-entity-uuid="7814ad16-fd84-45a4-9ab8-feb57d53165d" class="align-left embedded-entity embedded-media embedded-media-image embedded-media-image--landscape-33" data-langcode="en" data-entity-embed-display-settings="[]"> <div class="media media-image media-image--landscape-33"> <div class="media__content"> <picture><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape/public/images/media/2019-12/schematic%20lithium%20ion%20battery.jpg?itok=AyzCvfuT 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="880" height="631"></source><img class="image" loading="eager" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape/public/images/media/2019-12/schematic%20lithium%20ion%20battery.jpg?itok=AyzCvfuT" width="880" height="631" alt="lithium ion battery" /></picture></div> <footer class="media__footer"><div class="caption"><p class="text-align-justify">Schematic of a lithium-ion battery during discharge, when the lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode, releasing an electron current. When charging, the battery’s ions move in the opposite direction. Finding the materials that will optimise this flow is the key to better batteries.</p> </div> </footer></div> </div> <p>Lithium ion batteries are the most important at the moment, so there will be studies into how to make them perform better. However, there are newer types of battery which use chemicals more abundantly available, like sodium. The scientific community will also need to find out more about these, and how to strike the right balance between what we’re using and where.</p> <p>“Sodium is not as powerful as lithium,” adds Kristina. “But it’s much easier to obtain. Sodium is everywhere, and it’s become cheaper. The idea would be that these batteries can take certain segments of the market, and we save the more powerful lithium ion batteries for things like electric cars, which will be crucial to limiting our environmental impact in the future.”</p> <div data-embed-button="block_create" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:block_content.full" data-entity-type="block_content" data-entity-uuid="0d7d1d4d-63ec-48c8-ac19-a3d27c0efba8" class="align-right embedded-entity embedded-block-content embedded-block-content-call-to-action embedded-block-content-call-to-action--full" data-langcode="en" data-entity-embed-display-settings="[]"> <div class="call-to-action call-to-action--"> <p><strong>KEYNOTE SPEAKER</strong><br /> Professor Edström will be one of the keynote speakers at the <a href="https://www.lens-initiative.org/">League of advance European Neutron Sources (LENS)</a> Colloquium to be held in Brussels in February 2020. She will be speaking about <em>How neutrons contribute to mission-based research</em>.</p> <p>ESS is a member of LENS and is organising the event through the EU grant programme <a href="https://brightness.esss.se/">BrightnESS2</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p>ESS is arriving at the right time too, as neutron research is becoming more widespread in the battery community. There are only a limited amount of neutron scattering facilities around the world, so it’s likely that ESS will be in great demand from those looking to develop exciting new ways to power our lives.</p> <p>“My dream battery is one that you could cycle for up to thirty years, that’s sustainable, powerful, safe and doesn’t cost much,” says Kristina. “But that’s impossible! Research is helping us develop better batteries though, which is so important. If we can, for example, bridge the gap between batteries and gasoline in terms of powering cars, that will be a huge benefit to society. I just hope that I’m still working when ESS is open, I have so many ideas for proposals!” </p> </section> <section class="section section--text"> <p>*This article is repurposed from an interview conducted with Kristina Edström in connection with the 2018 ESS Activity report.</p> </section> </div> </section> </div> </div> <aside class="article__sidebar col-4 col-xl-3"> <div class="read-next-block"><div class="read-next-block__inner"> <h4 class="read-next-block__title">Top stories</h4> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-f5d09150a7d265c56381d971a4fbc326e1e16611cd562ed9944cc0384691bb90"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-media-single"><div class="field-content"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/media/2024-11/TTC%20meeting.jpg?itok=Ihy82BRd" width="90" height="90" alt="TTC meeting" loading="lazy" /> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/article/2024/11/26/driving-innovation-srf-technology-highlights-ttc-meeting-lund" hreflang="en">Driving Innovation in SRF Technology: Highlights from the TTC Meeting in Lund</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-view-node"><span class="field-content"><a href="/article/2024/11/26/driving-innovation-srf-technology-highlights-ttc-meeting-lund" hreflang="en">view</a></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-media-single"><div class="field-content"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/media/2024-11/Magnet%20groupie.jpeg?itok=hmh7wJ5G" width="90" height="90" alt="Magnet group A2T" loading="lazy" /> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/article/2024/11/20/accelerator-magnets-ready-beam" hreflang="en">Accelerator Magnets Ready for Beam</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-view-node"><span class="field-content"><a href="/article/2024/11/20/accelerator-magnets-ready-beam" hreflang="en">view</a></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-media-single"><div class="field-content"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/media/2024-11/DSC_8559.jpeg?itok=oriqP3bY" width="90" height="90" alt="Detector Lab Utgård" loading="lazy" /> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/article/2024/11/12/cutting-edge-detector-technology-ess-detector-lab" hreflang="en">Cutting-Edge Detector Technology at ESS Detector Lab</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-view-node"><span class="field-content"><a href="/article/2024/11/12/cutting-edge-detector-technology-ess-detector-lab" hreflang="en">view</a></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-media-single"><div class="field-content"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/media/2024-11/WCC%20completion.png?itok=8NAO7tNY" width="90" height="90" alt="WCC team" loading="lazy" /> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/article/2024/11/04/warm-coupler-conditioning-completed-ess-accelerator-prepares-cold-operation" hreflang="en">Warm Coupler Conditioning Completed - ESS Accelerator Prepares for Cold Operation</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-view-node"><span class="field-content"><a href="/article/2024/11/04/warm-coupler-conditioning-completed-ess-accelerator-prepares-cold-operation" hreflang="en">view</a></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-media-single"><div class="field-content"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/media/2024-10/Vacuum%20team%20A2T.jpeg?itok=oStPZSFy" width="90" height="90" alt="ESS vacuum team" loading="lazy" /> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/article/2024/10/29/ess-linac-under-vacuum" hreflang="en">ESS Linac Under Vacuum</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-view-node"><span class="field-content"><a href="/article/2024/10/29/ess-linac-under-vacuum" hreflang="en">view</a></span></div></div> <div class="more-link"> <a href="/articles" class="button-link button-link--primary">See all articles<i class="icon icon--arrow-right"></i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <footer class="article__footer"><div class="views-element-container entity-row related-articles site-section"> <div class="row"> <h2 class="related-articles__title">Related Articles</h2> </div> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-8d01b8c0081ab285b4d354a6410453662c094df055abe92deed06eb8347ff65f"> <div class="row"> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2021/10/14/illuminating-unseen" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2021-10/03ADAA4A-9024-484F-BE6D-33C2B5406DEA.jpeg?itok=MNboS-wX 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2021-10/03ADAA4A-9024-484F-BE6D-33C2B5406DEA.jpeg?itok=MNboS-wX" width="640" height="460" alt="Robotic spray-coating" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2021/10/14/illuminating-unseen" rel="bookmark"> Illuminating the unseen </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2021-10-14">Oct 14, 2021</time><a href="/article/2021/10/14/illuminating-unseen" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2021/09/24/ess-labs-are-operational" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2021-10/E04%20lab%20assistants_Full%20internal%20use%20_%20for%20all%20internal%20channels.jpg?itok=ttLKJ3Dh 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2021-10/E04%20lab%20assistants_Full%20internal%20use%20_%20for%20all%20internal%20channels.jpg?itok=ttLKJ3Dh" width="640" height="460" alt="Students at work in the ESS Labs" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2021/09/24/ess-labs-are-operational" rel="bookmark"> ESS Labs are Operational </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2021-09-24">Sep 24, 2021</time><a href="/article/2021/09/24/ess-labs-are-operational" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2021/08/20/another-step-towards-beam-commissioning" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2021-08/DSCF3525_webcropjpg.jpg?itok=ZC_SnVN0 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2021-08/DSCF3525_webcropjpg.jpg?itok=ZC_SnVN0" width="640" height="460" alt="RFQ conditioning - control room" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2021/08/20/another-step-towards-beam-commissioning" rel="bookmark"> Another step towards beam commissioning </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2021-08-20">Aug 20, 2021</time><a href="/article/2021/08/20/another-step-towards-beam-commissioning" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2021/05/21/ess-appoints-new-director-general" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2021-05/Helmut%20Schober_%C2%A9CedrineTresca20190221_webcrop.jpg?itok=gIOvcDkx 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2021-05/Helmut%20Schober_%C2%A9CedrineTresca20190221_webcrop.jpg?itok=gIOvcDkx" width="640" height="460" alt="Helmut Schober" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2021/05/21/ess-appoints-new-director-general" rel="bookmark"> ESS Appoints New Director General </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2021-05-21">May 21, 2021</time><a href="/article/2021/05/21/ess-appoints-new-director-general" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="more-link"> <a href="/articles" class="button-link button-link--primary">See all articles<i class="icon icon--arrow-right"></i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-section"> <div><div class="block_content block_content--type-no_dead_end block_content--view-mode-full"> <div class="no-dead-ends"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-4"> <div class="block-region-left"> <div class="card card--cover card--overlay card--inverse"> <a class="anchor-cover" href="/about"></a> <img class="image" class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/block_teaser_portrait/public/images/media/2018-02/ESS%20Campus.png?itok=r1VJv56G" width="440" height="564" alt="alt" loading="lazy" /> <div class="card__image-overlay card__image-overlay--fade-dark-linear"> <div class="card__block card__block--bottom"> <h2 class="card__title">About ESS</h2> <p class="card__text" data-overflow-ellipsis>The New Global Neutron Science Hub</p> </div> <div class="card__footer"> <a class="button-link button-link--secondary" href="/about"> <div class="button-link__content">Read more</div> <i class="icon icon--arrow-right"></i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-8"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12"> <div class="block-region-right-top"><div class="card card--cover card--overlay card--inverse"> <a class="anchor-cover" href="/building-ess"></a> <img class="image" class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/block_teaser_wide/public/images/media/2018-05/DJI_0007_External%20Use_0.jpg?itok=fLYQnvvc" width="920" height="262" alt="ess construction site drone view north" loading="lazy" /> <div class="card__image-overlay card__image-overlay--fade-light"> <div class="card__block"> <h3 class="card__title">Building ESS</h3> <p class="card__text" data-overflow-ellipsis>ESS is growing daily. See the weekly progress, aerial views of the site and live webcams.</p> </div> <div class="card__footer"> <a class="button-link button-link--secondary" href="/building-ess"> <div class="button-link__content">See the construction progress</div> <i class="icon icon--arrow-right"></i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-6"> <div class="block-region-right-bottom-left"> <div class="card card--cover"> <a class="anchor-cover" href="/careers/vacancies"></a> <div class="card__block"> <h3 class="card__title">Vacancies</h3> <p class="card__text" data-overflow-ellipsis>The European Spallation Source recruits globally to fill a broad range of positions.</p> </div> <div class="card__footer"> <a class="button-link" href="/careers/vacancies"> <div class="button-link__content">See listings</div> <i class="icon icon--arrow-right"></i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-6"> <div class="block-region-right-bottom-right"> <div class="card card--cover card--overlay card--inverse"> <a class="anchor-cover" href="/contact/tours-visits"></a> <img class="image" class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/block_teaser_small/public/images/teaser/2017-07/m%C3%B6lleg%C3%A5rden_besk.jpg?itok=9d4kUYp1" width="440" height="262" alt="homepage" loading="lazy" /> <div class="card__image-overlay card__image-overlay--fade-light"> <div class="card__block"> <h3 class="card__title">ESS-MAX IV Visitor&#039;s Centre</h3> <p class="card__text" data-overflow-ellipsis>Arrange a visit to the ESS site.</p> </div> <div class="card__footer"> <a class="button-link button-link--secondary" href="/contact/tours-visits"> <div class="button-link__content">Visit ESS</div> <i class="icon icon--arrow-right"></i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> </main> <footer role="contentinfo" class="site-footer"> <div class="site-footer__section"> <div class="site-footer__logo"> <object class="site-footer__logo-graphic" data="https://europeanspallationsource.se/themes/custom/ess/graphics/logo-small.svg" type="image/svg+xml"></object> </div> <div class="site-footer__copyright"> <span>&copy; ESS. All rights reserved</span> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__section"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-footer-menu-menu" id="block-footer-menu" class="site-footer__menu"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-footer-menu-menu">Footer menu</h2> <ul class="navigation"> <li class="navigation__item"> <a href="/user/login" class="navigation__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="user/login">Login</a> </li> <li class="navigation__item"> <a href="/privacy" title="ESS Privacy and Cookies Policies" class="navigation__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6622">Privacy</a> </li> <li class="navigation__item"> <a href="https://sress.ess.eu/" title="SRE ESS" class="navigation__link">SRE ESS</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="site-footer__social-media" role="list" > <a href="http://www.twitter.com/essneutron" target="_blank" role="listitem" aria-label="Follow ESS on Twitter" class="button-icon"><i class="icon icon--twitter"></i></a> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/europeanspallationsource" target="_blank" role="listitem" aria-label="Follow ESS on Facebook" class="button-icon"><i class="icon icon--facebook"></i></a> <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/company/326252" target="_blank" role="listitem" aria-label="Follow ESS on LinkedIn" class="button-icon"><i class="icon icon--linkedin"></i></a> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/245303","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"entity_embed\/caption,ess\/behind-ess,ess\/custom-images,ess\/font.source-sans-pro,ess\/global,ess\/icons.font-awesome,ess\/legacy-content,ess\/main-menu,ess\/mobile-menu,ess\/sitemap,ess\/tables,extlink\/drupal.extlink,google_analytics\/google_analytics,paragraphs\/drupal.paragraphs.unpublished,system\/base,views\/views.module","theme":"ess","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"\/search":true},"google_analytics":{"account":"UA-8858311-13","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip","trackUrlFragments":true},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":true,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"127.0.0.1:8000","extInclude":"sites\/default\/files\/","extCssExclude":".site-footer__social-media,\r\n.twitter-block,\r\n.site-header\r\n","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":false,"extAlertText":"This link will take you to an external web site. We are not responsible for their content.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":null}},"panels_ipe":{"user_permission":null},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"f4b00ee70f94a9cc458caba3970910ce9ead53226f53385045fb7c2b72e3cc73"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_e_pwGRoYK4B3kZeXU-dC_FAqotboucQQw7046dqrXrQ.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=ess&amp;include=eJxdj2tuAyEMhC_E40iRAZe1amyEIcnevhvSKlL_WPPNWBpNVa2MNxDgc1K2WP8Zzk6b2GICQ4dm8UtlBtM1MnoDMd-H7oCyioVX7OGBpu39X1kT8JYTEqM5fE4m-Y5lrA4cftHdCR8W9w1Ny2J0HQbUAf2wv-ePE5b0lZjswOJQJs3zhi1hiRn6JJVdmZdNbZ4a1Ffz5SQ8SIq_5MYGJL6hrDdpIsYPG13boW_NWCGf_lo5r7oflvB48Q"></script> <script src="https://use.fontawesome.com/e87ab3b287.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_7j34Gx6PUUmOn2XGCTEpuNPQoB2LDAW78Z5l76Q8aPo.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=2&amp;language=en&amp;theme=ess&amp;include=eJxdj2tuAyEMhC_E40iRAZe1amyEIcnevhvSKlL_WPPNWBpNVa2MNxDgc1K2WP8Zzk6b2GICQ4dm8UtlBtM1MnoDMd-H7oCyioVX7OGBpu39X1kT8JYTEqM5fE4m-Y5lrA4cftHdCR8W9w1Ny2J0HQbUAf2wv-ePE5b0lZjswOJQJs3zhi1hiRn6JJVdmZdNbZ4a1Ffz5SQ8SIq_5MYGJL6hrDdpIsYPG13boW_NWCGf_lo5r7oflvB48Q"></script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10