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Opinion | Why blanket bans are not the answer to keeping children safe online | South China Morning Post
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However, alongside these benefits comes a growing set of challenges.\nThe online space, particularly social media, seems to be increasingly fraught with dangers for children, ranging from cyberbullying to sexual exploitation. Striking a balance between the benefits of digital tools and protecting children from online risks is one of the most pressing challenges of our time.\nOnline educational platforms provide tools that foster learning, while social media helps children engage with a global audience and break geographical barriers. Platforms such as YouTube, TikTok and Instagram serve as creative outlets, enabling young people to share their talents and build communities around common interests.\nFor marginalised children, including those in rural areas or with disabilities, the internet can be a lifeline which offers access to resources, education and networks previously unavailable. Social media can provide a sense of belonging, especially for teenagers, and help them to engage in conversations on topics they care about, from climate activism to mental health awareness.\nAccording to the Disrupting Harm project, children are extremely vulnerable to sexual exploitation and abuse on social media platforms. Perpetrators exploit the anonymity and reach of these platforms to target children, using tactics such as grooming, blackmail and non-consensual sharing of explicit material. Vulnerable groups face even greater risks as they can lack access to safe disclosure environments, exacerbating the psychological toll of exploitation and abuse.\nThe issue is further compounded by socioeconomic and cultural factors. Children from low-income families can lack digital literacy, leaving them ill-equipped to recognise or respond to online threats. Victims of online exploitation can experience feelings of shame, anxiety and depression.\n\n\nResearch suggests that children who face one form of harm online are more likely to encounter others, creating a cycle of vulnerability. This highlights the importance of early intervention and inclusive approaches to online safety.\nGovernments worldwide have introduced policies aimed at safeguarding children online. Australia recently proposed a ban on social media use for children under 16 which has garnered both support and criticism. Singapore’s new social media code, introduced by the Infocomm Media Development Authority, requires platforms such as TikTok and Facebook to remove harmful content and provide child-specific safety measures.\nSouth Korea’s gaming restrictions offer a cautionary tale. Despite implementing strict limits in 2011 to curb children’s gaming time, the measures were largely ineffective and ultimately removed as children found ways to bypass the restrictions. Similarly, the European Union’s parental consent requirements for underage social media users are not always adequately enforced, raising questions about their efficacy.\nHowever, restrictive policies risk driving harmful behaviours underground, making it harder for parents and educators to identify and address issues. Such measures risk alienating young people, who could view them as intrusive and dismissive of their autonomy.\n\n\nOne of the most compelling arguments against outright bans is the role of digital literacy in mitigating online risks. Children with higher digital skills are better equipped to navigate the complexities of the online world by identifying harmful content, blocking abusive users and reporting exploitation.\nIn contrast, children with limited digital literacy risk being overwhelmed by online risks and less able to seek help. Digital literacy programmes can empower children to become proactive participants in their online experiences. Such programmes could include lessons on recognising grooming behaviours, understanding privacy settings and fostering healthy online interactions.\nFor many young people, social media is both a source of entertainment and a platform for learning, activism and even employment. Content creation has emerged as a viable career path for tech-savvy youth, with platforms such as YouTube and TikTok offering monetisation opportunities.\nSocial media also provides space for advocacy, enabling young people to amplify their voices on issues ranging from climate change to mental health. Given its multilayered role, social media cannot be dismissed as merely a source of risk. Instead, policies should aim to maximise its benefits while minimising harm.\n\nInitiatives such as the UN Global Digital Compact provide valuable guidance on addressing online safety by emphasising collaboration from all stakeholders. Recommendations include implementing child rights impact assessments, developing strong reporting mechanisms and promoting restorative approaches for children affected by online harm.\nThe Disrupting Harm project highlights the importance of evidence-based policies. By collecting comprehensive data on online exploitation, the project provides insights into effective interventions such as context-specific solutions that account for cultural, socioeconomic and technological differences across regions.\nPlatforms such as Meta and TikTok have introduced measures such as content moderation and AI-driven detection tools to identify and remove harmful material. These efforts often fall short, as evidenced by the persistence of exploitation and abuse on their platforms. Greater accountability is needed, including stricter enforcement of community guidelines and transparency in addressing user complaints. Innovative solutions such as age-appropriate design features and parental control tools also hold promise.\nWhile safeguarding children from harm is paramount, it is equally important to respect their right to access information, express themselves and participate in digital culture. Excessively restrictive measures risk stifling creativity and innovation, depriving children of opportunities the digital age offers. Children need to be equipped with tools and knowledge to safely navigate the internet.\nThis requires a collective effort which brings together policymakers, educators, parents and tech companies to create a digital world where children can thrive. While the benefits of technology should be accessible, effectively managing risks is the only way to strike the delicate balance between risk and reward in a child’s digital world.\n","articleSection":"World Opinion","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Syed Munir Khasru","sameAs":"https://www.scmp.com/author/syed-munir-khasru"},"dateCreated":"2024-11-25T17:08:33+08:00","dateModified":"2024-11-27T05:30:08+08:00","datePublished":"2024-11-27T05:30:08+08:00","description":"The proliferation of ","genre":"Opinion","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","cssSelector":".piano-metering__paywall-container","isAccessibleForFree":"False"},"headline":"Opinion | Why blanket bans are not the answer to keeping children safe 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data-qa="ContentHeadline-ContainerWithTag"><span color="#34b8b5" data-qa="ContentHeadlineTag-renderFlag-Flag" class="e11by3wf0 css-1s10ib5 e1q1c9am0">Opinion<span data-qa="ContentHeadlineTag-renderFlag-FlagDivider" class="css-0 e1q1c9am1"> | </span></span><span data-qa="ContentHeadline-Headline" class="css-0 e298i0d2">Why blanket bans are not the answer to keeping children safe online</span></h1></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-SubHeadline" class="css-dfnclb ea45u6l20"><h3 class="er6t7fe4 css-19mvk5a e1ql5f172" data-qa="ContentSubHeadline-ContainerWithTag"><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">It is important to respect children’s right to access information, express themselves and participate in digital culture</p></h3></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Sponsor" class="css-1qzrjqn ea45u6l19"></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-ReadingTime" class="css-1ic67f3 ea45u6l18"><div class=" er6t7fe21 css-1cyqcxd e17crirv0" 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However, alongside these benefits comes a growing set of challenges.</div><div data-qa="InlineAdSlot-Container" class=" css-zl1inp e11v3ui14"><div class="e11v3ui10 e11v3ui13 css-y2bwcc e1flwkbl0" data-qa="AdSlot-Container"><div data-qa="AdSlot-Label" class="css-1t8iakn e1flwkbl3">Advertisement</div><div data-qa="AdSlot-AdSlotContainer" class="css-0 e1flwkbl2"></div></div></div><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0">The online space, particularly social media, seems to be increasingly fraught with dangers for children, ranging from <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3270630/malaysia-criminalise-cyberbullying-after-influencer-suicide?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">cyberbullying</span></a> to <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/3250496/meta-tiktok-and-x-ceos-grilled-child-exploitation-us-lawmakers?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">sexual exploitation</span></a>. Striking a balance between the benefits of digital tools and protecting children from online risks is one of the most pressing challenges of our time.</div><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0"><a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3268715/tencent-close-online-education-service-tech-giant-cuts-back-noncore-operations?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">Online educational platforms</span></a> provide tools that foster learning, while social media helps children engage with a global audience and break geographical barriers. Platforms such as YouTube, TikTok and Instagram serve as creative outlets, enabling young people to share their talents and build communities around common interests.</div><div class="js-reading-20-percent-completion-tracker css-19icq8a ekyy9du0" data-qa="useTrackViewedPercentageRender-trackViewedPercentageRenders-TrackPercentageBlock"></div><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0">For marginalised children, including those <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/abacus/culture/article/3102524/smartphones-bridged-digital-divide-chinas-urban-and-rural-children?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">in rural areas</span></a> or with disabilities, the internet can be a lifeline which offers access to resources, education and networks previously unavailable. Social media can provide a sense of belonging, especially for teenagers, and help them to engage in conversations on topics they care about, from climate activism to mental health awareness.</div><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0">According to the Disrupting Harm project, children are extremely vulnerable to sexual exploitation and abuse on social media platforms. Perpetrators exploit the anonymity and reach of these platforms <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3283952/northern-ireland-jails-man-who-abused-3500-girls-online-and-drove-one-suicide?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">to target children</span></a>, using tactics such as grooming, blackmail and non-consensual sharing of explicit material. Vulnerable groups face even greater risks as they can lack access to safe disclosure environments, exacerbating the psychological toll of exploitation and abuse.</div><div data-qa="InlineAdSlot-Container" class=" css-zl1inp e11v3ui14"><div class="e11v3ui10 e11v3ui13 css-gy323d e1flwkbl0" data-qa="AdSlot-Container"><div data-qa="AdSlot-Label" class="css-1t8iakn e1flwkbl3">Advertisement</div><div data-qa="AdSlot-AdSlotContainer" class="css-0 e1flwkbl2"></div></div></div><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0">The issue is further compounded by socioeconomic and cultural factors. Children from low-income families can <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3227073/dissatisfaction-reality-hong-kong-youth-addicted-internet-need-be-understood-instead-judged-experts?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">lack digital literacy</span></a>, leaving them ill-equipped to recognise or respond to online threats. Victims of online exploitation can experience feelings of shame, anxiety and depression.</div></section></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-PaywallContainer" class="css-1kfpym9 ea45u6l1"><div class="er6t7fe22 piano-metering__paywall-container css-1e938sv e1x97qwg1" data-qa="ArticlePaywallContainer-Container"><div data-qa="ArticlePaywallContainer-LoadingContainer" class="css-hu4lls e1x97qwg2"><div class="css-1px2vm1 e1hb2u5e0" data-qa="Loading-CenteredContainer"><img aria-label="loading" data-qa="BaseImage-handleRenderImage-StyledImage" loading="eager" src="https://assets-v2.i-scmp.com/production/_next/static/media/wheel-on-gray.af4a55f9.gif" class="css-o105sx e445x7d0"/></div></div><div class="article-view__piano-metering css-16o2qwc e1x97qwg0" data-qa="ArticlePaywallContainer-Wrapper"></div></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-AuthorDetail" class="css-17kn4z6 ea45u6l7"></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-BottomCarousel" class="css-1fuqt2g ea45u6l8"></div><div 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...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleTitleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle on Article {\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n disableFollow\n entityId\n name\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n ...entityLink\n ...followButtonBase\n name\n disableFollow\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...articleSeoArticle_3o8td4\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...headerContentBookmarkArticle\n ...headerContentCommentTrigger\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersUseSharingUrl\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...hooksTrackPageViewArticle\n ...hooksContentInterestArticle\n ...hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle\n ...hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle\n ...onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n types\n image(filter: {type: 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style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size80x80: style(filter: {style: \"80x80\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverVideoContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n socialHeadline\n ...contentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...itemLiveArticleContentArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n relatedLinks\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentPublishedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment contentReadMoreButtonContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...appButtonContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...blockquoteQuoteContent\n ...imageContent\n ...inlineWidgetContent\n ...photoGalleryWidgetContent\n ...scmpYoutubeContent\n}\n\nfragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n subHeadline {\n json\n }\n summary {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSummaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n summary {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentUpdatedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n}\n\nfragment copyLinkArticle20CopyLinkContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent\n}\n\nfragment defaultAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorRoleAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n ...followButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n entityId\n name\n }\n ... on Author {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n ... on Topic {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n}\n\nfragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n entityId\n entityUuid\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n application {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n parentSection\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...helpersApplicationBase\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n entityId\n factSheets {\n url\n name\n }\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle\n ...hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle\n ...toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4 on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n additionalInfoBoxes {\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticle\n }\n ...genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle\n ...blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment globalCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n}\n\nfragment headerContentBookmarkArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment headerContentCommentTrigger on Article {\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n}\n\nfragment headerMorningStudioArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent\n headline\n coverDesktop: image(filter: {type: COVER}) {\n url\n }\n coverMobile: image(filter: {type: COVER_MOBILE}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment headerNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n headline\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersSectionContent\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArchiveWallArticle on Article {\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsVelocityWallArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {\n entityId\n name\n alternativeName\n description {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n homepageDescription {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {\n authors {\n types\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseSharingUrl on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleDateUtilsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n entityId\n sponsorType\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleSeoArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n topics {\n sponsor {\n entityId\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n generic_og: style(filter: {style: \"og_image_scmp_generic\"}) {\n url\n }\n styles(filter: {styles: [\"og_image_posties_article\", \"og_postmag\", \"og_image_scmp_analysis\", \"og_image_scmp_explainer\", \"og_image_scmp_editorial\", \"og_image_scmp_fact_check\", \"og_image_scmp_debate\", \"og_image_scmp_live\", \"og_image_scmp_obituary\", \"og_image_scmp_opinion\", \"og_image_scmp_review\", \"og_image_scmp_series\", \"og_image_scmp_generic\"]}) {\n url\n style\n }\n type\n }\n disableOffPlatformContent\n published\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n entityId\n description {\n text\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n }\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle\n ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle\n ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle\n flag\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentInterestArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sentiment\n urlAlias\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2niEwz on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_4isNar\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ...contentUpdatedDateContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3JkJ9S on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3wWJWe on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentPublishedDateContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n ...videoDurationOverlayVideo\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksPaywallPromiseContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksPostiesArticleArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksSeriesArticleSectionTagArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksTrackCurrentItemBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ...atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4\n ...atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase\n ...atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase\n ...atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase\n}\n\nfragment hooksTrackPageViewArticle on Article {\n entityId\n publishedDate\n headline\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n copyrighted\n entityUuid\n socialHeadline\n sponsor\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle on Article {\n entityId\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseNotificationsSection on Section {\n ...notificationSection\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment imageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n ...checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent\n}\n\nfragment infographicArticleArticle on Article {\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...landingBannerInfographicArticle\n}\n\nfragment inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment inlineWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment issuesDropdownNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment issuesNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n }\n ...issuesDropdownNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment itemLiveArticleContentArticle on Article {\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment landingBannerInfographicArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n headline\n topics {\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n title\n url\n }\n coverHero: image(filter: {type: HERO}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment liveArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n entityUuid\n flag\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n ...contentLiveArticleArticle\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...newsletterWidgetLiveArticleArticle\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n}\n\nfragment liveBlogPostingLiveArticles_2w8PNF on Query {\n article(filter: {entityId: $entityId}) {\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n liveArticle(filter: {entityUuid: $entityUuid}) {\n customTimezone\n liveContents {\n entityId\n publishedDate\n title\n body {\n text\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment magazinesStyleArticleMoreOnThisContentItemContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...entityLink\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3JkJ9S\n}\n\nfragment morningStudioArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...headerMorningStudioArticle\n}\n\nfragment morningStudioArticleFooterContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityUuid\n topics {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment newsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n ...contentNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...headerNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment newsletterWidgetLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment notificationSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment photoGalleryDialogContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment photoGalleryWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...photoGalleryDialogContent\n}\n\nfragment pianoIntegrationArticle on Article {\n __typename\n contentLock\n createdDate\n entityId\n entityUuid\n headline\n publishedDate\n sponsor\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n ...helpersIsArchiveWallArticle\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...useShareContentUnlockedArticle\n}\n\nfragment plusArticleAuthorBlockArticle on Article {\n ...articleDateContent\n ...authorNamesArticle\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment plusArticleTitleArticle on Article {\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...articleTitleArticle\n ...plusArticleTypeTitleContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment plusArticleTypeTitleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment plusAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n areaOfExpertise\n}\n\nfragment plusColumnsArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articleTitleArticle\n ...blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment plusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n ...blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent\n ...factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent\n ...plusArticleTitleArticle\n}\n\nfragment popupArticle20ShareMenuContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment postMagazineArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...genericArticleContent\n}\n\nfragment scmpYoutubeContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment seriesArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...seriesPrimaryContent\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...seriesBannerContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment seriesBannerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksSeriesArticleSectionTagArticle\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2niEwz\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment seriesPrimaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3wWJWe\n}\n\nfragment shareArticle20Content on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...popupArticle20ShareMenuContent\n}\n\nfragment sponsorTagSponsor on Sponsor {\n name\n type\n images {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment styleArticleAuthorBlockArticle on Article {\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n sponsor {\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n authors {\n ...authorNameAuthor\n entityId\n id\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment styleArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...articleMoreOnThisListStyleArticle\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...styleArticleAuthorBlockArticle\n}\n\nfragment 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}\n}\n\nfragment articleLinkingDataContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n sections {\n value {\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n ...entityLink\n name\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleListArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...articleDividerArticle\n ...articleFooterArticle\n ...articlePaginationCheckerArticle\n ...articlePaginationNavigationHistoryArticle_3o8td4\n ...articleRecommendationArticle\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n ...articleRenderArticle_3o8td4\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent\n ...contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreOnThisListArticle on Article {\n moreOnThisArticles {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n images {\n url\n style(filter: {style: \"237x147\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreOnThisListStyleArticle on Article {\n styleMoreOnThisArticles: moreOnThisArticles {\n ...entityLink\n ...magazinesStyleArticleMoreOnThisContentItemContent\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreStoriesArticle on Article {\n moreOnThisArticles {\n entityId\n ...articleMoreStoriesItemArticle\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreStoriesItemArticle on Article {\n ...entityLink\n headline\n socialHeadline\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n url\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articlePaginationCheckerArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment articlePaginationNavigationHistoryArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...hooksTrackCurrentItemBase_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment articlePaywallCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n}\n\nfragment articlePaywallContainerArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment articlePrintArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment articlePrintHeadlineMessageArticle on Article {\n printHeadline\n}\n\nfragment articleReactionArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sections {\n value {\n name\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleReadingTimeContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n readingTime\n}\n\nfragment articleRecommendationArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n moreOnThisArticles {\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleRenderArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleActionWidgetArticle\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticleContent\n ...articleAuthorBlockArticle\n ...articleAuthorDetailsContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...articleBeforeYouGoTopicsContent\n ...articleBeforeYouGoWidget\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleCorrectionsWidgetArticle\n ...articleDateContent\n ...articleFurtherReadingWidgetArticle\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...articleLeadingArticle\n ...articleMoreOnThisListArticle\n ...articlePaywallContainerArticle\n ...articlePrintHeadlineMessageArticle\n ...articleReactionArticle\n ...articleReadingTimeContent\n ...articleSectionsContent\n ...articleSeriesArticle\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n ...articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...articleTopicContent\n ...articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle\n ...articleTopicsContent\n ...articleTopicWidgetArticle\n ...articleVocabBoxArticle\n ...authorAvatarsArticle\n ...authorNamesArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentLiveTagContent\n ...contentReadMoreButtonContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...contentSubHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...genericArticleContent\n ...postMagazineArticleContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksPostiesArticleArticle_3o8td4\n ...infographicArticleArticle\n ...liveArticleArticle\n ...morningStudioArticleContent\n ...newsletterArticleArticle\n ...pianoIntegrationArticle\n ...plusColumnsArticleContent\n ...plusGenericArticleContent\n ...seriesArticleArticle\n ...styleArticleContent\n ...contentActionBarContent\n}\n\nfragment articleSchemaContent_mN6kk on Query {\n article(filter: {entityId: $entityId}) {\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n authorLocations\n contentLock\n createdDate\n headline\n publishedDate\n socialHeadline\n sponsorType\n updatedDate\n urlAlias\n authors {\n location\n name\n types\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n text\n }\n corrections {\n correction {\n text\n }\n timestamp\n }\n images {\n isSlideshow\n height\n width\n url\n }\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n ...liveBlogPostingLiveArticles_2w8PNF\n}\n\nfragment articleSectionsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n sections {\n value {\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeoArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...hooksArticleSeoArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n entityId\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n summary {\n text\n }\n subHeadline {\n text\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n text\n }\n keywords\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesArticle on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ...inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle\n ...carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesCarouselContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ... on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT\n}\n\nfragment articleShareWidgetArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSponsorContent on Article {\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n description {\n json\n }\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleTitleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle on Article {\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n disableFollow\n entityId\n name\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n ...entityLink\n ...followButtonBase\n name\n disableFollow\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...articleSeoArticle_3o8td4\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...headerContentBookmarkArticle\n ...headerContentCommentTrigger\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersUseSharingUrl\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...hooksTrackPageViewArticle\n ...hooksContentInterestArticle\n ...hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle\n ...hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle\n ...onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n types\n image(filter: {type: AUTHOR_IMAGE}) {\n style(filter: {style: \"300x300\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorBioAuthor on Author {\n bio\n}\n\nfragment authorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...styleAuthorCardAuthor\n ...defaultAuthorCardAuthor\n ...plusAuthorCardAuthor\n}\n\nfragment authorNameAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n name\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment authorNamesArticle on Article {\n authorLocations\n authors {\n entityId\n location\n ...authorNameAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorRoleAuthor on Author {\n role {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorSocialLinksAuthor on Author {\n socialLinks {\n class\n title\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment beforeYouGoActionWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle on Article {\n entityId\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleSeriesCarouselContent\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentActionBarContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n createdDate\n updatedDate\n publishedDate\n ...articleCommentArticle\n ... on Article {\n hasVideoContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentBodyContent_3o8td4 on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_4isNar on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n landscape250x99: style(filter: {style: \"landscape_250_99\"}) {\n url\n }\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size80x80: style(filter: {style: \"80x80\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverVideoContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n socialHeadline\n ...contentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...itemLiveArticleContentArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n relatedLinks\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentPublishedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment contentReadMoreButtonContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...appButtonContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...blockquoteQuoteContent\n ...imageContent\n ...inlineWidgetContent\n ...photoGalleryWidgetContent\n ...scmpYoutubeContent\n}\n\nfragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n subHeadline {\n json\n }\n summary {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSummaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n summary {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentUpdatedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n}\n\nfragment copyLinkArticle20CopyLinkContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent\n}\n\nfragment defaultAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorRoleAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n ...followButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n entityId\n name\n }\n ... on Author {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n ... on Topic {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n}\n\nfragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n entityId\n entityUuid\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n application {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n parentSection\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...helpersApplicationBase\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n entityId\n factSheets {\n url\n name\n }\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle\n ...hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle\n ...toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4 on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n additionalInfoBoxes {\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticle\n }\n ...genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle\n ...blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment globalCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n}\n\nfragment headerContentBookmarkArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment headerContentCommentTrigger on Article {\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n}\n\nfragment headerMorningStudioArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent\n headline\n coverDesktop: image(filter: {type: COVER}) {\n url\n }\n coverMobile: image(filter: {type: COVER_MOBILE}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment headerNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n headline\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersSectionContent\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArchiveWallArticle on Article {\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsVelocityWallArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {\n entityId\n name\n alternativeName\n description {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n homepageDescription {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {\n authors {\n types\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseSharingUrl on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleDateUtilsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n entityId\n sponsorType\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleSeoArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n topics {\n sponsor {\n entityId\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n generic_og: style(filter: {style: \"og_image_scmp_generic\"}) {\n url\n }\n styles(filter: {styles: [\"og_image_posties_article\", \"og_postmag\", \"og_image_scmp_analysis\", \"og_image_scmp_explainer\", \"og_image_scmp_editorial\", \"og_image_scmp_fact_check\", \"og_image_scmp_debate\", \"og_image_scmp_live\", \"og_image_scmp_obituary\", \"og_image_scmp_opinion\", \"og_image_scmp_review\", \"og_image_scmp_series\", \"og_image_scmp_generic\"]}) {\n url\n style\n }\n type\n }\n disableOffPlatformContent\n published\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n entityId\n description {\n text\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n }\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle\n ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle\n ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle\n flag\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentInterestArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sentiment\n urlAlias\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment 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China’s internet watchdog has laid out regulations to curb the amount of time minors spend on their smartphones. 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However, alongside these benefits comes a growing set of challenges.\nThe online space, particularly social media, seems to be increasingly fraught with dangers for children, ranging from cyberbullying to sexual exploitation. Striking a balance between the benefits of digital tools and protecting children from online risks is one of the most pressing challenges of our time.\nOnline educational platforms provide tools that foster learning, while social media helps children engage with a global audience and break geographical barriers. Platforms such as YouTube, TikTok and Instagram serve as creative outlets, enabling young people to share their talents and build communities around common interests.\nFor marginalised children, including those in rural areas or with disabilities, the internet can be a lifeline which offers access to resources, education and networks previously unavailable. Social media can provide a sense of belonging, especially for teenagers, and help them to engage in conversations on topics they care about, from climate activism to mental health awareness.\nAccording to the Disrupting Harm project, children are extremely vulnerable to sexual exploitation and abuse on social media platforms. Perpetrators exploit the anonymity and reach of these platforms to target children, using tactics such as grooming, blackmail and non-consensual sharing of explicit material. Vulnerable groups face even greater risks as they can lack access to safe disclosure environments, exacerbating the psychological toll of exploitation and abuse.\nThe issue is further compounded by socioeconomic and cultural factors. Children from low-income families can lack digital literacy, leaving them ill-equipped to recognise or respond to online threats. Victims of online exploitation can experience feelings of shame, anxiety and depression.\n\n\nResearch suggests that children who face one form of harm online are more likely to encounter others, creating a cycle of vulnerability. This highlights the importance of early intervention and inclusive approaches to online safety.\nGovernments worldwide have introduced policies aimed at safeguarding children online. Australia recently proposed a ban on social media use for children under 16 which has garnered both support and criticism. Singapore’s new social media code, introduced by the Infocomm Media Development Authority, requires platforms such as TikTok and Facebook to remove harmful content and provide child-specific safety measures.\nSouth Korea’s gaming restrictions offer a cautionary tale. Despite implementing strict limits in 2011 to curb children’s gaming time, the measures were largely ineffective and ultimately removed as children found ways to bypass the restrictions. Similarly, the European Union’s parental consent requirements for underage social media users are not always adequately enforced, raising questions about their efficacy.\nHowever, restrictive policies risk driving harmful behaviours underground, making it harder for parents and educators to identify and address issues. Such measures risk alienating young people, who could view them as intrusive and dismissive of their autonomy.\n\n\nOne of the most compelling arguments against outright bans is the role of digital literacy in mitigating online risks. Children with higher digital skills are better equipped to navigate the complexities of the online world by identifying harmful content, blocking abusive users and reporting exploitation.\nIn contrast, children with limited digital literacy risk being overwhelmed by online risks and less able to seek help. Digital literacy programmes can empower children to become proactive participants in their online experiences. Such programmes could include lessons on recognising grooming behaviours, understanding privacy settings and fostering healthy online interactions.\nFor many young people, social media is both a source of entertainment and a platform for learning, activism and even employment. Content creation has emerged as a viable career path for tech-savvy youth, with platforms such as YouTube and TikTok offering monetisation opportunities.\nSocial media also provides space for advocacy, enabling young people to amplify their voices on issues ranging from climate change to mental health. Given its multilayered role, social media cannot be dismissed as merely a source of risk. Instead, policies should aim to maximise its benefits while minimising harm.\n\nInitiatives such as the UN Global Digital Compact provide valuable guidance on addressing online safety by emphasising collaboration from all stakeholders. Recommendations include implementing child rights impact assessments, developing strong reporting mechanisms and promoting restorative approaches for children affected by online harm.\nThe Disrupting Harm project highlights the importance of evidence-based policies. By collecting comprehensive data on online exploitation, the project provides insights into effective interventions such as context-specific solutions that account for cultural, socioeconomic and technological differences across regions.\nPlatforms such as Meta and TikTok have introduced measures such as content moderation and AI-driven detection tools to identify and remove harmful material. These efforts often fall short, as evidenced by the persistence of exploitation and abuse on their platforms. Greater accountability is needed, including stricter enforcement of community guidelines and transparency in addressing user complaints. Innovative solutions such as age-appropriate design features and parental control tools also hold promise.\nWhile safeguarding children from harm is paramount, it is equally important to respect their right to access information, express themselves and participate in digital culture. Excessively restrictive measures risk stifling creativity and innovation, depriving children of opportunities the digital age offers. Children need to be equipped with tools and knowledge to safely navigate the internet.\nThis requires a collective effort which brings together policymakers, educators, parents and tech companies to create a digital world where children can thrive. While the benefits of technology should be accessible, effectively managing risks is the only way to strike the delicate balance between risk and reward in a child’s digital world.\n","json":[{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The proliferation of "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/social-media","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"d25d7536-1b45-4d33-85d2-7dbaf24aca8d","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"social media"}]},{"type":"text","data":" platforms and digital tools has provided children with vast opportunities for learning, creativity and connection. However, alongside these benefits comes a growing set of challenges."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The online space, particularly social media, seems to be increasingly fraught with dangers for children, ranging from "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3270630/malaysia-criminalise-cyberbullying-after-influencer-suicide","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"1761b2a3-0e01-4b9d-92aa-3699460d259d","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"cyberbullying"}]},{"type":"text","data":" to "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/3250496/meta-tiktok-and-x-ceos-grilled-child-exploitation-us-lawmakers","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"f8868090-e64f-4950-a0d6-fb03d3211c59","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"sexual exploitation"}]},{"type":"text","data":". Striking a balance between the benefits of digital tools and protecting children from online risks is one of the most pressing challenges of our time."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3268715/tencent-close-online-education-service-tech-giant-cuts-back-noncore-operations","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"32cc0fd9-ed9b-486d-ad0f-3e1a50781e5b","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Online educational platforms"}]},{"type":"text","data":" provide tools that foster learning, while social media helps children engage with a global audience and break geographical barriers. Platforms such as YouTube, TikTok and Instagram serve as creative outlets, enabling young people to share their talents and build communities around common interests."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"1"}},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"20"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"For marginalised children, including those "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/abacus/culture/article/3102524/smartphones-bridged-digital-divide-chinas-urban-and-rural-children","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"dd88a4b2-fca9-11ea-9bb5-57ca6b07e40a","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"in rural areas"}]},{"type":"text","data":" or with disabilities, the internet can be a lifeline which offers access to resources, education and networks previously unavailable. Social media can provide a sense of belonging, especially for teenagers, and help them to engage in conversations on topics they care about, from climate activism to mental health awareness."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to the Disrupting Harm project, children are extremely vulnerable to sexual exploitation and abuse on social media platforms. Perpetrators exploit the anonymity and reach of these platforms "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3283952/northern-ireland-jails-man-who-abused-3500-girls-online-and-drove-one-suicide","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"b48c3b3d-ffbb-4fe0-955d-cdff02504a91","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"to target children"}]},{"type":"text","data":", using tactics such as grooming, blackmail and non-consensual sharing of explicit material. Vulnerable groups face even greater risks as they can lack access to safe disclosure environments, exacerbating the psychological toll of exploitation and abuse."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"2"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The issue is further compounded by socioeconomic and cultural factors. Children from low-income families can "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3227073/dissatisfaction-reality-hong-kong-youth-addicted-internet-need-be-understood-instead-judged-experts","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"c3485798-f1ea-4c0f-8c62-bc0e9f9610bc","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"lack digital literacy"}]},{"type":"text","data":", leaving them ill-equipped to recognise or respond to online threats. Victims of online exploitation can experience feelings of shame, anxiety and depression."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture","class":"c1","frameborder":"0","width":"560","height":"315","scrolling":"no","src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/WDRR299LobQ?wmode=transparent\u0026jqoemcache=UdCOW\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026playsinline=1","title":"South Korea’s Telegram problem: sexual ‘humiliation’ chats thrive on controversial platform","data-poster-sm":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/08/30/TG_thu_clean.jpg?itok=5SCTPbeR","data-poster-lg":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/08/30/TG_thu_clean.jpg?itok=9wX94ePt","data-poster":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/08/30/TG_thu_clean.jpg","data-duration":"05:25","data-video-source":"SCMP","data-nid":"3276588","data-youtube-id":"WDRR299LobQ"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Research suggests that children who face one form of harm online are more likely to encounter others, creating a cycle of vulnerability. This highlights the importance of early intervention and inclusive approaches to online safety."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Governments worldwide have introduced policies aimed at safeguarding children online. Australia recently proposed a "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/australasia/article/3285601/australia-ban-children-under-16-social-media-real-harm-kids","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"70725376-f1fc-40eb-bb7f-5e923af06329","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"ban on social media use"}]},{"type":"text","data":" for children under 16 which has garnered both support "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/australasia/article/3287624/elon-musk-slams-australias-child-social-media-ban-back-door-control-internet","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"98223e9d-7ffd-442e-b754-88231f9252cb","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"and criticism"}]},{"type":"text","data":". Singapore’s new "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3199036/singapore-parliament-approves-legislation-limit-harmful-content-says-free-speech-wont-be-affected","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"e7f29c1a-511e-4e88-bb82-8447fef10332","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"social media code"}]},{"type":"text","data":", introduced by the Infocomm Media Development Authority, requires platforms such as TikTok and Facebook to remove harmful content and provide child-specific safety measures."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"South Korea’s gaming restrictions offer a cautionary tale. Despite implementing strict limits in 2011 to curb children’s gaming time, the measures were largely ineffective and ultimately removed as children found ways to bypass the restrictions. Similarly, the European Union’s parental consent requirements for underage social media users are not always adequately enforced, raising questions about their efficacy."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"50"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"However, "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3229775/china-drafts-new-rules-curb-internet-addiction-among-children-and-teens","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"02b055b0-42eb-48be-bf8d-6a59585c3832","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"restrictive policies"}]},{"type":"text","data":" risk driving harmful behaviours underground, making it harder for parents and educators to identify and address issues. Such measures risk alienating young people, who could view them as intrusive and dismissive of their autonomy."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture","class":"c1","frameborder":"0","width":"560","height":"315","scrolling":"no","src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/waI4hsVPTwA?wmode=transparent\u0026jqoemcache=UdCOW\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026playsinline=1","title":"School smashes phones to warn students, sparking debate","data-poster-sm":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/03/14/clean_1.jpg?itok=fRz7RyMr","data-poster-lg":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/03/14/clean_1.jpg?itok=W3PONaYi","data-poster":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/03/14/clean_1.jpg","data-duration":"01:58","data-video-source":"SCMP","data-nid":"3255369","data-youtube-id":"waI4hsVPTwA"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"One of the most compelling arguments against outright bans is the role of "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/family-education/article/1278027/teaching-kids-how-stay-safe-and-savvy-online","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"a4919020-828e-49b9-8eaf-49eb10d02645","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"digital literacy"}]},{"type":"text","data":" in mitigating online risks. Children with higher digital skills are better equipped to navigate the complexities of the online world by identifying harmful content, blocking abusive users and reporting exploitation."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"4"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In contrast, children with "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education/article/3080926/coronavirus-hong-kong-students-without-electronic-devices","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"17103da2-83c5-11ea-8863-2139a14b0dea","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"limited digital literacy"}]},{"type":"text","data":" risk being overwhelmed by online risks and less able to seek help. Digital literacy programmes can empower children to become proactive participants in their online experiences. Such programmes could include lessons on recognising grooming behaviours, understanding privacy settings and fostering healthy online interactions."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"For many young people, social media is both a source of entertainment and a platform for learning, activism and even employment. "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3119608/how-eight-young-italian-tiktok-influencers-milan-are-making","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"98a44bc6-5fa0-11eb-9099-aaa38b7b3943","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Content creation"}]},{"type":"text","data":" has emerged as a viable career path for tech-savvy youth, with platforms such as YouTube and TikTok offering monetisation opportunities."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Social media also provides "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health-wellness/article/3114905/5-chinese-social-media-stars-using-their-influencer-fame","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"4013f670-4351-11eb-be92-09cd005df0bf","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"space for advocacy"}]},{"type":"text","data":", enabling young people to amplify their voices on issues ranging from climate change to mental health. Given its multilayered role, social media cannot be dismissed as merely a source of risk. Instead, policies should aim to maximise its benefits while minimising harm."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"image-inline-container"},"children":[{"type":"img","attribs":{"class":"image-inline caption","src":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/25/771a1bfd-fbc9-4687-8b00-45383b554a80_f4685d42.jpg","data-fid":"15862129","data-resolution":"1","width":"2000","height":"1333","title":"Young people look at their smartphones on the street in Beijing on August 3, 2023. China’s internet watchdog has laid out regulations to curb the amount of time minors spend on their smartphones. Photo: AP","alt":"Young people look at their smartphones on the street in Beijing on August 3, 2023. China’s internet watchdog has laid out regulations to curb the amount of time minors spend on their smartphones. Photo: AP"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Initiatives such as the UN "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/opinion/world-opinion/article/3281795/ai-compact-proves-theres-hope-multilateralism-yet","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"5b8e7293-e217-4fb4-a7bc-b91db30ee52f","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Global Digital Compact"}]},{"type":"text","data":" provide valuable guidance on addressing online safety by emphasising collaboration from all stakeholders. Recommendations include implementing child rights impact assessments, developing strong reporting mechanisms and promoting restorative approaches for children affected by online harm."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"5"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The Disrupting Harm project highlights the importance of evidence-based policies. By collecting comprehensive data on online exploitation, the project provides insights into effective interventions such as context-specific solutions that account for cultural, socioeconomic and technological differences across regions."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Platforms such as Meta and TikTok have introduced measures such as content moderation and "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3281982/bytedance-owned-tiktok-slashes-hundreds-jobs-shift-towards-ai-content-moderation","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"bca48599-78c6-42b6-9330-cac13bf8e007","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"AI-driven detection tools"}]},{"type":"text","data":" to identify and remove harmful material. These efforts often fall short, as evidenced by the persistence of exploitation and abuse on their platforms. Greater accountability is needed, including stricter enforcement of community guidelines and transparency in addressing user complaints. Innovative solutions such as age-appropriate design features and parental control tools also hold promise."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"While "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/world/article/3251729/we-all-have-duty-ensure-our-teenagers-are-safe-online","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"6282af60-cb71-4d88-8e2d-098028ccb53c","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"safeguarding children"}]},{"type":"text","data":" from harm is paramount, it is equally important to respect their right to access information, express themselves and participate in digital culture. Excessively restrictive measures risk stifling creativity and innovation, depriving children of opportunities the digital age offers. Children need to be equipped with tools and knowledge to safely navigate the internet."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"90"}},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6","infiniteAdsAfterNumber":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"This requires a collective effort which brings together policymakers, educators, parents and tech companies to create a digital world where children can thrive. 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However, alongside these benefits comes a growing set of challenges.\nThe online space, particularly social media, seems to be increasingly fraught with dangers for children, ranging from cyberbullying to sexual exploitation. Striking a balance between the benefits of digital tools and protecting children from online risks is one of the most pressing challenges of our time.\nOnline educational platforms provide tools that foster learning, while social media helps children engage with a global audience and break geographical barriers. Platforms such as YouTube, TikTok and Instagram serve as creative outlets, enabling young people to share their talents and build communities around common interests.\nFor marginalised children, including those in rural areas or with disabilities, the internet can be a lifeline which offers access to resources, education and networks previously unavailable. Social media can provide a sense of belonging, especially for teenagers, and help them to engage in conversations on topics they care about, from climate activism to mental health awareness.\nAccording to the Disrupting Harm project, children are extremely vulnerable to sexual exploitation and abuse on social media platforms. Perpetrators exploit the anonymity and reach of these platforms to target children, using tactics such as grooming, blackmail and non-consensual sharing of explicit material. Vulnerable groups face even greater risks as they can lack access to safe disclosure environments, exacerbating the psychological toll of exploitation and abuse.\nThe issue is further compounded by socioeconomic and cultural factors. Children from low-income families can lack digital literacy, leaving them ill-equipped to recognise or respond to online threats. Victims of online exploitation can experience feelings of shame, anxiety and depression.\n\n\nResearch suggests that children who face one form of harm online are more likely to encounter others, creating a cycle of vulnerability. This highlights the importance of early intervention and inclusive approaches to online safety.\nGovernments worldwide have introduced policies aimed at safeguarding children online. Australia recently proposed a ban on social media use for children under 16 which has garnered both support and criticism. Singapore’s new social media code, introduced by the Infocomm Media Development Authority, requires platforms such as TikTok and Facebook to remove harmful content and provide child-specific safety measures.\nSouth Korea’s gaming restrictions offer a cautionary tale. Despite implementing strict limits in 2011 to curb children’s gaming time, the measures were largely ineffective and ultimately removed as children found ways to bypass the restrictions. Similarly, the European Union’s parental consent requirements for underage social media users are not always adequately enforced, raising questions about their efficacy.\nHowever, restrictive policies risk driving harmful behaviours underground, making it harder for parents and educators to identify and address issues. Such measures risk alienating young people, who could view them as intrusive and dismissive of their autonomy.\n\n\nOne of the most compelling arguments against outright bans is the role of digital literacy in mitigating online risks. Children with higher digital skills are better equipped to navigate the complexities of the online world by identifying harmful content, blocking abusive users and reporting exploitation.\nIn contrast, children with limited digital literacy risk being overwhelmed by online risks and less able to seek help. Digital literacy programmes can empower children to become proactive participants in their online experiences. Such programmes could include lessons on recognising grooming behaviours, understanding privacy settings and fostering healthy online interactions.\nFor many young people, social media is both a source of entertainment and a platform for learning, activism and even employment. Content creation has emerged as a viable career path for tech-savvy youth, with platforms such as YouTube and TikTok offering monetisation opportunities.\nSocial media also provides space for advocacy, enabling young people to amplify their voices on issues ranging from climate change to mental health. Given its multilayered role, social media cannot be dismissed as merely a source of risk. Instead, policies should aim to maximise its benefits while minimising harm.\n\nInitiatives such as the UN Global Digital Compact provide valuable guidance on addressing online safety by emphasising collaboration from all stakeholders. Recommendations include implementing child rights impact assessments, developing strong reporting mechanisms and promoting restorative approaches for children affected by online harm.\nThe Disrupting Harm project highlights the importance of evidence-based policies. By collecting comprehensive data on online exploitation, the project provides insights into effective interventions such as context-specific solutions that account for cultural, socioeconomic and technological differences across regions.\nPlatforms such as Meta and TikTok have introduced measures such as content moderation and AI-driven detection tools to identify and remove harmful material. These efforts often fall short, as evidenced by the persistence of exploitation and abuse on their platforms. Greater accountability is needed, including stricter enforcement of community guidelines and transparency in addressing user complaints. Innovative solutions such as age-appropriate design features and parental control tools also hold promise.\nWhile safeguarding children from harm is paramount, it is equally important to respect their right to access information, express themselves and participate in digital culture. Excessively restrictive measures risk stifling creativity and innovation, depriving children of opportunities the digital age offers. Children need to be equipped with tools and knowledge to safely navigate the internet.\nThis requires a collective effort which brings together policymakers, educators, parents and tech companies to create a digital world where children can thrive. While the benefits of technology should be accessible, effectively managing risks is the only way to strike the delicate balance between risk and reward in a child’s digital world.\n","json":[{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The proliferation of "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/social-media","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"d25d7536-1b45-4d33-85d2-7dbaf24aca8d","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"social media"}]},{"type":"text","data":" platforms and digital tools has provided children with vast opportunities for learning, creativity and connection. However, alongside these benefits comes a growing set of challenges."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The online space, particularly social media, seems to be increasingly fraught with dangers for children, ranging from "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3270630/malaysia-criminalise-cyberbullying-after-influencer-suicide","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"1761b2a3-0e01-4b9d-92aa-3699460d259d","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"cyberbullying"}]},{"type":"text","data":" to "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/3250496/meta-tiktok-and-x-ceos-grilled-child-exploitation-us-lawmakers","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"f8868090-e64f-4950-a0d6-fb03d3211c59","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"sexual exploitation"}]},{"type":"text","data":". Striking a balance between the benefits of digital tools and protecting children from online risks is one of the most pressing challenges of our time."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3268715/tencent-close-online-education-service-tech-giant-cuts-back-noncore-operations","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"32cc0fd9-ed9b-486d-ad0f-3e1a50781e5b","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Online educational platforms"}]},{"type":"text","data":" provide tools that foster learning, while social media helps children engage with a global audience and break geographical barriers. Platforms such as YouTube, TikTok and Instagram serve as creative outlets, enabling young people to share their talents and build communities around common interests."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"1"}},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"20"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"For marginalised children, including those "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/abacus/culture/article/3102524/smartphones-bridged-digital-divide-chinas-urban-and-rural-children","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"dd88a4b2-fca9-11ea-9bb5-57ca6b07e40a","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"in rural areas"}]},{"type":"text","data":" or with disabilities, the internet can be a lifeline which offers access to resources, education and networks previously unavailable. Social media can provide a sense of belonging, especially for teenagers, and help them to engage in conversations on topics they care about, from climate activism to mental health awareness."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to the Disrupting Harm project, children are extremely vulnerable to sexual exploitation and abuse on social media platforms. Perpetrators exploit the anonymity and reach of these platforms "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3283952/northern-ireland-jails-man-who-abused-3500-girls-online-and-drove-one-suicide","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"b48c3b3d-ffbb-4fe0-955d-cdff02504a91","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"to target children"}]},{"type":"text","data":", using tactics such as grooming, blackmail and non-consensual sharing of explicit material. Vulnerable groups face even greater risks as they can lack access to safe disclosure environments, exacerbating the psychological toll of exploitation and abuse."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"2"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The issue is further compounded by socioeconomic and cultural factors. Children from low-income families can "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3227073/dissatisfaction-reality-hong-kong-youth-addicted-internet-need-be-understood-instead-judged-experts","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"c3485798-f1ea-4c0f-8c62-bc0e9f9610bc","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"lack digital literacy"}]},{"type":"text","data":", leaving them ill-equipped to recognise or respond to online threats. Victims of online exploitation can experience feelings of shame, anxiety and depression."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture","class":"c1","frameborder":"0","width":"560","height":"315","scrolling":"no","src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/WDRR299LobQ?wmode=transparent\u0026jqoemcache=UdCOW\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026playsinline=1","title":"South Korea’s Telegram problem: sexual ‘humiliation’ chats thrive on controversial platform","data-poster-sm":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/08/30/TG_thu_clean.jpg?itok=5SCTPbeR","data-poster-lg":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/08/30/TG_thu_clean.jpg?itok=9wX94ePt","data-poster":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/08/30/TG_thu_clean.jpg","data-duration":"05:25","data-video-source":"SCMP","data-nid":"3276588","data-youtube-id":"WDRR299LobQ"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Research suggests that children who face one form of harm online are more likely to encounter others, creating a cycle of vulnerability. This highlights the importance of early intervention and inclusive approaches to online safety."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Governments worldwide have introduced policies aimed at safeguarding children online. Australia recently proposed a "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/australasia/article/3285601/australia-ban-children-under-16-social-media-real-harm-kids","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"70725376-f1fc-40eb-bb7f-5e923af06329","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"ban on social media use"}]},{"type":"text","data":" for children under 16 which has garnered both support "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/australasia/article/3287624/elon-musk-slams-australias-child-social-media-ban-back-door-control-internet","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"98223e9d-7ffd-442e-b754-88231f9252cb","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"and criticism"}]},{"type":"text","data":". Singapore’s new "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3199036/singapore-parliament-approves-legislation-limit-harmful-content-says-free-speech-wont-be-affected","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"e7f29c1a-511e-4e88-bb82-8447fef10332","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"social media code"}]},{"type":"text","data":", introduced by the Infocomm Media Development Authority, requires platforms such as TikTok and Facebook to remove harmful content and provide child-specific safety measures."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"South Korea’s gaming restrictions offer a cautionary tale. Despite implementing strict limits in 2011 to curb children’s gaming time, the measures were largely ineffective and ultimately removed as children found ways to bypass the restrictions. Similarly, the European Union’s parental consent requirements for underage social media users are not always adequately enforced, raising questions about their efficacy."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"50"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"However, "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3229775/china-drafts-new-rules-curb-internet-addiction-among-children-and-teens","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"02b055b0-42eb-48be-bf8d-6a59585c3832","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"restrictive policies"}]},{"type":"text","data":" risk driving harmful behaviours underground, making it harder for parents and educators to identify and address issues. Such measures risk alienating young people, who could view them as intrusive and dismissive of their autonomy."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture","class":"c1","frameborder":"0","width":"560","height":"315","scrolling":"no","src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/waI4hsVPTwA?wmode=transparent\u0026jqoemcache=UdCOW\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026playsinline=1","title":"School smashes phones to warn students, sparking debate","data-poster-sm":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/03/14/clean_1.jpg?itok=fRz7RyMr","data-poster-lg":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/03/14/clean_1.jpg?itok=W3PONaYi","data-poster":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/03/14/clean_1.jpg","data-duration":"01:58","data-video-source":"SCMP","data-nid":"3255369","data-youtube-id":"waI4hsVPTwA"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"One of the most compelling arguments against outright bans is the role of "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/family-education/article/1278027/teaching-kids-how-stay-safe-and-savvy-online","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"a4919020-828e-49b9-8eaf-49eb10d02645","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"digital literacy"}]},{"type":"text","data":" in mitigating online risks. Children with higher digital skills are better equipped to navigate the complexities of the online world by identifying harmful content, blocking abusive users and reporting exploitation."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"4"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In contrast, children with "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education/article/3080926/coronavirus-hong-kong-students-without-electronic-devices","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"17103da2-83c5-11ea-8863-2139a14b0dea","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"limited digital literacy"}]},{"type":"text","data":" risk being overwhelmed by online risks and less able to seek help. Digital literacy programmes can empower children to become proactive participants in their online experiences. Such programmes could include lessons on recognising grooming behaviours, understanding privacy settings and fostering healthy online interactions."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"For many young people, social media is both a source of entertainment and a platform for learning, activism and even employment. "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3119608/how-eight-young-italian-tiktok-influencers-milan-are-making","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"98a44bc6-5fa0-11eb-9099-aaa38b7b3943","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Content creation"}]},{"type":"text","data":" has emerged as a viable career path for tech-savvy youth, with platforms such as YouTube and TikTok offering monetisation opportunities."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Social media also provides "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health-wellness/article/3114905/5-chinese-social-media-stars-using-their-influencer-fame","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"4013f670-4351-11eb-be92-09cd005df0bf","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"space for advocacy"}]},{"type":"text","data":", enabling young people to amplify their voices on issues ranging from climate change to mental health. Given its multilayered role, social media cannot be dismissed as merely a source of risk. Instead, policies should aim to maximise its benefits while minimising harm."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"image-inline-container"},"children":[{"type":"img","attribs":{"class":"image-inline caption","src":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/25/771a1bfd-fbc9-4687-8b00-45383b554a80_f4685d42.jpg","data-fid":"15862129","data-resolution":"1","width":"2000","height":"1333","title":"Young people look at their smartphones on the street in Beijing on August 3, 2023. China’s internet watchdog has laid out regulations to curb the amount of time minors spend on their smartphones. Photo: AP","alt":"Young people look at their smartphones on the street in Beijing on August 3, 2023. China’s internet watchdog has laid out regulations to curb the amount of time minors spend on their smartphones. Photo: AP"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Initiatives such as the UN "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/opinion/world-opinion/article/3281795/ai-compact-proves-theres-hope-multilateralism-yet","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"5b8e7293-e217-4fb4-a7bc-b91db30ee52f","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Global Digital Compact"}]},{"type":"text","data":" provide valuable guidance on addressing online safety by emphasising collaboration from all stakeholders. Recommendations include implementing child rights impact assessments, developing strong reporting mechanisms and promoting restorative approaches for children affected by online harm."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"5"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The Disrupting Harm project highlights the importance of evidence-based policies. By collecting comprehensive data on online exploitation, the project provides insights into effective interventions such as context-specific solutions that account for cultural, socioeconomic and technological differences across regions."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Platforms such as Meta and TikTok have introduced measures such as content moderation and "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3281982/bytedance-owned-tiktok-slashes-hundreds-jobs-shift-towards-ai-content-moderation","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"bca48599-78c6-42b6-9330-cac13bf8e007","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"AI-driven detection tools"}]},{"type":"text","data":" to identify and remove harmful material. These efforts often fall short, as evidenced by the persistence of exploitation and abuse on their platforms. Greater accountability is needed, including stricter enforcement of community guidelines and transparency in addressing user complaints. Innovative solutions such as age-appropriate design features and parental control tools also hold promise."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"While "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/world/article/3251729/we-all-have-duty-ensure-our-teenagers-are-safe-online","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"6282af60-cb71-4d88-8e2d-098028ccb53c","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"safeguarding children"}]},{"type":"text","data":" from harm is paramount, it is equally important to respect their right to access information, express themselves and participate in digital culture. Excessively restrictive measures risk stifling creativity and innovation, depriving children of opportunities the digital age offers. Children need to be equipped with tools and knowledge to safely navigate the internet."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"90"}},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6","infiniteAdsAfterNumber":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"This requires a collective effort which brings together policymakers, educators, parents and tech companies to create a digital world where children can thrive. While the benefits of technology should be accessible, effectively managing risks is the only way to strike the delicate balance between risk and reward in a child’s digital world."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"7"}},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"100"}}]},"keywords":["TikTok, Singapore, online exploitation, Meta, South Korea, social media, digital literacy, Australia, mental health, Facebook, cyberbullying"],"shortUrl":"https://sc.mp/qib4z","commentCount":0,"copyrighted":true,"sponsor":null,"relatedNewsletters":[],"createdDate":1732525713000,"authorLocations":["Not available"],"corrections":[],"displaySlideShow":true,"multimediaEmbed":{"json":[]},"printHeadline":null,"readingTime":3,"seriesContainer":null,"firstTopic":{"__isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias":"Topic","__typename":"Topic","entityId":"36067","entityUuid":"d25d7536-1b45-4d33-85d2-7dbaf24aca8d","urlAlias":"/topics/social-media","urlRedirect":null,"application":null,"name":"Social media","disableFollow":false,"contents":{"edges":[{"node":{"__typename":"Article","entityId":"3288039","__isContent":"Article","urlAlias":"/opinion/world-opinion/article/3288039/why-blanket-bans-are-not-answer-keeping-children-safe-online","sponsorType":null,"__isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias":"Article","entityUuid":"171040a4-afe3-4810-9952-ba3546ccaad7","urlRedirect":null,"application":{"entityId":"325477","id":"QXBwbGljYXRpb246MjY5NWIyYzktOTZlZi00ZmU0LTk2ZjgtYmEyMGQwYTAyMGIz"},"flattenTypeIds":["175d77bc-2793-43ce-aa75-17d537ba2e51"],"liveArticle":null,"sections":[{"value":[{"entityId":"93","id":"U2VjdGlvbjo3NTg3OGY2Zi01NWI5LTQ2NzUtODM4NC03ZGZjZjY3Y2Q2YjE=","name":"Opinion"},{"entityId":"517912","id":"U2VjdGlvbjpjOTdhMGVjYy1iZWZmLTRjMWQtYjcxZS1mYjIwOTFlYTgyOGQ=","name":"World Opinion"}]},{"value":[{"entityId":"36","id":"U2VjdGlvbjowNjgzNzdkOC0zMWM5LTRhNTQtYmY3Zi00N2I0ODkyYjUzMDg=","name":"Tech"},{"entityId":"328479","id":"U2VjdGlvbjo0NGE3MWE3ZS03YTExLTQwNmEtODM4YS0yODAwMGRiODI1ZDU=","name":"Policy"}]}],"paywallTypes":[],"images":[{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/25/00523f21-3943-465e-a8a7-cefa63579840_453c2ee9.jpg","title":"Social media and online learning platforms have opened new worlds for young people, but they bring with them new perils that legislators are struggling to keep in check. 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