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id="toc-Abolition_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Abolition and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Recent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_the_US_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_the_US_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence on the US Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_the_US_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83" title="غرفة الملك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غرفة الملك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambra_Estrellada" title="Cambra Estrellada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cambra Estrellada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soud_Hv%C4%9Bzdn%C3%A9_komory" title="Soud Hvězdné komory – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Soud Hvězdné komory" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Star Chamber" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_Estrellada" title="Cámara Estrellada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cámara Estrellada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="تالار ستاره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تالار ستاره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambre_%C3%A9toil%C3%A9e" title="Chambre étoilée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chambre étoilée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%8B%A4%EC%B2%AD" title="성실청 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성실청" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Star Chamber" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%AE%A4%E5%BA%81" title="星室庁 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="星室庁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjernekammeret" title="Stjernekammeret – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stjernekammeret" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izba_Gwia%C5%BAdzista" title="Izba Gwiaździsta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Izba Gwiaździsta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Звёздная палата – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Звёздная палата" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Star Chamber" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%A4rnkammaren" title="Stjärnkammaren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stjärnkammaren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Зоряна палата – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зоряна палата" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%AE%A4%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" title="星室法庭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="星室法庭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%AE%A4%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" title="星室法庭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="星室法庭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7329062#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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Chamber</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">15th to 17th century English court</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the court. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Star Chamber (disambiguation)">Star Chamber (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> The court of <b>Star Chamber</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Camera stellata</i>) was an <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a> that sat at the royal <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>, from the late <span class="nowrap">15th century</span> to the mid-17th century (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1641</span>), and was composed of <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">privy counsellors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common-law</a> judges, to supplement the judicial activities of the common-law and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">equity courts</a> in civil and criminal matters. </p><p>It was originally established to ensure the fair enforcement of laws against socially and politically prominent people sufficiently powerful that ordinary courts might hesitate to convict them of their crimes. It was mainly a court of appeal and could impose any penalty, except the death penalty, in its own right.<sup id="cite_ref-maitland_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maitland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 262–263">: 262–263 </span></sup> At various times it had sub-courts for particular areas, notably for appeals of "poor man's causes".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 492">: 492 </span></sup> </p><p>The Chamber building itself was also sometimes used for other councils, courts, and committee meetings, which may cause confusion as to the role of the court of Star Chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-pollard_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 520">: 520 </span></sup> </p><p>In modern times, legal or administrative bodies with strict, arbitrary rulings, no <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> rights to those accused, and secretive proceedings are sometimes <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphorically</a> called "star chambers".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the arbitrariness is considered mythological by at least one academic.<sup id="cite_ref-barnes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_name">Origin of the name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_Chamber&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto_di_Bondone_-_Vault_-_WGA09168.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Giotto_di_Bondone_-_Vault_-_WGA09168.jpg/220px-Giotto_di_Bondone_-_Vault_-_WGA09168.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Giotto_di_Bondone_-_Vault_-_WGA09168.jpg/330px-Giotto_di_Bondone_-_Vault_-_WGA09168.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Giotto_di_Bondone_-_Vault_-_WGA09168.jpg/440px-Giotto_di_Bondone_-_Vault_-_WGA09168.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Starry_vault" class="mw-redirect" title="Starry vault">Starry vault</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Scrovegni_Chapel" title="Scrovegni Chapel">Scrovegni Chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, Italy, frescoed by <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>, a common ceiling motif of the period throughout Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>The first reference to the "star chamber"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is in 1398, as the <i>Sterred chambre</i>; the more common form of the name appears in 1422 as <i>le Sterne-chamere</i>. Both forms recur throughout the fifteenth century, with <i>Sterred Chambre</i> last attested as appearing in the <a href="/wiki/Supremacy_of_the_Crown_Act_1534" class="mw-redirect" title="Supremacy of the Crown Act 1534">Supremacy of the Crown Act 1534</a> (establishing the English monarch as head of the Church in England). It was housed in a three-storied building with at least three rooms and kitchen.<sup id="cite_ref-pollard_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the name has usually been explained as first recorded by <a href="/wiki/John_Stow" title="John Stow">John Stow</a>, writing in his <i><a href="/wiki/Survey_of_London" title="Survey of London">Survey of London</a></i> (1598), who noted "this place is called the Star Chamber, at the first all the roofe thereof was decked with images of starres <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilted</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gold stars on a blue background were a common medieval decoration for ceilings in richly decorated rooms: the Star Chamber ceiling itself is still to be seen at <a href="/wiki/Leasowe_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leasowe Castle">Leasowe Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wirral" title="Metropolitan Borough of Wirral">Wirral</a>, and similar examples are in the <a href="/wiki/Scrovegni_Chapel" title="Scrovegni Chapel">Scrovegni Chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> and elsewhere. </p><p>Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</a>, a notable English <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a> writing in 1769, speculated that the name had been derived from the legal word "<a href="/wiki/Starr_(law)" title="Starr (law)">starr</a>" meaning the contract or obligation to a Jew (from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> שטר (<i>shtar</i>) meaning "document"). This term was in use until 1290, when <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> had <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">all Jews expelled from England</a>. Blackstone thought the "Starr Chamber" might originally have been used for the deposition and storage of such contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackstone_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackstone-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> gives this etymology "no claim to consideration."<sup id="cite_ref-OED_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other etymological speculations mentioned by Blackstone include the derivation from Old English <i>steoran</i> (steer) meaning "to govern"; as a court used to punish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cozenage#English" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cozenage">cozenage</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i>crimen stellionatus</i>); or that the chamber was full of windows.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackstone_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackstone-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_Chamber&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Star_Chamber" title="Special:EditPage/Star Chamber">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plantagenets_and_Tudors">Plantagenets and Tudors<span class="anchor" id="Star_Chamber_Act_1487"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_Chamber&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plantagenets and Tudors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Charity_Performance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Royal_Charity_Performance.jpg/330px-Royal_Charity_Performance.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Royal_Charity_Performance.jpg/495px-Royal_Charity_Performance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Royal_Charity_Performance.jpg/660px-Royal_Charity_Performance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>A document of 1504 showing <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">King Henry VII</a> sitting in the Star Chamber and receiving <a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a>, Archbishop of Canterbury, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Foxe" title="Richard Foxe">Richard Foxe</a>, Bishop of Winchester, and clerics associated with <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>, as well as the Mayor of London</figcaption></figure> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Star Chamber Act 1487</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VII_of_England_%281485-1509%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VII_of_England_%281485-1509%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VII_of_England_%281485-1509%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VII_of_England_%281485-1509%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VII_of_England_%281485-1509%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VII_of_England_%281485-1509%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1450" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Acte geving the Court of Starchamber Authority to punnyshe dyvers Mydemeanors.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/3_Hen._7" class="mw-redirect" title="3 Hen. 7">3 Hen. 7</a>. c. 1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repealed</th><td class="infobox-data dtend">10 August 1872</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_(Ireland)_Act_1872" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute Law Revision (Ireland) Act 1872">Statute Law Revision (Ireland) Act 1872</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Court evolved from meetings of the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Council">King's Council</a>, with its roots going back to the medieval period. The so-called "Star Chamber Act" of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>'s second Parliament (1487) did not actually empower the Star Chamber, but rather created a separate tribunal distinct from the King's general Council.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially well-regarded because of its speed and flexibility, the Star Chamber was regarded as one of the most just and efficient courts of the Tudor era. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Coke" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward Coke">Sir Edward Coke</a> described the Star Chamber as "The most honourable court (Our Parliament excepted) that is in the Christian world. Both in respect of the judges in the court and its honourable proceeding."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Star Chamber was made up of <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Counsellors</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common-law</a> judges, and it supplemented the activities of the common-law and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Equity" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Equity">equity courts</a> in both <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">criminal</a> matters. In a sense, the court was a court of appeal, a supervisory body, overseeing the operation of the lower courts, although it could hear cases by <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">direct appeal</a> as well. The court was set up to ensure the fair enforcement of laws against the English <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a>, those so powerful that ordinary courts could never convict them of their crimes. Despite its subsequent reputation, it followed elaborate procedures and innovated in allowing defendants the right to counsel and to call witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p><p>Another function of the Court of Star Chamber was to act like a court of <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">equity</a>, which could impose punishment for actions that were deemed to be morally reprehensible, but were not in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_the_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter of the law">letter of the law</a>. This gave the Star Chamber great flexibility, as it could punish defendants for any action that the court felt should be unlawful, even though it was technically lawful. </p><p>However, this meant that the justice meted out by the Star Chamber could be very <a href="/wiki/Arbitrariness" title="Arbitrariness">arbitrary</a> and subjective, and it enabled the court to be used later on in its history as an instrument of <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a> rather than for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> for which it was intended. Many crimes that are now commonly prosecuted, such as <a href="/wiki/Attempt" title="Attempt">attempt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">conspiracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_libel" title="Criminal libel">criminal libel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">perjury</a>, were originally developed by the Court of Star Chamber,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with its more common role of dealing with misdemeanours,<sup id="cite_ref-pollard_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 527">: 527 </span></sup> and, later, <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a>. Capital felonies and capital treason were not in its jurisdiction,<sup id="cite_ref-pollard_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 519">: 519 </span></sup> it was not authorized to torture,<sup id="cite_ref-barnes_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> and it could not impose the death sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-maitland_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maitland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 262–263">: 262–263 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cases decided in those sessions enabled both the very powerful and those without power to seek redress. Thus, King Henry VII used the power of the Star Chamber to break the power of the landed gentry, which had been such a cause of problems in the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>. Yet, when local courts were often clogged or mismanaged, the Court of Star Chamber also became a means of appeal for the common people against the excesses of the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>. </p><p>In the time of Henry VII, the privy counsellors not attending the King at the time might sit in the star chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-pollard_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 531">: 531 </span></sup> </p><p>In the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">King Henry VIII</a>, the court was under the successive leaderships of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Cardinal Wolsey</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>), perhaps the King himself<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>). From this time forward, the Court of Star Chamber became a political weapon for bringing actions against those who opposed the policies of King Henry VIII, his ministers and his parliament. </p><p>Although it was initially a <a href="/wiki/Appellate_jurisdiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Appellate jurisdiction">court of appeal</a>, King Henry, Wolsey and Cranmer encouraged <a href="/wiki/Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff">plaintiffs</a> to bring their cases directly to the Star Chamber, bypassing the lower courts entirely. </p><p>The Court was used extensively to control <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts</a> (sometimes referred to as the "Acts of Union"). The Tudor-era gentry in Wales turned to the Chamber to evict Welsh landowners, to protect themselves, and in general, to protect the advantages given to them by the Laws in Wales Acts. </p><p>One of the weapons of the Star Chamber was the <a href="/wiki/Ex_officio_oath" title="Ex officio oath"><i>ex officio</i> oath</a> where, because of their positions, individuals were forced to swear to answer truthfully all questions that might be asked. Faced with hostile questioning, this then gave them the "cruel trilemma" of having to <a href="/wiki/Self-incrimination" title="Self-incrimination">incriminate themselves</a>, face charges of <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">perjury</a> if they gave unsatisfactory answers to their accusers, or be held in <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a> if they gave no answer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stuarts">Stuarts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_Chamber&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stuarts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Under_the_Stuarts"></span> </p><p>The power of the Court of Star Chamber grew considerably under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a>, and by the time of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a>, it had become synonymous with misuse and abuse of power by the King and his circle. <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);"><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">King James I</a></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Article does not discuss him further (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and his son Charles used the court to examine cases of sedition, which meant that the court could be used to suppress opposition to royal policies. It came to be used to try nobles too powerful to be brought to trial in the lower courts. </p><p>King Charles I used the Court of Star Chamber as a Parliamentary substitute during the eleven years of <a href="/wiki/Personal_Rule" title="Personal Rule">Personal Rule</a>, when he ruled without a Parliament. King Charles made extensive use of the Court of Star Chamber to prosecute dissenters, including the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritans</a> who fled to <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. This was one of the causes of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>. </p><p>On 17 October 1632, the Court of Star Chamber banned all "news books" because of complaints from Spanish and Austrian diplomats that coverage of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> in England was unfair.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, newsbooks pertaining to this matter were often printed in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and then smuggled into the country, until control of the press collapsed with the developing ideological conflict of 1640–41.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Star Chamber became notorious for judgments favourable to the king, for example when <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_Laud" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop Laud">Archbishop Laud</a> had <a href="/wiki/William_Prynne" title="William Prynne">William Prynne</a> branded on both cheeks through its agency in 1637 for <a href="/wiki/Seditious_libel" title="Seditious libel">seditious libel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1571, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> set up an equivalent Court in Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Castle_Chamber" title="Court of Castle Chamber">Court of Castle Chamber</a>, to deal with cases of riot and offences against public order. Although it was initially popular with private litigants, under the Stuarts it developed the same reputation for harsh and arbitrary proceedings as its parent court, and during the political confusion of the 1640s, it disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1900s, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Lee_Masters" title="Edgar Lee Masters">Edgar Lee Masters</a> commented:<sup id="cite_ref-Masters1904_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters1904-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the Star Chamber the council could inflict any punishment short of death, and frequently sentenced objects of its wrath to the <a href="/wiki/Pillory" title="Pillory">pillory</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">whipping</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Mutilation" title="Mutilation">cutting off of ears</a>. ... With each embarrassment to arbitrary power the Star Chamber became emboldened to undertake further usurpation. ... The Star Chamber finally summoned <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">juries</a> before it for verdicts disagreeable to the government, and fined and imprisoned them. It spread <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">terrorism</a> among those who were called to do constitutional acts. It imposed ruinous fines. It became the chief defence of Charles against assaults upon those usurpations which cost him his life.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolition_and_aftermath">Abolition and aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_Chamber&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Abolition and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1641, the <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">Long Parliament</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Pym" title="John Pym">John Pym</a> and inflamed by the severe treatment of <a href="/wiki/John_Lilburne" title="John Lilburne">John Lilburne</a>, as well as that of other religious dissenters such as <a href="/wiki/William_Prynne" title="William Prynne">William Prynne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Leighton" title="Alexander Leighton">Alexander Leighton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bastwick" title="John Bastwick">John Bastwick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Burton_(Puritan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Burton (Puritan)">Henry Burton</a>, abolished the Star Chamber with the <a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_1640" title="Habeas Corpus Act 1640">Habeas Corpus Act 1640</a>. </p><p>The gruesome punishments that the Star Chamber had imposed were not forgotten, and were revived by <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">King James II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prompting an article in the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights of 1688</a> "That excessive Baile ought not to be required nor excessive Fines imposed nor cruell and unusuall Punishments inflicted".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_and_new_London_-_a_narrative_of_its_history,_its_people,_and_its_places_(1873)_(14598096217).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Old_and_new_London_-_a_narrative_of_its_history%2C_its_people%2C_and_its_places_%281873%29_%2814598096217%29.jpg/300px-Old_and_new_London_-_a_narrative_of_its_history%2C_its_people%2C_and_its_places_%281873%29_%2814598096217%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Old_and_new_London_-_a_narrative_of_its_history%2C_its_people%2C_and_its_places_%281873%29_%2814598096217%29.jpg/450px-Old_and_new_London_-_a_narrative_of_its_history%2C_its_people%2C_and_its_places_%281873%29_%2814598096217%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Old_and_new_London_-_a_narrative_of_its_history%2C_its_people%2C_and_its_places_%281873%29_%2814598096217%29.jpg/600px-Old_and_new_London_-_a_narrative_of_its_history%2C_its_people%2C_and_its_places_%281873%29_%2814598096217%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2282" data-file-height="1674" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of the Star Chamber, published in "Old and new London" in 1873, taken from a drawing made in 1836</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chamber itself stood until its demolition in 1806 (or 1834 or early in 1836), when its materials were salvaged.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The door was reused in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a> until it was destroyed in <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>, and the historic Star Chamber ceiling, with its bright gold stars, was brought to <a href="/wiki/Leasowe_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leasowe Castle">Leasowe Castle</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula" title="Wirral Peninsula">Wirral Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> from the Court of Westminster, along with four tapestries depicting the four seasons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_Chamber&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Recent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 20th century, the expression was revived in reference to ways of resolving internal high-level questions within the government, usually relating to budget appropriations. The press and some civil servants under the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Premiership of Margaret Thatcher">premiership of Margaret Thatcher</a> (1979–1990) revived the term for private ministerial meetings at which disputes between the Treasury and high-spending departments were resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Neil Kinnock</a> made reference to this style of Thatcher's government during his first outing at <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Questions" title="Prime Minister's Questions">PMQ's</a> in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the press employed the term for a committee established by the <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">Cameron ministry</a> to plan spending cuts to reduce public debt.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2019, the <a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a> formed its own "Star Chamber" to pass judgement on <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a>'s then proposed <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> deal, recommending that <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a> should not back it.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 December 2020, the ERG's Star Chamber gave a similar verdict on <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>'s recently agreed <a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a>, but on this occasion recommended that their members vote for it because the deal was "consistent with the restoration of UK sovereignty". In December 2023 the ERG's Star Chamber rejected Rishi Sunak's proposed legislation to allow the <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_asylum_plan" title="Rwanda asylum plan">Rwanda plan</a> to go ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_the_US_Constitution">Influence on the US Constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_Chamber&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence on the US Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historical abuses of the Star Chamber are considered to be some of the reasons, along with English common law precedent, behind the protections against compelled self-incrimination embodied in the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Muniz_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muniz-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meaning of "compelled testimony" under the Fifth Amendment – i.e., the conditions under which a defendant is allowed to "<a href="/wiki/Plead_the_Fifth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plead the Fifth">plead the Fifth</a>" to avoid self-incrimination – is thus often interpreted via reference to the inquisitorial methods of the Star Chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-Muniz_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muniz-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">US Supreme Court</a> described it, "the Star Chamber has, for centuries, symbolized disregard of basic individual rights. The Star Chamber not merely allowed, but required, defendants to have counsel. The defendant's answer to an indictment was not accepted unless it was signed by counsel. When counsel refused to sign the answer, for whatever reason, the defendant was considered to have confessed."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the "excessive bail" article of the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a> was reproduced near-verbatim as the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, which forms part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">US' own Bill of Rights</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_Chamber&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>, the lower house of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">parliament of Ireland</a>: "The Ceann Comhairle intervened and said the Dáil could not be used as a "star chamber" warning that people's reputations were involved and if the deputy had information he should go to the <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">gardaí</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Or, rather, the first reference in the OED. Blackstone mentions a reference in a document of 41 <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edw. III</a> – 1367 – but does not quote it</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_Chamber&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-maitland-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maitland_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maitland_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaitland1911" class="citation book cs1">Maitland, Frederic William (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=211LvgAACAAJ"><i>The Constitutional History of England: A Course of Lectures</i></a>. Cambridge: University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+History+of+England%3A+A+Course+of+Lectures&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Maitland&rft.aufirst=Frederic+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D211LvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+Chamber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy1976" class="citation journal cs1">Guy, J. A. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/566623">"Wolsey, the Council and the Council Courts"</a>. <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>91</b> (360): 481–505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCI.CCCLX.481">10.1093/ehr/XCI.CCCLX.481</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266">0013-8266</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/566623">566623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Wolsey%2C+the+Council+and+the+Council+Courts&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=360&rft.pages=481-505&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0013-8266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F566623%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCI.CCCLX.481&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F566623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+Chamber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pollard-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pollard_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pollard_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pollard_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pollard_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pollard_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1922" class="citation journal cs1">Pollard, A. F. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/552200">"Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: II. The Star Chamber"</a>. <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>37</b> (148): 516–539. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXXVII.CXLVIII.516">10.1093/ehr/XXXVII.CXLVIII.516</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266">0013-8266</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/552200">552200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Council%2C+Star+Chamber%2C+and+Privy+Council+under+the+Tudors%3A+II.+The+Star+Chamber&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=148&rft.pages=516-539&rft.date=1922&rft.issn=0013-8266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F552200%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXXVII.CXLVIII.516&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F552200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+Chamber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2015/0715/714855-nama/">"Wallace claims NAMA official sought bribe"</a>. RTÉ News. 15 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wallace+claims+NAMA+official+sought+bribe&rft.pub=RT%C3%89+News&rft.date=2015-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2F2015%2F0715%2F714855-nama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+Chamber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barnes-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barnes_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barnes_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1961" class="citation journal cs1">Barnes, Thomas G. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/844462">"Star Chamber Mythology"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Legal History</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F844462">10.2307/844462</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9319">0002-9319</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/844462">844462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Legal+History&rft.atitle=Star+Chamber+Mythology&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=1961&rft.issn=0002-9319&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F844462%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F844462&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F844462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+Chamber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord Denning, <i>Landmarks in the Law</i> (1984), pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Star-chamber, starred chamber"; <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, second edition. Oxford University Press, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackstone-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blackstone_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackstone_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Commentaries on the Laws of England</i>, Vol. IV, Ch. 19, p. 263. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/blackstone/bla-419.htm">Online text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101011164505/http://lonang.com/exlibris/blackstone/bla-419.htm">Archived</a> 11 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.B. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=English+Court+of+Star+Chamber%3A+A+Brief+History.&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fcourt-of-star-chamber-1789073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+Chamber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1922" class="citation journal cs1">Pollard, A. F. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/551704">"Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: I. The Council"</a>. <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>37</b> (147): 337–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXXVII.CXLVII.337">10.1093/ehr/XXXVII.CXLVII.337</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266">0013-8266</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/551704">551704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Council%2C+Star+Chamber%2C+and+Privy+Council+under+the+Tudors%3A+I.+The+Council&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=147&rft.pages=337-360&rft.date=1922&rft.issn=0013-8266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F551704%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXXVII.CXLVII.337&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F551704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+Chamber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trevor-Roper, Hugh <i>Archbishop Laud</i> Phoenix Press reissue 2000 pp.254–257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond, Joad <i>Pamphlets and Pamphleteering in Early Modern Britain</i> Cambridge University Press, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trevor-Roper, Hugh <i>Archbishop Laud</i> Phoenix Press reissue 2000 pp. 317–324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawford, Jon G. <i>A Star Chamber Court in Ireland – the Court of Castle Chamber 1571–1641</i> Four Courts Press Dublin 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masters1904-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Masters1904_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar_Lee_Masters1904" class="citation book cs1">Edgar Lee Masters (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newstarchambera00mastgoog"><i><span></span></i>The new star chamber: and other essays<i><span></span></i></a>. The Hammersmark Publishing Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newstarchambera00mastgoog/page/n16">12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+star+chamber%3A+and+other+essays&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=The+Hammersmark+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Edgar+Lee+Masters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewstarchambera00mastgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+Chamber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashley, 206–209; Harris, 329–348</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/WillandMarSess2/1/2/data.pdf">The Bill of Rights</a> on legislation.gov.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesant1895" class="citation book cs1">Besant, Sir Walter (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D68uAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA71"><i>Westminster</i></a>. Frederick A. Stokes Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westminster&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Stokes+Company&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Besant&rft.aufirst=Sir+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD68uAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+Chamber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodwellTatton-Brown2020" class="citation book cs1">Rodwell, Warwick; Tatton-Brown, Tim (27 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0C_gDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT330"><i>Westminster Part II: The Art, Architecture and Archaeology of the Royal Palace</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-24800-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-24800-2"><bdi>978-1-317-24800-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westminster+Part+II%3A+The+Art%2C+Architecture+and+Archaeology+of+the+Royal+Palace&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-04-27&rft.isbn=978-1-317-24800-2&rft.aulast=Rodwell&rft.aufirst=Warwick&rft.au=Tatton-Brown%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0C_gDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+Chamber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725160845/http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0020701.html">"Star Chamber"</a>. Tiscali.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0020701.html">the original</a> on 25 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Star+Chamber&rft.pub=Tiscali.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiscali.co.uk%2Freference%2Fencyclopaedia%2Fhutchinson%2Fm0020701.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+Chamber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1983/oct/25/engagements#S6CV0047P0_19831025_HOC_155">"Engagements (Hansard, 25 October 1983)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engagements+%28Hansard%2C+25+October+1983%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1983%2Foct%2F25%2Fengagements%23S6CV0047P0_19831025_HOC_155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+Chamber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmale2010" class="citation news cs1">Smale, Will (7 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/10254055.stm">"What can the UK learn from Canada's budget cuts?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=What+can+the+UK+learn+from+Canada%27s+budget+cuts%3F&rft.date=2010-06-07&rft.aulast=Smale&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F10254055.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+Chamber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2019" class="citation web cs1">King, Samantha (12 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://talkradio.co.uk/features/what-star-chamber-19031230234">"What is the 'Star Chamber'?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Talkradio" title="Talkradio">TalkRadio</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TalkRadio&rft.atitle=What+is+the+%27Star+Chamber%27%3F&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftalkradio.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fwhat-star-chamber-19031230234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+Chamber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashDoddsJonesRaab2019" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Cash" title="Bill Cash">Cash, William</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Dodds" title="Nigel Dodds">Dodds, Nigel</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Jones_(Clwyd_West_MP)" title="David Jones (Clwyd West MP)">Jones, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab, Dominic</a>; <a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman, Suella</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomlinson" title="Michael Tomlinson">Tomlinson, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Courts" title="Robert Courts">Courts, Robert</a>; Howe, Martin (12 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/full-text-the-star-chamber-legal-verdict-on-the-backstop">"Full text: The 'Star Chamber' legal verdict on the backstop"</a>. <i>The Spectator</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Full+text%3A+The+%27Star+Chamber%27+legal+verdict+on+the+backstop&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft.aulast=Cash&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Dodds%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Jones%2C+David&rft.au=Raab%2C+Dominic&rft.au=Braverman%2C+Suella&rft.au=Tomlinson%2C+Michael&rft.au=Courts%2C+Robert&rft.au=Howe%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Ffull-text-the-star-chamber-legal-verdict-on-the-backstop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+Chamber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazellMalnick2023" class="citation news cs1">Hazell, Will; Malnick, Edward (9 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2023/12/09/tory-star-chamber-reject-sunak-rwanda-flights-plan/">"Tory 'star chamber' rejects Sunak's Rwanda flights plan"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Tory+%27star+chamber%27+rejects+Sunak%27s+Rwanda+flights+plan&rft.date=2023-12-09&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Hazell&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Malnick%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fpolitics%2F2023%2F12%2F09%2Ftory-star-chamber-reject-sunak-rwanda-flights-plan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+Chamber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muniz-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muniz_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muniz_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_v._Muniz" title="Pennsylvania v. Muniz">Pennsylvania v. Muniz</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_496" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 496">496</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/496/582/#595–98">582, 595–98</a> (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Faretta_v._California" title="Faretta v. California">Faretta v. California</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_422" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 422">422</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/422/806/#821–22">806, 821–22</a> (1975)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_Chamber&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheyney1913" class="citation journal cs1">Cheyney, Edward P. (1913). "The Court of Star Chamber". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>18</b> (4): 727–750. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F18.4.727">10.1086/ahr/18.4.727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Court+of+Star+Chamber&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=727-750&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr%2F18.4.727&rft.aulast=Cheyney&rft.aufirst=Edward+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+Chamber" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesselringMears2021" class="citation book cs1">Kesselring, K. J.; Mears, Natalie, eds. (30 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sas.ac.uk/publications/star-chamber-matters"><i>Star Chamber matters: An Early Modern Court and its Records</i></a>. IHR Conference Series. London: UoL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912702-90-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912702-90-9"><bdi>978-1-912702-90-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Star+Chamber+matters%3A+An+Early+Modern+Court+and+its+Records&rft.place=London&rft.series=IHR+Conference+Series&rft.pub=UoL+Press&rft.date=2021-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-912702-90-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sas.ac.uk%2Fpublications%2Fstar-chamber-matters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStar+Chamber" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" title="Template:Judiciary of England and Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" title="Template talk:Judiciary of England and Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judiciary of England and Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" title="Judiciary of England and Wales">Judiciary of England and Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">Court of equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Protection" title="Court of Protection">Court of Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Chivalry" title="High Court of Chivalry">High Court of Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates' Court">Magistrates' Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_in_Chancery" title="Court of Appeal in Chancery">Court of Appeal in Chancery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assizes" title="Assizes">Assize Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_for_Crown_Cases_Reserved" title="Court for Crown Cases Reserved">Court for Crown Cases Reserved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(England)" title="Court of Common Pleas (England)">Court of Common Pleas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_for_Divorce_and_Matrimonial_Causes" title="Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes">Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchequer_of_Pleas" title="Exchequer of Pleas">Court of Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Great_Sessions_in_Wales" title="Court of Great Sessions in Wales">Court of Great Sessions in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_High_Commission" title="Court of High Commission">Court of High Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)" title="Court of King's Bench (England)">Court of King's Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Probate" title="Court of Probate">Court of Probate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Star Chamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Rolls" title="Master of the Rolls">Master of the Rolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales)">Court of Appeal judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="High Court judge (England and Wales)">High Court judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Circuit judge (England and Wales)">Circuit judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_London" title="Recorder of London">Recorder of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_Liverpool" title="Recorder of Liverpool">Recorder of Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_Manchester" title="Recorder of Manchester">Recorder of Manchester</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Serjeant_of_London" title="Common Serjeant of London">Common Serjeant of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary" title="Lords of Appeal in Ordinary">Lords of Appeal in Ordinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Common_Pleas" title="Chief Justice of the Common Pleas">Chief Justice of the Common Pleas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Baron_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chief Baron of the Exchequer">Chief Baron of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_King%27s_Bench" title="Justice of the King's Bench">Justice of the King's Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Common_Pleas" title="Justice of the Common Pleas">Justice of the Common Pleas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_Chester" title="Justice of Chester">Justice of Chester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law Officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Solicitor General for England and Wales">Solicitor General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Advocate" title="King's Advocate">King's Advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Advocate" title="Admiralty Advocate">Admiralty Advocate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdom_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_England" title="Template:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_England" title="Template talk:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Norman England">Anglo-Normans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">The Anarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="England in the late Middle Ages">England in the late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Economy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">The Restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">Overseas possessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">Proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_England" title="Maritime history of England">Maritime history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal Houses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witan" title="Witan">Witan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">Curia regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">Magnum Concilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lords of England">House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Secretary" title="King's Secretary">King's Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_monarchy" title="History of the English monarchy">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_ministries" title="List of English ministries">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_England" title="Governance of England">Governance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Government in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_England" title="Government in medieval England">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_government" title="Elizabethan government">Elizabethan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Star Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tories</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Acts of Parliament:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1225%E2%80%931267" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1225–1267">1225–1267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1275%E2%80%931307" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1275–1307">1275–1307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1308%E2%80%931325" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1308–1325">1308–1325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_uncertain_date" title="Statutes of uncertain date"><i>Temp. incert.</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1327%E2%80%931376" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1327–1376">1327–1376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1377%E2%80%931397" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1377–1397">1377–1397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1399%E2%80%931411" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1399–1411">1399–1411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1413%E2%80%931421" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1413–1421">1413–1421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1422%E2%80%931460" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1422–1460">1422–1460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1461" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1461">1461</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1463" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1463">1463</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1464" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1464">1464</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1467" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1467">1467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1468" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1468">1468</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1472" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1472">1472</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1474" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1474">1474</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1477" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1477">1477</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1482" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1482">1482</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1483" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1483">1483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1485" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1485">1485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1487" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1487">1487</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1488" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1488">1488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1491" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1491">1491</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1495" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1495">1495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1496" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1496">1496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1503" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1503">1503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1509" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1509">1509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1511" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1511">1511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1512" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1512">1512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1513" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1513">1513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1514" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1514">1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1515" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1515">1515</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1523" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1523">1523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1529" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1529">1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1530" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1530">1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1531" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1531">1531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1532" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1532">1532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1533" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1533">1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1534" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1534">1534</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1535" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1535">1535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1536" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1536">1536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1539" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1539">1539</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1540" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1540">1540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1541" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1541">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1542" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1542">1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1543" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1543">1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1545" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1545">1545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1546" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1546">1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1547" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1548" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1548">1548</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1549" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1549">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1551" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1551">1551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1553" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1553">1553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1554" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1554">1554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1555" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1555">1555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1557" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1557">1557</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1558" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1558">1558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1562" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1562">1562</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1566" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1566">1566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1571" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1571">1571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1572" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1572">1572</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1575" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1575">1575</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1580" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1580">1580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1584" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1586" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1586">1586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1588" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1588">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1592" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1592">1592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1597" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1597">1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1601" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1601">1601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1603" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1603">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1605" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1605">1605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1606" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1606">1606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1609" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1609">1609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1620" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1620">1620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1623" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1623">1623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1625" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1625">1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1627" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1627">1627</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1640" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1640">1640</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_ordinances_and_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1642%E2%80%931660" title="List of ordinances and acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660">1642–1660</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1660" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1660">1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1661" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1661">1661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1662" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1662">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1663" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1663">1663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1664" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1664">1664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1665" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1665">1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1666" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1666">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1667" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1670" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1670">1670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1672" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1672">1672</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1675" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1675">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1677" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1677">1677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1678" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1678">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1679" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1679">1679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1680" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1680">1680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1685" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1685">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1688" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1688">1688</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1689" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1689">1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1690" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1690">1690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1691" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1691">1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1692" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1692">1692</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1693" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1693">1693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1694" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1694">1694</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1695" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1695">1695</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1696" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1696">1696</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1697" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1697">1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1698" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1698">1698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1700" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1700">1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1701" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1701">1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1702" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1702">1702</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1703" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1703">1703</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1704" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1704">1704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1705" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1705">1705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1706" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1706">1706</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of England">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_military_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon military organization">Anglo-Saxon military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Army" title="English Army">English Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_names_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of ship names of the Royal Navy">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(before_1707)" title="History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England" title="List of towns in England">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces#England" title="List of palaces">Palaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_England" title="Demographics of England">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_people" title="List of English people">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_dance" title="Country dance">Country dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_England" title="Architecture of England">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture" title="Elizabethan architecture">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">National flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_flags" title="List of English flags">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England" title="Coat of arms of England">Coat of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_badges_of_England" title="Royal badges of England">Royal badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England" title="Royal supporters of England">Royal supporters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_England" title="Royal standards of England">Royal standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom">Crown Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">St George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day_in_England" title="Saint George's Day in England">St George's Day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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system">Abuse of the legal system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_courts_and_tribunals_in_England_and_Wales" title="Category:Former courts and tribunals in England and Wales">Former courts and tribunals in England and Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Informal_legal_terminology" title="Category:Informal legal terminology">Informal legal terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palace_of_Westminster" title="Category:Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parliament_of_England" title="Category:Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_metaphors_referring_to_people" title="Category:Political metaphors referring to people">Political metaphors referring to people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Courts_and_tribunals_established_in_1487" title="Category:Courts and tribunals established in 1487">Courts and tribunals established in 1487</a></li><li><a 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