Sleep-Related Hypoventilation | Psychology Today Singapore

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</div> </div> <div class="breadcrumbs-wrapper block" id="block-breadcrumbsblock-2"> <div class="breadcrumbs container"> <span class="breadcrumb-trail"><a href="/sg/conditions">Conditions</a></span>  >  <span class="breadcrumb-trail"><a href="/sg/conditions#sleep-disorders">Sleep Disorders</a></span>  >  <span class="breadcrumb-trail">Sleep-Related Hypoventilation</span> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="outer-layout-container"> <main class="layout-content layout-container" > <div class="layout-content-full"> <div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> <div class="layout-container--grid layout-container--primary-left-rail--single"> <div class="layout-content-main"> <div> <div id="block-pt-content" class="block">     <article data-history-node-id="1106027" role="article" class="basics-full"> <div class="content-header d-flex reference-header"> <div class="content-header--text"> <h1 class="reference__title section-title">Sleep-Related Hypoventilation</h1> <p class="reference__review-info fine-print"> <a href="/sg/docs/editorial-process" class="reference__review-info-link"> <span class="reference__review-info-icon"></span> <span class="reference__review-info-text">Reviewed by Psychology Today Staff</span> </a> </p> </div> </div> <div> <div class="reference__body"> <div class="field-name-body"> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Sleep-related hypoventilation is a breathing-related disorder that interrupts normal sleep. This condition may be diagnosed when all other sleep disorders have been ruled out, though it may appear simultaneously with other sleep disorders. Sleep-related hypoventilation can be due to shallow breathing, obstructed airways, or damaged lungs. Sleep-related hypoventilation can occur independently or, more commonly, with other medical or neurological disorders, <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/addiction" title="Psychology Today looks at substance abuse" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">substance abuse</a>, or even the routine use of prescribed medications.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div> <div class="table-of-contents border-top"> <h4 class="table-of-contents--title">Contents</h4> <ul> <li class="table-of-contents--item"> <a href="#symptoms"> Symptoms </a> </li> <li class="table-of-contents--item"> <a href="#causes"> Causes </a> </li> <li class="table-of-contents--item"> <a href="#treatment"> Treatment </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="reference__sections"> <div> <div> <div class="section section--separator"> <div id="symptoms" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div> <div class="h2 section-title"> Symptoms </div> <div class="section__body"> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Sleep-related hypoventilation can occur in anyone, at any age, even in babies and young people. Because many different underlying conditions can contribute to sleep-related hypoventilation, the signs and symptoms can vary from person to person. The most common symptoms include: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ul><li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Daytime sleepiness </span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Frequent awakenings during sleep </span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Morning headaches </span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Insomnia</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Stomach problems</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Faintness </span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Reduced exercise capacity. </span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul><p><span><span><span><span><span><span>A significant number of people with sleep-related hypoventilation experience few or no symptoms, or have only mild symptoms in early stages, and may not realize they have a potentially progressive condition. Early-stage sleep-related hypoventilation can progress to a more serious chronic hypoventilation disorder, and lead to more serious health problems, including heart failure, respiratory failure, and brain and blood disorders</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="faqs"> <div class="faq faq--1"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> What happens during sleep-related hypoventilation? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Normal breathing is restricted in someone with sleep-related hypoventilation, resulting in low levels of oxygen and elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. Retention of carbon dioxide in the blood can lead to respiratory acidosis, or an elevated amount of acid in the bloodstream, and can interrupt cellular respiration.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faq faq--2"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> Is sleep-related hypoventilation different from sleep apnea? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Sleep-related hypoventilation is a reduced oxygen flow during sleep, while sleep apnea is the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep. They can occur simultaneously, and continuous positive airway pressure <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/therapy" title="Psychology Today looks at therapy" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">therapy</a> (CPAP) machines can be used in the treatment of both.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faq faq--3 collapsed faq--last"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> What are the dangers of sleep-related hypoventilation? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Continual low blood oxygen content, or hypoxemia, can lead to pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure), and neurocognitive disorders.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pt-ad pt-ad--300x250 d-block d-none d-md-block d-lg-none block" id="block-ad-subpage-300x250-programmatically-rendered"> <div class="pt-ad--container pt-ad-show-text"> <div class="pt-ad--text"> <span>article continues after advertisement</span> </div> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1404853927369-9" class="pt-ad--content"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (window.googletag && googletag.apiReady) { googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1404853927369-9'); }); } </script> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="section section--separator"> <div id="causes" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div> <div class="h2 section-title"> Causes </div> <div class="section__body"> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Multiple factors can lead to sleep-related hypoventilation, such as</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>underlying medical, environmental, and genetic circumstances, including: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ul><li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Use of medications and other substances that suppress the central <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/neuroscience" title="Psychology Today looks at nervous system" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">nervous system</a>, such as benzodiazepines, opiates, and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/alcohol" title="Psychology Today looks at alcohol" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">alcohol</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Neuromuscular and chest wall disorders</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Asthma or another pulmonary disorder</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hypothyroidism</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Obesity</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="faqs"> <div class="faq faq--1"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> Does weight affect sleep-related hypoventilation? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Obesity adds additional mass to the respiratory system and can reduce lung capacity, but it is not known yet with certainty why or to what degree obesity affects hypoventilation. Sleep-related hypoventilation in overweight individuals is often diagnosed separately as obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS).</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faq faq--2 faq--last"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> How do I know if I have sleep-related hypoventilation? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>The most effective test of sleep-related hypoventilation is polysomnography, or a sleep study. Polysomnography can be performed in a hospital or sleep center, and records a patient's brain waves, blood-oxygen level, heart rate, and breathing.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="section section--separator"> <div id="treatment" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div> <div class="h2 section-title"> Treatment </div> <div class="section__body"> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Sleep-related hypoventilation is typically treated by addressing any underlying conditions that may be causing hypoventilation, such as substance use. Weight loss may be advised, treatment may be prescribed to restore <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/hormones" title="Psychology Today looks at hormone" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">hormone</a> levels in those with hypothyroidism, or medications known as respiratory stimulants may be used to treat narrowing of airways that can result from drug or alcohol use. If sleep apnea or another <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/insomnia" title="Psychology Today looks at sleep disorder" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">sleep disorder</a> is also present, use of positive airway pressure devices, known as CPAP or BPAP machines, may be required to continually feed oxygen into the lungs while <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/sleep" title="Psychology Today looks at sleeping" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">sleeping</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="reference__citations section--separator"> <h5>References</h5> <div class="citations"> <div class="citation citation--1"> Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition </div> <div class="citation citation--2"> American Sleep Association </div> <div class="citation citation--3"> B枚ing, S., & Randerath, W. J. (2015). Chronic hypoventilation syndromes and sleep-related hypoventilation.聽Journal of thoracic disease,聽7(8), 1273. </div> </div> <div class="revision-current">Last updated: 07/20/2021 </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="layout-content-left-rail--first" role="complementary"> <div> <div id="block-conditionsnavigation" class="block index-page-menu"> <article> <div class="h2 index-page-menu--title"> Diagnosis Dictionary </div> <div class="index-page-menu--image hero--image"> <img src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/index_page_navigation_image/public/2021-06/conditions-shutterstock-1696550344_0.jpg?itok=XiF2PjYS" width="519" height="198" alt="Decorative Image" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="index-page-menu--items"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-4f4305215beeeeee91a7341772600260b8edf6556a3e73674a9cb8a4fcb104ef"> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span 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title="Dyslexia ">Dyslexia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyspraxia" title="Dyspraxia ">Dyspraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/encopresis" title="Encopresis ">Encopresis</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/enuresis" title="Enuresis ">Enuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/intellectual-disability-intellectual-developmental-disorder" title="Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder) ">Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/language-disorder" title="Language Disorder ">Language Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/learning-disability" title="Learning Disability ">Learning Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/nonverbal-learning-disorder" title="Nonverbal Learning Disorder ">Nonverbal Learning Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/pedophilia" title="Pedophilia ">Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/provisional-tic-disorder" title="Provisional Tic Disorder ">Provisional Tic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/reactive-attachment-disorder" title="Reactive Attachment Disorder ">Reactive Attachment Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/selective-mutism" title="Selective Mutism ">Selective Mutism</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/separation-anxiety" title="Separation Anxiety ">Separation Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/speech-sound-disorder" title="Speech Sound Disorder ">Speech Sound Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/tourettes-disorder" title="Tourette's Disorder ">Tourette's Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Communication Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/childhood-onset-fluency-disorder" title="Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder ">Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/communication-disorders" title="Communication Disorders ">Communication Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/language-disorder" title="Language Disorder ">Language Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/speech-sound-disorder" title="Speech Sound Disorder ">Speech Sound Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Depression/Mood</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/adjustment-disorder" title="Adjustment Disorder ">Adjustment Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/bereavement" title="Bereavement ">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/co-occurring-disorders" title="Co-Occurring Disorders ">Co-Occurring Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/depressive-disorders" title="Depressive Disorders ">Depressive Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/persistent-depressive-disorder-dysthymia" title="Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) ">Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/postpartum-disorder" title="Postpartum Disorder ">Postpartum Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/prolonged-grief-disorder" title="Prolonged Grief Disorder ">Prolonged Grief Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder" title="Seasonal Affective Disorder ">Seasonal Affective Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/visual-snow" title="Visual Snow ">Visual Snow</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Dissociation</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/depersonalizationderealization-disorder" title="Depersonalization / Derealization Disorder ">Depersonalization / Derealization Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dissociative-amnesia" title="Dissociative Amnesia ">Dissociative Amnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dissociative-fugue-psychogenic-fugue" title="Dissociative Fugue (Psychogenic Fugue) ">Dissociative Fugue (Psychogenic Fugue)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dissociative-identity-disorder-multiple-personality-disorder" title="Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) ">Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Eating Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/anorexia-nervosa" title="Anorexia Nervosa ">Anorexia Nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/arfid-avoidant-restrictive-food-intake-disorder" title="ARFID (Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder) ">ARFID (Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/binge-eating-disorder-compulsive-overeating" title="Binge-Eating Disorder (Compulsive Overeating) ">Binge-Eating Disorder (Compulsive Overeating)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/bulimia-nervosa" title="Bulimia Nervosa ">Bulimia Nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/eating-disorders" title="Eating Disorders ">Eating Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/obesity" title="Obesity ">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/pica" title="Pica ">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/rumination-disorder" title="Rumination Disorder ">Rumination Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Impulse Control Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/intermittent-explosive-disorder" title="Intermittent Explosive Disorder ">Intermittent Explosive Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/kleptomania" title="Kleptomania ">Kleptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/oppositional-defiant-disorder" title="Oppositional Defiant Disorder ">Oppositional Defiant Disorder </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/pyromania" title="Pyromania ">Pyromania</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Movement Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder" title="Developmental Coordination Disorder ">Developmental Coordination Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/parkinsons-disease" title="Parkinson's Disease ">Parkinson's Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/persistent-chronic-motor-or-vocal-tic-disorder" title="Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder ">Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/provisional-tic-disorder" title="Provisional Tic Disorder ">Provisional Tic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/stereotypic-movement-disorder" title="Stereotypic Movement Disorder ">Stereotypic Movement Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/tourettes-disorder" title="Tourette's Disorder ">Tourette's Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Neurocognitive Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/alzheimers-disease" title="Alzheimer's Disease ">Alzheimer's Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyscalculia" title="Dyscalculia ">Dyscalculia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dysgraphia" title="Dysgraphia ">Dysgraphia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyslexia" title="Dyslexia ">Dyslexia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyspraxia" title="Dyspraxia ">Dyspraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/frontotemporal-dementia" title="Frontotemporal Dementia ">Frontotemporal Dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/intellectual-disability-intellectual-developmental-disorder" title="Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder) ">Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/lewy-body-dementia" title="Lewy Body Dementia ">Lewy Body Dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/neurocognitive-disorders-mild-and-major" title="Neurocognitive Disorders (Mild and Major) ">Neurocognitive Disorders (Mild and Major)</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dermatillomania-skin-picking" title="Dermatillomania (Skin Picking) ">Dermatillomania (Skin Picking)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hoarding-disorder" title="Hoarding Disorder ">Hoarding Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder" title="Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ">Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/onychophagia-nail-biting" title="Onychophagia (Nail Biting) ">Onychophagia (Nail Biting)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/trichotillomania-hair-pulling" title="Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling) ">Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling)</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Personality</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder" title="Antisocial Personality Disorder ">Antisocial Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/avoidant-personality-disorder" title="Avoidant Personality Disorder ">Avoidant Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder" title="Borderline Personality Disorder ">Borderline Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dependent-personality-disorder" title="Dependent Personality Disorder ">Dependent Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/histrionic-personality-disorder" title="Histrionic Personality Disorder ">Histrionic Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/malingering" title="Malingering ">Malingering</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/narcissistic-personality-disorder" title="Narcissistic Personality Disorder ">Narcissistic Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-personality-disorder" title="Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder ">Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/paranoid-personality-disorder" title="Paranoid Personality Disorder ">Paranoid Personality Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Psychosis/Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/brief-psychotic-disorder" title="Brief Psychotic Disorder ">Brief Psychotic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/catatonia" title="Catatonia ">Catatonia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/delusional-disorder" title="Delusional Disorder ">Delusional Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hallucinogen-persisting-perception-disorder" title="Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) ">Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/paranoid-personality-disorder" title="Paranoid Personality Disorder ">Paranoid Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/psychotic-disorder-due-another-medical-condition" title="Psychotic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition ">Psychotic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/schizoaffective-disorder" title="Schizoaffective Disorder ">Schizoaffective Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/schizoid-personality-disorder" title="Schizoid Personality Disorder ">Schizoid Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia ">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/schizophreniform-disorder" title="Schizophreniform Disorder ">Schizophreniform Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/schizotypal-personality-disorder" title="Schizotypal Personality Disorder ">Schizotypal Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/substancemedication-induced-psychotic-disorder" title="Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder ">Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Sexuality</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/erectile-disorder" title="Erectile Disorder ">Erectile Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/exhibitionism" title="Exhibitionism ">Exhibitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/fetishistic-disorder" title="Fetishistic Disorder ">Fetishistic Disorder </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/frotteuristic-disorder" title="Frotteuristic Disorder ">Frotteuristic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/gender-dysphoria" title="Gender Dysphoria ">Gender Dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/genito-pelvic-pain-or-penetration-disorder-sexual-pain-disorder" title="Genito-Pelvic Pain or Penetration Disorder (Sexual Pain Disorder) ">Genito-Pelvic Pain or Penetration Disorder (Sexual Pain Disorder)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hypersexuality-sex-addiction" title="Hypersexuality (Sex Addiction) ">Hypersexuality (Sex Addiction)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/orgasmic-disorder" title="Orgasmic Disorder ">Orgasmic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/paraphilias" title="Paraphilias ">Paraphilias</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/pedophilia" title="Pedophilia ">Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sexual-desire-disorder" title="Sexual Desire Disorder ">Sexual Desire Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sexual-masochism-disorder" title="Sexual Masochism Disorder ">Sexual Masochism Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sexual-sadism-disorder" title="Sexual Sadism Disorder ">Sexual Sadism Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/transvestic-disorder" title="Transvestic Disorder ">Transvestic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/voyeuristic-disorder" title="Voyeuristic Disorder ">Voyeuristic Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title--open"><span class="title-text">Sleep Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content 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Legs Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sleep-apnea" title="Sleep Apnea ">Sleep Apnea</a></li> <li class="active"><a href="/sg/conditions/sleep-related-hypoventilation" title="Sleep-Related Hypoventilation ">Sleep-Related Hypoventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sleepwalking" title="Sleepwalking ">Sleepwalking</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Somatization</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/conversion-disorder" title="Conversion Disorder ">Conversion Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/factitious-disorder-munchausen-syndrome" title="Factitious Disorder (Munchausen Syndrome) ">Factitious Disorder (Munchausen Syndrome)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder" title="Illness Anxiety Disorder ">Illness Anxiety Disorder</a></li> <li><a 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