What is on-device processing? A Google engineer explains

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class="article-meta__author-container" data-analytics-module='{ "module_name": "Hero Menu", "section_header": "Ask a Techspert: What is on\u002Ddevice processing?" }'> <div class="article-meta__author-wrapper"> <div class="article-meta__abstract"> <div class="article-meta__abstract-aside"> <div class="article-meta__published-wrapper"> <p class="article-meta__published-at uni-body--small">Oct 14, 2024</p> <span aria-hidden="true" class="article-meta__separator">·</span> <p class="article-meta__read-time uni-body--small" data-reading-time-render>[[read-time]] min read</p> </div> <div class ="uni-social-share uni-social-share--mobile" data-component="uni-social-share-dropdown" > <a aria-label="Share" class="uni-social-share__trigger" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" data-analytics='{ "event": "page interaction", "category": "social", "action": "menu", "label": "label" }'> <svg class="h-c-icon h-c-icon--color-text" aria-hidden="true" title="Share" > <use 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<div class="copy-link__dialog copy-link__content" uni-options='{"copyTextButton": "COPIED TO CLIPBOARD"}' aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <input class="h-c-copy copy-link__url" value="https://blog.google/technology/ai/on-device-processing/" id="copy-link" readonly="readonly" type="text"/> <div class="copy-link__copy-message" role="status"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p class="article-meta__abstract-text uni-body--large"> Learn about how on-device processing actually works, plus how it powers features across Google products, like Pixel, Nest and more. </p> </div> </div> <div class="article-meta__container"> <div class="article-meta__content"> <a class="article-meta__author author-active" href="https://blog.google/authors/molly-mchugh-johnson/" aria-label="Molly McHugh-Johnson, Contributor, The Keyword" data-analytics-onclick='{ "event": "page interaction", "category" : "perspective author", "action" : "perspectives - author byline", "label" : "Molly McHugh-Johnson", "contentType": "article page" }' data-ga4-analytics-perspective-author-click='{ "link_text": "Molly McHugh\u002DJohnson", "link_url": "https://blog.google/authors/molly-mchugh-johnson/" }' > <figure class="article-meta__author-photo"> <picture> <source media="(max-resolution: 1.5dppx)" sizes="122px" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-uniblog-publish-prod/images/unnamed_5_skVBvw8.max-122x92.format-webp.webp 122w"> <source media="(min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" sizes="244px" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-uniblog-publish-prod/images/unnamed_5_skVBvw8.max-244x184.format-webp.webp 244w"> <img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-uniblog-publish-prod/images/unnamed_5_skVBvw8.max-244x184.format-webp.webp" alt="Molly McHugh-Johnson headshot" sizes=" 122px, 244px" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-uniblog-publish-prod/images/unnamed_5_skVBvw8.max-122x92.format-webp.webp 122w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-uniblog-publish-prod/images/unnamed_5_skVBvw8.max-244x184.format-webp.webp 244w" data-target="image" loading="lazy" > </picture> </figure> <div class="article-meta__author-info"> <div class="article-meta__author-name">Molly McHugh-Johnson</div> <div class="article-meta__author-title"> Contributor, The Keyword </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-summary__content " data-component="uni-ai-generated-summary" data-analytics-module='{ "event": "module_impression", "module_name": "ai_summary", "section_header": "CTA" }' > <div class="article-summary__btn-container" data-component="uni-ai-summary-btn"> <button class="article-summary--btn" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="h-c-icon h-c-icon__generate-summary" aria-hidden="true" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" href="/static/blogv2/images/icons.svg?version=pr20250205-1847#ai-generate-summary"></use> </svg> Read AI-generated summary <svg class="h-c-icon h-c-icon__chevron-down" aria-hidden="true" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" href="/static/blogv2/images/icons.svg?version=pr20250205-1847#ai-chevron-down"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="article-summary-modal"> <div class="article-summary-modal__summary active" data-summary-id="ai_summary_1"> <h2 class="article-summary-modal__title">General summary</h2> <p class="article-summary-modal__copy"> <p>On-device processing is the ability of a device to perform tasks without sending data to the cloud. It's made possible by powerful chipsets like Tensor G4, which can run large language models like Gemini Nano. On-device processing offers faster results, better availability, and reliability, and it's free for apps to leverage. While cloud processing has advantages like more powerful models and data storage, on-device processing is becoming increasingly capable and useful for specific tasks.</p> </p> <small class="article-summary-modal__legal"> Summaries were generated by Google AI. Generative AI is experimental. </small> </div> <div class="article-summary-modal__summary " data-summary-id="ai_summary_2"> <h2 class="article-summary-modal__title">Bullet points</h2> <p class="article-summary-modal__copy"> <ul> <li>"Ask a Techspert: What is on-device processing?" by Molly McHugh-Johnson.<ul> <li>On-device processing means that the processing of data happens on the device itself, rather than in the cloud.</li> <li>It enables faster and more reliable performance, especially for specific tasks that don't require a large amount of data or complex computations.</li> <li>On-device processing is made possible by powerful chipsets like Google's Tensor G4, which can handle high-performance computations.</li> <li>It opens up opportunities for new features and capabilities that leverage the device's processing power, such as generative AI, video rendering, and language translation.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </p> <small class="article-summary-modal__legal"> Summaries were generated by Google AI. Generative AI is experimental. </small> </div> <div class="article-summary-modal__summary " data-summary-id="ai_summary_3"> <h2 class="article-summary-modal__title">Basic explainer</h2> <p class="article-summary-modal__copy"> <p>On-device processing means your phone does the work, not a computer somewhere else.</p> <p>It makes things faster, more reliable, and possible without an internet connection.</p> <p>New, more powerful chips like Tensor G4 make it possible.</p> <p>It's not always better than off-device processing, but it's great for specific tasks.</p> </p> <small class="article-summary-modal__legal"> Summaries were generated by Google AI. Generative AI is experimental. </small> </div> <div class="article-sumary-modal__explore"> <h4 class="article-summary-modal__explore-title"> Explore other styles: </h4> <div class="article-summary-modal__explore-styles"> <ul class="article-summary-modal__chips"> <li> <button class="article-summary-modal__chip--btn" aria-label="General summary" data-summary-id="ai_summary_1" aria-pressed="true"> <span class="article-summary-modal__chip active" aria-hidden="true"> General summary </span> </button> </li> <li> <button class="article-summary-modal__chip--btn" aria-label="Bullet points" data-summary-id="ai_summary_2" > <span class="article-summary-modal__chip " aria-hidden="true"> Bullet points </span> </button> </li> <li> <button class="article-summary-modal__chip--btn" aria-label="Basic explainer" data-summary-id="ai_summary_3" > <span class="article-summary-modal__chip " aria-hidden="true"> Basic explainer </span> </button> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <button 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Techspert: What is on\u002Ddevice processing?" }' data-call-to-action-text="Listen to article" data-date-modified="2024-10-14T23:41:39.040506+00:00" data-progress-bar-style="half-wave" data-api-key="AIzaSyBLT6VkYe-x7sWLZI2Ep26-fNkBKgND-Ac" data-article-style="style9" data-tracking-ids="G-HGNBTNCHCQ,G-6NKTLKV14N" data-voice-list="en.ioh-pngnat:Cyan,en.usb-pngnat:Lime" data-layout-style="style1" data-highlight-mode="word-over-paragraph" data-highlight-text-color="#000000" data-highlight-word-background="#8AB4F8" data-highlight-paragraph-background="#D2E3FC" data-background="linear-gradient(180deg, #F1F3F4 0%, #F8F9FA 100%)" data-foreground-color="#202124" data-font="600 16px Google Sans, sans-serif" data-box-shadow="0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15)" style=min-height:55px;display:block;max-width:726px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:36px; > </google-read-aloud-player> <script async src="https://www.gstatic.com/readaloud/player/web/api/js/api.js"></script>  <div class="module--text module--text__article" data-analytics-module='{ "module_name": "Paragraph", "section_header": "Ask a Techspert: What is on\u002Ddevice processing?" }'> <div class="uni-paragraph article-paragraph" data-component="uni-article-paragraph"> <div class="rich-text"><p data-block-key="51m6r">Every time a new Pixel phone comes out, you might hear that “on-device processing” makes its cool new features possible. Just take a look at the <a href="https://blog.google/products/pixel/google-pixel-9-pro-xl/">new Pixel 9 phones</a> — things like <a href="https://blog.google/products/pixel/google-pixel-9-new-ai-features/">Pixel Studio and Call Notes</a> run “on device.” And it’s not just phones: <a href="https://blog.google/products/google-nest/google-nest-august-2024-updates/">Nest cameras</a>, <a href="https://blog.google/products/fitbit/pixel-watch-3-daily-readiness-update-cardio-target-load/">Pixel smartwatches</a> and <a href="https://blog.google/products/fitbit/fitbit-ace-back-to-school-update/">Fitbit devices</a> also use this whole “on-device processing” thing. Given the devices that use it and the features it’s powering, it sounds pretty important.</p><p data-block-key="6tt8g">It’s safe to assume that the, er, processing, is happening on the, uh…well, the device. But to get a better understanding of what that means, we talked to Trystan Upstill, who has been at Google for nearly 20 years working on engineering teams across Android, Google News and Search.</p><p data-block-key="6647u"><b>You were on a team that helped develop some of the exciting features that shipped with our new Pixel devices — can you tell me a little about what you worked on?</b><br/></p><p data-block-key="4f6pq">Most recently, I worked within Android where I led a team that focuses on melding Google’s various technology stack into an amazing experience that’s meaningful to the user. Then figuring out how to build it and ship it.</p><p data-block-key="bph1b"><b>Since we’re improving technologies and introducing new ones quite often, it seems like that would be a never-ending job.</b><br/></p><p data-block-key="67o2f">Exactly! Within recent years, there’s been this explosion in generative AI capabilities. At first when we started thinking about running large language models on devices, we thought it was kind of a joke — like, “Sure we can do that, but maybe by 2026.” But then we began scoping it out, and the technology performance evolved so quickly that we were able to launch features using Gemini Nano, our on-device model, on Pixel 8 Pro in <a href="https://blog.google/intl/en-in/pixel-feature-drop-december-2023/">December 2023</a>.</p><p data-block-key="a9ehu"><b>That’s what I want to know more about: “on-device processing.” Let’s break it down and start with what exactly “processing” means.</b></p><p data-block-key="72tmj">The main processor, or system-on-a-chip (SoC), in your devices, has a number of what are called Processing Units designed specifically to handle the tasks you want to do with that device. That's why you'll see the chip (like the Tensor chip found in Pixels) referred to as a "system-on-a-chip: There's not just one processor, but several processing units, memory, interfaces and much more, all together on one piece of silicon.</p><p data-block-key="5bhrh">Let’s use Pixel smartphones as an example: The processing units include a Central Processing Unit, or CPU, as the main “engine” of sorts; a Graphics Processing Unit, or GPU, which renders visuals; and now today we have a Tensor Processing Unit, or TPU, specially designed by Google to run AI/ML workloads on a device. These all work together to help your phone get things done — aka, processing.</p><p data-block-key="bu7r1">For example, when you take photos, you’re often using all elements of your phone’s processing power to good effect. The CPU will be busy running core tasks that control what the phone is doing, the GPU will be helping render what the lens is seeing and, on a premium Android device like a Pixel, there's also a lot of work happening on the TPU to process what the optical lens sees to make your photos look awesome.</p><p data-block-key="6vv5j"><b>Got it. “On-device” processing implies there’s off-device. Where is “off-device processing” happening, exactly?</b></p><p data-block-key="9ieru">Off-device processing happens in the cloud. Your device connects to the internet and sends your request to servers elsewhere, which perform the task, and then send the output back to your phone. So if we wanted to take that process and make it happen on device, we’d take the large machine learning model that powered that task in the cloud and make it smaller and more efficient so it can run on your device’s operating system and hardware.</p><p data-block-key="a2g3s"><b>What hardware makes that possible?</b><br/><br/>New, more powerful chipsets. For example, with the <a href="https://store.google.com/us/product/pixel_9_pro">Pixel 9 Pro</a>, that’s happening thanks to our SoC called Tensor G4. Tensor G4 enables these phones to run models like Gemini Nano — it’s able to handle these high-performance computations.</p><p data-block-key="93qql"><b>So basically, Tensor is designed specifically to run Google AI, which is</b> <b><i>also</i></b> <b>what powers a lot of Pixel’s new gen AI capabilities.</b></p><p data-block-key="9sj3p">Right! And the generative AI features are definitely part of it, but there are lots of other things on-device processing makes possible, too. Rendering video, playing games, HDR photo editing, language translation — most everything you do with your phone. These are all happening on your phone, not being sent up to a server for processing.</p></div> </div> </div> <uni-image-full-width alignment="full" alt-text="Animation shows a phone screen with an online shop with a black and white gingham dress. A TalkBack overlay appears on top with detailed information describing the image." external-image="" or-mp4-video-title="Talkback with Gemini" or-mp4-video-url="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-uniblog-publish-prod/original_videos/3._Talkback_with_Gemini.mp4" section-header="Ask a Techspert: What is on\u002Ddevice processing?" custom-class="image-full-width--constrained-width uni-component-spacing" > <div slot="caption-slot"> <div class="rich-text"><p data-block-key="qvauc">TalkBack with Gemini, which analyzes images and reads descriptions out loud to blind or low-vision users, is an example of on-device processing that makes use of Tensor, Pixel’s system on a chip.</p></div> </div> </uni-image-full-width> <div class="module--text module--text__article" data-analytics-module='{ "module_name": "Paragraph", "section_header": "Ask a Techspert: What is on\u002Ddevice processing?" }'> <div class="uni-paragraph article-paragraph" data-component="uni-article-paragraph"> <div class="rich-text"><p data-block-key="51m6r">The computation your phone can do today is pretty incredible. Today's smartphones are thousands of times faster than early high-performance computers, even those that were the size of rooms. Back in the day, those high-performance computers were the state of the art in terms of data analysis, image processing, anomaly detection and early AI research. Now we can do this all on device, and it opens up all sorts of neat opportunities to build helpful features that use this processing capability.</p><p data-block-key="90t8o"><b>Is on-device processing better than off-device?</b></p><p data-block-key="ft4es">Not necessarily. If you were to use Search entirely on-device, that would be really slow or really limited or both, because when you’re searching the web, you’re sort of looking for a needle in a haystack. To fit the entire web index on your phone would be too much! Instead, when you use Search, you’re tapping into the cloud and our data centers to access trillions of web pages to find what you’re looking for.</p><p data-block-key="df26f">But if you want to perform a more specific task, then on-device processing is really useful. For starters, there’s latency — if something’s being processed directly on the device, you may get the result faster. Then there’s also the fact that features that are fully on device work without an internet connection, meaning better availability and reliability.</p><p data-block-key="b168j">Finally, given the AI chip is in your pocket rather than being served through a cloud backend, it's free for apps to leverage the LLM capabilities.</p><p data-block-key="49ams">All this said, there are distinct advantages to both: Cloud has more powerful models and can house lots of important data. Lots of your data, like photos, videos and more, sits in the cloud today. It also helps support actions like searching massive databases, like Drive, Gmail and Google Photos.</p><p data-block-key="amh4m"><b>I’m already pretty impressed with what my Pixel can do today, but from what you’re saying, I’d imagine it’s only going to get better.</b></p><p data-block-key="apkhm">Yes, the models we’re using to do these complex tasks on Android devices are getting more capable. And of course it’s not just about better models and better technology: We also put a lot of work and research into thinking about what’s actually going to benefit people. We don’t want to just introduce products because the on-device processing can handle it; we want to make sure it’s something that people want to use on their phones in their everyday lives.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="uni-blog-article-tags article-tags" data-analytics-module='{ "module_name": "Article Tags", "section_header": "Ask a Techspert: What is on\u002Ddevice processing?" }'> <div class="uni-blog-article-tags__wrapper"> <span class="uni-blog-article-tags__label uni-eyebrow">POSTED IN:</span> </div> <nav class="uni-blog-article-tags__container uni-click-tracker" data-analytics='{ "category": "landing page lead", "action": "article tag" }' > <ul class="uni-blog-article-tags__tags-list"> <li> <a class="uni-blog-article-tags-value uni-body--small uni-link-active" href=" https://blog.google/technology/ai/ " data-ga4-analytics-landing-lead='{ "event": "landing_page_lead", "link_text": "AI" }' data-analytics='{"label": "topics: AI"}' > AI </a> </li> <li> <a class="uni-blog-article-tags-value uni-body--small uni-link-active" href=" https://blog.google/products/pixel/ " data-ga4-analytics-landing-lead='{ "event": "landing_page_lead", "link_text": "AI" }' data-analytics='{"label": "product: Pixel"}' > Pixel </a> </li> <li> <a class="uni-blog-article-tags-value uni-body--small uni-link-active" href=" https://blog.google/products/google-nest/ " data-ga4-analytics-landing-lead='{ "event": "landing_page_lead", "link_text": "AI" }' data-analytics='{"label": "product: Google Nest"}' > Google Nest </a> </li> <li> <a class="uni-blog-article-tags-value uni-body--small uni-link-active" href=" https://blog.google/products/fitbit/ " data-ga4-analytics-landing-lead='{ "event": "landing_page_lead", "link_text": "AI" }' data-analytics='{"label": "product: Fitbit"}' > Fitbit </a> </li> <li> <a class="uni-blog-article-tags-value uni-body--small uni-link-active" href=" https://blog.google/inside-google/googlers/ask-a-techspert/ " data-ga4-analytics-landing-lead='{ "event": "landing_page_lead", "link_text": "AI" }' data-analytics='{"label": "product: Ask a Techspert"}' > Ask a Techspert </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </section> </article> <div class="uni-related-articles-cards ga4-carousel" data-analytics-module='{ "module_name": "Article Footer Related Stories", "section_header": "Related stories" }' > <div class="uni-related-articles-cards-container" data-component="uni-related-articles"> <div class="uni-related-articles-grid-title"> <div class="uni-related-articles-grid-wrapper"> <h3 class="uni-related-articles-cards__title"> <div class="uni-related-articles-cards__title-content "> Related stories </div> </h3> </div> </div> <div class="uni-related-articles-cards__track"> <ul aria-role="menu" aria-label="Related articles" class="uni-related-articles-cards__wrap "> <li class="uni-related-articles-cards__item uni-related-articles-cards__item--img "> <a href="https://blog.google/around-the-globe/google-europe/taoiseach-visits-google-to-celebrate-the-future-of-irelands-tech-talent/" class="uni-related-articles-cards__link" data-index="1" data-target="card" data-primaryTag = "topics - 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