Web injections are back on the rise: 40+ banks affected by new malware campaign

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"2023-12-19T09:00:00-05:00", "dateModified": "2024-09-21T13:04:43-04:00", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Security Intelligence", "logo":{ "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/themes/security-intelligence/assets/img/logo.png" } }, "image": [ "https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Transparency-smart-phone-with-ransomware-attack-warning-sign-630x330.jpeg" ], "articleBody": " <p>Web injections, a favored technique employed by various banking trojans, have been a persistent threat in the realm of cyberattacks. These malicious injections enable cyber criminals to manipulate data exchanges between users and web browsers, potentially compromising sensitive information.</p>   <p>In March 2023, security researchers at IBM Security Trusteer uncovered a new <a href="https://www.ibm.com/topics/malware" target="_blank" rel="noopener">malware</a> campaign using JavaScript web injections. This new campaign is widespread and particularly evasive, with historical indicators of compromise (IOCs) suggesting a possible connection to <a href="https://securityintelligence.com/?s=DanaBot" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DanaBot</a> — although we cannot definitively confirm its identity.</p>   <p>Since the beginning of 2023, we have seen over 50,000 infected user sessions where these injections were used by attackers, indicating the scale of threat activity, across more than 40 banks that were affected by this malware campaign across North America, South America,  Europe and Japan.</p>   <p>In this blog post, we will delve into an analysis of the web injection utilized in the recent campaign, its evasive techniques, code flow, targets and the methods employed to achieve them.</p>   <h2 class="wp-block-heading">A dangerous new campaign</h2>   <p>Our analysis indicates that in this new campaign, threat actors’ intention with the web injection module is likely to compromise popular banking applications and, once the malware is installed, intercept the users’ credentials in order to then access and likely monetize their banking information.</p>   <p>Our data shows that threat actors purchased malicious domains in December 2022 and began executing their campaigns shortly after. Since early 2023, we’ve seen multiple sessions communicating with those domains, which remain active as of this blog’s publication.</p>   <p>Upon examining the injection, we discovered that the JS script is targeting a specific page structure common across multiple banks. When the requested resource contains a certain keyword and a login button with a specific ID is present, new malicious content is injected.</p>   <p>Credential theft is executed by adding event listeners to this button, with an option to steal a one-time password (OTP) token with it.</p>   <p>This web injection doesn’t target banks with different login pages, but it does send data about the infected machine to the server and can easily be modified to target other banks.</p>   <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Code delivery</h2>   <p>In the past, we observed malware that directly injected the code into the compromised web page. However, in this campaign, the malicious script is an external resource hosted on the attacker's server. It is retrieved by injecting a script tag into the head element of the page’s HTML document, with the src attribute set to the malicious domain.</p>   <p>HTML snippet:</p>   <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/html.png"><img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/html.png" alt="" class="wp-image-446826"/></a></figure>   <p>During our investigation, we observed that the malware initiates data exfiltration upon the initial retrieval of the script. It appends information, such as the bot ID and different configuration flags, as query parameters. The computer’s name is usually used as the bot ID, which is information that isn’t available through the browser. It indicates that the infection has already occurred at the operating system level by other malware components, before injecting content into the browser session.</p>   <figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/1.png"><img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/1.png" alt="" class="wp-image-446829" style="width:840px;height:auto"/></a></figure>   <p><span class="resolved"><em>Figure 1: The initial obfuscated GET request fetching the script</em></span></p>   <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evasion techniques</h2>   <p>The retrieved script is intentionally obfuscated and returned as a single line of code, which includes both the encoded script string and a small decoding script.</p>   <p>To conceal its malicious content, a large string is added at the beginning and end of the decoder code. The encoded string is then passed to a function builder within an anonymous function and promptly executed, which also initiates the execution of the malicious script.</p>   <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image.png"><img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image.png" alt="" class="wp-image-446835"/></a></figure>   <p><em>Figure 2: Encoded string passed to de-obfuscation function, followed by removal of artifacts used for decoding the script. Two long strings were added to the beginning and end of the string to make it harder to find the code manually.</em></p>   <p>At first glance, the network traffic appears normal, and the domain resembles a legitimate content delivery network (CDN) for a JavaScript library. The malicious domains resemble two legitimate JavaScript CDNs:</p>   <figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Malicious</strong><p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;"></p></td><td><strong>Legitimate</strong><p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;"></p></td></tr><tr><td> jscdnpack[.]com </td><td> cdnjs[.]com </td></tr><tr><td> unpack[.]com </td><td> unpkg[.]com </td></tr></tbody></table></figure>   <p>In addition, the injection looks for a popular security vendor's JavaScript agent by searching for the keyword “adrum” in the current page URL. If the word exists, the injection doesn’t run.</p>   <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-1.png"><img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-1.png" alt="" class="wp-image-446837"/></a></figure>   <p><em>Figure 3: Searching for a security product’s keyword and doing nothing if it’s found</em></p>   <p>The injection also performs function patching, changing built-in functions that are used to gather information about the current page document object model (DOM) and JavaScript environment. The patch removes any remnant evidence of the malware from the session.</p>   <p>All of these actions are performed to help conceal the presence of the malware.</p>   <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Dynamic web injection</h2>   <p>The script’s behavior is highly dynamic, continuously querying both the command and control (C2) server and the current page structure and adjusting its flow based on the information obtained.</p>   <p>The structure is similar to a client-server architecture, where the script maintains a continuous flow of updates to the server while requesting further instructions.</p>   <p>To keep a record of its actions, the script sends a request to the server, logging pertinent information, such as the originating function, success or failure status and updates on various flags indicating the current state.</p>   <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-4.png"><img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-4.png" alt="" class="wp-image-446841"/></a></figure>   <p><em>Figure 4: Every a.V function call sends an update to the server about what function it was sent from and the current state of different flags</em></p>   <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-2.png"><img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-2.png" alt="" class="wp-image-446838"/></a></figure>   <p><em>Figure 5: An example of multiple traffic logs, sent within a few seconds of the script running</em></p>   <p>The script relies on receiving a specific response from the server, which determines the type of injection it should execute, if any. This type of communication greatly enhances the resilience of the web injection.</p>   <p>For instance, it enables the injection to patiently wait for a particular element to load, provide the server with updates regarding the presence of the injected OTP field, retry specific steps (such as injecting an SMS submission overlay) or redirect to the login page before displaying an alert indicating that the bank is temporarily unavailable.</p>   <p>The server keeps identifying the device by the bot ID, so even if the client tries to refresh or load the page again, the injection can continue from its previously executed step.</p>   <p>If the server does not respond, the injection process will not proceed. Hence, for this injection to be effective, the server must remain online.</p>   <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Script flow</h2>   <p>The script is executed within an anonymous function, creating an object that encompasses various fields and helper functions for its usage. Within the object, the injection holds the initial configuration with fields such as bot ID, phone number and password. These fields are initially empty but are populated with relevant values as the run progresses.</p>   <p>Additionally, the object includes details such as the C2 server’s domain and requests path, default values for query parameters and default settings for various flags such as “send SMS” and “send token.” These default values can be modified later based on the server’s response, allowing for dynamic adjustments during runtime.</p>   <p>Following the initial configuration, the script sends a request to the server providing initial details, and assigns a callback to handle the response, allowing the execution to proceed.</p>   <p>Subsequently, the script proceeds to remove itself from the DOM tree, enhancing its ability to conceal its actions. From that stage onward, all subsequent script actions are asynchronous, saved inside event handlers and dependent on the responses received from the server.</p>   <p>The steps the script should perform are mostly based on an “mlink” flag received from the server on the initial request. The next step of the injection is to check for the specific login button of the targeted bank. The results of the element query are sent, and the “mlink” state changes accordingly.</p>   <p>Following that, a new function runs asynchronously on an interval, looking for the login button and assigning a malicious event listener if found. The listener waits for a click event, collects the login credentials and handles it based on the current configuration.</p>   <p>For example, if the “collect token” flag is on, but the script can’t find the <a href="https://www.ibm.com/topics/2fa" target="_blank" rel="noopener">two-factor authentication (2FA)</a> token input field, it just stops the current run and does nothing. If the token is found or wasn’t looked for in the first place, the script sends all the gathered information to the server.</p>   <p>After that, it can inject a “loading” bar to the page (opengif function), cancel the original login action or allow the client to continue with the actions by removing the handler and “clicking” it again on behalf of the user (by dispatching another “click” event).</p>   <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-3.png"><img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-3.png" alt="" class="wp-image-446839"/></a></figure>   <p><em>Figure 6: The event listener prevents the default action of the login button or deletes itself and dispatches another click event based on the outcome of function G</em></p>   <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-5.png"><img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-5.png" alt="" class="wp-image-446842"/></a></figure>   <p><em>Figure 7: This section of function G reads credentials and tries to read the injected token field value, depending on the current state of the page and flags</em></p>   <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Potential operational states</h2>   <p>Returning to the “synchronous” part of the callback, let’s examine some potential operational states and the corresponding actions taken.</p>   <p>When the “mlink” value is 2, the script injects a div that prompts the user to choose a phone number for 2FA. Once the user selects a phone number, a login attempt can be executed using the stolen credentials, and a valid token is sent to the victim from the bank.</p>   <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-6.png"><img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-6.png" alt="" class="wp-image-446843"/></a></figure>   <p><em>Figure 8: Prompting a phone number for two-factor authentication</em></p>   <p>The following state is when “mlink” is equal to three, where the input field for the OTP token is injected. In this manner, DanaBot deceives the victim into providing the token, effectively bypassing the 2FA protection mechanism.</p>   <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-7.png"><img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-7.png" alt="" class="wp-image-446844"/></a></figure>   <p><em>Figure 9: Prompting for the received token</em></p>   <p>When the “mlink” value is four, the script introduces an error message on the login page, indicating that online banking services will be unavailable for a duration of 12 hours. This tactic aims to discourage the victim from attempting to access their account, providing the threat actor with an opportunity to perform uninterrupted actions.</p>   <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-9.png"><img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-9.png" alt="" class="wp-image-446849"/></a></figure>   <p><em>Figure 10: An error message that banking services are unavailable for 12 hours, giving the threat actor ample time to work</em></p>   <p>When the “mlink” value is 5, the script injects a page loading overlay that mimics the appearance of the original website’s loading animation. A timeout is set before transitioning to a different state, effectively “completing” the page load process.</p>   <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-8.png"><img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-8.png" alt="" class="wp-image-446845"/></a></figure>   <p><em>Figure 11: An injected loading screen, an exact duplicate of the original loading screen</em></p>   <p>When the value of “mlink” is six, a “clean up” flow is initiated, removing any injected content from the page. This value serves as the default assignment for the flag in case no specific instruction is received from the server.</p>   <figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Mlink value</p> </td><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Operation</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">2</p> </td><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">2FA choose phone number prompt</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">3</p> </td><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">2FA insert token prompt</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">4</p> </td><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Online banking unavailable error</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">5</p> </td><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Page loading overlay</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">6</p> </td><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Cleanup</p> </td></tr></tbody></table></figure>   <p>In total, there are nine distinct potential values for the “mlink” variable, each corresponding to different states and behaviors. Additionally, multiple flags activate various actions and result in different data being sent back to the server. Combining these “mlink” values and flags allows for a diverse range of actions and data exchanges between the script and the server.</p>   <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><b>Urging vigilance</b></h2>   <p>IBM has observed widespread activity from this malware campaign affecting banking applications of numerous financial institutions across North America, South America, Europe and Japan. This sophisticated threat showcases advanced capabilities, particularly in executing man-in-the-browser attacks with its dynamic communication, web injection methods and the ability to adapt based on server instructions and current page state. The malware represents a significant danger to the security of financial institutions and their customers.</p>   <p>Users should practice vigilance when using banking apps. This includes contacting their bank to report potentially suspicious activity on their accounts, not downloading software from unknown sources and following best practices for <a href="https://securityintelligence.com/x-force/how-to-keep-secrets-safe-password-primer/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">password hygiene</a> and email security hygiene.</p>   <p>Individuals and organizations must also remain vigilant, implement robust security measures and stay informed about <a href="https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">emerging malware</a> to effectively counteract these threats.</p>   <p><a href="https://www.ibm.com/trusteer">IBM Security Trusteer</a> helps you to detect fraud, authenticate users and establish identity trust across the omnichannel customer journey. More than 500 leading organizations rely on Trusteer to help secure their customers’ digital journeys and support business growth.</p> " } </script>  <script id="post-schema" type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Home", "item": "https://securityintelligence.com/" }, ] } </script> <div id="progressbar"> <amp-animation id="progress-animation" layout="nodisplay"> <script type="application/json"> { "duration": "1s", "iterations": "1", "fill": "both", "direction": "alternate", "animations": [{ "selector": "#progressbar", "keyframes": [{ "transform": "translateX(0)" }] }] } </script> </amp-animation> </div> <amp-position-observer target="post__content" intersection-ratios="0" viewport-margins="25vh 75vh" on="scroll:progress-animation.seekTo(percent=event.percent)" layout="nodisplay"></amp-position-observer> <div class="dark_background" style="background:black;"></div> <div class="container grid" style="background:black;">  <aside class="breadcrumbs "> <h1 class="breadcrumbs__page_title">Web injections are back on the rise: 40+ banks affected by new malware campaign</h1> </aside> </div> <div class="container grid hero_background "> <div class="grid__content post "> <div class="post__thumbnail"> <amp-img alt="A person in a blue jacket holding a smartphone face out with red warning on screen" width="1200" height="630" layout="responsive" src="/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/doc-root/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Transparency-smart-phone-with-ransomware-attack-warning-sign-630x330.jpeg.webp" srcset="/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/doc-root/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Transparency-smart-phone-with-ransomware-attack-warning-sign-300x158.jpeg.webp 300w, /wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/doc-root/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Transparency-smart-phone-with-ransomware-attack-warning-sign-630x330.jpeg.webp 630w, 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class="rt-time"> 8</span> <span class="rt-label rt-postfix">min read</span></span></span> </div> </div> <hr class="separator"> <div class="title"> <a href="https://securityintelligence.com/category/topics/fraud-protection/"><span class="name_category">Fraud Protection<br> <a href="https://securityintelligence.com/category/topics/app-security/"><span class="name_other_category">Application Security<br> <a href="https://securityintelligence.com/category/topics/banking-financial-services-industry/"><span class="name_other_category">Banking & Finance<br> <a href="https://securityintelligence.com/category/topics/identity-access/"><span class="name_other_category">Identity & Access<br> </span></a> </div> <div class="social-container" style="visibility: hidden;"> <hr class="separator"> <div class="social">  <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Web injections are back on the rise: 40+ banks affected by new malware 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preference if (location.href.includes("/x-force/")) { simulateClick(setDarkTheme, false); // Apply the dark theme for all x-force posts } else if (themePreference === 'dark') { simulateClick(setDarkTheme, true); // Apply the dark theme based on user preference } else if (themePreference === 'light') { simulateClick(setLightTheme, true); // Apply the light theme based on user preference (default) } else { simulateClick(setLightTheme, true); // Apply the light theme by default } </script> <script> const cookies = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("truste.eu.cookie.notice_preferences")); if (cookies && cookies.value === '2:') { document.querySelector('.social-container').style.visibility = 'visible'; } </script> </div> <main class="post__content post__content--continue_reading" id="post__content"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p>Web injections, a favored technique employed by various banking trojans, have been a persistent threat in the realm of cyberattacks. These malicious injections enable cyber criminals to manipulate data exchanges between users and web browsers, potentially compromising sensitive information.</p> <p>In March 2023, security researchers at IBM Security Trusteer uncovered a new <a href="https://www.ibm.com/topics/malware" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" >malware</a> campaign using JavaScript web injections. This new campaign is widespread and particularly evasive, with historical indicators of compromise (IOCs) suggesting a possible connection to <a href="https://securityintelligence.com/?s=DanaBot" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" >DanaBot</a> — although we cannot definitively confirm its identity.</p> <p>Since the beginning of 2023, we have seen over 50,000 infected user sessions where these injections were used by attackers, indicating the scale of threat activity, across more than 40 banks that were affected by this malware campaign across North America, South America,  Europe and Japan.</p> <p>In this blog post, we will delve into an analysis of the web injection utilized in the recent campaign, its evasive techniques, code flow, targets and the methods employed to achieve them.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">A dangerous new campaign</h2> <p>Our analysis indicates that in this new campaign, threat actors’ intention with the web injection module is likely to compromise popular banking applications and, once the malware is installed, intercept the users’ credentials in order to then access and likely monetize their banking information.</p> <p>Our data shows that threat actors purchased malicious domains in December 2022 and began executing their campaigns shortly after. Since early 2023, we’ve seen multiple sessions communicating with those domains, which remain active as of this blog’s publication.</p> <p>Upon examining the injection, we discovered that the JS script is targeting a specific page structure common across multiple banks. When the requested resource contains a certain keyword and a login button with a specific ID is present, new malicious content is injected.</p> <p>Credential theft is executed by adding event listeners to this button, with an option to steal a one-time password (OTP) token with it.</p> <p>This web injection doesn’t target banks with different login pages, but it does send data about the infected machine to the server and can easily be modified to target other banks.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Code delivery</h2> <p>In the past, we observed malware that directly injected the code into the compromised web page. However, in this campaign, the malicious script is an external resource hosted on the attacker’s server. It is retrieved by injecting a script tag into the head element of the page’s HTML document, with the src attribute set to the malicious domain.</p> <p>HTML snippet:</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><amp-img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/html.png" layout="intrinsic" class="wp-image-446826" alt="" width="1384" height="702" lightbox="lightbox"></amp-img></figure> <p>During our investigation, we observed that the malware initiates data exfiltration upon the initial retrieval of the script. It appends information, such as the bot ID and different configuration flags, as query parameters. The computer’s name is usually used as the bot ID, which is information that isn’t available through the browser. It indicates that the infection has already occurred at the operating system level by other malware components, before injecting content into the browser session.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><amp-img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/1.png" layout="intrinsic" class="wp-image-446829" alt="" srcset="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/1.png 1920w, https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/1-1536x225.png 1536w" width="1920" height="281" lightbox="lightbox"></amp-img></figure> <p><span class="resolved"><em>Figure 1: The initial obfuscated GET request fetching the script</em></span></p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evasion techniques</h2> <p>The retrieved script is intentionally obfuscated and returned as a single line of code, which includes both the encoded script string and a small decoding script.</p> <p>To conceal its malicious content, a large string is added at the beginning and end of the decoder code. The encoded string is then passed to a function builder within an anonymous function and promptly executed, which also initiates the execution of the malicious script.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><amp-img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image.png" layout="intrinsic" class="wp-image-446835" alt="" width="1400" height="720" lightbox="lightbox"></amp-img></figure> <p><em>Figure 2: Encoded string passed to de-obfuscation function, followed by removal of artifacts used for decoding the script. Two long strings were added to the beginning and end of the string to make it harder to find the code manually.</em></p> <p>At first glance, the network traffic appears normal, and the domain resembles a legitimate content delivery network (CDN) for a JavaScript library. The malicious domains resemble two legitimate JavaScript CDNs:</p> <figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Malicious</strong><p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;"></p></td><td><strong>Legitimate</strong><p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;"></p></td></tr><tr><td> jscdnpack[.]com </td><td> cdnjs[.]com </td></tr><tr><td> unpack[.]com </td><td> unpkg[.]com </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="table-scroll-help-text"><span>Scroll to view full table </span></div></figure> <p>In addition, the injection looks for a popular security vendor’s JavaScript agent by searching for the keyword “adrum” in the current page URL. If the word exists, the injection doesn’t run.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><amp-img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-1.png" layout="intrinsic" class="wp-image-446837" alt="" width="754" height="451" lightbox="lightbox"></amp-img></figure> <p><em>Figure 3: Searching for a security product’s keyword and doing nothing if it’s found</em></p> <p>The injection also performs function patching, changing built-in functions that are used to gather information about the current page document object model (DOM) and JavaScript environment. The patch removes any remnant evidence of the malware from the session.</p> <p>All of these actions are performed to help conceal the presence of the malware.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Dynamic web injection</h2> <p>The script’s behavior is highly dynamic, continuously querying both the command and control (C2) server and the current page structure and adjusting its flow based on the information obtained.</p> <p>The structure is similar to a client-server architecture, where the script maintains a continuous flow of updates to the server while requesting further instructions.</p> <p>To keep a record of its actions, the script sends a request to the server, logging pertinent information, such as the originating function, success or failure status and updates on various flags indicating the current state.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><amp-img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-4.png" layout="intrinsic" class="wp-image-446841" alt="" width="864" height="371" lightbox="lightbox"></amp-img></figure> <p><em>Figure 4: Every a.V function call sends an update to the server about what function it was sent from and the current state of different flags</em></p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><amp-img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-2.png" layout="intrinsic" class="wp-image-446838" alt="" width="641" height="761" lightbox="lightbox"></amp-img></figure> <p><em>Figure 5: An example of multiple traffic logs, sent within a few seconds of the script running</em></p> <p>The script relies on receiving a specific response from the server, which determines the type of injection it should execute, if any. This type of communication greatly enhances the resilience of the web injection.</p> <p>For instance, it enables the injection to patiently wait for a particular element to load, provide the server with updates regarding the presence of the injected OTP field, retry specific steps (such as injecting an SMS submission overlay) or redirect to the login page before displaying an alert indicating that the bank is temporarily unavailable.</p> <p>The server keeps identifying the device by the bot ID, so even if the client tries to refresh or load the page again, the injection can continue from its previously executed step.</p> <p>If the server does not respond, the injection process will not proceed. Hence, for this injection to be effective, the server must remain online.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Script flow</h2> <p>The script is executed within an anonymous function, creating an object that encompasses various fields and helper functions for its usage. Within the object, the injection holds the initial configuration with fields such as bot ID, phone number and password. These fields are initially empty but are populated with relevant values as the run progresses.</p> <p>Additionally, the object includes details such as the C2 server’s domain and requests path, default values for query parameters and default settings for various flags such as “send SMS” and “send token.” These default values can be modified later based on the server’s response, allowing for dynamic adjustments during runtime.</p> <p>Following the initial configuration, the script sends a request to the server providing initial details, and assigns a callback to handle the response, allowing the execution to proceed.</p> <p>Subsequently, the script proceeds to remove itself from the DOM tree, enhancing its ability to conceal its actions. From that stage onward, all subsequent script actions are asynchronous, saved inside event handlers and dependent on the responses received from the server.</p> <p>The steps the script should perform are mostly based on an “mlink” flag received from the server on the initial request. The next step of the injection is to check for the specific login button of the targeted bank. The results of the element query are sent, and the “mlink” state changes accordingly.</p> <p>Following that, a new function runs asynchronously on an interval, looking for the login button and assigning a malicious event listener if found. The listener waits for a click event, collects the login credentials and handles it based on the current configuration.</p> <p>For example, if the “collect token” flag is on, but the script can’t find the <a href="https://www.ibm.com/topics/2fa" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" >two-factor authentication (2FA)</a> token input field, it just stops the current run and does nothing. If the token is found or wasn’t looked for in the first place, the script sends all the gathered information to the server.</p> <p>After that, it can inject a “loading” bar to the page (opengif function), cancel the original login action or allow the client to continue with the actions by removing the handler and “clicking” it again on behalf of the user (by dispatching another “click” event).</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><amp-img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-3.png" layout="intrinsic" class="wp-image-446839" alt="" width="956" height="328" lightbox="lightbox"></amp-img></figure> <p><em>Figure 6: The event listener prevents the default action of the login button or deletes itself and dispatches another click event based on the outcome of function G</em></p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><amp-img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-5.png" layout="intrinsic" class="wp-image-446842" alt="" width="1004" height="501" lightbox="lightbox"></amp-img></figure> <p><em>Figure 7: This section of function G reads credentials and tries to read the injected token field value, depending on the current state of the page and flags</em></p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Potential operational states</h2> <p>Returning to the “synchronous” part of the callback, let’s examine some potential operational states and the corresponding actions taken.</p> <p>When the “mlink” value is 2, the script injects a div that prompts the user to choose a phone number for 2FA. Once the user selects a phone number, a login attempt can be executed using the stolen credentials, and a valid token is sent to the victim from the bank.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><amp-img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-6.png" layout="intrinsic" class="wp-image-446843" alt="" width="1407" height="656" lightbox="lightbox"></amp-img></figure> <p><em>Figure 8: Prompting a phone number for two-factor authentication</em></p> <p>The following state is when “mlink” is equal to three, where the input field for the OTP token is injected. In this manner, DanaBot deceives the victim into providing the token, effectively bypassing the 2FA protection mechanism.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><amp-img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-7.png" layout="intrinsic" class="wp-image-446844" alt="" width="930" height="594" lightbox="lightbox"></amp-img></figure> <p><em>Figure 9: Prompting for the received token</em></p> <p>When the “mlink” value is four, the script introduces an error message on the login page, indicating that online banking services will be unavailable for a duration of 12 hours. This tactic aims to discourage the victim from attempting to access their account, providing the threat actor with an opportunity to perform uninterrupted actions.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><amp-img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-9.png" layout="intrinsic" class="wp-image-446849" alt="" width="1231" height="788" lightbox="lightbox"></amp-img></figure> <p><em>Figure 10: An error message that banking services are unavailable for 12 hours, giving the threat actor ample time to work</em></p> <p>When the “mlink” value is 5, the script injects a page loading overlay that mimics the appearance of the original website’s loading animation. A timeout is set before transitioning to a different state, effectively “completing” the page load process.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><amp-img src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image-8.png" layout="intrinsic" class="wp-image-446845" alt="" width="709" height="208" lightbox="lightbox"></amp-img></figure> <p><em>Figure 11: An injected loading screen, an exact duplicate of the original loading screen</em></p> <p>When the value of “mlink” is six, a “clean up” flow is initiated, removing any injected content from the page. This value serves as the default assignment for the flag in case no specific instruction is received from the server.</p> <figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Mlink value</p> </td><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Operation</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">2</p> </td><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">2FA choose phone number prompt</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">3</p> </td><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">2FA insert token prompt</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">4</p> </td><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Online banking unavailable error</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">5</p> </td><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Page loading overlay</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">6</p> </td><td> <p style="margin: 0in; line-height: normal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Cleanup</p> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="table-scroll-help-text"><span>Scroll to view full table </span></div></figure> <p>In total, there are nine distinct potential values for the “mlink” variable, each corresponding to different states and behaviors. Additionally, multiple flags activate various actions and result in different data being sent back to the server. Combining these “mlink” values and flags allows for a diverse range of actions and data exchanges between the script and the server.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><b>Urging vigilance</b></h2> <p>IBM has observed widespread activity from this malware campaign affecting banking applications of numerous financial institutions across North America, South America, Europe and Japan. This sophisticated threat showcases advanced capabilities, particularly in executing man-in-the-browser attacks with its dynamic communication, web injection methods and the ability to adapt based on server instructions and current page state. The malware represents a significant danger to the security of financial institutions and their customers.</p> <p>Users should practice vigilance when using banking apps. This includes contacting their bank to report potentially suspicious activity on their accounts, not downloading software from unknown sources and following best practices for <a href="https://securityintelligence.com/x-force/how-to-keep-secrets-safe-password-primer/" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" >password hygiene</a> and email security hygiene.</p> <p>Individuals and organizations must also remain vigilant, implement robust security measures and stay informed about <a href="https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" >emerging malware</a> to effectively counteract these threats.</p> <p><a href="https://www.ibm.com/trusteer" >IBM Security Trusteer</a> helps you to detect fraud, authenticate users and establish identity trust across the omnichannel customer journey. More than 500 leading organizations rely on Trusteer to help secure their customers’ digital journeys and support business growth.</p> </body></html> <div id="nc_pixel"></div><div class="post__tags"> <a href="https://securityintelligence.com/tag/security-intelligence-analytics/" rel="tag">security intelligence & analytics</a><span> | </span><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/tag/fraud-protection/" rel="tag">Fraud Protection</a><span> | </span><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/tag/ibm-security-trusteer/" rel="tag">IBM Security Trusteer</a><span> | </span><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/tag/incident-response-ir/" rel="tag">Incident Response (IR)</a><span> | </span><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/tag/mobile-banking-fraud/" rel="tag">Mobile Banking Fraud</a><span> | </span><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/tag/online-banking-fraud/" rel="tag">Online Banking Fraud</a><span> | </span><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/tag/security-intelligence/" rel="tag">Security Intelligence</a><span> | </span><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/tag/threat-hunting/" rel="tag">threat hunting</a><span> | </span><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/tag/trusteer/" rel="tag">Trusteer</a></div> <div class="post__author author "> <div class="author__box"> <div class="author__photo" style="background-image: url(https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image_6483441-e1701372462787.jpg);"></div> <div class="author__infos"> <div class="author__name"><a href="https://securityintelligence.com/author/tal-langus/" >Tal Langus</a></div> <div class="author__role">Web Security Researcher - Trusteer, IBM</div> </div> </div> </div>  <style type="text/css"> .post__content--continue_reading{ max-height: 725px; overflow:hidden; transition: max-height cubic-bezier(0.9, 0, 1, 1) 2s; } @media (max-width: 768px) { .post__content--continue_reading{ max-height: 1225px; } } </style> <div class="continue_reading_wrapper" id="continue_reading"> <button on="tap: post__content.toggleClass(class=post__content--continue_reading), continue_reading.toggleClass(class=continue_reading_wrapper--clicked)" tabindex="0" role="button">Continue Reading</button> </div> </main> </div> </div> <aside class="grid__sidebar post__sidebar "> <div class="mobile_divider"></div> <header class="post__sidebar__header">POPULAR</header>  <article class="article article_grid article__mobile--card">  <a class="exclusive_article__category_link" href="https://securityintelligence.com/articles/what-telegrams-recent-policy-shift-means-for-cyber-crime/" aria-label="What Telegram’s recent policy shift means for cyber crime"> <div class="article__img"> <amp-img alt="" width="1200" height="630" layout="responsive" src="/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/doc-root/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/A-dark-mystery-hand-typing-on-a-laptop-computer-at-night-630x330.jpeg.webp"> <amp-img fallback alt="" width="1200" height="630" layout="responsive" src="https://securityintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/A-dark-mystery-hand-typing-on-a-laptop-computer-at-night-630x330.jpeg"> </amp-img> </amp-img> </div> </a>  <div class="article__text_container" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical;">  <a class="article__category_link" href="https://securityintelligence.com/category/topics/risk-management/" aria-label="https://securityintelligence.com/category/topics/risk-management/"> Risk Management </a>  <span class="article__date"> November 6, 2024 </span>  <a href="https://securityintelligence.com/articles/what-telegrams-recent-policy-shift-means-for-cyber-crime/" class="article__content_link" aria-label="What Telegram’s recent policy shift means for cyber crime"> <h2 class="article__title">What Telegram’s recent policy shift means for cyber crime</h2> <p class="article__excerpt" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical;"> <span class="article__read_time"><span class="span-reading-time rt-reading-time"><span class="rt-label rt-prefix"></span> <span class="rt-time"> 4</span> <span class="rt-label rt-postfix">min read</span></span> - </span>Since its launch in August 2013, Telegram has become the go-to messaging app for privacy-focused users. 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Web injections are back on the rise: 40+ banks affected by new malware campaign