Technical Notes

<!doctype HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"><html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us"> <meta name="keywords" content="Unicode Standard, technical reports"> <title>Technical Notes</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.unicode.org/webscripts/standard_styles.css"> <style type="text/css">  </style> </head> <body> <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0">  <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td class="icon" style="width:38px; height:35px"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/"> <img border="0" src="https://www.unicode.org/webscripts/logo60s2.gif" align="middle" alt="[Unicode]" width="34" height="33"></a> </td> <td class="icon" style="vertical-align:middle"> <a class="bar"> </a> <a class="bar" href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/"><font size="3">Unicode Technical Notes</font></a> </td> <td class="bar"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/main.html" class="bar">Tech Site</a> | <a href="https://www.unicode.org/sitemap/" class="bar">Site Map</a> | <a href="https://www.unicode.org/search" class="bar">Search </a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="gray"> </td> </tr>  <tr>  <td class="contents" valign="top"> <blockquote> <h1>Unicode® Technical Notes</h1> <p>Unicode Technical Notes provide information on a variety of topics related to the Unicode Standard and internationalization technologies.</p> <p>These Technical Notes are independently prepared by their respective authors; they are not subject to any formal review process by any of the <a href="https://www.unicode.org/consortium/consort.html">Unicode Technical Committees</a>, nor are they part of the <a href="https://www.unicode.org/standard/standard.html">Unicode Standard</a> or any other <a href="https://www.unicode.org/faq/specifications.html">Unicode specification</a>. Sole responsibility for their contents rests with the author(s), and publication does not imply endorsement by the Unicode Consortium in any way. Technical Notes are not intended for further development as standards, and should not be viewed as equivalent to internet drafts or RFCs. Technical Notes are provided “AS-IS” solely as a convenience to users and are subject to the <a href="https://www.unicode.org/copyright.html">Terms of Use</a>.</p> <p>Public feedback received on Unicode Technical Notes may be passed along to the author(s), but these documents are not part of any formal review process. They are not intended for further development as standards, and should not be viewed as equivalent to internet drafts or RFCs.</p> <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th class="light" colspan="3">Technical Notes</th> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> UTN</td><td align="right">1</td><td> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn1/">Issues in Indic Language Collation</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> UTN</td><td align="right">2</td><td> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn2/">Rendering Combining Marks</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> UTN</td><td align="right">3</td><td> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn3/">Encoding Scripts from the Past</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> UTN</td><td align="right">4</td><td> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn4/">Leaks in the Unicode Pipeline</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> UTN</td><td align="right">5</td><td> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn5/">Canonical Equivalence in Applications</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> UTN</td><td align="right">6</td><td> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn6/">BOCU-1: MIME-Compatible Compression</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> UTN</td><td align="right">7</td><td> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn7/">Migrating Software to Supplementary Characters</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> UTN</td><td align="right">8</td><td> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn8/">Toward a Model for Language Identification</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> UTN</td><td align="right">9</td><td> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn9/">Deterministic Sorting</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> UTN</td><td align="right">10</td><td> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn10/">Introduction to Indic Scripts</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> UTN</td><td align="right">11</td><td> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn11/">Representing Myanmar in Unicode</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> UTN</td><td align="right">12</td><td> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn12/">UTF-16 for Processing</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> UTN</td><td align="right">13</td><td> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn13/">GDP by Language</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> UTN</td><td align="right">14</td><td> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn14/">A Survey of Unicode Compression</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> UTN</td><td align="right">15</td><td> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn15/">Text Conversion From TSCII 1.7 to Unicode</a></td> </tr>  <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">17</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn17/">TAB to Unicode Conversion</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">18</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn18/">TAM to Unicode Conversion</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">19</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn19/">Recommendations for Creating New Orthographies</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">20</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn20/">Byzantine Musical Notation</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">21</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn21/">Tamil Numbers</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">22</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn22/">Robust Vertical Text Layout</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">23</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn23/">To the BMP and Beyond!</a> (a Unicode tutorial)</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">24</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn24/">Sample American English Translation of Unicode Names List</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">25</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn25/"> Gurmukhi Character Names</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">26</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn26/">On the Encoding of Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, and Han</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">27</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn27/">Known Anomalies in Unicode Character Names</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">28</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn28/">UnicodeMath: A Nearly Plain-Text Encoding of Mathematics</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">29</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn29/">The Use of Phonetic and Other Symbols in Dictionaries: A Brief Survey</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">30</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn30/">ISCII to Unicode Conversion Issues for Gurmukhi</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">31</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn31/">Fast Compression Algorithm for Unicode Text</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">32</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn32/">Mapping Between Manuel de Codage and Unicode Egyptian Hieroglyphs</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">33</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn33/">List of Dandas in the Unicode Standard</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">34</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn34/">Unicode Collation Case Study: Sorting French Topic Lists</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">35</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn35/">Indonesian and Philippine Scripts and extensions</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">36</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn36/">A Categorization of Unicode Characters</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">37</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn37/">Duployan Shorthand Rendering Model</a></td> </tr>  <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">39</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn39/">Bidi Brackets for Dummies</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">40</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn40/">Old Italic Glyph Variation</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">41</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn41/">Church Slavonic Typography in Unicode</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">42</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn42/">Tangut Character Additions and Glyph Corrections</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">43</td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn43/">Unihan Database Property “kStrange”</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">44</td> <td valign="top"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn44/">Medieval Latin Character Recommendations</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">45</td> <td valign="top"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn45/">Unihan Property History</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">46</td> <td valign="top"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn46/">Rendering the Allah Ligature </a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">47</td> <td valign="top"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn47/">Implementing Javanese</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">48</td> <td valign="top"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn48/">Implementing Kawi</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">49</td> <td valign="top"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn49/">A Review of Shifts in Gurage Orthography</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">50</td> <td valign="top"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn50/">KP-Source Property Value History</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">51</td> <td valign="top"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn51/">Musical Symbols and Sasak Characters in the Balinese Script</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">52</td> <td valign="top"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn52/">Christian Palestinian Aramaic (CPA) Encoding</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">53</td> <td valign="top"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn53/">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B, UCS2003 Reference Glyphs</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">54</td> <td valign="top"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn54/">Annotated Line Breaking Algorithm</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">55</td> <td valign="top"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn55/">Application of the Zero Width Joiner Mark for Selective Ethiopic Ligation</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">56</td> <td valign="top"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn56/">Representing Miao in Unicode</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">57</td> <td valign="top"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn57/">Encoding and Shaping of the Mongolian Script</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">58</td> <td valign="top"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn58/">Evolution of Adlam Characters Since Encoding</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">59</td> <td valign="top"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn59/">Representing Tifinagh in Unicode</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">60</td> <td valign="top"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn60/">Legacy Hangul Syllables Mappings</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top">UTN</td> <td valign="top">61</td> <td valign="top"> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn61/">Khmer Encoding Structure</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"></td> <td valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="light" colspan="3">Withdrawn Technical Notes</th> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"></td> <td valign="top"><i>none</i></td> </tr> </table> </div> <p> </p> <hr width="50%"> <div align="center"> <center> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.unicode.org/copyright.html"> <img src="https://www.unicode.org/img/hb_notice.gif" border="0" alt="Access to Copyright and terms of use" width="216" height="50"></a></td> </tr> 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Technical Notes