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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masa_Uni_Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masa_Uni_Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Masa Uni Soviet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masa_Uni_Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masa_Kemerdekaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masa_Kemerdekaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Masa Kemerdekaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masa_Kemerdekaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Geografi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iklim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iklim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Iklim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iklim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Politik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pembagian_administratif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembagian_administratif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pembagian administratif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembagian_administratif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ekonomi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Ekonomi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Transportasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportasi_otomobil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportasi_otomobil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Transportasi otomobil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportasi_otomobil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportasi_udara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportasi_udara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Transportasi udara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportasi_udara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportasi_maritim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportasi_maritim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Transportasi maritim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportasi_maritim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportasi_kereta_api" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportasi_kereta_api"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Transportasi kereta api</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportasi_kereta_api-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demografi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Demografi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bahasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bahasa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Agama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kota-kota_terbesar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kota-kota_terbesar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Kota-kota terbesar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kota-kota_terbesar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Budaya</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Budaya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Budaya</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Budaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Warisan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warisan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Warisan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warisan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkmenistan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 244 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-244" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">244 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AC%D1%83%D1%80%D2%9B%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D2%AD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҭурқменисҭан – Abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ҭурқменисҭан" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turkmènistan – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Turkmènistan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тыркуменыстан – Adygei" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тыркуменыстан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adygei" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%92%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ቱርክመኒስታን – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቱርክመኒስታን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Turcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تركمانستان – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركمانستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܛܘܪܩܡܢܣܛܐܢ – Aram" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܛܘܪܩܡܢܣܛܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aram" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تركمانستان – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تركمانستان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="توركمينيستان – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توركمينيستان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmin_suyu" title="Turkmin suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Turkmin suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkm%C9%99nistan" title="Türkmənistan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkmənistan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تورکمنیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورکمنیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Төркмәнстан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төркмәнстан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuakmenien" title="Tuakmenien – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tuakmenien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkmien%C4%97stans" title="Torkmienėstans – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Torkmienėstans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменістан – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Туркменістан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркмэністан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Туркмэністан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turkmènistan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Turkmènistan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukmenistan" title="Tukmenistan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Tukmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏུརཀ་མེ་ནི་སྟན། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏུརཀ་མེ་ནི་སྟན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨆᨙᨊᨗᨔᨈᨊ – Bugis" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨆᨙᨊᨗᨔᨈᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Bugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Туркмени – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Туркмени" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تورکمانستان – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تورکمانستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – Tatar Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tatar Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Kashubia" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrcmenistan" title="Tyrcmenistan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tyrcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rkmen%C4%B1stan" title="Tırkmenıstan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tırkmenıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Sorbia Hilir" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hilir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ތުރުކުމެނިސްތާން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތުރުކުމެނިސްތާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Τουρκμενιστάν – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουρκμενιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenio" title="Turkmenio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turkmenio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمنستان – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترکمنستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turcmènistan – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Turcmènistan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeenistaan" title="Turkmeenistaan – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Turkmeenistaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tuircm%C3%A9anast%C3%A1in" title="An Tuircméanastáin – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tuircméanastáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Tirkménistan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tirkménistan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmanast%C3%A0n" title="Turcmanastàn – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Turcmanastàn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8A%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تۊرکمنستان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="تۊرکمنستان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuykomenit%C3%A3" title="Tuykomenitã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tuykomenitã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="તુર્કમેનિસ્તાન – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તુર્કમેનિસ્તાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Turkmenistaan" title="Yn Turkmenistaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Turkmenistaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukemenikana" title="Tukemenikana – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Tukemenikana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="טורקמניסטן – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורקמניסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Sorbia Hulu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikmenistan" title="Tikmenistan – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tikmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmeniszt%C3%A1n" title="Türkmenisztán – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Türkmenisztán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Թուրքմենստան – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրքմենստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArkmenistan" title="Túrkmenistan – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Túrkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="トルクメニスタン – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルクメニスタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toerkmenistan" title="Toerkmenistan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Toerkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="თურქმენეთი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქმენეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArkmenstan" title="Túrkmenstan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Túrkmenstan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Тыркуменистэн – Kabardi" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тыркуменистэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkimenistan%C9%A9" title="Turkimenistanɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Turkimenistanɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Түрікменстан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түрікменстан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="តួកមេនីស្ថាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តួកមេនីស្ថាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ತುರ್ಕಮೆನಿಸ್ತಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತುರ್ಕಮೆನಿಸ್ತಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84" title="투르크메니스탄 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투르크메니스탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirkmenistan" title="Tirkmenistan – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tirkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Turkmen" title="Pow Turkmen – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Turkmen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Түркмөнстан – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түркмөнстан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcomannia" title="Turcomannia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Turcomannia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туьркменистан – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Туьркменистан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Turcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1ni" title="Turkmenistáni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Turkmenistáni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ເຕີກເມນິສະຖານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຕີກເມນິສະຖານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C4%97nija" title="Turkmėnija – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turkmėnija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C4%81na" title="Turkmenistāna – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turkmenistāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркмэнистан – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Туркмэнистан" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkmenist%C3%A0na" title="Torkmenistàna – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Torkmenistàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukumanat%C4%81nga" title="Tukumanatānga – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tukumanatānga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="തുർക്‌മെനിസ്ഥാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുർക്‌മെനിസ്ഥാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯇꯔꯛꯃꯦꯅꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯔꯛꯃꯦꯅꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တာ့ခ်မင်နစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တာ့ခ်မင်နစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркмения – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Туркмения" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="تورکمونسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تورکمونسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तर्कमेनिस्तान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naashch%CA%BC%C4%85%C4%85%CA%BC_Bidiyog%C3%ADihnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Naashchʼąąʼ Bidiyogíihnii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naashchʼąąʼ Bidiyogíihnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Turcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistuanu" title="Turkmenistuanu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Turkmenistuanu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkimeenistaan" title="Tarkimeenistaan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tarkimeenistaan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤੁਰਕਮੇਨਿਸਤਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੁਰਕਮੇਨਿਸਤਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमिनिस्थान – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="तुर्कमिनिस्थान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terkmenistaan" title="Terkmenistaan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Terkmenistaan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمانستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترکمانستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Τουρκμενιστάν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Τουρκμενιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمنستان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ترکمنستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquemenist%C3%A3o" title="Turquemenistão – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turquemenistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkminsuyu" title="Turkminsuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Turkminsuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменістан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Туркменістан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukimenisitani" title="Turukimenisitani – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Turukimenisitani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="तुर्कमेनिस्थानम् – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्थानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Түркменистаан – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Түркменистаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱢᱮᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱢᱮᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A0n" title="Turkmenistàn – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Turkmenistàn" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترڪمانستان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ترڪمانستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%99%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းတၢၵ်ႈမႅၼ်ႇၼီႇသတၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းတၢၵ်ႈမႅၼ်ႇၼီႇသတၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ටර්ක්මෙනිස්තානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටර්ක්මෙනිස්තානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nsko" title="Turkménsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turkménsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمانستان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ترکمانستان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistani" title="Turkmenistani – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Turkmenistani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThumekhi" title="IThumekhi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IThumekhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmy%C5%84istan" title="Turkmyńistan – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Turkmyńistan" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="துருக்மெனிஸ்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துருக்மெனிஸ்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="తుర్కమేనిస్తాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తుర్కమేనిస్తాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkomenistaun" title="Turkomenistaun – Tetun" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Turkomenistaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Туркманистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Туркманистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศเติร์กเมนิสถาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเติร์กเมนิสถาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C9%99nistan" title="Turkmənistan – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Turkmənistan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%ABkimenisitani" title="Tūkimenisitani – Tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Tūkimenisitani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Төрекмәнстан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төрекмәнстан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркмения – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Туркмения" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تۈركمەنىستان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۈركمەنىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменістан – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Туркменістан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمانستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترکمانستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmaniston" title="Turkmaniston – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turkmaniston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turkmènistan – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Turkmènistan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen%C3%A4n" title="Turkmenän – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Turkmenän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkumenistaan" title="Turkumenistaan – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Turkumenistaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土库曼斯坦 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="土库曼斯坦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="თურქმენეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თურქმენეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="טורקמעניסטאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טורקמעניסטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%E1%BA%B9%CC%81n%C3%ACst%C3%A1n" title="Turkmẹ́nìstán – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Turkmẹ́nìstán" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toerkmenistan" title="Toerkmenistan – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Toerkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ – Tamazight Maroko Standar" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maroko Standar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土库曼斯坦 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土库曼斯坦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土庫曼斯坦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="土庫曼斯坦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC" title="土庫曼 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="土庫曼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q874#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Turkmenistan" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Turkmenistan" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Turkmenistan" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&oldid=26230244" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Turkmenistan&id=26230244&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTurkmenistan"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTurkmenistan"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Turkmenistan"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Turkmenistan&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q874" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24155656">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-b{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Picto_infobox_map.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard" style="font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org country-name">Turkmenistan</div><br /><div style="padding-top:0.25em; font-weight:normal;">Türkmenistan <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turkmen" title="Bahasa Turkmen">bahasa Turkmen</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;"><div style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bendera Turkmenistan"><img alt="Bendera Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/125px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/188px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/250px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Bendera_Turkmenistan" title="Bendera Turkmenistan">Bendera</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lambang Turkmenistan"><img alt="{{{coat_alt}}}" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div> <div style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Lambang_Turkmenistan" title="Lambang Turkmenistan"> Lambang</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Semboyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Semboyan">Semboyan</a>: </b>Türkmenistan Bitaraplygyň Watanydyr <br /> ("Turkmenistan ialah Tanah Air Netralitas")</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagu_kebangsaan" title="Lagu kebangsaan">Lagu kebangsaan</a>: </b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Lagu_Kebangsaan_Turkmenistan" title="Lagu Kebangsaan Turkmenistan">Garaşsyz Bitarap Türkmenistanyň Döwlet Gimni</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">("Himne Nasional Netral Turkmenistan")</span> <br /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="120" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_Turkmenistan,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/National_anthem_of_Turkmenistan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga/National_anthem_of_Turkmenistan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/National_anthem_of_Turkmenistan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Turkmenistan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Turkmenistan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Turkmenistan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Turkmenistan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=tk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tk" label="Türkmençe ‪(tk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Turkmenistan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Turkmenistan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Turkmenistan_on_the_globe_(Turkmenistan_centered).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Turkmenistan_on_the_globe_%28Turkmenistan_centered%29.svg/220px-Turkmenistan_on_the_globe_%28Turkmenistan_centered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Turkmenistan_on_the_globe_%28Turkmenistan_centered%29.svg/330px-Turkmenistan_on_the_globe_%28Turkmenistan_centered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Turkmenistan_on_the_globe_%28Turkmenistan_centered%29.svg/440px-Turkmenistan_on_the_globe_%28Turkmenistan_centered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="792" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Perlihatkan Bumi</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Turkmenistan_stub.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Turkmenistan_stub.svg/220px-Turkmenistan_stub.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Turkmenistan_stub.svg/330px-Turkmenistan_stub.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Turkmenistan_stub.svg/440px-Turkmenistan_stub.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Perlihatkan peta Bendera</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Turkmenistan_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_TKM_-_UNOCHA.svg&lang=id" class="mw-file-description" title="Lokasi Turkmenistan"><img alt="Lokasi Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Turkmenistan_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_TKM_-_UNOCHA.svg/langid-250px-Turkmenistan_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_TKM_-_UNOCHA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Turkmenistan_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_TKM_-_UNOCHA.svg/langid-375px-Turkmenistan_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_TKM_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Turkmenistan_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_TKM_-_UNOCHA.svg/langid-500px-Turkmenistan_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_TKM_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ibu_kota" title="Ibu kota">Ibu kota</a><br /><div style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_kota_di_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar kota di Turkmenistan (halaman belum tersedia)">(dan kota terbesar)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25917590">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Turkmenistan&language=id&params=37_58_N_58_20_E_type:City"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°58′N</span> <span class="longitude">58°20′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.967°N 58.333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.967; 58.333</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_resmi" title="Bahasa resmi">Bahasa resmi</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turkmen" title="Bahasa Turkmen">Turkmen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pemerintahan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Negara_kesatuan" title="Negara kesatuan">Kesatuan</a> <a href="/wiki/Sistem_partai_dominan" title="Sistem partai dominan">partai dominan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kediktatoran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediktatoran">kediktatoran</a> <a href="/wiki/Totaliter" class="mw-redirect" title="Totaliter">totaliter</a> <a href="/wiki/Sistem_presidensial" title="Sistem presidensial">presidensial</a> <a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">republik</a> <a href="/wiki/Konstitusional" title="Konstitusional">konstitusional</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Presiden Turkmenistan">Presiden</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wakil_Presiden_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wakil Presiden Turkmenistan (halaman belum tersedia)">Wakil Presiden</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%9Fit_Meredow" title="Raşit Meredow">Raşit Meredow</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislatif" title="Legislatif">Legislatif</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Majelis_Nasional_Turkmenistan" title="Majelis Nasional Turkmenistan">Mejlis</a></i></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">Pembentukan</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Seljuk_Raya" title="Kesultanan Seljuk Raya">Kesultanan Seljuk Raya</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1037</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kekhanan_Khiva" title="Kekhanan Khiva">Kekhanan Khiva</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1511</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Otonom_Turkestan" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Otonom Turkestan">RSSO Turkestan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 April 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Turkmenistan" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Turkmenistan">RSS Turkmenistan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 Mei 1925</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Deklarasi kemerdekaan dari <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 Oktober 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Diakui </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 Desember 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Konstitusi saat ini </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 Mei 1992</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Geografi_Turkmenistan" title="Geografi Turkmenistan">Luas </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">491.210 km<sup>2</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_luas_wilayah" title="Daftar negara menurut luas wilayah">52</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - <a href="/wiki/Perairan" title="Perairan">Perairan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persentase" title="Persentase">%</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,7</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">Populasi</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - Perkiraan 2022</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5.636.011<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_jumlah_penduduk" title="Daftar negara menurut jumlah penduduk">115</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - <a href="/wiki/Kepadatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepadatan">Kepadatan</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,5/km<sup>2</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_kepadatan_penduduk" title="Daftar negara menurut kepadatan penduduk">221</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Produk_domestik_bruto" title="Produk domestik bruto">PDB</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Keseimbangan_kemampuan_berbelanja" title="Keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja">KKB</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2018</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$112,659 miliar<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - <a href="/wiki/Per_kapita" title="Per kapita">Per kapita</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$19.526<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Produk_domestik_bruto" title="Produk domestik bruto">PDB</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2018</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$42,764 miliar<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - <a href="/wiki/Per_kapita" title="Per kapita">Per kapita</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$7.411<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Koefisien_Gini" title="Koefisien Gini">Gini</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(1998)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">40,8<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:orange">sedang</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia" title="Indeks Pembangunan Manusia">IPM</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kenaikan"><img alt="Kenaikan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0,745<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:forestgreen">tinggi</span></span> · <a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia" title="Daftar negara menurut Indeks Pembangunan Manusia">91</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mata_uang" title="Mata uang">Mata uang</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manat_Turkmenistan" title="Manat Turkmenistan">Manat Turkmenistan</a> (M) <br />(<code><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">TMT</a></code>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Zona_waktu" title="Zona waktu">Zona waktu</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Waktu Turkmenistan (TMT)<br />(<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Terkoordinasi" title="Waktu Universal Terkoordinasi">UTC</a>+5</span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Arah_lalu_lintas" title="Arah lalu lintas">Lajur kemudi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">kanan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_kode_telepon_negara_di_dunia" title="Daftar kode telepon negara di dunia">Kode telepon</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%2B993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="+993 (halaman belum tersedia)">+993</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">Kode ISO 3166</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TM" title="ISO 3166-2:TM">TM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ranah_Internet_tingkat_teratas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranah Internet tingkat teratas">Ranah Internet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.tm" title=".tm">.tm</a></td></tr><tr style="font-size:90%;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align:left;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Turkmenistan_infobox" title="Templat:Turkmenistan infobox"><span title="Lihat templat ini">lihat</span></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Turkmenistan_infobox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Turkmenistan infobox (halaman belum tersedia)"><span title="Diskusikan templat ini">bicara</span></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Turkmenistan_infobox&action=edit"><span title="Sunting templat ini">sunting</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below mergedtoprow noprint"><div class="none" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:80%; line-height:normal;text-align:left;height:20px;padding-top:0.2em;;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Sunting kotak info" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Infobox_country&action=edit&section=top&editintro=Templat:Infobox/editintro2"><span style="color:#3464c9"><b>Sunting kotak info</b></span></a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Templat:Infobox_country" title="Templat:Infobox country"><span style="display:inline-text;color:#3464c9">Lihat</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Infobox_country" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Infobox country"><span style="color:#3464c9">Bicara</span></a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Infobox_country/doc" title="Bantuan penggunaan templat ini"><img alt="Info templat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/10px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/15px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/20px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Bantuan penggunaan templat ini</figcaption></figure> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Turkmenistan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turkmen" title="Bahasa Turkmen">bahasa Turkmen</a>: <span lang="tk"><i>Türkmenistan</i></span>), juga dikenal sebagai <b>Turkmenia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">bahasa Rusia</a>: <span lang="ru">Туркмения</span>), adalah sebuah negara di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a> dan berbatasan dengan <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> di selatan, <a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a> di tenggara, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> di utara, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> di barat laut dan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Kaspia" title="Laut Kaspia">Laut Kaspia</a> di barat. Sebagian besar wilayahnya merupakan hamparan <a href="/wiki/Gurun_Karakum" title="Gurun Karakum">Gurun Karakum</a>. Negara ini memiliki cadangan <a href="/wiki/Gas_alam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas alam">gas alam</a> terbesar kelima di dunia. </p><p>Saat ini, Turkmenistan menerapkan sistem politik partai tunggal. Sistem ini dianggap tidak memenuhi prinsip-prinsip dasar demokrasi.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejak kemerdekaannya dari <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>, Turkmenistan dipimpin oleh <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a> bahkan ia menjuluki dirinya sebagai <i>Turkmenbashi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turkmen" title="Bahasa Turkmen">bahasa Turkmen</a>: <span lang="tk"><i>Türkmenbaşy</i></span> yang berarti "Pemimpin semua orang Turkmen"). Pada tahun 2022, ia meninggal dunia dan digantikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a> yang ditunjuk oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewan_Keamanan_Negara_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewan Keamanan Negara Turkmenistan (halaman belum tersedia)">Dewan Keamanan Negara Turkmenistan</a> melalui pemilihan umum pada tanggal 11 Februari 2007. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilayah Turkmenistan telah lama dikenal banyak orang dalam sejarah. Banyak pasukan dari berbagai kerajaan yang dikirim ke wilayah ini, demi mendapatkan wilayah yang lebih makmur. Wilayah ini sudah lama dikenal terutama oleh berbagai kekaisaran <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Iran" title="Sejarah Iran">Persia</a>. Sejarah wilayah ini dimulai saat <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Akhemeniyah" title="Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah">Kaisar Akhemeniyah</a> (Kekaisaran kuno pertama Persia) menaklukan wilayah ini dan membaginya dalam tiga wilayah, Margiana, <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Khwarezmia" title="Kekaisaran Khwarezmia">Khwarezmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekaisaran Parthia">Parthia</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Agung" title="Aleksander Agung">Aleksander Agung</a> menaklukan wilayah ini pada abad ke-IV <a href="/wiki/Masehi" title="Masehi">SM</a> pada perjalanannya menuju Asia Tengah, dan pada saat itu pula <a href="/wiki/Jalur_Sutra" title="Jalur Sutra">Jalur Sutra</a> dibangun sebagai jalur perdagangan utama yang menghubungkan <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> dan Cekungan Mediterania. Beberapa abad kemudian, berdiri <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekaisaran Parthia">Kekaisaran Parthia</a> Persia dan membangun ibu kotanya di Nisa (Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO di Turkmenistan), yang saat ini berada sekitar 18 km ke arah barat daya <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>. Setelah kejatuhan kekaisaran Parthia, wilayah ini kerap kali diduduki oleh berbagai kekaisaran Iran untuk beberapa abad. </p><p>Pada abad ke-VII <a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Arab">bangsa Arab</a> menaklukan wilayah ini dan sekaligus memperkenalkan <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> dan juga budaya <a href="/wiki/Timur_Tengah" title="Timur Tengah">Timur Tengah</a>. Turkmenistan mulai dikenal luas ketika khalifah <a href="/wiki/Ma%27mun_Ar-Rasyid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'mun Ar-Rasyid">Ma'mun Ar-Rasyid</a> dari dinasti <a href="/wiki/Bani_Abbasiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Abbasiyah">Bani Abbasiyah</a> memindahkan ibu kota kerajaan <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_Raya" title="Khorasan Raya">Khorasan Raya</a> ke Merw (Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO di Turkmenistan). </p><p>Pada pertengahan abad ke-XI <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Seljuk" title="Dinasti Seljuk">Kekaisaran Turki Seljuk</a> memusatkan kekuasaan wilayahnya di Turkmenistan dalam upaya untuk meluaskan wilayah kekaisarannya hingga <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_Raya" title="Khorasan Raya">Khorasan</a>. Pada pertengahan abad ke-XII, kekuasaan Kekaisaran Turki Seljuk pun jatuh yang dikalahkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> yang pada saat itu berhasil merebut kekuasaan di wilayah timur <a href="/wiki/Laut_Kaspia" title="Laut Kaspia">Laut Kaspia</a> dalam rangka pengembaraannya ke barat. </p><p>Tujuh abad kemudian, bangsa Turkmen hidup dibawah kekuasaan berbagai kekaisaran dan perang antarsuku. Sekitar abad ke-XVII dan ke-XIX Masehi, kekuasaan di Turkmenistan diperebutkan oleh Kekaisaran Persia, Kekahanan Khiva, para Emir dari <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, dan penguasa Afganistan. Selama masa ini, pemimpin spiritual Turkmen, Magtymguly Pyragy terkenal karena upaya untuk menjaga kebebasan dan otonomi bagi rakyatnya. </p><p>Pada saat itu, wilayah yang luas di Asia Tengah, termasuk Turkmenistan belum dapat dipetakan dan hampir tidak dikenal secara luas oleh bangsa <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Barat" title="Dunia Barat">Dunia Barat</a>. Persaingan untuk menguasai wilayah tersebut antara <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Britania">Kekaisaran Inggris</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Rusia" title="Kekaisaran Rusia">Kekaisaran Tsar Rusia</a> ditandai dengan <a href="/wiki/Permainan_Besar" title="Permainan Besar">Permainan Besar</a>. Sepanjang penaklukan mereka di Asia Tengah, Rusia disambut dengan perlawanan yang paling berat oleh Turkmenistan. Bagaimanapun juga, pada tahun 1894 Rusia telah dapat menancapkan pengaruhnya di Turkmenistan dan memasukkan wilayah itu ke dalam wilayah kekaisarannya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masa_Uni_Soviet">Masa Uni Soviet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Masa Uni Soviet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Masa Uni Soviet"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berdasarkan Perjanjian Anglo-Rusia 1907, perang antara Kekaisaran Rusia dengan Kekaisaran Inggris di Asia Tengah pun usai. Sejak saat itu, Turkmenistan berada penuh dalam kekuasan Kekaisaran Tsar Rusia. Berbagai pengaruh dari budaya Rusia, termasuk bahasa pun mulai diperkenalkan kepada bangsa Turkmen. Revolusi Oktober 1917 yang terjadi di Rusia dan ketidakseimbangan politik menyebabkan keinginan bangsa Turkmen mendeklarasikan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Turkmenistan" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Turkmenistan">Republik Sosialis Soviet Turkmenistan</a>, salah satu dari enam republik di Uni Soviet. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg/220px-Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg/330px-Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg/440px-Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3205" data-file-height="2647" /></a><figcaption>Seorang Turkmen berbusana tradisional, sekitar 1905–1915.</figcaption></figure> <p>Perubahan besar terjadi dalam kehidupan bangsa Turkmen. Bangsa <a href="/wiki/Turkmen" title="Turkmen">Turkmen</a> pun didorong untuk sekuler dan mengadaptasi cara berpakaian bangsa Eropa. Aksara yang digunakan dalam bahasa Turkmen pun diganti dari <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabet Arab">aksara Arab kuno</a> ke Latin dan pada akhirnya menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Kiril" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Kiril">Aksara Kiril</a>. </p><p>Namun, membawa bangsa Turkmen untuk meninggalkan cara-cara tradisional mereka untuk mendukung komunisme tidak sepenuhnya berhasil hingga akhir tahun 1948. Kebijakan nasional Uni Soviet, antara tahun 1920 hingga 1930, sebenarnya mempromosikan "Penemuan Tradisi Bangsa Turkmen".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bangsa Turkmen mendapat perlakuan yang lebih dalam administrasi Soviet dan sistem pendidikan. Selama tahun <a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Stalin</a> memerintah, dia mengizinkan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turkmen" title="Bahasa Turkmen">bahasa Turkmen</a> sebagai bahasa resmi di Republik Sosialis Soviet Turkmenistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masa_Kemerdekaan">Masa Kemerdekaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Masa Kemerdekaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Masa Kemerdekaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ketika <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> mulai runtuh, Turkmenistan dan republik <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a> lainnya cemas akan keadaan negara, karena mereka membutuhkan kekuatan ekonomi dan pasar umum dari Uni Soviet untuk bisa mencapai kemakmuran. Namun demikian, Turkmenistan mengumandangkan kemerdekaannya pada tanggal 27 Oktober 1991, dan merupakan republik terakhir Soviet yang memisahkan diri.<sup id="cite_ref-INDEPENDENCE_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INDEPENDENCE-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1991, Turkmenistan bergabung dalam <a href="/wiki/Persemakmuran_Negara-Negara_Merdeka" title="Persemakmuran Negara-Negara Merdeka">Persemakmuran Negara-Negara Merdeka</a>, sebuah organisasi internasional yang anggotanya terdiri dari negara-negara pecahan Uni Soviet. Namun, Turkmenistan mngurangi status keanggotaannya dalam organisasi tersebut menjadi "anggota asosiasi" pada Agusus 2004. Pernyataan yang disampaikan oleh Presiden Turkmenistan bahwa kebijakan negara tersebut akan netral selamanya.<sup id="cite_ref-CIS_MEMBERSHIP_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIS_MEMBERSHIP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pemimpin lama <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Turkmenistan" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Turkmenistan">Republik Sosialis Soviet Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a> menjadi presiden pertama Turkmenistan setelah <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Uni_Soviet_(1985-1991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah Uni Soviet (1985-1991)">keruntuhan Uni Soviet</a>. Di bawah kepemimpinan dia, hubungan antara bangsa Rusia dan Turkmen sangat dingin. Dia menyebut dirinya sebagai seorang promotor Muslim tradisional dan budaya bangsa Turkmen, bahkan dia menyebut dirinya sebagai Türkmenbaşy, yang berarti Pemimpin semua bangsa Turkmen. Perpanjangan kekuasaan dia bertambah besar pada awal 1990an, dan pada tahun 1999, dia menjadi <a href="/wiki/Presiden_seumur_hidup" title="Presiden seumur hidup">Presiden seumur hidup</a>. </p><p>Dia meninggal dunia pada 21 Desember 2005 tanpa meninggalkan pewaris. Seorang mantan wakil perdana menteri dikabarkan adalah anak tidak sahnya dia. Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov dipilih untuk menggantikan dia pada 11 Februari 2007 melalui pemilihan umum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografi">Geografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Geografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Geografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Geografi_Turkmenistan" title="Geografi Turkmenistan">Geografi Turkmenistan</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_pegunungan_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar pegunungan Turkmenistan (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar pegunungan Turkmenistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Turkmenistan_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Turkmenistan_Topography.png/290px-Turkmenistan_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Turkmenistan_Topography.png/435px-Turkmenistan_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Turkmenistan_Topography.png/580px-Turkmenistan_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="1257" /></a><figcaption>Topografi Turkmenistan</figcaption></figure> <p>Dengan luas 488.100 km2 (188.500 sq mi), Turkmenistan adalah negara ke-52 terbesar di dunia. Luasnya sedikit lebih kecil ketimbang luas <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a> dan lebih besar daripada negara bagian <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. Negara ini terletak antara garis lintang 35 ° dan 43 ° U dan bujur 52 ° dan 67 ° T. Terletak di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a> yang sebagian besar merupakan wilayah gurun pasir yang dibatasi oleh barisan pegunungan, menyebabkan 80% wilayahnya diselimuti oleh gurun Karakum. Di bagian tengah wilayah ini merupakan daerah Dataran rendah Turpan. Di bagian barat daya wilayah ini terdapat pegunungan Kopet Dag yang memiliki puncak tertinggi Kuh-e Rizeh (Gunung Rizeh) sekitar 2,912 meter (9,553 <a href="/wiki/Kaki_(satuan_panjang)" title="Kaki (satuan panjang)">kaki</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Dust_Storm_Over_Turkmenistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dust_Storm_Over_Turkmenistan.jpg/220px-Dust_Storm_Over_Turkmenistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dust_Storm_Over_Turkmenistan.jpg/330px-Dust_Storm_Over_Turkmenistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dust_Storm_Over_Turkmenistan.jpg/440px-Dust_Storm_Over_Turkmenistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2039" /></a><figcaption>Badai pasir di Turkmenistan</figcaption></figure> <p>Di bagian barat negara ini terbentang Barisan Pegunungan Balkan Besar (sebagian besar terletak di <a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Balkan" title="Provinsi Balkan">Provinsi Balkan</a>) dan juga Barisan Pegunungan Köýtendag di bagian timur laut yang berbatasan dengan <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, yakni di <a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Lebap" title="Provinsi Lebap">Provinsi Lebap</a>. Barisan Pegunungan Balkan Besar menjulang tinggi dengan puncak tertingginya Gora Arlan (Gunung Arlan) sekitar 1,880 meter (6,710 kaki)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan puncak tertingginya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayrybaba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayrybaba (halaman belum tersedia)">Ayrybaba</a> yang terletak di Barisan Pegunungan Kugitangtau sekitar 3,137 meter (10,292 kaki).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terbentang pula sungai-sungai besar seperti Amu Darya, Mughrab dan Hari. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iklim">Iklim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Iklim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Iklim"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sebagian besar wilayah Turkmenistan merupakan gurun pasir terkering di dunia, yang di mana di beberapa tempat memiliki curah hujan tahunan hanya mencapai 12 mm (0.47 inci). Suhu tertinggi yang pernah tercatat yaitu sekitar 48.9 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (120<a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>) dan di Kerki, sebuah kota kecil yang terletak di tepi <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Amu_Darya" title="Sungai Amu Darya">Sungai Amu Darya</a>, yaitu sekitar 51.7 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (125.1 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>) pada Juli 1983. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politik">Politik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Politik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Setelah 69 tahun menjadi bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> dan 67 tahun menjadi bagian dari republik kesatuan dalam <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>, pada tanggal 27 Oktober 1991,rakyat Turkmenistan memutuskan untuk merdeka dan berpisah dari <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Presiden_seumur_hidup" title="Presiden seumur hidup">Presiden seumur hidup</a> <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov</a> yang merupakan mantan birokrat <a href="/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Partai Komunis Uni Soviet</a> yang memimpin Turkmenistan dari tahun 1985, ketika dia menjabat ketua Partai Komunis Turkmenistan. Dia mengambil alih kepemimpinan setelah keruntuhan <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> dan pada tanggal 28 Desember 1999, dia diangkat sebagai <a href="/wiki/Presiden_seumur_hidup" title="Presiden seumur hidup">Presiden seumur hidup</a> Turkmenistan oleh Mejlis (majelis setempat). </p><p>Bekas partai Komunis, sekarang dikenal sebagai Partai Demokrat Turkmenistan yang merupakan partai tunggal yang diizinkan oleh pemerintah. Partai polik lainnya dianggap tidak sah atau ilegal kecual mendapat persetujuan dari pemerintah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembagian_administratif">Pembagian administratif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Pembagian administratif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembagian administratif"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distrik_di_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distrik di Turkmenistan (halaman belum tersedia)">Distrik di Turkmenistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-left" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sebuah peta Turkmenistan yang menampilkan provinsi-provinsinya."><img alt="Sebuah peta Turkmenistan yang menampilkan provinsi-provinsinya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/TurkmenistanNumbered.png/240px-TurkmenistanNumbered.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/TurkmenistanNumbered.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="210" usemap="#ImageMap_d54dc4e2c14afb45" resource="/wiki/Berkas:TurkmenistanNumbered.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_d54dc4e2c14afb45"><area href="/wiki/Provinsi_Balkan" shape="rect" coords="26,42,58,77" alt="Provinsi Balkan" title="Provinsi Balkan" /><area href="/wiki/Provinsi_Dasoguz" shape="rect" coords="87,17,118,45" alt="Provinsi Dasoguz" title="Provinsi Dasoguz" /><area href="/wiki/Provinsi_Ahal" shape="rect" coords="94,71,119,101" alt="Provinsi Ahal" title="Provinsi Ahal" /><area href="/wiki/Provinsi_Lebap" shape="rect" coords="168,70,194,100" alt="Provinsi Lebap" title="Provinsi Lebap" /><area href="/wiki/Provinsi_Mary" shape="rect" coords="149,109,177,133" alt="Provinsi Mary" title="Provinsi Mary" /></map><figcaption>Sebuah peta Turkmenistan yang menampilkan provinsi-provinsinya.</figcaption></figure> <p>Turkmenistan dibagi menjadi lima provinsi atau <i>welayatlar</i> (bentuk tunggalnya disebut <i>welayat</i>) dan sebuah distrik ibu kota. Setiap provinsi dibagi menjadi beberapa <i>etraplar</i> (bentuk tunggalnya disebut <i>etrap</i>), yang bisa menjadi <i>county</i> atau kota. Menurut <a href="/wiki/Konstitusi_Turkmenistan" title="Konstitusi Turkmenistan">Konstitusi Turkmenistan</a> (Pasal 16 di dalam Konstitusi Tahun 2008, Pasal 47 di dalam Konstitusi Tahun 1992), beberapa kota bisa saja memiliki status <i>welaýat</i> (provinsi) atau <i>etrap</i> (distrik). </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <th>Provinsi</th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">ISO 3166-2</a></th> <th>Ibu kota</th> <th>Luas<sup id="cite_ref-yb2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yb2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Populasi (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-yb2005_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yb2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Kunci </th></tr> <tr> <th>Kota Ashgabat </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a></td> <td>470 km<sup>2</sup> (180 sq mi)</td> <td>871,500</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Ahal" title="Provinsi Ahal">Provinsi Ahal</a> </th> <td>TM-A</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anau" title="Anau">Anau</a></td> <td>97.160 km<sup>2</sup> (37.510 sq mi)</td> <td>939,700</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Balkan" title="Provinsi Balkan">Provinsi Balkan</a> </th> <td>TM-B</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balkanabat" title="Balkanabat">Balkanabat</a>　</td> <td>139.270 km<sup>2</sup> (53.770 sq mi)</td> <td>553,500</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Da%C5%9Foguz" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinsi Daşoguz">Provinsi Daşoguz</a> </th> <td>TM-D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Foguz" title="Daşoguz">Daşoguz</a></td> <td>73.430 km<sup>2</sup> (28.350 sq mi)</td> <td>1,370,400</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Lebap" title="Provinsi Lebap">Provinsi Lebap</a> </th> <td>TM-L</td> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenabat" title="Türkmenabat">Türkmenabat</a></td> <td>93.730 km<sup>2</sup> (36.190 sq mi)</td> <td>1,334,500</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Mary" title="Provinsi Mary">Provinsi Mary</a> </th> <td>TM-M</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Turkmenistan" title="Mary, Turkmenistan">Mary</a></td> <td>87.150 km<sup>2</sup> (33.650 sq mi)</td> <td>1,480,400</td> <td>5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Ekonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekonomi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Turkmenistan" title="Ekonomi Turkmenistan">Ekonomi Turkmenistan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportasi">Transportasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Transportasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Transportasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transportasi_di_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transportasi di Turkmenistan (halaman belum tersedia)">Transportasi di Turkmenistan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transportasi_otomobil">Transportasi otomobil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Transportasi otomobil" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Transportasi otomobil"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konstruksi jalan baru dan modernisasi jalan yang sudah ada berperan penting dalam pengembangan negara ini. Dengan peningkatan alur lalu lintas pada jalan yang telah ada, begitu pula dengan rencana pembangunan jalan tol baru. Pembangunan jalan dan sarana transportasi selalu menarik perhatian. Pada tahun 2004, Baimukhamet Kelov diberhentikan dari posisinya oleh Menteri Transportasi Turkmenistan karena melakukan penggelapan dana publik dan kelalaian dalam bekerja.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transportasi_udara">Transportasi udara</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Transportasi udara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Transportasi udara"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Turkmenistan_Boeing_767-300ER_Simon-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Turkmenistan_Boeing_767-300ER_Simon-1.jpg/220px-Turkmenistan_Boeing_767-300ER_Simon-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Turkmenistan_Boeing_767-300ER_Simon-1.jpg/330px-Turkmenistan_Boeing_767-300ER_Simon-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Turkmenistan_Boeing_767-300ER_Simon-1.jpg/440px-Turkmenistan_Boeing_767-300ER_Simon-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_Airlines" title="Turkmenistan Airlines">Turkmenistan Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767</a>-300ER</figcaption></figure> <p>Kota <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Udara_Turkmenbashi" title="Bandar Udara Turkmenbashi">Turkmenbashi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a> memiliki jadwal <a href="/wiki/Penerbangan_komersial" title="Penerbangan komersial">penerbangan komersial</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Udara_Ashgabat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandar Udara Ashgabat">Bandar Udara Ashgabat</a> adalah yang terbesar, dengan penerbangan internasional reguler. Selain itu, jadwal penerbangan internasional juga tersedia di Turkmenbashi. Maskapai utama yang dioperasikan Pemerintah Turkmenistan adalah <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_Airlines" title="Turkmenistan Airlines">Turkmenistan Airlines</a>. Maskapai ini juga merupakan yang terbesar di negara ini. Armada Turkmenistan Airlines terdiri dari pesawat buatan Amerika, <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transportasi udara telah mengangkut lebih dari dua ribu penumpang setiap harinya di negara ini.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penerbangan internasional telah melayani sekitar setengah juta penumpang untuk keluar masuk Turkmenistan setiap tahunnya. Turkmenistan Airlines memiliki jadwal penerbangan reguler menuju ke <a href="/wiki/Moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskwa">Moskwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> dan <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transportasi_maritim">Transportasi maritim</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Transportasi maritim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Transportasi maritim"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_(314).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28314%29.jpg/220px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28314%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28314%29.jpg/330px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28314%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28314%29.jpg/440px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28314%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="2795" /></a><figcaption>Para pekerja di layanan Transportasi Maritim dan Sungai Turkmenistan</figcaption></figure> <p>Sejak tahun 1962, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelabuhan_Laut_Internasional_Turkmenbashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelabuhan Laut Internasional Turkmenbashi (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelabuhan Laut Internasional Turkmenbashi</a> mengoperasikan sebuah kapal feri menuju ke <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, terlihat peningkatan transportasi tanker yang mengangkut minyak. Pelabuhan Turkmenbashi, mengasosiasikan feri menuju ke pelabuhan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Kaspia" title="Laut Kaspia">Laut Kaspia</a> (Baku, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktau (halaman belum tersedia)">Aktau</a>). Pada tahun 2011, telah diumumkan bahwa pelabuhan Turkmenbashi akan dipugar sepenuhnya. Proyek ini melibatkan rekonstruksi terminal yang lama dan pembangunan tempat berlabuh yang baru.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transportasi_kereta_api">Transportasi kereta api</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Transportasi kereta api" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Transportasi kereta api"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Turkmen_Diesel_locomotive2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Turkmen_Diesel_locomotive2.jpg/220px-Turkmen_Diesel_locomotive2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Turkmen_Diesel_locomotive2.jpg/330px-Turkmen_Diesel_locomotive2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Turkmen_Diesel_locomotive2.jpg/440px-Turkmen_Diesel_locomotive2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Lokomotif Diesel Turkmen</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kereta_api_di_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kereta api di Turkmenistan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kereta api di Turkmenistan</a></div> <p>Kereta api adalah salah satu moda transportasi utama di Turkmenistan. Kereta api telah digunakan di negara ini sejak tahun 1876. Awalnya merupakan bagian dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalur_kereta_api_Trans-Kaspia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalur kereta api Trans-Kaspia (halaman belum tersedia)">Jalur kereta api Trans-Kaspia</a>, kemudian Jalur kereta api Asia Tengah, setelah <a href="/wiki/Keruntuhan_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Keruntuhan Uni Soviet">keruntuhan Uni Soviet</a>, jaringan kereta api di Turkmenistan dimiliki dan dioperasikan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCrkmendemir%C3%BDollary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Türkmendemirýollary (halaman belum tersedia)">Türkmendemirýollary</a> yang dimiliki negara. Panjang total jalur kereta api mencapai 3181 km. Lalu lintas penumpang kereta api di Turkmenistan dibatasi oleh perbatasan nasional negara, kecuali di wilayah dimana kereta transit datang dari Tajikistan menuju Uzbekistan dan sebaliknya. Armada lokomotif terdiri dari serangkaian lokomotif buatan Uni Soviet seperti 2TE10L, 2TE10U, 2M62U serta beberapa di antaranya dibuat di Tiongkok. Lokomotif langsir termasuk buatan Uni Soviet seperti TEM2, TEM2U, CME3. Saat ini, jalur kereta api <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koridor_Transportasi_Utara-Selatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koridor Transportasi Utara-Selatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Iran</a> dan Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Tajikistan sedang dibangun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografi">Demografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Demografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Demografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sebagian besar penduduk Turkmenistan merupakan <a href="/wiki/Turkmen" title="Turkmen">etnis Turkmen</a> dan diikuti oleh etnis-etnis minoritas lainnya seperti etnis <a href="/wiki/Uzbek" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek">Uzbek</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>. Jumlah kecil minoritas lainnya berasal dari etnis <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Kazakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Kazakh">Kazakh</a>,<a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Tatar">Tatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Ukraina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Ukraina">Ukraina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Armenia">Armenia</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangsa_Balokh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangsa Balokh (halaman belum tersedia)">Balokh</a>. Persentasi etnis Rusia menurun dari 18.6% pada tahun 1939 menjadi 9.5% pada tahun 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahasa">Bahasa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Bahasa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bahasa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turkmen" title="Bahasa Turkmen">Bahasa Turkmen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Turk">bahasa Turk</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Oghuz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Oghuz (halaman belum tersedia)">bahasa Oghuz</a>) adalah <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_resmi" title="Bahasa resmi">bahasa resmi</a> di Turkmenistan (menurut <a href="/wiki/Konstitusi_Turkmenistan" title="Konstitusi Turkmenistan">Konstitusi Tahun 1992</a>), walaupun masih banyak penduduknya yang menggunakan bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">Rusia</a> sebagai "bahasa untuk komunikasi antar-etnis". Sekitar 72% penduduknya menggunakan bahasa Turkmen, 12% menggunakan bahasa Rusia, 9% menggunakan bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Uzbek" title="Bahasa Uzbek">Uzbek</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cia_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan 7% menggunakan bahasa lainnya. (Bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">Rusia</a> (349,000), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Uzbek" title="Bahasa Uzbek">Uzbek</a> (317,000), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kazak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Kazak">Kazak</a> (88,000), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tatar" title="Bahasa Tatar">Tatar</a> (40,400), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ukraina" title="Bahasa Ukraina">Ukraina</a> (37,118), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Azerbaijan" title="Bahasa Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (33,000), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Armenia" title="Bahasa Armenia">Armenia</a> (32,000), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kurdi_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Kurdi Utara">bahasa Kurdi Utara</a> (20,000), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lezgia" title="Bahasa Lezgia">Lezgia</a> (10,400), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Persia" title="Bahasa Persia">Persia</a> (8,000), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Belarusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Belarusia">Belarusia</a> (5,290), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Erzya" title="Bahasa Erzya">Erzya</a> (3,490), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Korea" title="Bahasa Korea">Korea</a> (3,490), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bashkir" title="Bahasa Bashkir">Bashkir</a> (2,610), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Karakalpak" title="Bahasa Karakalpak">Karakalpak</a> (2,540), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ossetia" title="Bahasa Ossetia">Ossetia</a> (1,890), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Dargwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Dargwa (halaman belum tersedia)">Dargwa</a> (1,600), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lak" title="Bahasa Lak">Lak</a> (1,590), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tajik" title="Bahasa Tajik">Tajik</a> (1,280), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Georgia" title="Bahasa Georgia">Georgia</a> (1,050), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (224), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tabasaran" title="Bahasa Tabasaran">Tabasaran</a> (180), dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Dungan" title="Bahasa Dungan">Dungan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agama">Agama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Agama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Agama"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berdasarkan pada CIA World Factbook, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> dianut oleh sekitar 89% penduduk, sementara 9% penduduknya menganut kristen <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gereja Ortodoks">Gereja Ortodoks</a> dan lainnya sekitar 2% dilaporkan sebagai penganut atheis. Islam masuk ke Turkmenistan melalui kegiatan misionaris, di mana para misionaris merupakan orang suci yang terkadang dianggap sebagai leluhur dari suku atau etnik tertentu, kemudian mereka menjadi "pendiri" kelompok suku. </p><p>Pada masa <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>, semua hal yang berhubungan dengan keagamaan dibekukan oleh otoritas komunis Soviet. Sebagian besar sekolah dan lembaga keagamaan ditutup dan dilarang, bahkan sebagian besar mesjid pun ditutup. Namun, sejak tahun 1990, telah dilakukan usaha untuk mengembalikan semua peninggalan budaya yang hilang dan dilarang pada masa Uni Soviet. Presiden pertama <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov</a> menyatakan bahwa nilai-nilai dasar keislaman harus diajarkan di sekolah-sekolah umum. Beberapa institusi islam, termasuk sekolah-sekolah keagamaan dan mesjid telah kembali dibuka dengan banyak bantuan dukungan dari <a href="/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi">Arab Saudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>. Kelas-kelas keagamaan pun diadakan di semua sekolah dan mesjid dengan beberapa menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">Bahasa Arab</a>, pelajaran <a href="/wiki/Al-Qur%27an" title="Al-Qur'an">Al-Qur'an</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hadis" title="Hadis">Hadis</a>, serta sejarah Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kota-kota_terbesar">Kota-kota terbesar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Kota-kota terbesar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kota-kota terbesar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="navbox"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kota-kota_terbesar_di_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Kota-kota terbesar di Turkmenistan (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Kota-kota_terbesar_di_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kota-kota terbesar di Turkmenistan (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kota-kota_terbesar_di_Turkmenistan&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Kota terbesar di Turkmenistan</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.geonames.org/TM/largest-cities-in-turkmenistan.html">http://www.geonames.org/TM/largest-cities-in-turkmenistan.html</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Peringkat </th> <th> </th> <th>Provinsi </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ashgabat"><img alt="Ashgabat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG/120px-Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG/180px-Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG/240px-Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5106" data-file-height="3754" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lebap_wela%C3%BDatyny%C5%88_Ruhy%C3%BDet_k%C3%B6%C5%9Fgi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Türkmenabat"><img alt="Türkmenabat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lebap_wela%C3%BDatyny%C5%88_Ruhy%C3%BDet_k%C3%B6%C5%9Fgi.jpg/120px-Lebap_wela%C3%BDatyny%C5%88_Ruhy%C3%BDet_k%C3%B6%C5%9Fgi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lebap_wela%C3%BDatyny%C5%88_Ruhy%C3%BDet_k%C3%B6%C5%9Fgi.jpg/180px-Lebap_wela%C3%BDatyny%C5%88_Ruhy%C3%BDet_k%C3%B6%C5%9Fgi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lebap_wela%C3%BDatyny%C5%88_Ruhy%C3%BDet_k%C3%B6%C5%9Fgi.jpg/240px-Lebap_wela%C3%BDatyny%C5%88_Ruhy%C3%BDet_k%C3%B6%C5%9Fgi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="515" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenabat" title="Türkmenabat">Türkmenabat</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ibu kota</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">727,700 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Baking_Bread_in_Bai_Bazaar,_Dashoguz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daşoguz"><img alt="Daşoguz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Baking_Bread_in_Bai_Bazaar%2C_Dashoguz.jpg/120px-Baking_Bread_in_Bai_Bazaar%2C_Dashoguz.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Baking_Bread_in_Bai_Bazaar%2C_Dashoguz.jpg/180px-Baking_Bread_in_Bai_Bazaar%2C_Dashoguz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Baking_Bread_in_Bai_Bazaar%2C_Dashoguz.jpg/240px-Baking_Bread_in_Bai_Bazaar%2C_Dashoguz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Foguz" title="Daşoguz">Daşoguz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenabat" title="Türkmenabat">Türkmenabat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Lebap" title="Provinsi Lebap">Lebap</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">234,817 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Foguz" title="Daşoguz">Daşoguz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Da%C5%9Foguz" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinsi Daşoguz">Daşoguz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">166,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Turkmenistan" title="Mary, Turkmenistan">Mary</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Mary" title="Provinsi Mary">Mary</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">114,680 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Balkanabat" title="Balkanabat">Balkanabat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Balkan" title="Provinsi Balkan">Balkan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">87,822 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%C3%BDramaly" title="Baýramaly">Baýramaly</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Mary" title="Provinsi Mary">Mary</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">75,797 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy,_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan">Türkmenbaşy</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Balkan" title="Provinsi Balkan">Balkan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">68,292 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tejen" title="Tejen">Tejen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Ahal" title="Provinsi Ahal">Ahal</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">67,294 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abadan,_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abadan, Turkmenistan (halaman belum tersedia)">Abadan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Ahal" title="Provinsi Ahal">Ahal</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">39,481 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magdanly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magdanly (halaman belum tersedia)">Magdanly</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Lebap" title="Provinsi Lebap">Lebap</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">34,745 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p><p>Ashgabat,Mary,Turkmenabat,anau,Balkanabat,Daşoguz </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budaya">Budaya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Budaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Budaya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Budaya_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budaya Turkmenistan (halaman belum tersedia)">Budaya Turkmenistan</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Oriental_rugs,_antique_and_modern_(1922)_(14780627715).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karpet Turkmen (1922)."><img alt="Karpet Turkmen (1922)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Oriental_rugs%2C_antique_and_modern_%281922%29_%2814780627715%29.jpg/75px-Oriental_rugs%2C_antique_and_modern_%281922%29_%2814780627715%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Oriental_rugs%2C_antique_and_modern_%281922%29_%2814780627715%29.jpg/113px-Oriental_rugs%2C_antique_and_modern_%281922%29_%2814780627715%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Oriental_rugs%2C_antique_and_modern_%281922%29_%2814780627715%29.jpg/150px-Oriental_rugs%2C_antique_and_modern_%281922%29_%2814780627715%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1910" data-file-height="3050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Karpet Turkmen (1922).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:The_practical_book_of_oriental_rugs_(1920)_(14576861108).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karpet Turkmen (1920)."><img alt="Karpet Turkmen (1920)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_practical_book_of_oriental_rugs_%281920%29_%2814576861108%29.jpg/98px-The_practical_book_of_oriental_rugs_%281920%29_%2814576861108%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_practical_book_of_oriental_rugs_%281920%29_%2814576861108%29.jpg/148px-The_practical_book_of_oriental_rugs_%281920%29_%2814576861108%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_practical_book_of_oriental_rugs_%281920%29_%2814576861108%29.jpg/197px-The_practical_book_of_oriental_rugs_%281920%29_%2814576861108%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1926" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Karpet Turkmen (1920).</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>Kuda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akhal-Teke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akhal-Teke (halaman belum tersedia)">Akhal-Teke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karpet_Yomut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karpet Yomut (halaman belum tersedia)">Karpet Yomut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karpet_Turkmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karpet Turkmen (halaman belum tersedia)">Karpet Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Turkmenistan" title="Islam di Turkmenistan">Islam di Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" class="mw-redirect" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musik_di_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musik di Turkmenistan (halaman belum tersedia)">Musik di Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makanan_Turkmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makanan Turkmen (halaman belum tersedia)">Makanan Turkmen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warisan">Warisan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Warisan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Warisan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Turkmenistan dalam daftar <a href="/wiki/Situs_Warisan_Dunia" title="Situs Warisan Dunia">Situs Warisan Dunia</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Gambar </th> <th>Nama </th> <th>Lokasi </th> <th>Catatan </th> <th>Tanggal ditetapkan </th> <th>Jenis </th></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cyark_merv_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cyark_merv_3.jpg/80px-Cyark_merv_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cyark_merv_3.jpg/120px-Cyark_merv_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cyark_merv_3.jpg/160px-Cyark_merv_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Merv" class="mw-redirect" title="Merv">Merv Kuno</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ba%C3%BDramaly" title="Baýramaly">Baýramaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Mary" title="Provinsi Mary">Provinsi Mary</a> </td> <td>sebuah <a href="/wiki/Kota" title="Kota">kota</a>-<a href="/wiki/Oase" title="Oase">oase</a> besar di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a>, terletak di <a href="/wiki/Jalur_Sutra" title="Jalur Sutra">Jalur Sutra</a> yang bersejarah </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1995 </td> <td>Budaya<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:KonyeUrgenchMinaret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/KonyeUrgenchMinaret.jpg/80px-KonyeUrgenchMinaret.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/KonyeUrgenchMinaret.jpg/120px-KonyeUrgenchMinaret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/KonyeUrgenchMinaret.jpg/160px-KonyeUrgenchMinaret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="1776" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ne%C3%BCrgen%C3%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Köneürgenç">Köneürgenç</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ne%C3%BCrgen%C3%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Köneürgenç">Köneürgenç</a> </td> <td>reruntuhan tak terawat abad ke-12 sekaligus ibu kota <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmia" title="Khwarezmia">Khwarezmia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2005 </td> <td>Budaya<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nisa.jpg/80px-Nisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nisa.jpg/120px-Nisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nisa.jpg/160px-Nisa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="744" /></a></span> </td> <td>Benteng <a href="/wiki/Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> di <a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a> </td> <td>Bagyr, <a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Ahal" title="Provinsi Ahal">Provinsi Ahal</a> </td> <td>salah satu ibu kota pertama dari <a href="/wiki/Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2007 </td> <td>Budaya<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B&rft.pub=Turkmenistan.gov.tm&rft.au=V%40DIM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fturkmenistan.gov.tm%2F%3Fid%3D715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak April 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portnews.ru/news/65119/">"Порт Туркменбаши будет полностью реконструирован"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft.pub=Portnews.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportnews.ru%2Fnews%2F65119%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">V@DIM (16 Mei 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019221200/http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/?id=1423">"Определены приоритетные направления развития транспорта и транзита в регионе"</a>. Turkmenistan.gov.tm. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/?id=1423">versi asli</a> tanggal 2017-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.pub=Turkmenistan.gov.tm&rft.date=2012-05-16&rft.au=V%40DIM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkmenistan.gov.tm%2F%3Fid%3D1423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cia_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="id" dir="ltr">Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama <code>cia</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ethnologue (19 Februari 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country/TM">"Ethnologue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303103433/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/TM">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft.date=1999-02-19&rft.au=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cs-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cs_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larry Clark, Michael Thurman, and David Tyson. "Turkmenistan". <i>A Country Study: Turkmenistan</i> (Glenn E. Curtis, editor). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Research_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Research Division (halaman belum tersedia)">Federal Research Division</a> (March 1996). <i>This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710004153/lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-07-10 di <a href="/wiki/Archive.is" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">UNESCO World Heritage Centre (26 Januari 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/886">"Ancient Merv State Historical and Cultural Park"</a>. Whc.unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705131603/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/886">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2017-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Merv+State+Historical+and+Cultural+Park&rft.pub=Whc.unesco.org&rft.date=2009-01-26&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">UNESCO World Heritage Centre (15 Juli 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1199">"Köneürgenç"</a>. Whc.unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712215500/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1199">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2018-07-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6ne%C3%BCrgen%C3%A7&rft.pub=Whc.unesco.org&rft.date=2005-07-15&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1242">"Nisa Fortress"</a>. Whc.unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705215551/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1242">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2017-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nisa+Fortress&rft.pub=Whc.unesco.org&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;padding:3px;"> <tbody><tr style="height:25px;"> <td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;padding-bottom:5px;"><b>Cari tahu mengenai Turkmenistan pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya:</b> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkmenistan" title="Cari di Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/21px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/31px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Turkmenistan">Definisi dan terjemahan</a> dari Wiktionary<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkmenistan" title="Cari di Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Turkmenistan">Gambar dan media</a> dari Commons<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkmenistan" title="Cari di Wikinews"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Turkmenistan">Berita</a> dari Wikinews<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkmenistan" title="Cari di Wikiquote"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Turkmenistan">Kutipan</a> dari Wikiquote<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkmenistan" title="Cari di Wikisource"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Turkmenistan">Teks sumber</a> dari Wikisource<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkmenistan" title="Cari di Wikibuku"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Turkmenistan">Buku</a> dari Wikibuku<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://id.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkmenistan" title="Cari di Wikivoyage"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/25px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/50px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="https://id.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="voy:Special:Search/Turkmenistan">Panduan wisata di Turkmenistan</a> dari Wikivoyage </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html">Turkmenistan</a> di <i><a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vk.com/moderntm">Modern Turkmenistan photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/turkmenistan.htm">Turkmenistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085919/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/turkmenistan.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2008-06-07 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. di <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> di Curlie (dari <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16094646">Profil Turkmenistan</a> di <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gnome-globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/15px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/23px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/30px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Turkmenistan">Peta Turkmenistan di Wikimedia Atlas</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span> Panduan perjalanan <a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/wy/id/Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="incubator:wy/id/Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> di Wikiwisata</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TM">Key Development Forecasts for Turkmenistan</a> dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Futures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Futures (halaman belum tersedia)">International Futures</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Government</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/">Portal informasi Pemerintah Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114091910/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-t/turkmenistan.html">Kepala Negara dan Anggota Kabinet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140722015659/http://tourism.gov.tm/en/">Komite Pariwisata Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chrono-tm.org/en/">"Chronicles of Turkmenistan". Publikasi Turkmen Initiative for Human Rights.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151031210540/http://www.chrono-tm.org/en/">Diarsipkan</a> 2015-10-31 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/turkmenistan.project/">The Turkmenistan Project</a> – berita mingguan dan analisis dalam bahasa Inggris dan Rusia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashgabat.us/">Galeri foto resmi dari Turkmenistan dan Ashgabat</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkiye-turkmenistan.com/">kabar harian dan analisis dalam bahasa Inggris Turkidan Turkmen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151103092439/http://www.turkiye-turkmenistan.com/">Diarsipkan</a> 2015-11-03 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Turkmenistan_topics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Turkmenistan topics (halaman belum tersedia)">Templat:Turkmenistan topics</a> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Asia_Tengah" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Asia Tengah"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Asia_Tengah&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Negara_di_Asia_Tengah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_di_dunia" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar negara di dunia">Negara</a> di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a> •</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> •</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> •</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a> •</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> •</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kirgizstan" title="Kirgizstan">Kirgizstan</a> •</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> •</span> <span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a> •</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Negara_di_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Negara_di_Asia" title="Templat:Negara di Asia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Negara_di_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Negara di Asia (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Negara_di_Asia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Negara_di_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_di_Asia" title="Daftar negara di Asia">Negara</a> di <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_berdaulat" title="Daftar negara berdaulat">Negara<br />berdaulat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi">Arab Saudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboja" title="Kamboja">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirgizstan" title="Kirgizstan">Kirgizstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan">Korea Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maladewa" title="Maladewa">Maladewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir">Mesir</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriah" title="Suriah">Suriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste" title="Timor Leste">Timor Leste</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni_Emirat_Arab" title="Uni Emirat Arab">Uni Emirat Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman">Yaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yordania" title="Yordania">Yordania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_dengan_pengakuan_terbatas" title="Daftar negara dengan pengakuan terbatas">Negara dengan<br />pengakuan terbatas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Artsakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Artsakh">Republik Artsakh</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia_Selatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetia Selatan">Ossetia Selatan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negara_Palestina" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara Palestina">Palestina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siprus_Utara" title="Siprus Utara">Siprus Utara</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Tiongkok" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Tiongkok">Republik Tiongkok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_dependensi" title="Wilayah dependensi">Dependensi</a> dan<br />wilayah lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Cocos_(Keeling)" title="Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling)">Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makau" title="Makau">Makau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulau_Natal" title="Pulau Natal">Pulau Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Samudra_Hindia_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah Samudra Hindia Britania">Wilayah Samudra Hindia Britania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Terkadang dimasukkan ke <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a>, tergantung definisi perbatasan. <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Terkadang dimasukkan ke <a href="/wiki/Oseania" title="Oseania">Oseania</a>. <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Negara <a href="/wiki/Lintas_benua" class="mw-redirect" title="Lintas benua">lintas benua</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Keanggotaan_Internasional" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Keanggotaan_Internasional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Keanggotaan Internasional</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Economic Cooperation Organization (halaman belum tersedia)">Templat:Economic Cooperation Organization</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (halaman belum tersedia)">Templat:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisasi_Kerja_Sama_Islam_(OKI)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:OKI" title="Templat:OKI"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:OKI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:OKI (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:OKI&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisasi_Kerja_Sama_Islam_(OKI)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Kerja_Sama_Islam" title="Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam">Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam (OKI)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anggota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair">Aljazair</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi">Arab Saudi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei">Brunei</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Gambia" title="Gambia">Gambia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Guinea_Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea Bissau">Guinea Bissau</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Jibuti" title="Jibuti">Jibuti</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Komoro" title="Komoro">Komoro</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kirgizstan" title="Kirgizstan">Kirgizstan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Maladewa" title="Maladewa">Maladewa</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko">Maroko</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir">Mesir</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mozambik" title="Mozambik">Mozambik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Negara_Palestina" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara Palestina">Palestina</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pantai_Gading" title="Pantai Gading">Pantai Gading</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Suriah" title="Suriah">Suriah</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Uni_Emirat_Arab" title="Uni Emirat Arab">Uni Emirat Arab</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman">Yaman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Yordania" title="Yordania">Yordania</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pengamat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Negara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Tengah" title="Afrika Tengah">Afrika Tengah</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia dan Herzegovina</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Republik_Turki_Siprus_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Turki Siprus Utara">Siprus Turki</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisasi/komunitas muslim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Front_Pembebasan_Nasional_Moro" title="Front Pembebasan Nasional Moro">Front Pembebasan Nasional Moro</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institusi Islam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Uni_Parlemen_Negara_Anggota_OKI" title="Uni Parlemen Negara Anggota OKI">Uni Parlemen Negara Anggota OKI</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisasi internasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gerakan_Non-Blok" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerakan Non-Blok">Gerakan Non-Blok</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Liga_Arab" title="Liga Arab">Liga Arab</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Kerja_Sama_Ekonomi" title="Organisasi Kerja Sama Ekonomi">Organisasi Kerja Sama Ekonomi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Uni_Afrika" title="Uni Afrika">Uni Afrika</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:TURKSOY&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:TURKSOY (halaman belum tersedia)">Templat:TURKSOY</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061255-7">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/144179578">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/144179578">WorldCat (via VIAF)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453272">Spanyol</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15359153f">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15359153f">(data)</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119424697">2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119424697">(data)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n91129790">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577553">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131145&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=001029662&local_base=nlx10">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000505329&local_base=nsk10">Kroasia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/163806">Swedia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/497_34294">Vatikan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lembaga penelitian seni</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/34db0cf1-5a31-43ad-99e3-e923523aa8e7">KulturNav (Norway)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basis data ilmiah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA13009904?l=en">CiNii (Jepang)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1260658/">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/044995">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a href="/wiki/MBAREA_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MBAREA (identifier)">MusicBrainz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/98e38a45-b90e-3575-943e-23e26ce3a69f">area</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045272">National Archives (US)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RERO_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RERO (identifier)">RERO (Swiss)</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.rero.ch/02-A005474829">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC (Prancis)</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027367681">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/turkmenistan">Encyclopedia of Islam</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/iyZkIcke">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&oldid=26230244">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&oldid=26230244</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Turkmenistan" title="Kategori:Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Negara_di_Asia_Tengah" title="Kategori:Negara di Asia Tengah">Negara di Asia Tengah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Negara_mayoritas_Muslim" title="Kategori:Negara mayoritas Muslim">Negara mayoritas Muslim</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Negara_anggota_Organisasi_Kerjasama_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Negara anggota Organisasi Kerjasama Islam (halaman belum tersedia)">Negara anggota Organisasi Kerjasama Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Negara_anggota_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Kategori:Negara anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Negara anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Negara_di_Asia" title="Kategori:Negara di Asia">Negara di Asia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Negara_yang_terkurung_daratan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Negara yang terkurung daratan (halaman belum tersedia)">Negara yang terkurung daratan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Dataran_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Dataran Iran (halaman belum tersedia)">Dataran Iran</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Negara_Turk_modern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Negara Turk modern (halaman belum tersedia)">Negara Turk modern</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Negara_dan_wilayah_berbahasa_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Negara dan wilayah berbahasa Rusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Negara dan wilayah berbahasa Rusia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Negara_satu_partai" title="Kategori:Negara satu partai">Negara satu partai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Negara_dan_wilayah_yang_didirikan_tahun_1991" title="Kategori:Negara dan wilayah yang didirikan tahun 1991">Negara dan wilayah yang didirikan tahun 1991</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Negara_litoral_Kaspia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Negara litoral Kaspia (halaman belum tersedia)">Negara litoral Kaspia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_kesalahan_referensi" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan kesalahan referensi">Halaman dengan kesalahan referensi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Inggris_(en)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pranala_luar_nonaktif" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif">Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pranala_luar_nonaktif_permanen" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen">Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_archiveis" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan archiveis">Templat webarchive tautan archiveis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Kategori:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Kategori:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_Turkmen" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara Turkmen">Artikel mengandung aksara Turkmen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_Rusia" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara Rusia">Artikel mengandung aksara Rusia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_berpranala_Curlie" title="Kategori:Artikel berpranala Curlie">Artikel berpranala Curlie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_GND" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda GND">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_VIAF" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda VIAF">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda VIAF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_BNE" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNE">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_BNF" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNF">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda 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