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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Predators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hunting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Common wood pigeon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%89%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%83" title="Тхьэрыкъуэпщэху – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тхьэрыкъуэпщэху" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ورشان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ورشان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_palumbus" title="Columba palumbus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Columba palumbus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_palumbus" title="Columba palumbus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Columba palumbus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabaxta" title="Alabaxta – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alabaxta" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Алатуба – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алатуба" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%85%D1%96%D1%80" title="Вяхір – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вяхір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Гривяк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гривяк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudon" title="Kudon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kudon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tud%C3%B3" title="Tudó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tudó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Улаппа – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Улаппа" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_palumbus" title="Columba palumbus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Columba palumbus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holub_h%C5%99ivn%C3%A1%C4%8D" title="Holub hřivnáč – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Holub hřivnáč" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_palumbus" title="Columba palumbus – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Columba palumbus" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysguthan" title="Ysguthan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ysguthan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringdue" title="Ringdue – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ringdue" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B2%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7" title="أزطوط – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أزطوط" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringeltaube" title="Ringeltaube – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ringeltaube" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3_W%C3%B3naan%C3%ADdi_Bilag%C3%A1ana_Bik%C3%A9yahd%C4%99%CC%81%C4%99%CC%81%CA%BC_hasb%C3%ADd%C3%AD_bit%CA%BCayaa%C5%82gaa%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Tó Wónaanídi Bilagáana Bikéyahdę́ę́ʼ hasbídí bitʼayaałgaaígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tó Wónaanídi Bilagáana Bikéyahdę́ę́ʼ hasbídí bitʼayaałgaaígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaelustuvi" title="Kaelustuvi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaelustuvi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Φάσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φάσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_palumbus" title="Columba palumbus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Columba palumbus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palumbo" title="Palumbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Palumbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagauso" title="Pagauso – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pagauso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کبوتر جنگلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کبوتر جنگلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1nad%C3%BAgva" title="Mánadúgva – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mánadúgva" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_ramier" title="Pigeon ramier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pigeon ramier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4fdo" title="Hôfdo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hôfdo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%BAr_coille" title="Colúr coille – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Colúr coille" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pombo_torcaz" title="Pombo torcaz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pombo torcaz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%B2%EB%B9%84%EB%91%98%EA%B8%B0" title="숲비둘기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="숲비둘기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Անտառային աղավնի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտառային աղավնի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golub_grivnja%C5%A1" title="Golub grivnjaš – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Golub grivnjaš" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palumbo" title="Palumbo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Palumbo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_palumbus" title="Columba palumbus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Columba palumbus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="יונת ענק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יונת ענק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ქედანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქედანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruch%C3%B4%C5%82k" title="Gruchôłk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Gruchôłk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Дыркептер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дыркептер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D3%93%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Когогӓды – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Когогӓды" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauku_balodis" title="Lauku balodis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lauku balodis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ker%C5%A1ulis" title="Keršulis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Keršulis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_palumbus" title="Columba palumbus – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Columba palumbus" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rv%C3%B6s_galamb" title="Örvös galamb – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Örvös galamb" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Гулаб гривнаш – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гулаб гривнаш" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81" title="ورشان مالوف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ورشان مالوف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Ойн тагтаа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ойн тагтаа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houtduif" title="Houtduif – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Houtduif" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="ठूलो वनपरेवा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ठूलो वनपरेवा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%90%E3%83%88" title="モリバト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モリバト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtd%C3%BC%C3%BCw" title="Holtdüüw – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Holtdüüw" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringdue" title="Ringdue – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ringdue" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringdue" title="Ringdue – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ringdue" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govkaptar" title="Govkaptar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Govkaptar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="عام جنگلی کبوتر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عام جنگلی کبوتر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%8D" title="کومکۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کومکۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biset" title="Biset – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Biset" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_palumbus" title="Columba palumbus – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Columba palumbus" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzywacz_(ptak)" title="Grzywacz (ptak) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grzywacz (ptak)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pombo-torcaz" title="Pombo-torcaz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pombo-torcaz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porumbel_gulerat" title="Porumbel gulerat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Porumbel gulerat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Вяхирь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вяхирь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushat" title="Cushat – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cushat" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugashi" title="Gugashi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gugashi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palummu" title="Palummu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Palummu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_wood_pigeon" title="Common wood pigeon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Common wood pigeon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holub_hrivn%C3%A1k" title="Holub hrivnák – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Holub hrivnák" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grivar" title="Grivar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grivar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Голуб гривнаш – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Голуб гривнаш" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golub_grivnja%C5%A1" title="Golub grivnjaš – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Golub grivnjaš" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepelkyyhky" title="Sepelkyyhky – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sepelkyyhky" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringduva" title="Ringduva – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ringduva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_palumbus" title="Columba palumbus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Columba palumbus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%BA%93%E1%B8%8Du%E1%B8%8D" title="Aẓḍuḍ – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aẓḍuḍ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Әберчен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әберчен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Говкафтар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Говкафтар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahtal%C4%B1_(ku%C5%9F)" title="Tahtalı (kuş) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tahtalı (kuş)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Припутень – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Припутень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_palumbus" title="Columba palumbus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Columba palumbus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houtduve" title="Houtduve – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Houtduve" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_palumbus" title="Columba palumbus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Columba palumbus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%91%E5%B0%BE%E6%9E%97%E9%B8%BD" title="斑尾林鸽 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斑尾林鸽" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%91%E9%B3%A9" title="斑鳩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="斑鳩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%91%E5%B0%BE%E6%9E%97%E9%B8%BD" title="斑尾林鸽 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斑尾林鸽" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26026#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of large, white/green-naped, arboreal bird of Eurasia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Woodpigeon" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wood_pigeon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Wood pigeon (disambiguation)">Wood pigeon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Common wood pigeon<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Middle Pleistocene–Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.73803076923px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Columba_palumbus_-garden_post-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Columba_palumbus_-garden_post-8.jpg/220px-Columba_palumbus_-garden_post-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Columba_palumbus_-garden_post-8.jpg/330px-Columba_palumbus_-garden_post-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Columba_palumbus_-garden_post-8.jpg/440px-Columba_palumbus_-garden_post-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Perched on a garden fence post, England </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Columba_palumbus_birdsong.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Columba_palumbus_birdsong.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Columba_palumbus_birdsong.ogg/Columba_palumbus_birdsong.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Song </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Columba" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">Columbiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">Columbidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columba_(genus)" title="Columba (genus)"><i>Columba</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. palumbus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Columba palumbus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Wood_Pigeon_e-bird_plot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Common_Wood_Pigeon_e-bird_plot.png/220px-Common_Wood_Pigeon_e-bird_plot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Common_Wood_Pigeon_e-bird_plot.png/330px-Common_Wood_Pigeon_e-bird_plot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Common_Wood_Pigeon_e-bird_plot.png/440px-Common_Wood_Pigeon_e-bird_plot.png 2x" data-file-width="3764" data-file-height="1904" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Global range<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color:#007F00; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Year-round range</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color:#E0CF01; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Summer range</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color:#0080FF; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Winter range</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_wood_pigeon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large common wood pigeon standing on a garden fence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Common_wood_pigeon.jpg/220px-Common_wood_pigeon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Common_wood_pigeon.jpg/330px-Common_wood_pigeon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Common_wood_pigeon.jpg/440px-Common_wood_pigeon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Common wood pigeon perched on a fence. Photograph taken in Cambridge, England</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>common wood pigeon</b> (<i><b>Columba palumbus</b></i>), also known as simply <b>wood pigeon</b>, is a large <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> in the dove and pigeon <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> (<a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">Columbidae</a>), native to the western <a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic</a>. It belongs to the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Columba_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columba (bird)">Columba</a>,</i> which includes closely related species such as the <a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">rock dove</a> (<i>Columba livia</i>). It has a flexible diet, predominantly feeding on vegetable matter, including cereal crops, leading to them being regarded as an agricultural pest. Wood pigeons are extensively hunted over large parts of their range, but this does not seem to have a great impact on their population. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_wood_pigeon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common wood pigeon was <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">formally described</a> by the Swedish naturalist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in 1758 in the <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">tenth edition</a> of his <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>. He placed it with all the other pigeons in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Columba_(genus)" title="Columba (genus)">Columba</a></i> and coined the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial name</a> <i>Columba palumbus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Specific_epithet" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific epithet">specific epithet</a> <i>palumbus</i> is an alternate form of the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>palumbes</i> for a wood pigeon.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> are recognised, one of which is now <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>C. p. palumbus</i> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758 – Europe to western Siberia and Iraq; Northwest Africa</li> <li>† <i><a href="/wiki/Madeiran_wood_pigeon" title="Madeiran wood pigeon">C. p. maderensis</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_von_Tschusi_zu_Schmidhoffen" title="Viktor von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen">Tschusi</a>, 1904 – <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> (extinct)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azores_wood_pigeon" title="Azores wood pigeon">C. p. azorica</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hartert" title="Ernst Hartert">Hartert</a>, 1905 – the eastern and central Azores</li> <li><i>C. p. iranica</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Zarudny" title="Nikolai Zarudny">Zarudny</a>, 1910) – southwestern and northern Iran to southwestern Turkmenistan</li> <li><i>C. p. casiotis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Charles Lucien Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a>, 1854) – southeastern Iran and Kazakhstan to western China, northwestern India and Nepal</li></ul> <p>† = <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> </p><p>Fossil records of the species are known from the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> of Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_wood_pigeon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columba_palumbus_-Quinton,_Birmingham,_England_-head-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Columba_palumbus_-Quinton%2C_Birmingham%2C_England_-head-8.jpg/220px-Columba_palumbus_-Quinton%2C_Birmingham%2C_England_-head-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Columba_palumbus_-Quinton%2C_Birmingham%2C_England_-head-8.jpg/330px-Columba_palumbus_-Quinton%2C_Birmingham%2C_England_-head-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Columba_palumbus_-Quinton%2C_Birmingham%2C_England_-head-8.jpg/440px-Columba_palumbus_-Quinton%2C_Birmingham%2C_England_-head-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>Adult common wood pigeon, photograph taken in Birmingham, England</figcaption></figure> <p>The three Western European <i><a href="/wiki/Columba_(genus)" title="Columba (genus)">Columba</a></i> pigeons, common wood pigeon, <a href="/wiki/Stock_dove" title="Stock dove">stock dove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">rock dove</a>, though superficially alike, have very distinctive characteristics; the common wood pigeon may be identified at once by its larger size at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>38–44.5 cm (15–<span class="frac">17<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) and weight <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />300–615 g (<span class="frac">10<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac">21<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> oz), and the white on its neck and wing.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is otherwise a basically grey bird, with a pinkish breast. The wingspan can range from 68 to 80 cm (27 to 31 in) and the <a href="/wiki/Wing_chord_(biology)" title="Wing chord (biology)">wing chord</a> measures <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />24 to 25.4 cm (<span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> to 10 in). The <a href="/wiki/Tail" title="Tail">tail</a> measures <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />13.8 to 15 cm (<span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> to 6 in), the <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">bill</a> is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />1.9 to 2.2 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> to <span class="frac"><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) and the <a href="/wiki/Tarsometatarsus" title="Tarsometatarsus">tarsus</a> is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />2.5 to 2.8 cm (1 to <span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult birds bear a series of green and white patches on their necks, and a pink patch on their chest. The eye colour is a pale yellow,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast to that of rock doves, which is orange-red, and the stock dove, which is black. </p><p>Juvenile birds do not have the white patches on either side of the neck. When they are about 6 months old (about three months out of the nest) they gain small white patches on both sides of the neck, which gradually enlarge until they are fully formed when the bird is about 6–8 months old. Juvenile birds also have a greyer beak and an overall lighter grey appearance than adult birds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_wood_pigeon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the colder northern and eastern parts of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Palearctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palearctic">Asia</a> the common wood pigeon is a migrant, but in southern and western Europe it is a well distributed and often abundant resident. In <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> wood pigeons are commonly seen in parks and gardens<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are seen with increasing numbers in towns and cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_wood_pigeon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Grote_groep_houtduiven-4961736.webm/250px--Grote_groep_houtduiven-4961736.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="141" data-durationhint="191" data-mwtitle="Grote_groep_houtduiven-4961736.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Grote_groep_houtduiven-4961736.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Grote_groep_houtduiven-4961736.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1023" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Grote_groep_houtduiven-4961736.webm/Grote_groep_houtduiven-4961736.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="852" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Grote_groep_houtduiven-4961736.webm/Grote_groep_houtduiven-4961736.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Grote_groep_houtduiven-4961736.webm/Grote_groep_houtduiven-4961736.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Grote_groep_houtduiven-4961736.webm/Grote_groep_houtduiven-4961736.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Grote_groep_houtduiven-4961736.webm/Grote_groep_houtduiven-4961736.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A flock of common wood pigeons feeding in a field</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columba_palumbus_-nest_in_tree-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Columba_palumbus_-nest_in_tree-8.jpg/220px-Columba_palumbus_-nest_in_tree-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Columba_palumbus_-nest_in_tree-8.jpg/330px-Columba_palumbus_-nest_in_tree-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Columba_palumbus_-nest_in_tree-8.jpg/440px-Columba_palumbus_-nest_in_tree-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>Adult sitting on its nest in a tree</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pigeon_ramier_MHNT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pigeon_ramier_MHNT.jpg/220px-Pigeon_ramier_MHNT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pigeon_ramier_MHNT.jpg/330px-Pigeon_ramier_MHNT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pigeon_ramier_MHNT.jpg/440px-Pigeon_ramier_MHNT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2879" data-file-height="2796" /></a><figcaption>Egg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WoodPigeonHatching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WoodPigeonHatching.jpg/220px-WoodPigeonHatching.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WoodPigeonHatching.jpg/330px-WoodPigeonHatching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WoodPigeonHatching.jpg/440px-WoodPigeonHatching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3620" /></a><figcaption>Hatching of a Common Wood Pigeon</figcaption></figure> <p>Its flight is quick, performed by regular beats, with an occasional sharp flick of the wings, characteristic of pigeons in general. It takes off with a loud clattering. It perches well, and in its nuptial display walks along a horizontal branch with swelled neck, lowered wings, and fanned tail. During the display flight the bird climbs, the wings are smartly cracked like a whiplash, and the bird glides down on stiff wings. The common wood pigeon is gregarious, often forming very large flocks outside the breeding season. Like many species of pigeon, wood pigeons take advantage of trees and buildings to gain a vantage point over the surrounding area, and their distinctive call means that they are usually heard before they are seen. </p><p>Wood pigeons are known to fiercely defend their territory, and will fight each other to gain access to nesting and roosting locations. Male wood pigeons will typically attempt to drive competitors off by <a href="/wiki/Threat_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Threat display">threat displays</a> and pursuit, but will also directly fight, jumping and striking their rival with both wings.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This species can be an agricultural <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pest</a>, and it is often shot, being a legal quarry species in most European countries. It is wary in rural areas, but often quite tame where it is not persecuted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_wood_pigeon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_young_Columba_Palumbus_in_nest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Two_young_Columba_Palumbus_in_nest.JPG/220px-Two_young_Columba_Palumbus_in_nest.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Two_young_Columba_Palumbus_in_nest.JPG/330px-Two_young_Columba_Palumbus_in_nest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Two_young_Columba_Palumbus_in_nest.JPG/440px-Two_young_Columba_Palumbus_in_nest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Two young <i>Columba palumbus</i> in a nest</figcaption></figure><p> It breeds in trees in woods, parks and gardens, laying two white eggs in a simple stick nest which hatch after 17 to 19 days. Wood pigeons seem to have a preference for trees near roadways and rivers. Males exhibit aggressive behaviour towards each other during the breeding season by jumping and flapping wings at each other. Their plumage becomes much darker, especially the head, during hot summer periods. Breeding can happen year round if there is food abundant however breeding season most commonly occurs between April and October. </p><p>The nests are vulnerable to attack, particularly by <a href="/wiki/Corvus_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvus (genus)">crows</a>. The young usually fly at 33 to 34 days; however, if the nest is disturbed, some young may be able to survive having left the nest as early as 20 days from hatching. </p><p>In a study carried out using <a href="/wiki/Bird_ringing" title="Bird ringing">ring-recovery</a> data, the survival rate for juveniles in their first year was 52 per cent, and the adult annual survival rate was 61 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For birds that survive the first year the typical lifespan is thus only three years,<sup id="cite_ref-bto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the maximum recorded age is 17 years and 8 months for a bird ringed and recovered on the <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-euring_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euring-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_wood_pigeon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of its diet is vegetable, round and fleshy leaves from <a href="/wiki/Caryophyllaceae" title="Caryophyllaceae">Caryophyllaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cruciferous_vegetables" title="Cruciferous vegetables">cruciferous vegetables</a> taken from open fields or gardens and lawns; young shoots and seedlings are favoured, and it will take grain, pine nuts, and certain fruits and berries. In the autumn they also eat figs and acorns, and in winter buds of trees and bushes. They will also eat larvae, ants, and small worms. They need open water to drink and bathe in. Young common wood pigeons swiftly become fat, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Crop_milk" title="Crop milk">crop milk</a> they are fed by their parents. This is an extremely rich fluid that is produced in the adult birds' crops during the breeding season.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECramp1985317,_326_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECramp1985317,_326-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calls">Calls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_wood_pigeon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Calls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The call of the wood pigeon is a loud and sustained characteristic cooing phrase, <i>coo-COO-COO-coo-coo</i>. In Ireland and the UK, the traditional <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> for the distinctive call of the bird has been interpreted as "Take two cows, Teddy", or "Take two cows, Taffy".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other interpretations for the birdsong include "I am a pigeon",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "My toe bleeds, Betty",<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "I don't want to go".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predators">Predators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_wood_pigeon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Predators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Predators of the wood pigeon typically consist of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_sparrowhawk" title="Eurasian sparrowhawk">Eurasian sparrowhawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_goshawk" title="Eurasian goshawk">Eurasian goshawk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic cat">domestic cat</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The eggs and babies of wood pigeons are also often predated by <a href="/wiki/Magpies" class="mw-redirect" title="Magpies">magpies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crows" class="mw-redirect" title="Crows">crows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hunting">Hunting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_wood_pigeon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hunting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wood pigeon is widely hunted over large parts of its range, with millions of birds being shot annually,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in part because it has been regarded as an agricultural pest, especially of cereal crops. In 1953, the British Government introduced a subsidy for the cost of cartridges to sport-hunters of wood pigeons, which was later abolished in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_wood_pigeon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wood pigeon is mentioned several times in the <i><a href="/wiki/Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogues</a></i> written by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman">ancient Roman</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>. Referring to its distinctive husky call, Virgil writes in <i>Eclogue</i> 1; </p> <blockquote> <p>Here beneath high rocks<br /> The gatherers of leaves, with cheerful songs<br /> Fill the high winds. Meanwhile thy turtle doves<br /> And hoarse wood pigeons from the lofty elms<br /> </p><p> Make endless moan.<sup id="cite_ref-pie_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pie-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_wood_pigeon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2018" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22690103/131924602">"<i>Columba palumbus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2018</b>: e.T22690103A131924602. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22690103A131924602.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22690103A131924602.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Columba+palumbus&rft.volume=2018&rft.pages=e.T22690103A131924602&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22690103A131924602.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22690103%2F131924602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+wood+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1758" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727070"><i>Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</i></a> (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+Naturae+per+regna+tria+naturae%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis&rft.pages=163&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Holmiae%3ALaurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F727070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+wood+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJobling2010" class="citation book cs1">Jobling, James A. (2010). <i>The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names</i>. London: Christopher Helm. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4"><bdi>978-1-4081-2501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Helm+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Bird+Names&rft.place=London&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4&rft.aulast=Jobling&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+wood+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis_&_Short" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lewis & Short. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://logeion.uchicago.edu/palumbes">"palumbes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a></i> – via <a href="/wiki/Logeion" title="Logeion">Logeion</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=palumbes&rft.btitle=A+Latin+Dictionary&rft.au=Lewis+%26+Short&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flogeion.uchicago.edu%2Fpalumbes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+wood+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ioc-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ioc_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" title="Frank Gill (ornithologist)">Gill, Frank</a>; Donsker, David; <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Rasmussen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamela Rasmussen">Rasmussen, Pamela</a>, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/pigeons/">"Pigeons"</a>. <i>IOC World Bird List Version 10.1</i>. International Ornithologists' Union<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CRC Press (1992), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-4258-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-4258-5">978-0-8493-4258-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Gibbs_(naturalist)" title="David Gibbs (naturalist)">David Gibbs</a>, Eustace Barnes & John Cox (2001). <i>A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World</i> Yale University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07886-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07886-2">0-300-07886-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdfact.com/birds/woodpigeon">"Woodpigeon Bird Facts (Columba palumbus)"</a>. <i>Bird Fact</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(April 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2402005">"A Study of Wood-Pigeon Shooting: The Exploitation of a Natural Animal Population"</a>. <i>The Journal of Applied Ecology</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 61. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974JApEc..11...61M">1974JApEc..11...61M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2402005">10.2307/2402005</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2402005">2402005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Applied+Ecology&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+Wood-Pigeon+Shooting%3A+The+Exploitation+of+a+Natural+Animal+Population&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61&rft.date=1974-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2402005%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2402005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974JApEc..11...61M&rft.aulast=Murton&rft.aufirst=R.+K.&rft.au=Westwood%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Isaacson%2C+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2402005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+wood+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pie-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pie_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMackail1908" class="citation book cs1">Mackail, J. (1908). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eclogues_of_Virgil_(1908)/Eclogue_1"><i>Eclogues of Virgil</i></a>. pp. <a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eclogues_of_Virgil_(1908)/Eclogue_1">[1]</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eclogues+of+Virgil&rft.pages=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FEclogues_of_Virgil_%281908%29%2FEclogue_1&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Mackail&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FEclogues_of_Virgil_%281908%29%2FEclogue_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+wood+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_wood_pigeon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCramp1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cramp" title="Stanley Cramp">Cramp, Stanley</a>; et al., eds. (1985). "<i>Columba palumbus</i> Woodpigeon". <i>Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume IV: Terns to Woodpeckers</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">311–</span>329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857507-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857507-8"><bdi>978-0-19-857507-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Columba+palumbus+Woodpigeon&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Birds+of+Europe+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa.+The+Birds+of+the+Western+Palearctic.+Volume+IV%3A+Terns+to+Woodpeckers&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E311-%3C%2Fspan%3E329&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-19-857507-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+wood+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_wood_pigeon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Columba_palumbus" class="extiw" title="commons:Columba palumbus"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Columba palumbus</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Columba-palumbus">Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the common wood pigeon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/common-woodpigeon-columba-palumbus">Wood pigeon videos, photos & sounds</a> on the Internet Bird Collection</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blascozumeta.com/wp-content/uploads/aragon-birds/non-passeriformes/261.woodpigeon-cpalumbus.pdf">Ageing and sexing of the common wood pigeon by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ornithos.de/Ornithos/Feather_Collection/Columba_palumbus/Columba_palumbus.htm">Feathers of Common Wood Pigeon (<i>Columba palumbus</i>) by Hans Schick</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091700/http://www.ornithos.de/Ornithos/Feather_Collection/Columba_palumbus/Columba_palumbus.htm">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers4915" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers4915" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Columba palumbus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26026" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q26026">Q26026</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Columba_palumbus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Columba palumbus">Columba palumbus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Columba_palumbus/">Columba_palumbus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=760F307A30689D66">760F307A30689D66</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id8735">8735</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22690103">22690103</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=11904">11904</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/cowpig1">cowpig1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology" title="British Trust for Ornithology">BTO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob6700.htm">bob6700</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/XBGG">XBGG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/cowpig1">cowpig1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/COLUPA">COLUPA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp6700.htm">6700</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:97005">97005</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/d09a5128-53e3-4f7b-9926-eec5dec151c0">d09a5128-53e3-4f7b-9926-eec5dec151c0</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2495455">2495455</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/3048">3048</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10458348">10458348</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=177103">177103</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22690103">22690103</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000530309">NHMSYS0000530309</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8934">8934</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/120/">120</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=938408">938408</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=365966">365966</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=4671">4671</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=558546">558546</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Columba-palumbus">Columba-palumbus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/903A915A-77A8-46FC-BD80-6DE442F18E44">903A915A-77A8-46FC-BD80-6DE442F18E44</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" 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