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class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Babylon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Babylon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sagacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sagacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Sagacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sagacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Golden_tripod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_tripod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Golden tripod</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_tripod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Diplomacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_and_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_and_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Theories and studies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories_and_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theories and studies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theories_and_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_as_the_arche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_as_the_arche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Water as the <i>arche</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_as_the_arche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vertical_angles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_angles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Vertical angles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_angles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right_triangle_inscribed_in_a_circle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_triangle_inscribed_in_a_circle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Right triangle inscribed in a circle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_triangle_inscribed_in_a_circle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_triangles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_triangles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Similar triangles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_triangles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cosmological_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmological_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Cosmological model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmological_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meteorology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meteorology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Meteorology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meteorology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Olive_presses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olive_presses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.1</span> <span>Olive presses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olive_presses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prediction_of_solar_eclipse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prediction_of_solar_eclipse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Prediction of solar eclipse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prediction_of_solar_eclipse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Falling_into_a_well" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falling_into_a_well"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Falling into a well</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falling_into_a_well-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Divinity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_van_Milete" title="Thales van Milete – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thales van Milete" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_von_Milet" title="Thales von Milet – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Thales von Milet" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="طاليس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طاليس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_de_Mileto" title="Thales de Mileto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Thales de Mileto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_de_Mileto" title="Tales de Mileto – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tales de Mileto" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fales_(Miletli)" title="Fales (Miletli) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fales (Miletli)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="থেলিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="থেলিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Фалес Мілецкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фалес Мілецкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B7%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83" title="Талес зь Мілету – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Талес зь Мілету" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Талес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Талес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales" title="Tales – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tales" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_Miletos" title="Thales Miletos – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Thales Miletos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_de_Milet" title="Tales de Milet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tales de Milet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thal%C3%A9s_z_Mil%C3%A9tu" title="Thalés z Milétu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thalés z Milétu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="طاليس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طاليس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Θαλής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θαλής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_de_Mileto" title="Tales de Mileto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tales de Mileto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taleso_el_Mileto" title="Taleso el Mileto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Taleso el Mileto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales" title="Tales – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tales" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3" title="تالس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تالس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thal%C3%A8s" title="Thalès – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thalès" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_fan_Milete" title="Tales fan Milete – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tales fan Milete" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail%C3%A9as" title="Tailéas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tailéas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalis" title="Thalis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Thalis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_de_Mileto" title="Tales de Mileto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tales de Mileto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%88%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4" title="탈레스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탈레스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_na_Miletus" title="Thales na Miletus – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Thales na Miletus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BD_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Թալես Միլեթացի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թալես Միլեթացի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="थेल्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थेल्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales" title="Tales – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tales" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eales" title="Þales – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þales" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talete" title="Talete – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Talete" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="תאלס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאלס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಥೇಲ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ಮಿಲೆಟಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಥೇಲ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ಮಿಲೆಟಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="თალესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თალესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Фалес – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фалес" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thal%C3%A8s" title="Thalès – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Thalès" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal%C3%AAs" title="Talês – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Talês" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Фалес Милеттик – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фалес Милеттик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_Milesius" title="Thales Milesius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thales Milesius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taless" title="Taless – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Taless" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talis_Miletietis" title="Talis Miletietis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Talis Miletietis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tale" title="Tale – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tale" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talee" title="Talee – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Talee" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thal%C3%A9sz" title="Thalész – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thalész" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Талес од Милет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Талес од Милет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഥേൽസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഥേൽസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" title="थेलीस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थेलीस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="თალესი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თალესი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="تاليس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تاليس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3" title="تالس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تالس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_van_Milete" title="Thales van Milete – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thales van Milete" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9" title="タレス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タレス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_fra_Milet" title="Tales fra Milet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tales fra Milet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_fr%C3%A5_Milet" title="Tales frå Milet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tales frå Milet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_de_Milet" title="Tales de Milet – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tales de Milet" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fales_Miletlik" title="Fales Miletlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fales Miletlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਥੇਲਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥੇਲਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="تھالیز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھالیز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="د میلېتوس تالیس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د میلېتوس تالیس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talete" title="Talete – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Talete" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_z_Miletu" title="Tales z Miletu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tales z Miletu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_de_Mileto" title="Tales de Mileto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tales de Mileto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_din_Milet" title="Thales din Milet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thales din Milet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_de_Mileto" title="Tales de Mileto – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tales de Mileto" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Фалес Милетский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фалес Милетский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talete" title="Talete – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Talete" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talesi_i_Miletit" title="Talesi i Miletit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Talesi i Miletit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taleti" title="Taleti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Taleti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3" title="ٿيلس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٿيلس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1les" title="Táles – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Táles" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales" title="Tales – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tales" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="تالیس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تالیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Талес из Милета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Талес из Милета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales" title="Tales – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tales" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="தேலேஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேலேஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Фалес – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фалес" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="థేలీస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="థేలీస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA" title="ทาแลส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทาแลส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Фалес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фалес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="تھالیز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تھالیز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="泰勒斯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="泰勒斯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_van_Milete" title="Thales van Milete – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Thales van Milete" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E9%83%BD%E4%B8%AA%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="米利都个泰勒斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="米利都个泰勒斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A1" title="טאלעס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאלעס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="泰勒斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="泰勒斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales" title="Thales – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Thales" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="泰勒斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泰勒斯" data-language-autonym="中文" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Greek philosopher (c. 624 – c. 545 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Thales" redirects here. For the company, see <a href="/wiki/Thales_Group" title="Thales Group">Thales Group</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Thales_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Thales (disambiguation)">Thales (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Thales of Miletus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_107.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_107.jpg/220px-Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_107.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_107.jpg/330px-Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_107.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_107.jpg/440px-Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_107.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="2345" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Posthumous portrait of Thales by Wilhelm Meyer, based on a bust from the 4th century</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 626/623 BC<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a><br />(modern-day <a href="/wiki/Balat,_Didim" title="Balat, Didim">Balat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didim" title="Didim">Didim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Province" title="Aydın Province">Aydın</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 548/545 BC (aged <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 78)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Milesian_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Milesian school">Milesian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophical inquiry</a></li><li>Water is the <i><a href="/wiki/Arche" class="mw-redirect" title="Arche">arche</a></i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thales%27s_theorem" title="Thales's theorem">Thales's theorem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Intercept_theorem" title="Intercept theorem">Intercept theorem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Know_thyself" title="Know thyself">Know thyself</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">Static electricity</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thales of Miletus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">THAY</span>-leez</i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B1%CE%BB%E1%BF%86%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Θαλῆς">Θαλῆς</a></span></span>; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 626/623 </span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 548/545 BC</span>) was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">pre-Socratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a> from <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. Thales was one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a>, founding figures of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>. </p><p>Many regard him as the first philosopher in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek tradition</a>, breaking from the prior use of <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> to explain the world and instead using <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>. He is thus otherwise referred to as the first to have engaged in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_science#Pre-socratics" title="History of science">science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">deductive reasoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first philosophers followed him in explaining all of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> as based on the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Arche" class="mw-redirect" title="Arche">single ultimate substance</a>. Thales <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theorized</a> that this single substance was <a href="/wiki/Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)">water</a>. Thales thought the Earth floated on water. </p><p>In mathematics, Thales is the namesake of <a href="/wiki/Thales%27s_theorem" title="Thales's theorem">Thales's theorem</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Intercept_theorem" title="Intercept theorem">intercept theorem</a> can also be known as Thales's theorem. Thales was said to have calculated the heights of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">pyramids</a> and the distance of ships from the shore. In science, Thales was an astronomer who reportedly <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting#Ancient_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">predicted the weather</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a>. The discovery of the position of the constellation <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a> is also attributed to Thales, as well as the timings of the <a href="/wiki/Solstices" class="mw-redirect" title="Solstices">solstices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equinoxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Equinoxes">equinoxes</a>. He was also an <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a>, known for having diverted the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River" title="Kızılırmak River">Halys River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MiletusIonicStoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/MiletusIonicStoa.jpg/220px-MiletusIonicStoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/MiletusIonicStoa.jpg/330px-MiletusIonicStoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/MiletusIonicStoa.jpg/440px-MiletusIonicStoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The Ionic Stoa on the Sacred Way in <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main source concerning the details of Thales's life and career is the <a href="/wiki/Doxography" title="Doxography">doxographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>, in his third-century-AD work <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_and_Opinions_of_Eminent_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers">Lives and Opinions of the Eminent Philosophers</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is all we have, Diogenes wrote some eight centuries after Thales's death and his sources often contained "unreliable or even fabricated information".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known Thales was from <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>, a mercantile city settled at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Menderes_River" title="Büyük Menderes River">Maeander river</a>. </p><p>The dates of Thales's life are not exactly known, but are roughly established by a few datable events mentioned in the sources. According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, writing in the 5th century BC, Thales predicted a <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a> in 585 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-1.74.2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1.74.2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assuming one's <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acme#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:acme">acme</a> (or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/floruit#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:floruit">floruit</a>) occurred at the age of 40, the chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Athens" title="Apollodorus of Athens">Apollodorus of Athens</a>, written during the 2nd century BC, therefore placed Thales's birth about the year 625 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohenetal_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohenetal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry_and_family">Ancestry and family</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg/330px-Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg/495px-Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg/660px-Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>Map of Phoenician (in yellow) and Greek colonies (in red) around 8th to 6th century BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>While the probability is that Thales was as Greek as most Milesians,<sup id="cite_ref-kirk-raven_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirk-raven-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> described Thales as "a <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> by remote descent".<sup id="cite_ref-Freely2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freely2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diogenes Laërtius references Herodotus, <a href="/wiki/Duris_of_Samos" title="Duris of Samos">Duris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a>, who all agree "that Thales was the son of Examyas and Cleobulina, and belonged to the Thelidae who are Phoenicians and amongst the noblest descendants of <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agenor" title="Agenor">Agenor</a>" who had been banished from Phoenicia and that Thales was enrolled as a citizen in Miletus along with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neleus_(son_of_Codrus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neleus (son of Codrus) (page does not exist)">Neleus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Russel_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> and others interpret this quote as meaning only that his ancestors were <a href="/wiki/Seamanship" title="Seamanship">seafaring</a> <a href="/wiki/Cadmea" title="Cadmea">Cadmeians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nietzsche_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nietzsche-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heroon_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heroon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also possible that he was of mixed ancestry, given his father had a <a href="/wiki/Carians" title="Carians">Carian</a> name and his mother had a Greek name.<sup id="cite_ref-heroon_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heroon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brit_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diogenes Laërtius seems to also reference an alternative account: "Most writers, however, represent him as a genuine Milesian and of a distinguished family".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i> (1952) concluded that Thales was most likely a native Milesian of noble birth and that he was certainly a Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diogenes continues, by delivering more conflicting reports: one that Thales married and either fathered a son (Cybisthus or Cybisthon) or adopted his nephew of the same name; the second that he never married, telling his mother as a young man that it was too early to marry, and as an older man that it was too late.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> had earlier told this version: <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> visited Thales and asked him why he remained single; Thales answered that he did not like the idea of having to worry about children. Nevertheless, several years later, anxious for family, he adopted his nephew Cybisthus.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels">Travels</h3></div> <p>The culture of <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a> was heavily influenced by those of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said Thales was engaged in trade and visited either <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no strong evidence that Thales ever visited countries in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, and the issue is disputed among scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visits to such places were a commonplace attribution to various philosophers by later writers, especially when these writers tried to explain the origin of their mathematical knowledge, such as with Thales or <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Russell_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt">Egypt</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/220px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/330px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/440px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="2906" /></a><figcaption>Thales may have been educated in Egypt.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several ancient authors assume that Thales, at one point in his life, visited <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, where he learned about geometry.<sup id="cite_ref-Russo_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered possible that Thales visited Egypt, since Miletus had a permanent colony there (namely <a href="/wiki/Naucratis" title="Naucratis">Naucratis</a>). It is also said Thales had close contacts with the priests of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> who instructed him, or even that he instructed <i>them</i> in geometry.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also possible Thales knew about Egypt from accounts of others, without actually visiting it.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Babylon">Babylon</h4></div> <p>Aside from Egypt, the other mathematically advanced, ancient civilization before the Greeks was Babylonia, another commonplace attribution of travel for a mathematically-minded philosopher.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooke_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooke-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least one ancient historian, <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, claims Thales visited Babylonia. </p><p>Historians Roger L. Cooke and <a href="/wiki/Bartel_Leendert_van_der_Waerden" title="Bartel Leendert van der Waerden">B.L. Van der Waerden</a> come down on the side of Babylonian mathematics influencing the Greeks, citing the use of e. g. the <a href="/wiki/Sexagesimal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexagesimal system">sexagesimal system</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Radix" title="Radix">base</a> 60).<sup id="cite_ref-Cooke_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooke-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooke notes "This relation, however, is controversial."<sup id="cite_ref-Cooke_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooke-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others historians, such as D. R. Dicks, take issue with the idea of Babylonian influence on Greek mathematics. For until around the time of <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> (c. 190–120 BC) their sexagesimal system was unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Dicks_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dicks-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herodotus wrote the Greeks learnt the <i><a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">gnomon</a></i> from the Babylonians. Thales's follower Anaximander is credited with introducing the <i>gnomon</i> to the Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herodotus also wrote that the practice of dividing the day into 12 parts, and the <i>polos</i>, came to the Greeks from the Babylonians.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet this too is disputed, for example by historian L. Zhmud, who points out the <i>gnomon</i> was known to both Egyptians and Babylonians, the division of the day into twelve parts (and by analogy the year) was known to the Egyptians already in the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a>, and the idea of the <i>polos</i> was not used outside of Greece at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sagacity">Sagacity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_59r_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_59r_2.png/180px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_59r_2.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_59r_2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>Thales, <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thales is recognized as one of the Seven Sages of Greece, semi-legendary wise <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">statesmen</a> and founding figures of Ancient Greece. While which seven one chooses may change, the seven has a canonical four which includes Thales, Solon of Athens, <a href="/wiki/Pittacus_of_Mytilene" title="Pittacus of Mytilene">Pittacus of Mytilene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bias_of_Priene" title="Bias of Priene">Bias of Priene</a>. Diogenes Laërtius tells us that the Seven Sages were created in the <a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">archonship</a> of Damasius at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> about 582 BC and that Thales was the first sage.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sages were associated with the <a href="/wiki/Delphic_maxims" title="Delphic maxims">Delphic maxims</a>, a quote or maxim attributed to each one inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Delphi)" title="Temple of Apollo (Delphi)">Temple of Apollo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>. Thales has arguably the most famous of all, <i>gnothi seauton</i> or <a href="/wiki/Know_thyself" title="Know thyself">know thyself</a>. According to the 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia the <i><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></i>, the proverb is both "applied to those whose boasts exceed what they are" and "a warning to pay no attention to the opinion of the multitude."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Golden_tripod">Golden tripod</h4></div> <p>Diogenes Laërtius relates several stories of an expensive, gold tripod or bowl that is to go to the most <a href="/wiki/Wisdom#Mythological_and_philosophical_perspectives" title="Wisdom">wise</a>. In one version (that Laërtius credits to <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a> in his <i>Iambics</i>) Bathycles of Arcadia states in his will that an expensive bowl <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'should be given to him who had done most good by his wisdom.' So it was given to Thales, went the round of all the sages, and came back to Thales again. And he sent it to <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Apollo at Didyma</a>, with this dedication...'Thales the Milesian, son of Examyas [dedicates this] to Delphinian Apollo after twice winning the prize from all the Greeks.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</h4></div> <p>According to Diogenes Laërtius, Thales gained fame as a counselor when he advised the Milesians not to engage in a symmachia, a "fighting together", with the Lydians. This has sometimes been interpreted as an alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> was defeated before the city of <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, who subsequently spared Miletus because it had taken no action. Cyrus was so impressed by Croesus’ wisdom and his connection with the sages that he spared him and took his advice on various matters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Ionian cities should be demoi, or "districts". </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He counselled them to establish a single seat of government, and pointed out <a href="/wiki/Teos" title="Teos">Teos</a> as the fittest place for it; "for that," he said, "was the centre of <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>. Their other cities might still continue to enjoy their own laws, just as if they were independent states."<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Miletus, however, received favorable terms from Cyrus. The others remained in an Ionian League of twelve cities (excluding Miletus), and were subjugated by the Persians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_and_studies">Theories and studies</h2></div> <p>Early Greeks, and other civilizations before them, often invoked <a href="/wiki/Idiosyncratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiosyncratic">idiosyncratic</a> explanations of natural phenomena with reference to the will of <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">gods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroes</a>. Instead, Thales aimed to explain natural phenomena via rational hypotheses that referenced natural processes themselves—<sup id="cite_ref-O'Grady2017_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Grady2017-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></i> rather than <i><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythos</a></i>. Many, most notably Aristotle, regard him as the first philosopher in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek tradition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CPM_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPM-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than <i>theologoi</i> or <i>mythologoi</i>, Aristotle referred to the first philosophers as <i><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">physiologoi</a></i>, or natural philosophers, and Thales as the first among them. Also, while the other Seven Sages were strictly law-givers and statesmen and not speculative philosophers, Plutarch noted "it would seem that Thales was the only wise man of the time who carried his speculations beyond the realm of the practical."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_as_the_arche">Water as the <i>arche</i></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Classical_element#Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Classical element">Classical element § Hellenistic philosophy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostia,_Baths_of_the_Seven_Sages_(II)_(4687819515).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ostia%2C_Baths_of_the_Seven_Sages_%28II%29_%284687819515%29.jpg/280px-Ostia%2C_Baths_of_the_Seven_Sages_%28II%29_%284687819515%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ostia%2C_Baths_of_the_Seven_Sages_%28II%29_%284687819515%29.jpg/420px-Ostia%2C_Baths_of_the_Seven_Sages_%28II%29_%284687819515%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ostia%2C_Baths_of_the_Seven_Sages_%28II%29_%284687819515%29.jpg/560px-Ostia%2C_Baths_of_the_Seven_Sages_%28II%29_%284687819515%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Thales depicted at the <a href="/wiki/Baths_at_Ostia" title="Baths at Ostia">Baths of the Seven Sages</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thales's most famous idea was his philosophical and <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmological</a> thesis that all is water, which comes down to us through a passage from <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the work, Aristotle reported Thales's theory that the <i><a href="/wiki/Arche" class="mw-redirect" title="Arche">arche</a></i> or originating principle of nature was <a href="/wiki/Material_monism" class="mw-redirect" title="Material monism">a single material substance</a>: water. Aristotle then proceeded to proffer a number of conjectures based on his own observations to lend some credence to why Thales may have advanced this idea (though Aristotle did not hold it himself). </p><p>While Aristotle's conjecture on why Thales held water as the originating principle of matter is his own thinking, his statement that Thales held it as water is generally accepted as genuinely originating with Thales. Writing centuries later, Diogenes Laërtius also states that Thales taught "Water constituted (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὑπεστήσατο</span></span>, 'stood under') the principle of all things."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Aristotle:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That from which is everything that exists and from which it first becomes and into which it is rendered at last, its substance remaining under it, but transforming in qualities, that they say is the element and principle of things that are. …For it is necessary that there be some nature (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">φύσις</span></span>), either one or more than one, from which become the other things of the object being saved... [The first philosophers] do not all agree as to the number and the nature of these principles. Thales the founder of this type of philosophy says that it is water.</p></blockquote> <p>Aristotle further adds: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Presumably he derived this assumption from seeing that the nutriment of everything is moist, and that heat itself is generated from moisture and depends upon it for its existence (and that from which a thing is generated is always its first principle). He derived his assumption from this; and also from the fact that the seeds of everything have a moist nature, whereas water is the first principle of the nature of moist things."<sup id="cite_ref-AristotleMeta_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AristotleMeta-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The 1870 book <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></i> noted:<sup id="cite_ref-CPM_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPM-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In his dogma that water is the origin of things, that is, that it is that out of which every thing arises, and into which every thing resolves itself, Thales may have followed <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a> cosmogonies, while, unlike them, he sought to establish the truth of the assertion. Hence, Aristotle, immediately after he has called him the originator of philosophy brings forward the reasons which Thales was believed to have adduced in confirmation of that assertion; for that no written development of it, or indeed any book by Thales, was extant, is proved by the expressions which Aristotle uses when he brings forward the doctrines and proofs of the Milesian. (p. 1016)</p></blockquote><p>Most agree that Thales's stamp on thought is the unity of substance. Not merely the empirical claim that all is water, but the deeper philosophical claim that all is one. For example, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Tragic_Age_of_the_Greeks" title="Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks">Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks</a></i>, wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Greek philosophy seems to begin with an absurd notion, with the proposition that <i>water</i> is the primal origin and the womb of all things. Is it really necessary for us to take serious notice of this proposition? It is, and for three reasons. First, because it tells us something about the primal origin of all things; second, because it does so in language devoid of image or fable, and finally, because contained in it, if only embryonically, is the thought, "all things are one."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn"><i>Megiston topos: apanta gar chorei</i></i></span> <br /> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Μέγιστον τόπος· ἄπαντα γὰρ χωρεῖ.</span></span>) </p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p> The greatest is space, for it holds all things. </p></blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—attributed to Thales<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Thales was known for introducing the theoretical and practical use of <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a> to Greece, and has been described as the first person in the western world to apply deductive reasoning to geometry, making him the West's "first mathematician."<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gazette_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazette-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also credited with the West's oldest definition of <a href="/wiki/Number" title="Number">number</a>: a "collection of units", "following the Egyptian view".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evidence for the primacy of Thales comes to us from a book by <a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a>, who lived a thousand years afterward but is believed to have had a copy of <a href="/wiki/Eudemus_of_Rhodes" title="Eudemus of Rhodes">Eudemus</a>'s lost book <i>History of Geometry</i> (4th century BC).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proclus wrote that Thales was the first to visit Egypt and bring the Egyptian study of mathematics to Greece, and that Thales "himself discovered many propositions and disclosed the underlying principles of many others to his successors, in some case his method being more general, in others more empirical."<sup id="cite_ref-gazette_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazette-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Proclus, <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_of_Rhodes" title="Hieronymus of Rhodes">Hieronymus of Rhodes</a> (3rd century BC) also cites Thales as the first Greek mathematician. </p><p>Proclus attributes to Thales the discovery that a circle is <a href="/wiki/Bisection" title="Bisection">bisected</a> by its diameter, that the <a href="/wiki/Pons_asinorum" title="Pons asinorum">base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal</a> and that <a href="/wiki/Vertical_angles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical angles">vertical angles</a> are equal.<sup id="cite_ref-bulmer-thomas_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bulmer-thomas-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two fundamental <a href="/wiki/Theorem" title="Theorem">theorems</a> of elementary geometry are customarily called <i>Thales's theorem</i>: <a href="/wiki/Thales%27s_theorem" title="Thales's theorem">one of them</a> has to do with a triangle inscribed in a circle and having the circle's diameter as one side;<sup id="cite_ref-bulmer-thomas_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bulmer-thomas-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the other, also called the <a href="/wiki/Intercept_theorem" title="Intercept theorem">intercept theorem</a>, is about an angle intercepted by two parallel lines, forming a pair of <a href="/wiki/Similar_triangles" class="mw-redirect" title="Similar triangles">similar triangles</a>. </p><p>Modern scholars are skeptical that anyone in Thales's time was producing mathematical proofs to the standard of later Greek mathematics, though not enough direct evidence remains to draw firm conclusions. While Thales may have discovered some basic geometric relations and provided some justification for them, attribution to him of formal proofs is now thought to represent speculative rationalization and reconstruction by later authors, rather than concrete accomplishments of Thales himself or his contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vertical_angles">Vertical angles</h4></div> <p>According to one author, while visiting Egypt,<sup id="cite_ref-Russo_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thales observed that when the Egyptians drew two intersecting lines, they would measure the vertical angles to make sure that they were equal.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thales concluded that one could prove that all vertical angles are equal if one accepted some general notions such as: all straight angles are equal, equals added to equals are equal, and equals subtracted from equals are equal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Right_triangle_inscribed_in_a_circle">Right triangle inscribed in a circle</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thales%27s_theorem" title="Thales's theorem">Thales's theorem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thales%27_Theorem_Simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Thales%27_Theorem_Simple.svg/180px-Thales%27_Theorem_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Thales%27_Theorem_Simple.svg/270px-Thales%27_Theorem_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Thales%27_Theorem_Simple.svg/360px-Thales%27_Theorem_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>Thales's theorem: if <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">AC</span></span> is a diameter and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">B</span> is a point on the diameter's circle, the angle <span class="texhtml">∠ <i>ABC</i></span> is a right angle.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pamphile_of_Epidaurus" title="Pamphile of Epidaurus">Pamphila</a> says that, having learnt geometry from the Egyptians, Thales was the first to inscribe in a circle a right-angled triangle, whereupon he <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">sacrificed an ox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gazette_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazette-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is sometimes cited as history's first mathematical discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer1989"Ionia_and_the_Pythagoreans"_p._43_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1989"Ionia_and_the_Pythagoreans"_p._43-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the variations among testimonies, such as the story of the ox sacrifice being accredited to Pythagoras upon discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a> rather than Thales, some historians (such as D. R. Dicks) question whether such anecdotes have any historical worth whatsoever.<sup id="cite_ref-Dicks_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dicks-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed the Babylonians knew the theorem for special cases.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theorem is mentioned and proved as part of the 31st proposition in the third book of <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Elements</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dante's <i><a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a></i> refers to Thales's theorem in the course of a speech.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Similar_triangles">Similar triangles</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intercept_theorem" title="Intercept theorem">Intercept theorem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thales_theorem_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Thales_theorem_1.png/180px-Thales_theorem_1.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Thales_theorem_1.png/270px-Thales_theorem_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Thales_theorem_1.png/360px-Thales_theorem_1.png 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>The intercept theorem: <span class="texhtml"><i>DE</i>/<i>BC</i> = <i>AE</i>/<i>AC</i> = <i>AD</i>/<i>AB</i></span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The story is told in <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gazette_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazette-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sourced from <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_of_Rhodes" title="Hieronymus of Rhodes">Hieronymus of Rhodes</a>, that when Thales visited <a href="/wiki/Classical_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Egypt">Egypt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Russo_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he measured the height of the <a href="/wiki/Pyramids" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramids">pyramids</a> by their shadows at the moment when his own shadow was equal to his height.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Plutarch, it pleased the pharoah <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Amasis</a>. More practically, Thales was said to have the ability to measure the distances of ships at sea. </p><p>These stories indicate familiarity with the intercept theorem, and for this reason the 26th proposition in the first book of Euclid's Elements was attributed to Thales.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also indicate that he was familiar with the Egyptian <i><a href="/wiki/Seked" title="Seked">seked</a></i>, or <i>seqed</i>, the ratio of the run to the rise of a <a href="/wiki/Slope" title="Slope">slope</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cotangent" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotangent">cotangent</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kirk & Raven,<sup id="cite_ref-kirk-raven_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirk-raven-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all you need for this feat is three straight sticks pinned at one end and knowledge of your altitude. One stick goes vertically into the ground. A second is made level. With the third you sight the ship and calculate the <i>seked</i> from the height of the stick and its distance from the point of insertion to the line of sight.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canova_-_Urania,_the_Muse_of_Astronomy_Reveals_to_Thales_the_Secrets_of_the_Skies,_1798-1799_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Canova_-_Urania%2C_the_Muse_of_Astronomy_Reveals_to_Thales_the_Secrets_of_the_Skies%2C_1798-1799_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Canova_-_Urania%2C_the_Muse_of_Astronomy_Reveals_to_Thales_the_Secrets_of_the_Skies%2C_1798-1799_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Canova_-_Urania%2C_the_Muse_of_Astronomy_Reveals_to_Thales_the_Secrets_of_the_Skies%2C_1798-1799_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Canova_-_Urania%2C_the_Muse_of_Astronomy_Reveals_to_Thales_the_Secrets_of_the_Skies%2C_1798-1799_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Canova_-_Urania%2C_the_Muse_of_Astronomy_Reveals_to_Thales_the_Secrets_of_the_Skies%2C_1798-1799_%28crop%29.jpg/440px-Canova_-_Urania%2C_the_Muse_of_Astronomy_Reveals_to_Thales_the_Secrets_of_the_Skies%2C_1798-1799_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Urania, the Muse of Astronomy, Reveals to Thales the Secrets of the Skies</figcaption></figure> <p>Thales was also a noted astronomer, acknowledged in antiquity for describing the position of <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Minor" title="Ursa Minor">Ursa Minor</a>, and he thought the constellation might be useful as a guide for navigation at sea. He calculated the duration of the year and the timings of the <a href="/wiki/Equinoxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Equinoxes">equinoxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solstices" class="mw-redirect" title="Solstices">solstices</a>. He is additionally attributed with calculating the position of the <a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kirk-raven_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirk-raven-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> indicates that in his day (c. AD 100) there was an extant work, the <i>Astronomy</i>, composed in verse and attributed to Thales.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some say he left no writings, others say that he wrote <i>On the Solstice</i> and <i>On the Equinox</i>. The <i>Nautical Star-guide</i> has also been attributed to him, but this was disputed even in ancient times.<sup id="cite_ref-kirk-raven_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirk-raven-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No writing attributed to him has survived. Lobon of Argus asserted that the writings of Thales amounted to two hundred lines.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cosmological_model">Cosmological model</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floating_Earth_Thales_Anaximander.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Floating_Earth_Thales_Anaximander.svg/220px-Floating_Earth_Thales_Anaximander.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Floating_Earth_Thales_Anaximander.svg/330px-Floating_Earth_Thales_Anaximander.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Floating_Earth_Thales_Anaximander.svg/440px-Floating_Earth_Thales_Anaximander.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Worldview of Thales (left) and pupil Anaximander (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>Thales thought the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> must be a flat disk or mound of land and dirt which is floating in an expanse of water.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus_(commentator)" title="Heraclitus (commentator)">Heraclitus Homericus</a> states that Thales drew his conclusion from seeing moist substance turn into air, slime and earth. It seems likely that Thales viewed the land as coming from the water on which it floated and the oceans that surround it, perhaps inspired by observing <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He thought the stars were balls of dirt on fire.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He seemed to correctly gather that the moon reflects the Sun's light.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Thales_(crater)" title="Thales (crater)">crater</a> on the Moon is named in his honor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meteorology">Meteorology</h4></div> <p>Rather than assuming that <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> were the result of supernatural whims, Thales explained them by theorizing that the Earth floats on water and that earthquakes occur when the Earth is rocked by waves.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'Grady2017_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Grady2017-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is attributed with the first observation of the <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(star_cluster)" title="Hyades (star cluster)">Hyades</a>, supposed by the ancients to indicate the approach of rain when they rose with the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>, Thales explained the flooding of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> as due to the river being beaten back by the <a href="/wiki/Etesian" title="Etesian">etesian</a> wind.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Olive_presses">Olive presses</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capernaum_roman_olive_press_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Capernaum_roman_olive_press_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Capernaum_roman_olive_press_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Capernaum_roman_olive_press_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Capernaum_roman_olive_press_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Capernaum_roman_olive_press_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-Capernaum_roman_olive_press_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>An olive mill and an olive press dating from Roman times in <a href="/wiki/Capernaum,_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Capernaum, Israel">Capernaum, Israel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A story, with different versions, recounts how Thales achieved riches from an olive harvest by <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting#Ancient_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">prediction of the weather</a>. In one version, he bought all the <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil_extraction#Traditional_method:_olive_press" title="Olive oil extraction">olive presses</a> in Miletus after predicting the weather and a good harvest for a particular year. Another version of the story has Aristotle explain that Thales had reserved presses in advance, at a discount, and could rent them out at a high price when demand peaked, following his <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">prediction</a> of a particularly good harvest. This first version of the story would constitute the first historically known creation and use of <a href="/wiki/Futures_contract" title="Futures contract">futures</a>, whereas the second version would be the first historically known creation and use of <a href="/wiki/Option_(finance)" title="Option (finance)">options</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aristotle explains that Thales's objective in doing this was not to enrich himself but to prove to his fellow Milesians that philosophy could be useful, contrary to what they thought,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or alternatively, Thales had made his foray into enterprise because of a personal challenge put to him by an individual who had asked why, if Thales was an intelligent famous philosopher, he had yet to attain wealth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prediction_of_solar_eclipse">Prediction of solar eclipse</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_of_Thales" title="Eclipse of Thales">Eclipse of Thales</a></div> <p>As mentioned above, according to Herodotus, Thales predicted a solar eclipse <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eclipse" title="Battle of the Eclipse">which occurred during a battle</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Lydians" title="Lydians">Lydians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1.74.2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1.74.2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among eclipses of the era, only the eclipse of 28 May 585 BC reached totality in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> where the war took place. American writer <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> described this battle as the earliest historical event whose date is known with precision to the day, and called the prediction "the birth of science". As well as first mathematician and first philosopher, Thales is often given the label of the first western scientist and the "father of science".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some contemporary scholars reject this interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg/180px-Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg/270px-Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg/360px-Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="3489" /></a><figcaption>Total <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">eclipse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> writes that in the sixth year of the war, the Lydians under King <a href="/wiki/Alyattes_of_Lydia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyattes of Lydia">Alyattes</a> and the Medes under <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> were engaged in an indecisive battle when suddenly day turned into night, leading to both parties halting the fighting and negotiating a peace agreement. Herodotus also mentions that the loss of daylight had been predicted by Thales. He does not, however, mention the location of the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Afterwards, on the refusal of Alyattes to give up his suppliants when Cyaxares sent to demand them of him, war broke out between the Lydians and the Medes, and continued for five years, with various success. In the course of it the Medes gained many victories over the Lydians, and the Lydians also gained many victories over the Medes. Among their other battles there was one night engagement. As, however, the balance had not inclined in favour of either nation, another combat took place in the sixth year, in the course of which, just as the battle was growing warm, day was on a sudden changed into night. This event had been foretold by Thales, the Milesian, who forewarned the Ionians of it, fixing for it the very year in which it actually took place. The Medes and Lydians, when they observed the change, ceased fighting, and were alike anxious to have terms of peace agreed on.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, based on the list of <a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median kings</a> and the duration of their reign reported elsewhere by Herodotus, Cyaxares died 10 years before the eclipse.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>D. R. Dicks joins other historians (F. Martini, J. L. E. Dreyer, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Neugebauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Neugebauer">O. Neugebauer</a>) in rejecting the historicity of the eclipse story.<sup id="cite_ref-Dicks_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dicks-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dicks links the story of Thales discovering the cause for a solar eclipse with Herodotus' claim that Thales discovered the cycle of the sun with relation to the solstices, and concludes "he could not possibly have possessed this knowledge which neither the Egyptians nor the Babylonians nor his immediate successors possessed."<sup id="cite_ref-Dicks_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dicks-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Falling_into_a_well">Falling into a well</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Astrologer_who_Fell_into_a_Well" title="The Astrologer who Fell into a Well">The Astrologer who Fell into a Well</a></div> <p>Plato, Diogenes Laertius, and Hippolytus all relay the story that Thales was so intent upon watching the stars that he failed to watch where he was walking, and fell into a well.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p><i>"Thales was studying the stars and gazing into the sky, when he fell into a well, and a jolly and witty Thracian servant girl made fun of him, saying that he was crazy to know about what was up in the heavens while he could not see what was in front of him beneath his feet."</i><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering">Engineering</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River_from_Kap%C4%B1kaya_K%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River_from_Kap%C4%B1kaya_K%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg/220px-K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River_from_Kap%C4%B1kaya_K%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River_from_Kap%C4%B1kaya_K%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg/330px-K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River_from_Kap%C4%B1kaya_K%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River_from_Kap%C4%B1kaya_K%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg/440px-K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River_from_Kap%C4%B1kaya_K%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The Halys River</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to astronomy, Thales involved himself in other practical applications of mathematics, including <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another story by Herodotus is that <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> sent his army to the Persian territory. He was stopped by the river <a href="/wiki/Halys_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Halys River">Halys</a>, then unbridged. Thales then got the army across the river by digging a diversion upstream so as to reduce the flow, making it possible to cross the river.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Herodotus reported that most of his fellow Greeks believe that Thales did divert the river Halys to assist King Croesus' military endeavors, he himself finds it doubtful.<sup id="cite_ref-Dicks_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dicks-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plato praises Thales along with <a href="/wiki/Anacharsis" title="Anacharsis">Anacharsis</a>, who is credited as the originator of the potter's wheel and the anchor.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divinity">Divinity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisstgaudens1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Louisstgaudens1.jpg/220px-Louisstgaudens1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Louisstgaudens1.jpg/330px-Louisstgaudens1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Louisstgaudens1.jpg/440px-Louisstgaudens1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Thales (Electricity)</i>, a sculpture from "The Progress of Railroading" (1908), located at the main façade of <a href="/wiki/Washington_Union_Station" title="Washington Union Station">Washington Union Station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Aristotle, Thales thought "all things are full of gods",<sup id="cite_ref-kirk-raven_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirk-raven-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i. e. <a href="/wiki/Lodestone" title="Lodestone">lodestones</a> had <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a>, because iron is attracted to them (by the force of <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same applied to <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> for its capacity to generate <a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">static electricity</a>. The reasoning for such <a href="/wiki/Hylozoism" title="Hylozoism">hylozoism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">organicism</a> seems to be if something moved, then it was alive, and if it was alive, then it must have a soul.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well as gods seen in the movement caused by what came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">magnetism and electricity</a>, it seems Thales also had a supreme God which structured the universe: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> "Thales", says <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "assures that <i>water</i> is the principle of all things; and that God is that Mind which shaped and created all things from water."</p></blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding" title="Henry Fielding">Henry Fielding</a> (1775), <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> (1.35) affirmed that Thales posed "the independent pre-existence of God from all eternity, stating "that God was the oldest of all beings, for he existed without a previous cause even in the way of generation; that the world was the most beautiful of all things; for it was created by God."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicholas Molinari has recently argued that Thales was influenced by the archaic water deity <a href="/wiki/Achelous" title="Achelous">Acheloios</a>, who was equated with water and worshipped in Miletus during Thales's life. For evidence, he points to the fact that <i>hydor</i> meant specifically "fresh water", and also that Acheloios was seen as a shape-shifter in myth and art, so able to become anything. He also points out that the rivers of the world were seen as the "<a href="/wiki/Sinews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinews">sinews</a> of Acheloios" in antiquity, and this multiplicity of deities is reflected in Thales's idea that "all things are full of gods."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2></div> <p>Diogenes Laërtius quotes Apollodorus as saying that Thales died at the age of 78 during the 58th <a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a> (548–545 BC) and attributes his death to <a href="/wiki/Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">heat stroke</a> and thirst while watching the games.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tales_de_Mileto_(1906)_-_Veloso_Salgado.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Tales_de_Mileto_%281906%29_-_Veloso_Salgado.png/180px-Tales_de_Mileto_%281906%29_-_Veloso_Salgado.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Tales_de_Mileto_%281906%29_-_Veloso_Salgado.png/270px-Tales_de_Mileto_%281906%29_-_Veloso_Salgado.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Tales_de_Mileto_%281906%29_-_Veloso_Salgado.png/360px-Tales_de_Mileto_%281906%29_-_Veloso_Salgado.png 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption>Detail of Thales from <i>The Beginnings of Science</i> (1906) by <a href="/wiki/Veloso_Salgado" title="Veloso Salgado">Veloso Salgado</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As the first philosopher and mathematician, Thales had a profound influence on other Greek thinkers and therefore on <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> history. However, due to the scarcity of sources concerning Thales and the discrepancies between the accounts given in the sources that have survived, there is a scholarly debate over the extent of the influence Thales had and on which of the Greek philosophers and mathematicians that came after him.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first three philosophers in the Western tradition were all <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">cosmologists</a> from Miletus, and Thales was the very first, followed by <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a>, who was followed in turn by <a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a>. They have been dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Milesian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Milesian School">Milesian school</a>. According to the <i>Suda</i>, Thales had been the "teacher and kinsman" of Anaximander.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than water, Anaximander held all was made of <i><a href="/wiki/Apeiron" title="Apeiron">apeiron</a></i> or the unlimited; while Anaximenes, the successor of Anaximander, perhaps more like Thales with water, held that everything was composed of <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Burnet_(classicist)" title="John Burnet (classicist)">John Burnet</a> (1892) noted<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Lastly, we have one admitted instance of a philosophic guild, that of the <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagoreans">Pythagoreans</a>. And it will be found that the hypothesis, if it is to be called by that name, of a regular organisation of scientific activity will alone explain all the facts. The development of doctrine in the hands of Thales, <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a>, for instance, can only be understood as the elaboration of a single idea in a school with a continuous tradition.</p></blockquote> <p>As two of the first Greek mathematicians, Thales is also considered an influence on Pythagoras. According to Iamblichus, Pythagoras "had benefited by the instruction of Thales in many respects, but his greatest lesson had been to learn the value of saving time."<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early sources<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> report that Pythagoras, in this story a pupil of Anaximander, visited Thales as a young man, and that Thales advised him to travel to Egypt to further his philosophical and mathematical studies. </p><p>Thales was also considered the teacher of the astronomer Mandrolytus of Priene.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible he was also the teacher of <a href="/wiki/Cleostratus" title="Cleostratus">Cleostratus</a> of Tenedos.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This use of hearsay and a lack of citing original sources leads some historians, like Dicks and Werner Jaeger, to view the whole idea of pre-Socratic philosophy as a construct from a later age, "fashioned during the two or three generations from Plato to the immediate pupils of Aristotle".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In addition, his supposed mother, Cleobulina, has also been described as his companion instead of his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Plant_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plant-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The exact meaning of this use of the word <i>polos</i> is unknown, current theories include: "the heavenly dome", "the tip of the axis of the celestial sphere", or a spherical concave sundial.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The same story, however, asserts that Thales emigrated to Miletus; and that he did not become a student of nature until after his political career. This story has to be rejected if one is to believe that Thales was a native of Miletus, and other typical things about him like his prediction of the eclipse.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The aphorism has also been attributed to various other philosophers. <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> attributes it to Thales<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but notes that Antisthenes in his <i>Successions of Philosophers</i> attributes it instead to <a href="/wiki/Phemonoe" title="Phemonoe">Phemonoe</a>, a mythical Greek poet. The Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a> quotes the phrase in Greek and states that the precept descended <i>e caelo</i> (from heaven).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other names of potential include <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian Abraham Feldman wrote that for Thales "...water united all things...all whatness is wetness".<sup id="cite_ref-Feldman_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feldman notes "The social significance of water in the time of Thales induced him to discern through hardware and dry-goods, through soil and sperm, blood, sweat and tears, one fundamental fluid stuff...water, the most commonplace and powerful material known to him."<sup id="cite_ref-Feldman_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While some historians, such as Colin R. Fletcher, note there could have been a precursor to Thales named by Eudemus, without the work "the question becomes mere speculation."<sup id="cite_ref-gazette_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazette-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fletcher grants there is no other viable contender to the title of first Greek mathematician, and that Thales qualifies as a practitioner in the field. "Thales had at his command the techniques of observation, experimentation, superposition and deduction... he has proved himself mathematician."<sup id="cite_ref-gazette_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazette-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A right triangle with two equal legs is a 45-degree right triangle, all of which are similar. The length of the pyramid's shadow measured from the center of the pyramid at that moment must have been equal to its height.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>seked</i> is at the base of problems 56, 57, 58, 59 and 60 of the <a href="/wiki/Rhind_papyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhind papyrus">Rhind papyrus</a> — an ancient Egyptian mathematical document.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Diogenes Laertius, the Nautical Astronomy attributed to Thales was written by <a href="/wiki/Phocus" title="Phocus">Phocus</a> of Samos.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Scottish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> once similarly, absent-mindedly fell into a <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tannery</a> pit.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attempts to capture the new movement as follows. Philosophical man is a "new cultural configuration" based in stepping back from "pregiven tradition" and taking up a rational "inquiry into what is true in itself;" that is, an ideal of truth. </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Russell-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRussell1945" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell, Bertrand</a> (1945). <i>A History of Western Philosophy</i>. Simon & Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Philosophy&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation of his biography on Thales: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicpersuasion.org/pw/diogenes/dlthales.htm">Thales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209023538/http://classicpersuasion.org/pw/diogenes/dlthales.htm">Archived</a> 9 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, classicpersuasion site; original Greek text, under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mikrosapoplous.gr/dl/dl01.html#thales">ΘΑΛΗΣ</a>, the Library of Ancient Texts Online site.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKirahan1994" class="citation book cs1">McKirahan, Richard D. Jr. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophybefore00mcki/page/5"><i>Philosophy Before Socrates</i></a>. Indianapolis: Hackett. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophybefore00mcki/page/5">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-176-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-176-7"><bdi>978-0-87220-176-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+Before+Socrates&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-176-7&rft.aulast=McKirahan&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilosophybefore00mcki%2Fpage%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaeger1948" class="citation book cs1">Jaeger, Werner (1948). <i>Aristotle</i> (2nd ed.). p. 454.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle&rft.pages=454&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Jaeger&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1.74.2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1.74.2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1.74.2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.74.1">1.74.2</a>, and A. D. Godley's footnote 1; Pliny, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+2.9">2.9 (12)</a> and Bostock's footnote 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohenetal-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cohenetal_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenCurdReeve2011" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Mark S.; Curd, Patricia; Reeve, C. D. C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFEII68kmVsC"><i>Readings in Ancient Greek Philosophy (Fourth Edition): From Thales to Aristotle</i></a>. Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1603846073" title="Special:BookSources/978-1603846073"><bdi>978-1603846073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Ancient+Greek+Philosophy+%28Fourth+Edition%29%3A+From+Thales+to+Aristotle&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1603846073&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft.au=Curd%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Reeve%2C+C.+D.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpFEII68kmVsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank N. Magill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_CMl8ziTbKYC&pg=PA1121"><i>The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography</i>, Volume 1</a>, Routledge, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135457395" title="Special:BookSources/1135457395">1135457395</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirk-raven-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kirk-raven_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kirk-raven_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kirk-raven_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kirk-raven_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kirk-raven_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkRaven1957" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, G. S.; Raven, J. E. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presocraticphilo033229mbp/page/74">"Chapter II: Thales of Miletus"</a>. <i>The Presocratic Philosophers</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+II%3A+Thales+of+Miletus&rft.btitle=The+Presocratic+Philosophers&rft.pages=74-98&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rft.au=Raven%2C+J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresocraticphilo033229mbp%2Fpage%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freely2012-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Freely2012_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreely2012" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e4ye9m3EflQC&q=Thales+of+Miletus+Phoenician&pg=PA7"><i>The Flame of Miletus: The Birth of Science in Ancient Greece (And How It Changed the World)</i></a>. London: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-051-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-051-3"><bdi>978-1-78076-051-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flame+of+Miletus%3A+The+Birth+of+Science+in+Ancient+Greece+%28And+How+It+Changed+the+World%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-051-3&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De4ye9m3EflQC%26q%3DThales%2Bof%2BMiletus%2BPhoenician%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russel-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russel_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2004" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Russell M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AY1ALzh9V0C&pg=PA234"><i>Science in the Ancient World: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Santa Barbara, California; Denver, Colorado; and Oxford, England: ABC CLIO. pp. 234–235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-534-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-534-6"><bdi>978-1-85109-534-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+the+Ancient+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California%3B+Denver%2C+Colorado%3B+and+Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=234-235&rft.pub=ABC+CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-534-6&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Russell+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1AY1ALzh9V0C%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThatcher2004" class="citation book cs1">Thatcher, Oliver J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G9-qE_CIIZkC&pg=PA138"><i>The Library Of Original Sources: The Greek World</i></a>. The Minerva Group, Inc. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-1402-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-1402-7"><bdi>978-1-4102-1402-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library+Of+Original+Sources%3A+The+Greek+World&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=The+Minerva+Group%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4102-1402-7&rft.aulast=Thatcher&rft.aufirst=Oliver+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG9-qE_CIIZkC%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nietzsche-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nietzsche_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNietzsche2001" class="citation book cs1">Nietzsche, Friedrich (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yjaEkWbwBm0C&q=herodotus+1.170+examyes&pg=PA23"><i>The Pre-Platonic Philosophers</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252025594" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252025594"><bdi>978-0252025594</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pre-Platonic+Philosophers&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0252025594&rft.aulast=Nietzsche&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyjaEkWbwBm0C%26q%3Dherodotus%2B1.170%2Bexamyes%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heroon-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heroon_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heroon_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Herda. Burying a sage: the heroon of Thales in the agora of Miletos: With remarks on some other excavated Heroa and on cults and graves of the mythical founders of the city. 2èmes Rencontres d'archéologie de l'IFEA : Le Mort dans la ville Pratiques, contextes et impacts des inhumations intra-muros en Anatolie, du début de l'Age du Bronze à l'époque romaine., Nov 2011, Istanbul, Turkey. pp. 67–122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYust1952" class="citation book cs1">Yust, Walter (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YUYqAAAAMAAJ"><i>Encyclopaedia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica%3A+A+New+Survey+of+Universal+Knowledge&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Yust&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYUYqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie1978" class="citation book cs1">Guthrie, W. K. C. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ogUR3V9wbbIC&pg=PA50"><i>A History of Greek Philosophy: The Earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans</i></a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29420-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29420-1"><bdi>978-0-521-29420-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Philosophy%3A+The+Earlier+Presocratics+and+the+Pythagoreans&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29420-1&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=W.+K.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DogUR3V9wbbIC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1995" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Ellen (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bB_0M9oviBQC&pg=PA9"><i>The Origins of the Western Legal Tradition: From Thales to the Tudors</i></a>. Federation Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86287-181-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86287-181-6"><bdi>978-1-86287-181-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Western+Legal+Tradition%3A+From+Thales+to+the+Tudors&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Federation+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-86287-181-6&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbB_0M9oviBQC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plant-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plant_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlant2004" class="citation book cs1">Plant, I. M. (2004). <i>Women Writers of Ancient Greece and Rome: An Anthology</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 29–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Writers+of+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome%3A+An+Anthology&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=29-32&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Plant&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch1952" class="citation book cs1">Plutarch (1952). "Solon". In Robert Maynard Hutchins (ed.). <i>Lives</i>. Great Books of the Western World. Vol. 14. Chicago: William Benton. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Solon&rft.btitle=Lives&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=Great+Books+of+the+Western+World&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=William+Benton&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Plutarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riedweg, Christoph (2005) [2002], <i>Pythagoras: His Life, Teachings, and Influence</i>, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7452-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7452-1">978-0-8014-7452-1</a> p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, Life of Solon § 2.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Grady2017" class="citation book cs1">O'Grady, Patricia F. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA263"><i>Thales of Miletus: The Beginnings of Western Science and Philosophy</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-89537-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-89537-8"><bdi>978-1-351-89537-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thales+of+Miletus%3A+The+Beginnings+of+Western+Science+and+Philosophy&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-89537-8&rft.aulast=O%27Grady&rft.aufirst=Patricia+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZTUlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamlyn2002" class="citation book cs1">Hamlyn, David W. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SmqIAgAAQBAJ"><i>Being a Philosopher: The History of a Practice</i></a>. Routledge. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-97101-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-97101-5"><bdi>978-1-134-97101-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+a+Philosopher%3A+The+History+of+a+Practice&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-97101-5&rft.aulast=Hamlyn&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSmqIAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russo-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russo_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russo_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russo_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusso2013" class="citation book cs1">Russo, Lucio (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ld8lBAAAQBAJ&q=thales&pg=PA33"><i>The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why it Had to Be Reborn</i></a>. Translated by Levy, Silvio. Springer. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3642189043" title="Special:BookSources/978-3642189043"><bdi>978-3642189043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Revolution%3A+How+Science+Was+Born+in+300+BC+and+Why+it+Had+to+Be+Reborn&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3642189043&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Lucio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dld8lBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthales%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1892" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Harrison" title="Frederic Harrison">Harrison, Frederic</a> (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcalendargrea03harrgoog/page/n120/mode/2up"><i>The new calendar of great men: biographies of the 558 worthies of all ages</i></a>. London and New York: MacMillan & Co. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+calendar+of+great+men%3A+biographies+of+the+558+worthies+of+all+ages&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=MacMillan+%26+Co&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewcalendargrea03harrgoog%2Fpage%2Fn120%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris*/A.html">On Isis And Osiris</a></i>, ch. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kitty_Ferguson" title="Kitty Ferguson">Ferguson, Kitty</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=trM7NJz011oC&pg=PT28"><i>Pythagoras: His Lives and the Legacy of a Rational Universe</i></a>. Icon Books Ltd. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84831-250-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84831-250-0"><bdi>978-1-84831-250-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pythagoras%3A+His+Lives+and+the+Legacy+of+a+Rational+Universe&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Icon+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84831-250-0&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Kitty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtrM7NJz011oC%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooke-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cooke_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cooke_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cooke_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2005" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Roger L. (2005). <i>The History of Mathematics: A Brief Course</i>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Mathematics%3A+A+Brief+Course&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Roger+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dicks-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dicks_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dicks_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dicks_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dicks_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dicks_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDicks1959" class="citation journal cs1">Dicks, D. R. (November 1959). "Thales". <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 294–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800041586">10.1017/S0009838800041586</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246881067">246881067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Thales&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=294-309&rft.date=1959-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800041586&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246881067%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dicks&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laertius (II, 1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Polus.html">"LacusCurtius • Ancient Astronomy: Polus (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)"</a>. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Ancient+Astronomy%3A+Polus+%28Smith%27s+Dictionary%2C+1875%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FSMIGRA%2A%2FPolus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhmud2006" class="citation book cs1">Zhmud, Leonid (2006). <i>The Origin of the History of Science in Classical Antiquity</i>. Die Deutsche Bibliothek.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+the+History+of+Science+in+Classical+Antiquity&rft.pub=Die+Deutsche+Bibliothek&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Zhmud&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius 1.22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/gamma/334">"SOL Search"</a>. <i>www.cs.uky.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cs.uky.edu&rft.atitle=SOL+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.uky.edu%2F~raphael%2Fsol%2Fsol-entries%2Fgamma%2F334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Lives_and_Opinions_of_Eminent_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers">Lives</a></i> I.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/theta/17">"SOL Search"</a>. <i>www.cs.uky.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cs.uky.edu&rft.atitle=SOL+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.uky.edu%2F~raphael%2Fsol%2Fsol-entries%2Ftheta%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Satires_of_Juvenal#Satire_XI:_Dinner_and_a_Moral" class="mw-redirect" title="Satires of Juvenal">Satires</a></i> 11.27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicoVisconti1993" class="citation book cs1">Vico, Giambattista; Visconti, Gian Galeazzo (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onhumanisticeduc00vico"><i>On humanistic education: (six inaugural orations, 1699–1707)</i></a></span>. Six Inaugural Orations, 1699–1707 From the Definitive Latin Text, Introduction, and Notes of Gian Galeazzo Visconti. Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onhumanisticeduc00vico/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801480876" title="Special:BookSources/0801480876"><bdi>0801480876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+humanistic+education%3A+%28six+inaugural+orations%2C+1699%E2%80%931707%29&rft.series=Six+Inaugural+Orations%2C+1699%E2%80%931707+From+the+Definitive+Latin+Text%2C+Introduction%2C+and+Notes+of+Gian+Galeazzo+Visconti&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0801480876&rft.aulast=Vico&rft.aufirst=Giambattista&rft.au=Visconti%2C+Gian+Galeazzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonhumanisticeduc00vico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doctoral thesis, "Know Thyself in Greek and Latin Literature," Eliza G. Wilkens, U. Chi, 1917, p. 12 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/knowthyselfingr00wilkgoog">online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> 1.25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rawlinson-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.mb.txt"><i>The Histories</i></a>. Translated by Rawlinson, George.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories&rft.au=Herodotus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FHerodotus%2Fhistory.mb.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Grady2017-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Grady2017_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Grady2017_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Grady2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_O%27Grady" title="Patricia O'Grady">O'Grady, Patricia F.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fElBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT102"><i>Thales of Miletus: The Beginnings of Western Science and Philosophy</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-89536-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-89536-1"><bdi>978-1-351-89536-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thales+of+Miletus%3A+The+Beginnings+of+Western+Science+and+Philosophy&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-89536-1&rft.aulast=O%27Grady&rft.aufirst=Patricia+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfElBDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a> Alpha, 983b. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0086.tlg025.perseus-eng1:1.983b">http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0086.tlg025.perseus-eng1:1.983b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CPM-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CPM_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CPM_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1870" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>, ed. (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofgree03smituoft#page/1016">"Thales"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></i>. p. 1016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thales&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.pages=1016&rft.date=1870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdictionaryofgree03smituoft%23page%2F1016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, Life of Solon, 3.5  </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiogenes_Laërtius" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_I#Thales"><i>Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</i></a>. Book 1, paragraph 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Eminent+Philosophers&rft.au=Diogenes+La%C3%ABrtius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FLives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers%2FBook_I%23Thales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldman-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feldman_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feldman_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman1945" class="citation journal cs1">Feldman, Abraham (October 1945). "Thoughts on Thales". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Classical_Journal" title="The Classical Journal">The Classical Journal</a></i>. <b>41</b> (1): 4–6. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8353">0009-8353</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3292119">3292119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=Thoughts+on+Thales&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-6&rft.date=1945-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3292119%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0009-8353&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AristotleMeta-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AristotleMeta_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0052%3Abook%3D1%3Asection%3D983b">"Book I 983b"</a>. <i>Aristotle, Metaphysics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+I+983b&rft.btitle=Aristotle%2C+Metaphysics&rft.pub=Perseus+Project&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0052%253Abook%253D1%253Asection%253D983b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">§ 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyer1989">Boyer 1989</a>, p. 43 (3rd ed.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gazette-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gazette_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazette_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazette_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazette_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazette_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazette_59-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher1982" class="citation journal cs1">Fletcher, Colin R. (December 1982). "Thales – our founder?". <i>The Mathematical Gazette</i>. <b>66</b> (438): 267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3615512">10.2307/3615512</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3615512">3615512</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125626522">125626522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mathematical+Gazette&rft.atitle=Thales+%E2%80%93+our+founder%3F&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=438&rft.pages=267&rft.date=1982-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A125626522%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3615512%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3615512&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Colin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicomachus_of_Gerasa1926" class="citation web cs1">Nicomachus of Gerasa (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wdhMAAAAMAAJ">"Introduction to Arithmetic"</a>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Arithmetic&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1926&rft.au=Nicomachus+of+Gerasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwdhMAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A History of Greek Mathematics, Heath, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bulmer-thomas-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bulmer-thomas_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bulmer-thomas_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulmer-Thomas1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Bulmer-Thomas" title="Ivor Bulmer-Thomas">Bulmer-Thomas, Ivor</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectionsillust01bulmuoft/page/164/">"Thales"</a>. <i>Selections Illustrating the History of Greek Mathematics</i>. Vol. 1. Harvard University Press. pp. 164–169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thales&rft.btitle=Selections+Illustrating+the+History+of+Greek+Mathematics&rft.pages=164-169&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Bulmer-Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ivor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fselectionsillust01bulmuoft%2Fpage%2F164%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidoli2018" class="citation book cs1">Sidoli, Nathan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://individual.utoronto.ca/acephalous/Sidoli_2018c.pdf">"Greek mathematics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Jones, A.; Taub, L. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Science: Vol. 1, Ancient Science</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 345–373.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+mathematics&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Science%3A+Vol.+1%2C+Ancient+Science&rft.pages=345-373&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Sidoli&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findividual.utoronto.ca%2Facephalous%2FSidoli_2018c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuteShirkPorter1960" class="citation book cs1">Shute, William George; Shirk, William W.; Porter, George F. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIENAQAAIAAJ"><i>Plane and Solid Geometry</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Book_Company_(1890)" title="American Book Company (1890)">American Book Company</a>. pp. 25–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plane+and+Solid+Geometry&rft.pages=25-27&rft.pub=American+Book+Company&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Shute&rft.aufirst=William+George&rft.au=Shirk%2C+William+W.&rft.au=Porter%2C+George+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDIENAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1989"Ionia_and_the_Pythagoreans"_p._43-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer1989"Ionia_and_the_Pythagoreans"_p._43_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyer1989">Boyer 1989</a>, p. "Ionia and the Pythagoreans" p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Laet, Siegfried J. (1996). <i>History of Humanity: Scientific and Cultural Development</i>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, Volume 3, p. 14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-102812-X" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-102812-X">92-3-102812-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyer, Carl B. and <a href="/wiki/Uta_Merzbach" title="Uta Merzbach">Merzbach, Uta C.</a> (2010). <i>A History of Mathematics</i>. John Wiley and Sons, Chapter IV. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-63056-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-63056-6">0-470-63056-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Heath, Thomas L. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirteenbooksofe00eucl/page/61"><i>The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements</i></a>. Vol. 2 (Books 3–9) (2nd ed.). Dover. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486600890" title="Special:BookSources/0486600890"><bdi>0486600890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirteen+Books+of+Euclid%27s+Elements&rft.pages=61&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=0486600890&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirteenbooksofe00eucl%2Fpage%2F61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published by Cambridge University Press. 1st edition 1908, 2nd edition 1926.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">canto 13, lines 101–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, Moralia, The Dinner of the Seven Wise Men, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Dinner_of_the_Seven*.html#ref5">147A</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J J O'Connor and E F Robertson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0xY_AQAAMAAJ">"Ars Quatuor Coronatorum: Being the Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge No. 2076, London"</a>. W. J. Parre H, Limited. 10 June 1897.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ars+Quatuor+Coronatorum%3A+Being+the+Transactions+of+the+Quatuor+Coronati+Lodge+No.+2076%2C+London&rft.pub=W.+J.+Parre+H%2C+Limited&rft.date=1897-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0xY_AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Astronomy, by Richard Perason, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proclus, <i>In Euclidem</i>, 352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i><a href="/wiki/Moralia#Books" title="Moralia">De Pythiae oraculis</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0247%3Asection%3D18">18.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.L. I.34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllman1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Allman, George Johnston (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thales of Miletus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Thales_of_Miletus">"Thales of Miletus" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 721.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thales+of+Miletus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=721&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Allman&rft.aufirst=George+Johnston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2005" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Roy (2005). <i>The Semantics of Science</i>. Continuum International. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Semantics+of+Science&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Continuum+International&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pseudo-Plutarch, Placita Philosopharum § 2.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pseudo-Plutarch, Placita Philosopharum § 2.28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrech_IIIMerchantMcNeill2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Krech III, Shepard; Merchant, Carolyn; McNeill, John Robert, eds. (2003). "Earthquakes". <i>Encyclopedia of World Environmental History</i>. Vol. 1: A–G. Routledge. pp. 358–364.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Earthquakes&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Environmental+History&rft.pages=358-364&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Meteorology to 1800 by H. Howard Frisinger p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibid, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Crawford, Bidyut Sen – <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NIIVeirctosC&pg=PA7">Derivatives for Decision Makers: Strategic Management Issues</a></i>, John Wiley & Sons, 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471129943" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471129943">978-0471129943</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, <a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> 1259a <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Aristot.+Pol.+1.1259a">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2008" class="citation book cs1">Singer, C. (2008). <i>A Short History of Science to the 19th century</i>. Streeter Press. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Science+to+the+19th+century&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Streeter+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1978" class="citation book cs1">Needham, C. W. (1978). <i>Cerebral Logic: Solving the Problem of Mind and Brain</i>. Loose Leaf. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-398-03754-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-398-03754-3"><bdi>978-0-398-03754-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cerebral+Logic%3A+Solving+the+Problem+of+Mind+and+Brain&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Loose+Leaf&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-398-03754-3&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelberg2017" class="citation book cs1">Finkelberg, Aryeh (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kEEDgAAQBAJ"><i>Heraclitus and Thales' Conceptual Scheme: A Historical Study</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill (publisher)">Brill</a>. p. 318, fn. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004338210" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004338210"><bdi>978-9004338210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraclitus+and+Thales%27+Conceptual+Scheme%3A+A+Historical+Study&rft.pages=318%2C+fn.+38&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9004338210&rft.aulast=Finkelberg&rft.aufirst=Aryeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kEEDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i> 1,74,2 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D74%3Asection%3D2">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alden A. Mosshammer: <i>Thales' Eclipse</i>. Transactions of the American Philological Association, Vol. 111, 1981, pp. 145–155 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/284125">JSTOR</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenskus2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Otta_Wenskus" title="Otta Wenskus">Wenskus, Otta</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uibk.ac.at/zivilrecht/team/barta/wenskus_hermes_2016.pdf">"Die angebliche Vorhersage einer Sonnenfinsternis durch Thales von Milet. Warum sich diese Legende so hartnäckig hält und warum es wichtig ist, ihr nicht zu glauben"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). pp. 2–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+angebliche+Vorhersage+einer+Sonnenfinsternis+durch+Thales+von+Milet.+Warum+sich+diese+Legende+so+hartn%C3%A4ckig+h%C3%A4lt+und+warum+es+wichtig+ist%2C+ihr+nicht+zu+glauben&rft.pages=2-17&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wenskus&rft.aufirst=Otta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uibk.ac.at%2Fzivilrecht%2Fteam%2Fbarta%2Fwenskus_hermes_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theaetetus (174 A)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.L. II.4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1995" class="citation web cs1">Powell, Jim (1 March 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fee.org/articles/adam-smith-i-had-almost-forgot-that-i-was-the-author-of-the-inquiry-concerning-the-wealth-of-nations/">"Brilliant but Absent-Minded Adam Smith | Jim Powell"</a>. <i>fee.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fee.org&rft.atitle=Brilliant+but+Absent-Minded+Adam+Smith+%26%23124%3B+Jim+Powell&rft.date=1995-03-01&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffee.org%2Farticles%2Fadam-smith-i-had-almost-forgot-that-i-was-the-author-of-the-inquiry-concerning-the-wealth-of-nations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theaetetus 174a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs1">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Thales.html">"Thales of Miletus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thales+of+Miletus&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FThales.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/1b*.html#75">"Ch. 75"</a>. <i>Herodotus</i>. Translated by Godley, A. D. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+75&rft.btitle=Herodotus&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.au=Herodotus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FHerodotus%2F1b%2A.html%2375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, Republic, Book 10, section 600a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. <a href="/wiki/De_Anima" class="mw-redirect" title="De Anima"><i>De Anima</i></a>. p. 411a7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Anima&rft.pages=411a7&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathan Ida, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YtmIBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA427"><i>Engineering Electromagnetics</i></a>, Springer, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3319078062" title="Special:BookSources/3319078062">3319078062</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandywell1996" class="citation book cs1">Sandywell, Barry (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_zWqCBdNQNMC"><i>Presocratic Reflexivity: The Construction of Philosophical Discourse C. 600-450 BC</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10170-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10170-7"><bdi>978-0-415-10170-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presocratic+Reflexivity%3A+The+Construction+of+Philosophical+Discourse+C.+600-450+BC&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10170-7&rft.aulast=Sandywell&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_zWqCBdNQNMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farrington, B., 1944 Greek Science. Pelican</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicero" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>. <a href="/wiki/De_Natura_Deorum" title="De Natura Deorum"><i>De Natura Deorum</i></a>. p. i.,10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Natura+Deorum&rft.pages=i.%2C10&rft.au=Cicero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFielding1775" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding" title="Henry Fielding">Fielding, Henry</a> (1775). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C2RVAAAAcAAJ"><i>An essay on conversation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(publisher)" title="John Bell (publisher)">John Bell</a>. p. 346.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+essay+on+conversation&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=John+Bell&rft.date=1775&rft.aulast=Fielding&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC2RVAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas J. Molinari, Acheloios, Thales, and the Origin of Philosophy: A Response to the Neo-Marxians. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2022 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/Products/9781803270869">https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/Products/9781803270869</a>; cf. also Nicholas J. Molinari, Concerning Water as the Archai: Acheloios, Thales, and the Origin of Philosophy. A Dissertation Providing Philosophical, Mythological, and Archaeological Responses to the Neo-Marxians, Doctoral Dissertation, Newport, RI: Salve Regina University, 2020 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/MOLCWA-2">https://philpapers.org/rec/MOLCWA-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiogenes_Laërtius" class="citation web cs1">Diogenes Laërtius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D1">"Lives of Eminent Philosophers"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lives+of+Eminent+Philosophers&rft.au=Diogenes+La%C3%ABrtius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0258%253Abook%253D1%253Achapter%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Vienna Lecture</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk1960" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._S._Kirk" class="mw-redirect" title="G. S. Kirk">Kirk, G. S.</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2FLXIX.275.318">"Popper on Science and Presocratics"</a>. <i>Mind</i>. New Series. <b>67</b> (275): 330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2FLXIX.275.318">10.1093/mind/LXIX.275.318</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2251995">2251995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind&rft.atitle=Popper+on+Science+and+Presocratics&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=275&rft.pages=330&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmind%2FLXIX.275.318&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2251995%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmind%252FLXIX.275.318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham" class="citation web cs1">Graham, Daniel W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/anaximen/">"Anaximenes (d. 528 B.C.E.)"</a>. <i>IEP</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEP&rft.atitle=Anaximenes+%28d.+528+B.C.E.%29&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fanaximen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnet1892" class="citation book cs1">Burnet, John (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlygreekphilo01burngoog"><i>Early Greek Philosophy</i></a>. A. and C. Black. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlygreekphilo01burngoog/page/n41">29</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Greek+Philosophy&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=A.+and+C.+Black&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Burnet&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlygreekphilo01burngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Life of Pythagoras 3.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurnow2006" class="citation book cs1">Curnow, Trevor (22 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6lnwAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Philosophers of the Ancient World: An A–Z Guide</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780715634974" title="Special:BookSources/9780715634974"><bdi>9780715634974</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophers+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+An+A%E2%80%93Z+Guide&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006-06-22&rft.isbn=9780715634974&rft.aulast=Curnow&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6lnwAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1921" class="citation journal cs1">Webb, E. J. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalofhelleni41sociuoft/page/n147/">"Cleostratus Redivivus"</a>. <i>The Journal of Hellenic Studies</i>. <b>41</b>: 70–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F624797">10.2307/624797</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/624797">624797</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250254883">250254883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=Cleostratus+Redivivus&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=70-85&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250254883%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F624797%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F624797&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofhelleni41sociuoft%2Fpage%2Fn147%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllman1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Allman, George Johnston (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thales of Miletus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Thales_of_Miletus">"Thales of Miletus" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 721.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thales+of+Miletus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=721&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Allman&rft.aufirst=George+Johnston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin_Boyer" title="Carl Benjamin Boyer">Boyer, C.B.</a> (1989). <i>A History of Mathematics</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-09763-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-09763-1"><bdi>978-0-471-09763-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mathematics&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-471-09763-1&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=C.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span> (1991 pbk ed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-54397-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-54397-7">0-471-54397-7</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atiekubaidillah.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/a-history-of-mathematics-3rded.pdf">2011 3rd edition</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnet1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Burnet_(classicist)" title="John Burnet (classicist)">Burnet, John</a> (1957) [1892]. <i>Early Greek Philosophy</i>. The Meridian Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Greek+Philosophy&rft.pub=The+Meridian+Library&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Burnet&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060807104846/http://www.classicpersuasion.org/pw/burnet/index.htm">Third Edition</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaërtius1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Laërtius, Diogenes</a> (1925). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers/Book I#Thales"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_I#Thales">"The Seven Sages: Thales" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Eminent Philosophers">Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</a></i>. Vol. 1:1. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drew_Hicks" title="Robert Drew Hicks">Hicks, Robert Drew</a> (Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Seven+Sages%3A+Thales&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Eminent+Philosophers&rft.edition=Two+volume&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=La%C3%ABrtius&rft.aufirst=Diogenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_of_Herodotus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Histories of Herodotus">Histories</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/A._D._Godley" title="A. D. Godley">A. D. Godley</a> (translator), Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99133-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99133-8">0-674-99133-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.1.0">Online version at Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Joachim_St%C3%B6rig" title="Hans Joachim Störig">Störig, Hans Joachim</a>, <i>Kleine Weltgeschichte der Philosophie</i>. Fischer, Frankfurt/M. 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-596-50832-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-596-50832-0">3-596-50832-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._E._R._Lloyd" title="G. E. R. Lloyd">Lloyd, G. E. R.</a> <i>Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Greek+Science%3A+Thales+to+Aristotle&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=G.+E.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahm1962" class="citation book cs1">Nahm, Milton C. (1962) [1934]. <i>Selections from Early Greek Philosophy</i>. Appleton-Century-Crofts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selections+from+Early+Greek+Philosophy&rft.pub=Appleton-Century-Crofts&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Nahm&rft.aufirst=Milton+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny's Natural History">The Natural History</a></i> (eds. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S. H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A.) London. Taylor and Francis. (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+toc">Online version</a> at the Perseus Digital Library.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Turner, William (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ionian School of Philosophy"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Ionian_School_of_Philosophy">"Ionian School of Philosophy" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ionian+School+of+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouprie2011" class="citation book cs1">Couprie, Dirk L. (2011). <i>Heaven and Earth in Ancient Greek Cosmology: from Thales to Heraclides Ponticus</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441981158" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441981158"><bdi>978-1441981158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+and+Earth+in+Ancient+Greek+Cosmology%3A+from+Thales+to+Heraclides+Ponticus&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1441981158&rft.aulast=Couprie&rft.aufirst=Dirk+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuchte2011" class="citation book cs1">Luchte, James (2011). <i>Early Greek Thought: Before the Dawn</i>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567353313" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567353313"><bdi>978-0567353313</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Greek+Thought%3A+Before+the+Dawn&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0567353313&rft.aulast=Luchte&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Grady2002" class="citation book cs1">O'Grady, Patricia F. (2002). <i>Thales of Miletus: The Beginnings of Western Science and Philosophy</i>. Western Philosophy Series. Vol. 58. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754605331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754605331"><bdi>978-0754605331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thales+of+Miletus%3A+The+Beginnings+of+Western+Science+and+Philosophy&rft.series=Western+Philosophy+Series&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0754605331&rft.aulast=O%27Grady&rft.aufirst=Patricia+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzeo2010" class="citation book cs1">Mazzeo, Pietro (2010). <i>Talete, il primo filosofo</i>. Bari: Editrice Tipografica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talete%2C+il+primo+filosofo&rft.place=Bari&rft.pub=Editrice+Tipografica&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mazzeo&rft.aufirst=Pietro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolinari2022" class="citation book cs1">Molinari, Nicholas J. (2022). <i>Acheloios, Thales, and the Origin of Philosophy: A Response to the Neo-Marxians</i>. Archaeopress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781803270869" title="Special:BookSources/9781803270869"><bdi>9781803270869</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acheloios%2C+Thales%2C+and+the+Origin+of+Philosophy%3A+A+Response+to+the+Neo-Marxians&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781803270869&rft.aulast=Molinari&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Priou, Alex (2016). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13053487/_...Going_Further_On_Down_the_Road..._The_Origin_and_Foundations_of_Milesian_Thought">'...Going Further On Down the Road...': The Origin and Foundations of Milesian Thought</a>." <i>The Review of Metaphysics</i> 70, 3–31.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1947" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Bertrand (1947). <i>A History of Western Philosophy</i>. Traditio Praesocratica. US: Simon & Schuster publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32505-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32505-6"><bdi>0-415-32505-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Philosophy&rft.place=US&rft.series=Traditio+Praesocratica&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+publisher&rft.date=1947&rft.isbn=0-415-32505-6&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWöhrle2014" class="citation book cs1">Wöhrle, Georg., ed. (2014). <i>The Milesians: Thales. Translation and additional material by Richard McKirahan</i>. Traditio Praesocratica. Vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-031525-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-031525-7"><bdi>978-3-11-031525-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Milesians%3A+Thales.+Translation+and+additional+material+by+Richard+McKirahan&rft.series=Traditio+Praesocratica&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-11-031525-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThales+of+Miletus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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by Charlene Douglass</a> (with extensive bibliography)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophy.gr/presocratics/thales.htm">Thales of Miletus</a> Life, Work and Testimonies by Giannis Stamatellos</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demonax.info/doku.php?id=text:thales_fragments">Thales Fragments</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek astronomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_astronomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Ancient Greek astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglaonice" title="Aglaonice">Aglaonice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_(astronomer)" title="Agrippa (astronomer)">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Cyrrhus" title="Andronicus of Cyrrhus">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristyllus" title="Aristyllus">Aristyllus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_of_Rhodes" title="Attalus of Rhodes">Attalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Abdera" title="Bion of Abdera">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callippus" title="Callippus">Callippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleostratus" title="Cleostratus">Cleostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_of_Samos" title="Conon of Samos">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euctemon" title="Euctemon">Euctemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geminus" title="Geminus">Geminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicetas" title="Hicetas">Hicetas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_of_Chios" title="Hippocrates of Chios">Hippocrates of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsicles" title="Hypsicles">Hypsicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meton_of_Athens" title="Meton of Athens">Meton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenopides" title="Oenopides">Oenopides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Opus" title="Philip of Opus">Philip of Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_of_Seleucia" title="Seleucus of Seleucia">Seleucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosigenes of Alexandria">Sosigenes of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_the_Peripatetic" title="Sosigenes the Peripatetic">Sosigenes the Peripatetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia">Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Alexandria" title="Theon of Alexandria">Theon of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Smyrna" title="Theon of Smyrna">Theon of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocharis" title="Timocharis">Timocharis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest"><i>Almagest</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ptolemy)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catasterismi" title="Catasterismi"><i>Catasterismi</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Eratosthenes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sizes_and_Distances_(Hipparchus)" title="On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)"><i>On Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hipparchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)"><i>On the Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Aristarchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Heavens" title="On the Heavens"><i>On the Heavens</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Aristotle)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Armillary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">Astrolabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioptra" title="Dioptra">Dioptra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_ring" title="Equatorial ring">Equatorial ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">Gnomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural_instrument" title="Mural instrument">Mural instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetrum_(astronomy)" title="Triquetrum (astronomy)">Triquetrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callippic_cycle" title="Callippic cycle">Callippic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">Celestial spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude">Circle of latitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Earth" title="Counter-Earth">Counter-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle" title="Deferent and epicycle">Deferent and epicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">Equant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Geocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchic_cycle" title="Hipparchic cycle">Hipparchic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_and_superior_planets" title="Inferior and superior planets">Inferior and superior planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octaeteris" title="Octaeteris">Octaeteris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">Spherical Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublunary_sphere" title="Sublunary sphere">Sublunary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Medieval European science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_mathematics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_mathematics" title="Template:Ancient Greek mathematics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_mathematics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek mathematics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_mathematics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek mathematics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_mathematics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Ancient Greek mathematics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="Timeline of ancient Greek mathematicians">(timeline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius_of_Tralles" title="Anthemius of Tralles">Anthemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristaeus_the_Elder" title="Aristaeus the Elder">Aristaeus the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Abdera" title="Bion of Abdera">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryson_of_Heraclea" title="Bryson of Heraclea">Bryson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callippus" title="Callippus">Callippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Antioch" title="Carpus of Antioch">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_of_Samos" title="Conon of Samos">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesibius" title="Ctesibius">Ctesibius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocles_(mathematician)" title="Diocles (mathematician)">Diocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantus" title="Diophantus">Diophantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinostratus" title="Dinostratus">Dinostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysodorus" title="Dionysodorus">Dionysodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domninus_of_Larissa" title="Domninus of Larissa">Domninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudemus_of_Rhodes" title="Eudemus of Rhodes">Eudemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutocius_of_Ascalon" title="Eutocius of Ascalon">Eutocius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geminus" title="Geminus">Geminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_of_Larissa" title="Heliodorus of Larissa">Heliodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Heron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippasus" title="Hippasus">Hippasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippias" title="Hippias">Hippias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_of_Chios" title="Hippocrates of Chios">Hippocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsicles" title="Hypsicles">Hypsicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Miletus" title="Isidore of Miletus">Isidore of Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_(mathematician)" title="Leon (mathematician)">Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menaechmus" title="Menaechmus">Menaechmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_(grammarian)" title="Metrodorus (grammarian)">Metrodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_(mathematician)" title="Nicomedes (mathematician)">Nicomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicoteles_of_Cyrene" title="Nicoteles of Cyrene">Nicoteles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenopides" title="Oenopides">Oenopides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappus_of_Alexandria" title="Pappus of Alexandria">Pappus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_(geometer)" title="Perseus (geometer)">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philon" title="Philon">Philon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philonides_of_Laodicea" title="Philonides of Laodicea">Philonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenus_of_Antino%C3%B6polis" title="Serenus of Antinoöpolis">Serenus </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosigenes of Alexandria">Sosigenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporus_of_Nicaea" title="Sporus of Nicaea">Sporus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(mathematician)" title="Theaetetus (mathematician)">Theaetetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theano_(philosopher)" title="Theano (philosopher)">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Cyrene" title="Theodorus of Cyrene">Theodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia">Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Alexandria" title="Theon of Alexandria">Theon of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Smyrna" title="Theon of Smyrna">Theon of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymaridas" title="Thymaridas">Thymaridas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Sidon" title="Zeno of Sidon">Zeno of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenodorus_(mathematician)" title="Zenodorus (mathematician)">Zenodorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Palimpsest" title="Archimedes Palimpsest">Archimedes Palimpsest</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arithmetica" title="Arithmetica">Arithmetica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga#Conics" title="Apollonius of Perga"><i>Conics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Apollonius)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catoptrics" title="Catoptrics">Catoptrics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_(Euclid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (Euclid)"><i>Data</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Euclid)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements"><i>Elements</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Euclid)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Measurement_of_a_Circle" title="Measurement of a Circle">Measurement of a Circle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Conoids_and_Spheroids" title="On Conoids and Spheroids">On Conoids and Spheroids</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)"><i>On the Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Aristarchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sizes_and_Distances_(Hipparchus)" title="On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)"><i>On Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hipparchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane"><i>On the Moving Sphere</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Autolycus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Optics" title="Euclid's Optics"><i>Optics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Euclid)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Spirals" title="On Spirals">On Spirals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sphere_and_Cylinder" title="On the Sphere and Cylinder">On the Sphere and Cylinder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostomachion" title="Ostomachion">Ostomachion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planisphaerium" title="Planisphaerium">Planisphaerium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius%27_Spherics" title="Theodosius' Spherics"><i>Spherics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Theodosius)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria"><i>Spherics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Menelaus)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quadrature_of_the_Parabola" class="mw-redirect" title="The Quadrature of the Parabola">The Quadrature of the Parabola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sand_Reckoner" title="The Sand Reckoner">The Sand Reckoner</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructible_number" title="Constructible number">Constructible numbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_trisection" title="Angle trisection">Angle trisection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubling_the_cube" title="Doubling the cube">Doubling the cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_circle" title="Squaring the circle">Squaring the circle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Apollonius" title="Problem of Apollonius">Problem of Apollonius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts<br />and definitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">Angle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_angle" title="Central angle">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscribed_angle" title="Inscribed angle">Inscribed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiomatic_system" title="Axiomatic system">Axiomatic system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">Axiom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_(geometry)" title="Chord (geometry)">Chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circles_of_Apollonius" title="Circles of Apollonius">Circles of Apollonius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_circles" title="Apollonian circles">Apollonian circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_gasket" title="Apollonian gasket">Apollonian gasket</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumscribed_circle" title="Circumscribed circle">Circumscribed circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(mathematics)" title="Commensurability (mathematics)">Commensurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantine_equation" title="Diophantine equation">Diophantine equation</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_proportion_(mathematics)" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Doctrine of proportion (mathematics)">Doctrine of proportionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclidean_geometry" title="Euclidean geometry">Euclidean geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">Golden ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incircle_and_excircles_of_a_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Incircle and excircles of a triangle">Incircle and excircles of a triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_exhaustion" title="Method of exhaustion">Method of exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_postulate" title="Parallel postulate">Parallel postulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_solid" title="Platonic solid">Platonic solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lune_of_Hippocrates" title="Lune of Hippocrates">Lune of Hippocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratrix_of_Hippias" title="Quadratrix of Hippias">Quadratrix of Hippias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_polygon" title="Regular polygon">Regular polygon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightedge_and_compass_construction" title="Straightedge and compass construction">Straightedge and compass construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_center" title="Triangle center">Triangle center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Results</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Euclid's elements"><i>Elements</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_bisector_theorem" title="Angle bisector theorem">Angle bisector theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exterior_angle_theorem" title="Exterior angle theorem">Exterior angle theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclidean_algorithm" title="Euclidean algorithm">Euclidean algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_theorem" title="Euclid's theorem">Euclid's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_mean_theorem" title="Geometric mean theorem">Geometric mean theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_geometric_algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek geometric algebra">Greek geometric algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinge_theorem" title="Hinge theorem">Hinge theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscribed_angle_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscribed angle theorem">Inscribed angle theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercept_theorem" title="Intercept theorem">Intercept theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersecting_chords_theorem" title="Intersecting chords theorem">Intersecting chords theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersecting_secants_theorem" title="Intersecting secants theorem">Intersecting secants theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_cosines" title="Law of cosines">Law of cosines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_asinorum" title="Pons asinorum">Pons asinorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangent-secant_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangent-secant theorem">Tangent-secant theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales%27s_theorem" title="Thales's theorem">Thales's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorem_of_the_gnomon" title="Theorem of the gnomon">Theorem of the gnomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius%27s_theorem" title="Apollonius's theorem">Apollonius's theorem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus%27s_inequality" title="Aristarchus's inequality">Aristarchus's inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbar_theorem" title="Crossbar theorem">Crossbar theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heron%27s_formula" title="Heron's formula">Heron's formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrational_number" title="Irrational number">Irrational numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_sines" title="Law of sines">Law of sines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus%27s_theorem" title="Menelaus's theorem">Menelaus's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappus%27s_area_theorem" title="Pappus's area theorem">Pappus's area theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantus_II.VIII" title="Diophantus II.VIII">Problem II.8 of <i>Arithmetica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_inequality" title="Ptolemy's inequality">Ptolemy's inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_table_of_chords" title="Ptolemy's table of chords">Ptolemy's table of chords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_theorem" title="Ptolemy's theorem">Ptolemy's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_Theodorus" title="Spiral of Theodorus">Spiral of Theodorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">Mouseion of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Ancient Greek astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">Latin translations of the 12th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">Non-Euclidean geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neusis_construction" title="Neusis construction">Neusis construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Greek_Mathematics" title="A History of Greek Mathematics">A History of Greek Mathematics</a></i> <ul><li>by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heath_(classicist)" title="Thomas Heath (classicist)">Thomas Heath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_algebra" title="History of algebra">algebra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_algebra" title="Timeline of algebra">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_arithmetic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of arithmetic">arithmetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_numerals_and_arithmetic" title="Timeline of numerals and arithmetic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_calculus" title="History of calculus">calculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_calculus_and_mathematical_analysis" title="Timeline of calculus and mathematical analysis">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geometry" title="History of geometry">geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_geometry" title="Timeline of geometry">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_logic" title="History of logic">logic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematical_logic" title="Timeline of mathematical logic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">mathematics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematics" title="Timeline of mathematics">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of numbers">numbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">prehistoric counting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_numeral_systems" title="History of ancient numeral systems">numeral systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems" title="List of numeral systems">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Arabian/Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mathematics" title="Chinese mathematics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">Incan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mathematics" title="Japanese mathematics">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/16px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/24px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/32px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" 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class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" title="Template:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek schools of philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epimenides_of_Knossos" class="mw-redirect" title="Epimenides of Knossos">Epimenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Syros" title="Pherecydes of Syros">Pherecydes</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Seven_Sages" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Solon of Athens">Solon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittacus_of_Mytilene" title="Pittacus of Mytilene">Pittacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_of_Priene" title="Bias of Priene">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periander_of_Corinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Periander of Corinth">Periander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleobulus_of_Lindos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleobulus of Lindos">Cleobulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilon_of_Sparta" title="Chilon of Sparta">Chilon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ionian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Ionian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Milesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylus" title="Cratylus">Cratylus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Apollonia" title="Diogenes of Apollonia">Diogenes</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Italian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_(philosophy)" title="Italian school (philosophy)">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagorean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippasus" title="Hippasus">Hippasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiskos" title="Lamiskos">Lamiskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcmaeon_of_Croton" title="Alcmaeon of Croton">Alcmaeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brontinus" title="Brontinus">Brontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theano_(philosopher)" title="Theano (philosopher)">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damo_(philosopher)" title="Damo (philosopher)">Damo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliphon_of_Croton" title="Calliphon of Croton">Calliphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermotimus_of_Clazomenae" title="Hermotimus of Clazomenae">Hermotimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Cos" title="Metrodorus of Cos">Metrodorus of Cos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arignote" title="Arignote">Arignote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myia" title="Myia">Myia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurytus_(Pythagorean)" title="Eurytus (Pythagorean)">Eurytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pythagoreans" title="Category:Pythagoreans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skeptic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeniades" title="Xeniades">Xeniades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissus_of_Samos" title="Melissus of Samos">Melissus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_(philosopher)" title="Hippo (philosopher)">Hippo</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)" title="Pluralism (philosophy)">Pluralist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Ionian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_(philosopher)" title="Archelaus (philosopher)">Archelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Lampsacus_(the_elder)" title="Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the elder)">Metrodorus of Lampsacus</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_(philosophy)" title="Italian school (philosophy)">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acron" title="Acron">Acron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_of_Sicily" title="Pausanias of Sicily">Pausanias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Ionian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodicus" title="Prodicus">Prodicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippias" title="Hippias">Hippias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasymachus" title="Thrasymachus">Thrasymachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_of_Athens" title="Damon of Athens">Damon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sophists" title="Category:Sophists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_(philosophy)" title="Italian school (philosophy)">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callicles" title="Callicles">Callicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophron_(sophist)" title="Lycophron (sophist)">Lycophron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysodorus_(sophist)" title="Dionysodorus (sophist)">Dionysodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_of_Chios" title="Euthydemus of Chios">Euthydemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sophists" title="Category:Sophists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek philosophy">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Pupils_of_Socrates" title="Category:Pupils of Socrates">students</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Thebes" title="Crates of Thebes">Crates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menippus" title="Menippus">Menippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cynic_philosophers" title="List of Cynic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristippus" title="Aristippus">Aristippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristippus_the_Younger" title="Aristippus the Younger">Aristippus the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_the_Atheist" title="Theodorus the Atheist">Theodorus the Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegesias_of_Cyrene" title="Hegesias of Cyrene">Hegesias of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniceris" title="Anniceris">Anniceris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cyrenaic_philosophers" title="Category:Cyrenaic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phaedo_of_Elis" title="Phaedo of Elis">Phaedo of Elis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menedemus" title="Menedemus">Menedemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Phlius" title="Asclepiades of Phlius">Asclepiades of Phlius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_of_Megara" title="Euclid of Megara">Euclid of Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyas" title="Ichthyas">Ichthyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasymachus_of_Corinth" title="Thrasymachus of Corinth">Thrasymachus of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eubulides" title="Eubulides">Eubulides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilpo" title="Stilpo">Stilpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicarete_of_Megara" title="Nicarete of Megara">Nicarete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasicles_of_Thebes" title="Pasicles of Thebes">Pasicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryson_of_Achaea" title="Bryson of Achaea">Bryson</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dialecticians" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Dialecticians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinomachus" title="Clinomachus">Clinomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_Cronus" title="Apollonius Cronus">Apollonius Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphantus" title="Euphantus">Euphantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Chalcedon" title="Dionysius of Chalcedon">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Cronus" title="Diodorus Cronus">Diodorus Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_the_Dialectician" title="Philo the Dialectician">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexinus" title="Alexinus">Alexinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthoides" title="Panthoides">Panthoides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speusippus" title="Speusippus">Speusippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus" title="Strato of Lampsacus">Strato of Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyco_of_Troas" title="Lyco of Troas">Lyco of Troas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peripatetic_philosophers" title="Category:Peripatetic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Phlius" title="Timon of Phlius">Timon of Phlius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_the_Skeptic" title="Agrippa the Skeptic">Agrippa the Skeptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Skeptic_philosophers" title="Category:Ancient Skeptic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanthes" title="Cleanthes">Cleanthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panaetius" title="Panaetius">Panaetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Cornutus" title="Lucius Annaeus Cornutus">Lucius Annaeus Cornutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musonius_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Musonius Rufus">Musonius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stoic_philosophers" title="List of Stoic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Lampsacus_(the_younger)" title="Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger)">Metrodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Sidon" title="Zeno of Sidon">Zeno of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philodemus" title="Philodemus">Philodemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Oenoanda" title="Diogenes of Oenoanda">Diogenes of Oenoanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Epicurean_philosophers" title="List of Epicurean philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Academic Skeptic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus" title="Arcesilaus">Arcesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Larissa" title="Philo of Larissa">Philo of Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudorus_of_Alexandria" title="Eudorus of Alexandria">Eudorus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_the_Platonist" title="Gaius the Platonist">Gaius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcinous_(philosopher)" title="Alcinous (philosopher)">Alcinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagorean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigidius_Figulus" title="Nigidius Figulus">Nigidius Figulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderatus_of_Gades" title="Moderatus of Gades">Moderatus of Gades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numenius_of_Apamea" title="Numenius of Apamea">Numenius of Apamea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Pythagoreans" title="Category:Neo-Pythagoreans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Saccas" title="Ammonius Saccas">Ammonius Saccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Plotinus" title="List of students of Plotinus">students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch_of_Athens" title="Plutarch of Athens">Plutarch of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrianus" title="Syrianus">Syrianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Hermiae" title="Ammonius Hermiae">Ammonius Hermiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicetes_of_Smyrna" title="Nicetes of Smyrna">Nicetes of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dio_Chrysostom" title="Dio Chrysostom">Dio Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favorinus" title="Favorinus">Favorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman-era_Sophists" title="Category:Roman-era Sophists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36303#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36303#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36303#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000396114581">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/290923996">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/212158790619338851464">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/135144649183009328319">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84001327">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/120160307232157740045">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/305860362">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/232151776784918011528">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1825159474072927660520">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/305513293">9</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/139154381051230292186">10</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/391159474198827662119">11</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24151776732518010619">12</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1850811/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Thales, Milesius"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118801732">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86024245">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11964657p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11964657p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00930709">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Thalēs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV079734">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210612&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1675736">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p237885972">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=45589">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201737401">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810560709605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/122472">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007343088605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514994706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:thales-of-miletus.">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/357172">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Thales of Miletus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b91527cc-dc7b-456f-8d23-8cbac990bb6b">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118801732.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118801732">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027649660">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thales_of_Miletus&oldid=1255006798">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thales_of_Miletus&oldid=1255006798</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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