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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-With_halogens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_halogens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 With halogens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_halogens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Organic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 With metals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_pnictogens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_pnictogens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 With pnictogens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_pnictogens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early discoveries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periodic_table_placing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periodic_table_placing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Periodic table placing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periodic_table_placing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Modern discoveries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_and_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_and_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Names and etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Occurrence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Occurrence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chalcophile_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalcophile_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Chalcophile elements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalcophile_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Biological role </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphid_salts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphid_salts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Amphid salts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphid_salts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chalcogen</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" > 71 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalkogeen" title="Chalkogeen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chalkogeen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="काल्कोजन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="काल्कोजन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="كالكوجين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كالكوجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcocheno" title="Calcocheno – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Calcocheno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_grupu_16" title="Elementos del grupu 16 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Elementos del grupu 16" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalkogenl%C9%99r" title="Xalkogenlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xalkogenlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkog%C3%A9n" title="Kalkogén – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kalkogén" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="চ্যালকোজেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চ্যালকোজেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Халькагены – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Халькагены" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Халкоген – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Халкоген" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halkogeni_elementi" title="Halkogeni elementi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Halkogeni elementi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcogen" title="Calcogen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calcogen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalkogeny" title="Chalkogeny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chalkogeny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chalcogen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalkogene" title="Chalkogene – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chalkogene" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkogeenid" title="Kalkogeenid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kalkogeenid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Χαλκογόνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαλκογόνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Халькогентне – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Халькогентне" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anf%C3%ADgeno" title="Anfígeno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anfígeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_de_grupo_16" title="Elemento de grupo 16 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elemento de grupo 16" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkogeno" title="Kalkogeno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kalkogeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86" title="کالکوژن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالکوژن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcog%C3%A8ne" title="Chalcogène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chalcogène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaigin" title="Calcaigin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Calcaigin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/16%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="16족 원소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="16족 원소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Խալկոգեններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խալկոգեններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="काल्कोजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काल्कोजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halkogeni_elementi" title="Halkogeni elementi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Halkogeni elementi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalkogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcogenos" title="Chalcogenos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chalcogenos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalk%C3%B3gen" title="Kalkógen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kalkógen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_del_gruppo_16" title="Elementi del gruppo 16 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elementi del gruppo 16" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Халькогендер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Халькогендер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundi_la_Halkojeni" title="Kundi la Halkojeni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kundi la Halkojeni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcogenia_(elementa)" title="Chalcogenia (elementa) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chalcogenia (elementa)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halkog%C4%93ni" title="Halkogēni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Halkogēni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calc%C3%B2gen" title="Calcògen – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Calcògen" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxig%C3%A9ncsoport" title="Oxigéncsoport – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oxigéncsoport" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Халкоген – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Халкоген" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%82" title="ഓക്സിജൻ കുടുംബം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓക്സിജൻ കുടുംബം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumpulan_kalkogen" title="Kumpulan kalkogen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kumpulan kalkogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuurstofgroep" title="Zuurstofgroep – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuurstofgroep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC16%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第16族元素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第16族元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalkogeen" title="Chalkogeen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Chalkogeen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kalkogen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcog%C3%A8n" title="Calcogèn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Calcogèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA_16_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4" title="ਗਰੁੱਪ 16 ਤੱਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰੁੱਪ 16 ਤੱਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalkogen" title="Chalkogen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chalkogen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlenowce" title="Tlenowce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tlenowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcog%C3%AAnio" title="Calcogênio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calcogênio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcogen" title="Calcogen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calcogen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27uqichaq" title="Ch'uqichaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'uqichaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Халькогены – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Халькогены" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupi_i_gjasht%C3%ABmb%C3%ABdhjet%C3%AB_i_elementeve_kimike" title="Grupi i gjashtëmbëdhjetë i elementeve kimike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grupi i gjashtëmbëdhjetë i elementeve kimike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_16_element" title="Group 16 element – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Group 16 element" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalkog%C3%A9n" title="Chalkogén – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chalkogén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halkogen" title="Halkogen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Halkogen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Chalcogen" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Халкоген – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Халкоген" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/16._grupa_hemijskih_elemenata" title="16. grupa hemijskih elemenata – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="16. grupa hemijskih elemenata" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiryhm%C3%A4" title="Happiryhmä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Happiryhmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kalkogen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81_16_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="நெடுங்குழு 16 தனிமங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெடுங்குழு 16 தனிமங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="చాల్కోజన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చాల్కోజన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="แคลโคเจน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคลโคเจน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkojen" title="Kalkojen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kalkojen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Халькогени – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Халькогени" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of chemical elements</div> <table class="infobox" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; background:#f8f8f8; padding:2px; width:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8;">Chalcogens </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:1em; margin-top:1px; background:transparent; border:1px solid #a9a9a9;"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="nowrap" style="font-size:88%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">pnictogens</a> ←    → <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:left; margin=0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">IUPAC group number</a></th> <th>16 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Name by element</td> <td>oxygen group </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trivial name</td> <td>chalcogens </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)#CAS_and_old_IUPAC" title="Group (periodic table)">CAS group number</a> (US, pattern A-B-A)</div></td> <td>VIA </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)#CAS_and_old_IUPAC" title="Group (periodic table)">old IUPAC number</a> (Europe, pattern A-B)</div></td> <td>VIB </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">↓ <a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Oxygen_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oxygen"><img alt="Image: Oxygen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Oxygen_discharge_tube.jpg/210px-Oxygen_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Oxygen_discharge_tube.jpg/315px-Oxygen_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Oxygen_discharge_tube.jpg/420px-Oxygen_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (O) 8 <a href="/wiki/Other_nonmetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Other nonmetal">Other nonmetal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Sulfur-sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sulfur"><img alt="Image: Sulfur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sulfur-sample.jpg/210px-Sulfur-sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sulfur-sample.jpg/315px-Sulfur-sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sulfur-sample.jpg/420px-Sulfur-sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="1444" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> (S) 16 <a href="/wiki/Other_nonmetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Other nonmetal">Other nonmetal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:SeBlackRed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2 allotropes of selenium: black and red. 3 others not shown."><img alt="Image: 2 allotropes of selenium: black and red. 3 others not shown." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/SeBlackRed.jpg/210px-SeBlackRed.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/SeBlackRed.jpg/315px-SeBlackRed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/SeBlackRed.jpg/420px-SeBlackRed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="510" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> (Se) 34 <a href="/wiki/Other_nonmetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Other nonmetal">Other nonmetal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Tellurium2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tellurium in metallic form"><img alt="Image: Tellurium in metallic form" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tellurium2.jpg/210px-Tellurium2.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tellurium2.jpg/315px-Tellurium2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tellurium2.jpg/420px-Tellurium2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1170" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> (Te) 52 <a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> (Po) 84 <a href="/wiki/Other_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Other metal">Other metal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> (Lv) 116 Other metal </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr /> Legend <table style="text-align:center; border:0; margin: 0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid #6e6e8e; background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial element">primordial element</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; background:#f0f0f0; padding:0 2px;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">naturally occurring by radioactive decay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic element</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> The chalcogens (ore forming) (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkælkədʒənz/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KAL-kə-jənz</a>) are the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> in <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">group</a> 16 of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> This group is also known as the oxygen family. Group 16 consists of the elements <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (O), <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> (S), <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> (Se), <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> (Te), and the <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive</a> elements <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> (Po) and <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">livermorium</a> (Lv).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Often, oxygen is treated separately from the other chalcogens, sometimes even excluded from the scope of the term "chalcogen" altogether, due to its very different chemical behavior from sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. The word "chalcogen" is derived from a combination of the Greek word khalkos (χαλκός) principally meaning <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> (the term was also used for <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>, any metal in the poetic sense, <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coin</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Chalco--3">[3]</a> and the Latinized Greek word genēs, meaning born or produced.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Sulfur has been known since antiquity, and oxygen was recognized as an element in the 18th century. Selenium, tellurium and polonium were discovered in the 19th century, and livermorium in 2000. All of the chalcogens have six <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electrons</a>, leaving them two electrons short of a full outer shell. Their most common <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> are −2, +2, +4, and +6. They have relatively low <a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">atomic radii</a>, especially the lighter ones.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-6">[6]</a> All of the naturally occurring chalcogens have some role in biological functions, either as a nutrient or a toxin. Selenium is an important nutrient (among others as a building block of <a href="/wiki/Selenocysteine" title="Selenocysteine">selenocysteine</a>) but is also commonly toxic.<a href="#cite_note-The_Elements-7">[7]</a> Tellurium often has unpleasant effects (although <a href="/wiki/Tellurium#Biological_role" title="Tellurium">some organisms can use it</a>), and polonium (especially the <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> <a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">polonium-210</a>) is always harmful as a result of its radioactivity. Sulfur has more than 20 <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotropes</a>, oxygen has nine, selenium has at least eight, polonium has two, and only one crystal structure of tellurium has so far been discovered. There are numerous organic chalcogen compounds. Not counting oxygen, organic sulfur compounds are generally the most common, followed by organic selenium compounds and organic tellurium compounds. This trend also occurs with chalcogen <a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">pnictides</a> and compounds containing chalcogens and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">carbon group</a> elements. Oxygen is generally obtained by <a href="/wiki/Air_separation" title="Air separation">separation</a> of air into nitrogen and oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Sulfur is extracted from oil and natural gas. Selenium and tellurium are produced as byproducts of copper refining. Polonium is most available in naturally occurring actinide-containing materials. Livermorium has been synthesized in particle accelerators. The primary use of elemental oxygen is in <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">steelmaking</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Sulfur is mostly converted into <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, which is heavily used in the chemical industry.<a href="#cite_note-The_Elements-7">[7]</a> Selenium's most common application is glassmaking. Tellurium compounds are mostly used in optical disks, electronic devices, and solar cells. Some of polonium's applications are due to its radioactivity.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomic_and_physical">Atomic and physical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Atomic and physical">edit</a>]</div> Chalcogens show similar patterns in <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a>, especially in the outermost <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">shells</a>, where they all have the same number of <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electrons</a>, resulting in similar trends in chemical behavior: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Z</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Element</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">No. of electrons/shell</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Oxygen</td> <td>2, 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Sulfur</td> <td>2, 8, 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td>Selenium</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>52</td> <td>Tellurium</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>84</td> <td>Polonium</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>116</td> <td>Livermorium</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 6 (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-Haire-9">[9]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Element</th> <th>Melting point (°C)<a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-6">[6]</a> </th> <th>Boiling point (°C)<a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-6">[6]</a> </th> <th>Density at STP (g/cm3)<a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-6">[6]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Oxygen</td> <td>−219</td> <td>−183 </td> <td>0.00143 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sulfur</td> <td>120</td> <td>445 </td> <td>2.07 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Selenium</td> <td>221</td> <td>685 </td> <td>4.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tellurium</td> <td>450</td> <td>988 </td> <td>6.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Polonium</td> <td>254</td> <td>962 </td> <td>9.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Livermorium</td> <td>364–507 (predicted)</td> <td>762–862 (predicted) </td> <td>14 (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-Haire-9">[9]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> All chalcogens have six <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electrons</a>. All of the solid, stable chalcogens are soft<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and do not <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">conduct heat</a> well.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a> decreases towards the chalcogens with higher atomic numbers. Density, melting and boiling points, and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">atomic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionic_radius" title="Ionic radius">ionic radii</a><a href="#cite_note-rsc-11">[11]</a> tend to increase towards the chalcogens with higher atomic numbers.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> Out of the six known chalcogens, one (oxygen) has an atomic number equal to a nuclear <a href="/wiki/Magic_number_(physics)" title="Magic number (physics)">magic number</a>, which means that their <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic nuclei">atomic nuclei</a> tend to have increased stability towards radioactive decay.<a href="#cite_note-The_Disappearing_Spoon-12">[12]</a> Oxygen has three stable isotopes, and 14 unstable ones. Sulfur has four stable isotopes, 20 radioactive ones, and one <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">isomer</a>. Selenium has six <a href="/wiki/Observationally_stable" class="mw-redirect" title="Observationally stable">observationally stable</a> or nearly stable isotopes, 26 radioactive isotopes, and 9 isomers. Tellurium has eight stable or nearly stable isotopes, 31 unstable ones, and 17 isomers. Polonium has 42 isotopes, none of which are stable.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> It has an additional 28 isomers.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> In addition to the stable isotopes, some radioactive chalcogen isotopes occur in nature, either because they are decay products, such as <a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">210Po</a>, because they are <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a>, such as 82Se, because of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic ray</a> <a href="/wiki/Spallation" title="Spallation">spallation</a>, or via <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> of uranium. Livermorium isotopes 288Lv through 293Lv have been discovered; the most stable livermorium isotope is 293Lv, which has a half-life of 0.061 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> With the exception of livermorium, all chalcogens have at least one naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotope</a>: oxygen has trace 15O, sulfur has trace 35S, selenium has 82Se, tellurium has 128Te and 130Te, and polonium has 210Po. Among the lighter chalcogens (oxygen and sulfur), the most neutron-poor isotopes undergo <a href="/wiki/Proton_emission" title="Proton emission">proton emission</a>, the moderately neutron-poor isotopes undergo <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+ decay</a>, the moderately neutron-rich isotopes undergo <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">β− decay</a>, and the most neutron rich isotopes undergo <a href="/wiki/Neutron_emission" title="Neutron emission">neutron emission</a>. The middle chalcogens (selenium and tellurium) have similar decay tendencies as the lighter chalcogens, but no proton-emitting isotopes have been observed, and some of the most neutron-deficient isotopes of tellurium undergo <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a>. Polonium isotopes tend to decay via alpha or beta decay.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Isotopes with nonzero <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_spin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear spin">nuclear spins</a> are more abundant in nature among the chalcogens selenium and tellurium than they are with sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-synth-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allotropes">Allotropes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Allotropes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_oxygen" title="Allotropes of oxygen">Allotropes of oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_sulfur" title="Allotropes of sulfur">Allotropes of sulfur</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phase_diagram_of_sulfur_(1975).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Phase_diagram_of_sulfur_%281975%29.png/260px-Phase_diagram_of_sulfur_%281975%29.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Phase_diagram_of_sulfur_%281975%29.png/390px-Phase_diagram_of_sulfur_%281975%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Phase_diagram_of_sulfur_%281975%29.png/520px-Phase_diagram_of_sulfur_%281975%29.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="1093" /></a><figcaption>Phase diagram of sulfur showing the relative stabilities of several allotropes<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chalkogene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chalkogene.jpg/220px-Chalkogene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chalkogene.jpg/330px-Chalkogene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Chalkogene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>The four stable chalcogens at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phase_diagram_of_solid_oxygen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Phase_diagram_of_solid_oxygen.svg/220px-Phase_diagram_of_solid_oxygen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Phase_diagram_of_solid_oxygen.svg/330px-Phase_diagram_of_solid_oxygen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Phase_diagram_of_solid_oxygen.svg/440px-Phase_diagram_of_solid_oxygen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">Phase diagram</a> for <a href="/wiki/Solid_oxygen" title="Solid oxygen">solid oxygen</a></figcaption></figure> Oxygen's most common <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotrope</a> is diatomic oxygen, or O2, a reactive paramagnetic molecule that is ubiquitous to <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">aerobic organisms</a> and has a blue color in its <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid state</a>. Another allotrope is O3, or <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>, which is three oxygen atoms bonded together in a bent formation. There is also an allotrope called <a href="/wiki/Tetraoxygen" title="Tetraoxygen">tetraoxygen</a>, or O4,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and six allotropes of <a href="/wiki/Solid_oxygen" title="Solid oxygen">solid oxygen</a> including "red oxygen", which has the formula O8.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Sulfur has over 20 known allotropes, which is more than any other element except <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">carbon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-20">[20]</a> The most common allotropes are in the form of eight-atom rings, but other molecular allotropes that contain as few as two atoms or as many as 20 are known. Other notable sulfur allotropes include <a href="/wiki/Rhombic_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhombic crystal system">rhombic</a> sulfur and <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">monoclinic</a> sulfur. Rhombic sulfur is the more stable of the two allotropes. Monoclinic sulfur takes the form of long needles and is formed when liquid sulfur is cooled to slightly below its melting point. The atoms in liquid sulfur are generally in the form of long chains, but above 190 °C, the chains begin to break down. If liquid sulfur above 190 °C is <a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">frozen</a> very rapidly, the resulting sulfur is amorphous or "plastic" sulfur. Gaseous sulfur is a mixture of diatomic sulfur (S2) and 8-atom rings.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Selenium has at least eight distinct allotropes.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The gray allotrope, commonly referred to as the "metallic" allotrope, despite not being a metal, is stable and has a hexagonal <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structure</a>. The gray allotrope of selenium is soft, with a <a href="/wiki/Mohs_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs hardness">Mohs hardness</a> of 2, and brittle. Four other allotropes of selenium are <a href="/wiki/Metastable" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastable">metastable</a>. These include two <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">monoclinic</a> red allotropes and two <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a> allotropes, one of which is red and one of which is black.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The red allotrope converts to the black allotrope in the presence of heat. The gray allotrope of selenium is made from <a href="/wiki/Spiral" title="Spiral">spirals</a> on selenium atoms, while one of the red allotropes is made of stacks of selenium rings (Se8).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chalcogen#Dubious" title="Talk:Chalcogen">discuss</a>] Tellurium is not known to have any allotropes,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> although its typical form is hexagonal. Polonium has two allotropes, which are known as α-polonium and β-polonium.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> α-polonium has a cubic crystal structure and converts to the rhombohedral β-polonium at 36 °C.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> The chalcogens have varying crystal structures. Oxygen's crystal structure is <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">monoclinic</a>, sulfur's is <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">orthorhombic</a>, selenium and tellurium have the <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">hexagonal</a> crystal structure, while polonium has a <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">cubic crystal structure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Elements-7">[7]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chemical">edit</a>]</div> Oxygen, sulfur, and selenium are <a href="/wiki/Nonmetal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetal (chemistry)">nonmetals</a>, and tellurium is a <a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">metalloid</a>, meaning that its chemical properties are between those of a <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> and those of a nonmetal.<a href="#cite_note-The_Elements-7">[7]</a> It is not certain whether polonium is a metal or a metalloid. Some sources refer to polonium as a metalloid,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chemistry_&_reactivity-26">[26]</a> although it has some metallic properties. Also, some allotropes of selenium display characteristics of a metalloid,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> even though selenium is usually considered a nonmetal. Even though oxygen is a chalcogen, its chemical properties are different from those of other chalcogens. One reason for this is that the heavier chalcogens have vacant <a href="/wiki/D-orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="D-orbital">d-orbitals</a>. Oxygen's electronegativity is also much higher than those of the other chalcogens. This makes oxygen's <a href="/wiki/Electric_polarizability" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric polarizability">electric polarizability</a> several times lower than those of the other chalcogens.<a href="#cite_note-synth-16">[16]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonding</a> a chalcogen may accept two electrons according to the <a href="/wiki/Octet_rule" title="Octet rule">octet rule</a>, leaving two <a href="/wiki/Lone_pair" title="Lone pair">lone pairs</a>. When an atom forms two <a href="/wiki/Single_bond" title="Single bond">single bonds</a>, they <a href="/wiki/Bent_molecular_geometry" title="Bent molecular geometry">form an angle between 90° and 120°</a>. In 1+ <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cations</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydroxonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxonium"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>H3O+</a>, a chalcogen forms three <a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbital" title="Molecular orbital">molecular orbitals</a> arranged in a <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_pyramidal_molecular_geometry" title="Trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry">trigonal pyramidal</a> fashion and one lone pair. Double bonds are also common in chalcogen compounds, for example in chalcogenates (see below). The <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation number">oxidation number</a> of the most common chalcogen compounds with positive metals is −2. However the tendency for chalcogens to form compounds in the −2 state decreases towards the heavier chalcogens.<a href="#cite_note-wisc-28">[28]</a> Other oxidation numbers, such as −1 in <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxide</a>, do occur. The highest formal <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation number">oxidation number</a> is +6.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-6">[6]</a> This oxidation number is found in <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenate" title="Selenate">selenates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tellurate" title="Tellurate">tellurates</a>, polonates, and their corresponding acids, such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>. Oxygen is the most <a href="/wiki/Electronegative" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronegative">electronegative</a> element except for <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>, and forms compounds with almost all of the chemical elements, including some of the <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a>. It commonly bonds with many metals and <a href="/wiki/Metalloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalloids">metalloids</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium_oxide" title="Titanium oxide">titanium oxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silicon_oxide" title="Silicon oxide">silicon oxide</a>. Oxygen's most common <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> is −2, and the oxidation state −1 is also relatively common.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-6">[6]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> it forms water and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>. Organic oxygen compounds are ubiquitous in <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>. Sulfur's oxidation states are −2, +2, +4, and +6. Sulfur-containing analogs of oxygen compounds often have the prefix thio-. Sulfur's chemistry is similar to oxygen's, in many ways. One difference is that sulfur-sulfur <a href="/wiki/Double_bond" title="Double bond">double bonds</a> are far weaker than oxygen-oxygen double bonds, but sulfur-sulfur <a href="/wiki/Single_bond" title="Single bond">single bonds</a> are stronger than oxygen-oxygen single bonds.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Organic sulfur compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol">thiols</a> have a strong specific smell, and a few are utilized by some organisms.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Selenium's oxidation states are −2, +4, and +6. Selenium, like most chalcogens, bonds with oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> There are some <a href="/wiki/Organoselenium_chemistry" title="Organoselenium chemistry">organic selenium compounds</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Selenoproteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenoproteins">selenoproteins</a>. Tellurium's oxidation states are −2, +2, +4, and +6.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-6">[6]</a> Tellurium forms the oxides <a href="/wiki/Tellurium_monoxide" title="Tellurium monoxide">tellurium monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tellurium_dioxide" title="Tellurium dioxide">tellurium dioxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tellurium_trioxide" title="Tellurium trioxide">tellurium trioxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Polonium's oxidation states are +2 and +4.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brindis_(24675281395).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Water dripping into a glass, showing drops and bubbles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Brindis_%2824675281395%29.jpg/170px-Brindis_%2824675281395%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Brindis_%2824675281395%29.jpg/255px-Brindis_%2824675281395%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Brindis_%2824675281395%29.jpg/340px-Brindis_%2824675281395%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2O) is the most familiar chalcogen-containing compound.</figcaption></figure> There are many acids containing chalcogens, including sulfuric acid, <a href="/wiki/Sulfurous_acid" title="Sulfurous acid">sulfurous acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenic_acid" title="Selenic acid">selenic acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telluric_acid" title="Telluric acid">telluric acid</a>. All <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chalcogenide" title="Hydrogen chalcogenide">hydrogen chalcogenides</a> are toxic except for <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2011-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Oxygen ions often come in the forms of <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> ions (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">O2−), <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxide</a> ions (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">O2−2), and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> ions (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">OH−). Sulfur ions generally come in the form of <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">S2−), <a href="/wiki/Bisulfide" title="Bisulfide">bisulfides</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SH−), <a href="/wiki/Sulfite" title="Sulfite">sulfites</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SO2−3), <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfates</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SO2−4), and <a href="/wiki/Thiosulfate" title="Thiosulfate">thiosulfates</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">S2O2−3). Selenium ions usually come in the form of <a href="/wiki/Selenide" title="Selenide">selenides</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Se2−), <a href="/wiki/Selenite_(ion)" title="Selenite (ion)">selenites</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SeO2−3) and <a href="/wiki/Selenate" title="Selenate">selenates</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SeO2−4). Tellurium ions often come in the form of <a href="/wiki/Tellurate" title="Tellurate">tellurates</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">TeO2−4).<a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-6">[6]</a> Molecules containing metal bonded to chalcogens are common as minerals. For example, <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> (FeS2) is an <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>, and the rare mineral <a href="/wiki/Calaverite" title="Calaverite">calaverite</a> is the ditelluride <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">(<a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a>)Te2. Although all group 16 elements of the periodic table, including oxygen, can be defined as chalcogens, oxygen and oxides are usually distinguished from chalcogens and <a href="/wiki/Chalcogenide" title="Chalcogenide">chalcogenides</a>. The term chalcogenide is more commonly reserved for <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenide" title="Selenide">selenides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telluride_(chemistry)" title="Telluride (chemistry)">tellurides</a>, rather than for <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chalcogen2-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-handbook-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Takahisa-34">[34]</a> Except for polonium, the chalcogens are all fairly similar to each other chemically. They all form X2− ions when reacting with <a href="/wiki/Electropositive" class="mw-redirect" title="Electropositive">electropositive</a> metals.<a href="#cite_note-wisc-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfide_mineral" title="Sulfide mineral">Sulfide minerals</a> and analogous compounds produce gases upon reaction with oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_halogens">With halogens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: With halogens">edit</a>]</div> Chalcogens also form compounds with <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a> known as chalcohalides, or chalcogen halides. The majority of simple chalcogen halides are well-known and widely used as chemical <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagents</a>. However, more complicated chalcogen halides, such as sulfenyl, sulfonyl, and sulfuryl halides, are less well known to science. Out of the compounds consisting purely of chalcogens and halogens, there are a total of 13 chalcogen fluorides, nine chalcogen chlorides, eight chalcogen bromides, and six chalcogen iodides that are known.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chalcogen#Dubious" title="Talk:Chalcogen">discuss</a>] The heavier chalcogen halides often have significant molecular interactions. Sulfur fluorides with low valences are fairly unstable and little is known about their properties.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chalcogen#Dubious" title="Talk:Chalcogen">discuss</a>] However, sulfur fluorides with high valences, such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride" title="Sulfur hexafluoride">sulfur hexafluoride</a>, are stable and well-known. <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_tetrafluoride" title="Sulfur tetrafluoride">Sulfur tetrafluoride</a> is also a well-known sulfur fluoride. Certain selenium fluorides, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selenium_difluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selenium difluoride (page does not exist)">selenium difluoride</a>, have been produced in small amounts. The crystal structures of both <a href="/wiki/Selenium_tetrafluoride" title="Selenium tetrafluoride">selenium tetrafluoride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tellurium_tetrafluoride" title="Tellurium tetrafluoride">tellurium tetrafluoride</a> are known. Chalcogen chlorides and bromides have also been explored. In particular, selenium dichloride and sulfur dichloride can react to form <a href="/wiki/Organoselenium_chemistry" title="Organoselenium chemistry">organic selenium compounds</a>. Dichalcogen dihalides, such as Se2Cl2 also are known to exist. There are also mixed chalcogen-halogen compounds. These include SeSX, with X being chlorine or bromine.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chalcogen#Dubious" title="Talk:Chalcogen">discuss</a>] Such compounds can form in mixtures of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dichloride" title="Sulfur dichloride">sulfur dichloride</a> and selenium halides. These compounds have been fairly recently structurally characterized, as of 2008. In general, diselenium and disulfur chlorides and bromides are useful chemical reagents. Chalcogen halides with attached metal atoms are soluble in organic solutions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chalcogen#Dubious" title="Talk:Chalcogen">discuss</a>] One example of such a compound is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a>S2Cl3. Unlike selenium chlorides and bromides, selenium <a href="/wiki/Iodide" title="Iodide">iodides</a> have not been isolated, as of 2008, although it is likely that they occur in solution. Diselenium diiodide, however, does occur in equilibrium with selenium atoms and iodine molecules. Some tellurium halides with low valences, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Te2Cl2 and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Te2Br2, form <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> when in the <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">solid state</a>. These tellurium halides can be synthesized by the reduction of pure tellurium with <a href="/wiki/Superhydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhydride">superhydride</a> and reacting the resulting product with tellurium tetrahalides. Ditellurium dihalides tend to get less stable as the halides become lower in atomic number and atomic mass. Tellurium also forms iodides with even fewer iodine atoms than diiodides. These include TeI and Te2I. These compounds have extended structures in the solid state. Halogens and chalcogens can also form halochalcogenate <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-handbook-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic">Organic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Organic">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">Alcohols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenols</a> and other similar compounds contain oxygen. However, in <a href="/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol">thiols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenol" title="Selenol">selenols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tellurol" title="Tellurol">tellurols</a>; sulfur, selenium, and tellurium replace oxygen. Thiols are better known than selenols or tellurols. Aside from alcohols, thiols are the most stable chalcogenols and tellurols are the least stable, being unstable in heat or light. Other organic chalcogen compounds include <a href="/wiki/Thioether" class="mw-redirect" title="Thioether">thioethers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenoether" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenoether">selenoethers</a> and telluroethers. Some of these, such as <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide" title="Dimethyl sulfide">dimethyl sulfide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_sulfide" title="Diethyl sulfide">diethyl sulfide</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipropyl_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dipropyl sulfide (page does not exist)">dipropyl sulfide</a> are commercially available. Selenoethers are in the form of <a href="/wiki/Side_chain" title="Side chain">R</a>2Se or <a href="/wiki/Side_chain" title="Side chain">R</a>SeR. Telluroethers such as <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_telluride" title="Dimethyl telluride">dimethyl telluride</a> are typically prepared in the same way as thioethers and selenoethers. Organic chalcogen compounds, especially organic sulfur compounds, have the tendency to smell unpleasant. Dimethyl telluride also smells unpleasant,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selenophenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenophenol">selenophenol</a> is renowned for its "metaphysical stench".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> There are also <a href="/wiki/Thioketone" title="Thioketone">thioketones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenoketone" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenoketone">selenoketones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telluroketones" class="mw-redirect" title="Telluroketones">telluroketones</a>. Out of these, thioketones are the most well-studied with 80% of chalcogenoketones papers being about them. Selenoketones make up 16% of such papers and telluroketones make up 4% of them. Thioketones have well-studied non-linear electric and photophysical properties. Selenoketones are less stable than thioketones and telluroketones are less stable than selenoketones. Telluroketones have the highest level of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">polarity</a> of chalcogenoketones.<a href="#cite_note-handbook-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_metals">With metals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: With metals">edit</a>]</div> There is a very large number of metal chalcogenides. There are also ternary compounds containing <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a>. Highly metal-rich metal chalcogenides, such as <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a>7Te and Lu8Te have domains of the metal's crystal lattice containing chalcogen atoms. While these compounds do exist, analogous chemicals that contain <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">praseodymium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">holmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a> have not been discovered, as of 2008. The <a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">boron group</a> metals aluminum, <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a> also form bonds to chalcogens. The Ti3+ ion forms chalcogenide <a href="/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimer (chemistry)">dimers</a> such as Ti<a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a>5Se8. Metal chalcogenide dimers also occur as lower tellurides, such as Zr5Te6.<a href="#cite_note-handbook-33">[33]</a> Elemental chalcogens react with certain lanthanide compounds to form lanthanide clusters rich in chalcogens.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chalcogen#Dubious" title="Talk:Chalcogen">discuss</a>] <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a>(IV) chalcogenol compounds also exist. There are also <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> chalcogenols which have potential to serve as <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalysts</a> and stabilize <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-handbook-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_pnictogens">With pnictogens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: With pnictogens">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulfid_bismutit%C3%BD.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sulfid_bismutit%C3%BD.PNG/220px-Sulfid_bismutit%C3%BD.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sulfid_bismutit%C3%BD.PNG/330px-Sulfid_bismutit%C3%BD.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sulfid_bismutit%C3%BD.PNG/440px-Sulfid_bismutit%C3%BD.PNG 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Bismuth sulfide, a pnictogen chalcogenide</figcaption></figure> Compounds with chalcogen-<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> bonds have been explored for more than 200 years. These compounds include unsophisticated phosphorus chalcogenides as well as large molecules with biological roles and phosphorus-chalcogen compounds with metal clusters. These compounds have numerous applications, including organo-phosphate insecticides, <a href="/wiki/Match#The_strike-anywhere_match" title="Match">strike-anywhere matches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot" title="Quantum dot">quantum dots</a>. A total of 130,000 compounds with at least one phosphorus-sulfur bond, 6000 compounds with at least one phosphorus-selenium bond, and 350 compounds with at least one phosphorus-tellurium bond have been discovered.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The decrease in the number of chalcogen-phosphorus compounds further down the periodic table is due to diminishing bond strength. Such compounds tend to have at least one phosphorus atom in the center, surrounded by four chalcogens and <a href="/wiki/Side_chain" title="Side chain">side chains</a>. However, some phosphorus-chalcogen compounds also contain hydrogen (such as secondary <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a> chalcogenides) or nitrogen (such as dichalcogenoimidodiphosphates). <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_selenide" title="Phosphorus selenide">Phosphorus selenides</a> are typically harder to handle that phosphorus sulfides, and compounds in the form PxTey have not been discovered. Chalcogens also bond with other <a href="/wiki/Pnictogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnictogens">pnictogens</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>. Heavier chalcogen pnictides tend to form <a href="/wiki/Ribbon" title="Ribbon">ribbon</a>-like polymers instead of individual molecules. Chemical formulas of these compounds include Bi2S3 and Sb2Se3. Ternary chalcogen pnictides are also known. Examples of these include P4O6Se and P3SbS3. <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> containing chalcogens and pnictogens also exist. Almost all chalcogen pnictide salts are typically in the form of [PnxE4x]3−, where Pn is a pnictogen and E is a chalcogen.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chalcogen#Dubious" title="Talk:Chalcogen">discuss</a>] Tertiary phosphines can react with chalcogens to form compounds in the form of R3PE, where E is a chalcogen. When E is sulfur, these compounds are relatively stable, but they are less so when E is selenium or tellurium. Similarly, secondary phosphines can react with chalcogens to form secondary phosphine chalcogenides. However, these compounds are in a state of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium" title="Chemical equilibrium">equilibrium</a> with chalcogenophosphinous acid. Secondary phosphine chalcogenides are <a href="/wiki/Weak_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak acids">weak acids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-handbook-33">[33]</a> Binary compounds consisting of antimony or arsenic and a chalcogen. These compounds tend to be colorful and can be created by a reaction of the constituent elements at temperatures of 500 to 900 °C (932 to 1,652 °F).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> Chalcogens form single bonds and double bonds with other <a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">carbon group</a> elements than carbon, such as <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>. Such compounds typically form from a reaction of carbon group halides and chalcogenol salts or chalcogenol <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">bases</a>. Cyclic compounds with chalcogens, carbon group elements, and boron atoms exist, and occur from the reaction of boron dichalcogenates and carbon group metal halides. Compounds in the form of M-E, where M is silicon, germanium, or tin, and E is sulfur, selenium or tellurium have been discovered. These form when carbon group <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydrides</a> react or when heavier versions of <a href="/wiki/Carbene" title="Carbene">carbenes</a> react.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chalcogen#Dubious" title="Talk:Chalcogen">discuss</a>] Sulfur and tellurium can bond with organic compounds containing both silicon and phosphorus.<a href="#cite_note-handbook-33">[33]</a> All of the chalcogens form <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydrides</a>. In some cases this occurs with chalcogens bonding with two hydrogen atoms.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> However <a href="/wiki/Tellurium_hydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium hydride">tellurium hydride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polonium_hydride" title="Polonium hydride">polonium hydride</a> are both volatile and highly <a href="/wiki/Labile" class="mw-redirect" title="Labile">labile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-holleman-39">[39]</a> Also, oxygen can bond to hydrogen in a 1:1 ratio as in <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>, but this compound is unstable.<a href="#cite_note-wisc-28">[28]</a> Chalcogen compounds form a number of <a href="/wiki/Interchalcogen" title="Interchalcogen">interchalcogens</a>. For instance, sulfur forms the toxic <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">sulfur trioxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wisc-28">[28]</a> Tellurium also forms oxides. There are some chalcogen sulfides as well. These include <a href="/wiki/Selenium_sulfide" title="Selenium sulfide">selenium sulfide</a>, an ingredient in some <a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">shampoos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Elements-7">[7]</a> Since 1990, a number of <a href="/wiki/Boride" title="Boride">borides</a> with chalcogens bonded to them have been detected. The chalcogens in these compounds are mostly sulfur, although some do contain selenium instead. One such chalcogen boride consists of two molecules of <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide" title="Dimethyl sulfide">dimethyl sulfide</a> attached to a boron-hydrogen molecule. Other important boron-chalcogen compounds include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macropolyhedral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macropolyhedral (page does not exist)">macropolyhedral</a> systems. Such compounds tend to feature sulfur as the chalcogen. There are also chalcogen borides with two, three, or four chalcogens. Many of these contain sulfur but some, such as Na2B2Se7 contain selenium instead.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_discoveries">Early discoveries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early discoveries">edit</a>]</div> Sulfur has been known since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient world">ancient times</a> and is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> fifteen times. It was known to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> and commonly mined by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">ancient Romans</a>. In the Middle Ages, it was a key part of <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemical</a> experiments. In the 1700s and 1800s, scientists <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac">Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis-Jacques_Th%C3%A9nard" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Jacques Thénard">Louis-Jacques Thénard</a> proved sulfur to be a chemical element.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Early attempts to separate oxygen from air were hampered by the fact that air was thought of as a single element up to the 17th and 18th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Mikhail Lomonosov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ole_Borch" title="Ole Borch">Ole Borch</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Bayden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Bayden (page does not exist)">Pierre Bayden</a> all successfully created oxygen, but did not realize it at the time. Oxygen was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> in 1774 when he focused sunlight on a sample of <a href="/wiki/Mercuric_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercuric oxide">mercuric oxide</a> and collected the resulting gas. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> had also created oxygen in 1771 by the same method, but Scheele did not publish his results until 1777.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Tellurium was first discovered in 1783 by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_M%C3%BCller_von_Reichenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein">Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein</a>. He discovered tellurium in a sample of what is now known as calaverite. Müller assumed at first that the sample was pure antimony, but tests he ran on the sample did not agree with this. Muller then guessed that the sample was <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth sulfide">bismuth sulfide</a>, but tests confirmed that the sample was not that. For some years, Muller pondered the problem. Eventually he realized that the sample was gold bonded with an unknown element. In 1796, Müller sent part of the sample to the German chemist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Klaproth" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Klaproth">Martin Klaproth</a>, who purified the undiscovered element. Klaproth decided to call the element tellurium after the Latin word for earth.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Selenium was discovered in 1817 by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a>. Berzelius noticed a reddish-brown sediment at a sulfuric acid manufacturing plant. The sample was thought to contain arsenic. Berzelius initially thought that the sediment contained tellurium, but came to realize that it also contained a new element, which he named selenium after the Greek moon goddess Selene.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periodic_table_placing">Periodic table placing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Periodic table placing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mendelejevs_periodiska_system_1871.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mendelejevs_periodiska_system_1871.png/330px-Mendelejevs_periodiska_system_1871.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mendelejevs_periodiska_system_1871.png/495px-Mendelejevs_periodiska_system_1871.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mendelejevs_periodiska_system_1871.png/660px-Mendelejevs_periodiska_system_1871.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a>'s periodic system proposed in 1871 showing oxygen, sulfur, selenium and tellurium part of his group VI</figcaption></figure> Three of the chalcogens (sulfur, selenium, and tellurium) were part of the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodicity</a>, as they are among a series of triads of elements in the same <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">group</a> that were noted by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner" title="Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner">Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner</a> as having similar properties.<a href="#cite_note-The_Disappearing_Spoon-12">[12]</a> Around 1865 <a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Reina_Newlands" class="mw-redirect" title="John Alexander Reina Newlands">John Newlands</a> produced a series of papers where he listed the elements in order of increasing atomic weight and similar physical and chemical properties that recurred at intervals of eight; he likened such periodicity to the <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octaves</a> of music.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> His version included a "group b" consisting of oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner.jpg/170px-Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner.jpg/255px-Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner.jpg/340px-Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner" title="Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner">Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner</a> was among the first to notice similarities between what are now known as chalcogens.</figcaption></figure> After 1869, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> proposed his periodic table placing oxygen at the top of "group VI" above sulfur, selenium, and tellurium.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> were sometimes included in this group, but they would be later rearranged as part of <a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">group VIB</a>; uranium would later be moved to the <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a> series. Oxygen, along with sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and later polonium would be grouped in group VIA, until the group's name was changed to group 16 in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_discoveries">Modern discoveries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern discoveries">edit</a>]</div> In the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> discovered that a sample of <a href="/wiki/Pitchblende" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitchblende">pitchblende</a> was emitting four times as much radioactivity as could be explained by the presence of uranium alone. The Curies gathered several tons of pitchblende and refined it for several months until they had a pure sample of polonium. The discovery officially took place in 1898. Prior to the invention of particle accelerators, the only way to produce polonium was to extract it over several months from uranium ore.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> The first attempt at creating livermorium was from 1976 to 1977 at the <a href="/wiki/LBNL" class="mw-redirect" title="LBNL">LBNL</a>, who bombarded curium-248 with calcium-48, but were not successful. After several failed attempts in 1977, 1998, and 1999 by research groups in Russia, Germany, and the US, livermorium was created successfully in 2000 at the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> by bombarding <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a>-248 atoms with calcium-48 atoms. The element was known as ununhexium until it was officially named livermorium in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_and_etymology">Names and etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Names and etymology">edit</a>]</div> In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Jons_Jacob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jons Jacob Berzelius">Jons Jacob Berzelius</a> suggested calling the elements in group 16 "amphigens",<a href="#cite_note-che.uc-46">[46]</a> as the elements in the group formed <a href="/wiki/Amphid_salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphid salts">amphid salts</a> (salts of <a href="/wiki/Oxyacid" title="Oxyacid">oxyacids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Formerly regarded as composed of two oxides, an acid and a basic oxide) The term received some use in the early 1800s but is now obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-che.uc-46">[46]</a> The name chalcogen comes from the Greek words χαλκος (chalkos, literally "<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>"), and γενές (genes, born,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> gender, kindle). It was first used in 1932 by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Biltz" title="Wilhelm Biltz">Wilhelm Biltz</a>'s group at <a href="/wiki/Leibniz_University_Hannover" title="Leibniz University Hannover">Leibniz University Hannover</a>, where it was proposed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Fischer_(chemist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Fischer (chemist) (page does not exist)">Werner Fischer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chalcogen2-32">[32]</a> The word "chalcogen" gained popularity in Germany during the 1930s because the term was analogous to "halogen".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Although the literal meanings of the modern Greek words imply that chalcogen means "copper-former", this is misleading because the chalcogens have nothing to do with copper in particular. "Ore-former" has been suggested as a better translation,<a href="#cite_note-chalcogen-51">[51]</a> as the vast majority of metal ores are chalcogenides and the word χαλκος in ancient Greek was associated with metals and metal-bearing rock in general; copper, and its alloy <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, was one of the first metals to be used by humans. Oxygen's name comes from the Greek words oxy genes, meaning "acid-forming". Sulfur's name comes from either the Latin word sulfurium or the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word sulvere; both of those terms are ancient words for sulfur. Selenium is named after the Greek goddess of the moon, <a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a>, to match the previously discovered element tellurium, whose name comes from the Latin word telus, meaning earth. Polonium is named after Marie Curie's country of birth, Poland.<a href="#cite_note-The_Elements-7">[7]</a> Livermorium is named for the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> The four lightest chalcogens (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium) are all <a href="/wiki/Primordial_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial element">primordial elements</a> on Earth. Sulfur and oxygen occur as constituent <a href="/wiki/Copper_ore" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper ore">copper ores</a> and selenium and tellurium occur in small traces in such ores.<a href="#cite_note-wisc-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> forms naturally from the decay of other elements, even though it is not primordial. Livermorium does not occur naturally at all. Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by weight, 89% of water by weight, 46% of the Earth's crust by weight,<a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-6">[6]</a> and 65% of the human body.<a href="#cite_note-Structure_of_Matter-53">[53]</a> Oxygen also occurs in many minerals, being found in all <a href="/wiki/Oxide_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxide minerals">oxide minerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxide minerals">hydroxide minerals</a>, and in numerous other mineral groups.<a href="#cite_note-Rocks_and_Minerals-54">[54]</a> Stars of at least eight times the mass of the Sun also produce oxygen in their cores via <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Disappearing_Spoon-12">[12]</a> Oxygen is the third-most <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements#Universe" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">abundant element in the universe</a>, making up 1% of the universe by weight.<a href="#cite_note-Glossary-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abundance-56">[56]</a> Sulfur makes up 0.035% of the Earth's crust by weight, making it the 17th most abundant element there<a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-6">[6]</a> and makes up 0.25% of the human body.<a href="#cite_note-Structure_of_Matter-53">[53]</a> It is a major component of soil. Sulfur makes up 870 parts per million of seawater and about 1 part per billion of the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Sulfur can be found in elemental form or in the form of <a href="/wiki/Sulfide_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfide minerals">sulfide minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfate minerals">sulfate minerals</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sulfosalt_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfosalt minerals">sulfosalt minerals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rocks_and_Minerals-54">[54]</a> Stars of at least 12 times the mass of the Sun produce sulfur in their cores via nuclear fusion.<a href="#cite_note-The_Disappearing_Spoon-12">[12]</a> Sulfur is the tenth most abundant element in the universe, making up 500 parts per million of the universe by weight.<a href="#cite_note-Glossary-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abundance-56">[56]</a> Selenium makes up 0.05 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> of the Earth's crust by weight.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-6">[6]</a> This makes it the 67th most <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements#Earth" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">abundant element in the Earth's crust</a>. Selenium makes up on average 5 parts per million of the <a href="/wiki/Soils" class="mw-redirect" title="Soils">soils</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">Seawater</a> contains around 200 parts per trillion of selenium. The atmosphere contains 1 <a href="/wiki/Nanogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanogram">nanogram</a> of selenium per cubic meter. There are mineral groups known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selenate_minerals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selenate minerals (page does not exist)">selenates</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selenite_minerals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selenite minerals (page does not exist)">selenites</a>, but there are not many minerals in these groups.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Selenium is not produced directly by nuclear fusion.<a href="#cite_note-The_Disappearing_Spoon-12">[12]</a> Selenium makes up 30 parts per billion of the universe by weight.<a href="#cite_note-Abundance-56">[56]</a> There are only 5 parts per billion of tellurium in the Earth's crust and 15 parts per billion of tellurium in seawater.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Tellurium is one of the eight or nine least abundant elements in the Earth's crust.<a href="#cite_note-The_Elements-7">[7]</a> There are a few dozen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tellurate_minerals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tellurate minerals (page does not exist)">tellurate minerals</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telluride_minerals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telluride minerals (page does not exist)">telluride minerals</a>, and tellurium occurs in some minerals with gold, such as <a href="/wiki/Sylvanite" title="Sylvanite">sylvanite</a> and calaverite.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Tellurium makes up 9 parts per billion of the universe by weight.<a href="#cite_note-The_Elements-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abundance-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Polonium only occurs in trace amounts on Earth, via radioactive decay of uranium and thorium. It is present in uranium ores in concentrations of 100 micrograms per metric ton. Very minute amounts of polonium exist in the soil and thus in most food, and thus in the human body.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> The Earth's crust contains less than 1 part per billion of polonium, making it one of the ten rarest metals on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-6">[6]</a> Livermorium is always produced artificially in <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a>. Even when it is produced, only a small number of atoms are synthesized at a time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalcophile_elements">Chalcophile elements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chalcophile elements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chalcophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcophile">Chalcophile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></div> Chalcophile elements are those that remain on or close to the surface because they combine readily with chalcogens other than oxygen, forming compounds which do not sink into the core. Chalcophile ("chalcogen-loving") elements in this context are those metals and heavier nonmetals that have a low affinity for oxygen and prefer to bond with the heavier chalcogen sulfur as sulfides.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Because sulfide minerals are much denser than the silicate minerals formed by <a href="/wiki/Lithophile_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithophile element">lithophile elements</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rocks_and_Minerals-54">[54]</a> chalcophile elements separated below the lithophiles at the time of the first crystallisation of the Earth's crust. This has led to their depletion in the Earth's crust relative to their solar abundances, though this depletion has not reached the levels found with siderophile elements.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div style="text-align:center; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; width:100%; max-width:800px; margin:0 auto;"> <div style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:2px 2px; font-weight: bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(by_Goldschmidt_classification)" title="Template:Periodic table (by Goldschmidt classification)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Periodic_table_(by_Goldschmidt_classification)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Periodic table (by Goldschmidt classification) (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(by_Goldschmidt_classification)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (by Goldschmidt classification)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></div></div> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="table-layout:fixed; background:#f8f8f8; width:100% !important;margin:0; padding:2px 0; text-align:center; line-height:120%; border-collapse: separate !important; ;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#e8e8e8"> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen group">15</a> </th> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">16</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a> → </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:left;">↓ <a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;">1 <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="17"> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;">2 <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">3 <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">4 <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">5 <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;">6 <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;">7 <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">8 <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">9 <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;">10 <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">11 <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">12 <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">13 <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">14 <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">15 <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#fff888;">16 <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">17 <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;">18 <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">19 <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">20 <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">21 <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">22 <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">23 <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">24 <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffe0f0;">25 <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffe0f0;">26 <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffe0f0;">27 <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffe0f0;">28 <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#fff888;">29 <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#fff888;">30 <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#fff888;">31 <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#fff888;">32 <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#fff888;">33 <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#fff888;">34 <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">35 <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;">36 <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">37 <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">38 <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">39 <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">40 <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">41 <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffe0f0;">42 <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">43 <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffe0f0;">44 <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffe0f0;">45 <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffe0f0;">46 <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#fff888;">47 <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#fff888;">48 <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#fff888;">49 <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#fff888;">50 <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#fff888;">51 <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#fff888;">52 <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">53 <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;">54 <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">55 <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">56 <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">71 <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">72 <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">73 <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffe0f0;">74 <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffe0f0;">75 <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffe0f0;">76 <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffe0f0;">77 <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffe0f0;">78 <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffe0f0;">79 <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#fff888;">80 <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#fff888;">81 <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#fff888;">82 <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#fff888;">83 <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">84 <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">85 <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">86 <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">87 <a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">88 <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">103 <a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">104 <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">105 <a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">106 <a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">107 <a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">108 <a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">109 <a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">110 <a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">111 <a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">112 <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">113 <a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">114 <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">115 <a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">116 <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">117 <a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">118 <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">57 <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">58 <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">59 <a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">60 <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">61 <a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">62 <a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">63 <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">64 <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">65 <a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">66 <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">67 <a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">68 <a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">69 <a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">70 <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">89 <a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">90 <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">91 <a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;">92 <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">93 <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">94 <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">95 <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">96 <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">97 <a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">98 <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">99 <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">100 <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">101 <a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffff;">102 <a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> Goldschmidt classification: Lithophile Siderophile Chalcophile Atmophile Trace/Synthetic </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> Approximately 100 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">metric tons</a> of oxygen are produced yearly. Oxygen is most commonly produced by <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a>, in which air is cooled to a liquid, then warmed, allowing all the components of air except for oxygen to turn to gases and escape. Fractionally distilling air several times can produce 99.5% pure oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Another method with which oxygen is produced is to send a stream of dry, clean air through a bed of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_sieve" title="Molecular sieve">molecular sieves</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolite</a>, which absorbs the nitrogen in the air, leaving 90 to 93% pure oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg/220px-AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg/330px-AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg/440px-AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Sulfur recovered from oil refining in Alberta, stockpiled for shipment in <a href="/wiki/North_Vancouver_(city)" title="North Vancouver (city)">North Vancouver</a>, British Columbia</figcaption></figure> Sulfur can be mined in its elemental form, although this method is no longer as popular as it used to be. In 1865 a large deposit of elemental sulfur was discovered in the U.S. states of Louisiana and Texas, but it was difficult to extract at the time. In the 1890s, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Frasch" title="Herman Frasch">Herman Frasch</a> came up with the solution of liquefying the sulfur with superheated steam and pumping the sulfur up to the surface. These days sulfur is instead more often extracted from <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> The world production of selenium is around 1500 metric tons per year, out of which roughly 10% is recycled. Japan is the largest producer, producing 800 metric tons of selenium per year. Other large producers include Belgium (300 metric tons per year), the United States (over 200 metric tons per year), Sweden (130 metric tons per year), and Russia (100 metric tons per year). Selenium can be extracted from the waste from the process of electrolytically refining copper. Another method of producing selenium is to farm selenium-gathering plants such as <a href="/wiki/Milk_vetch" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk vetch">milk vetch</a>. This method could produce three kilograms of selenium per acre, but is not commonly practiced.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Tellurium is mostly produced as a by-product of the processing of copper.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Tellurium can also be refined by <a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrolytic reduction">electrolytic reduction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_telluride" title="Sodium telluride">sodium telluride</a>. The world production of tellurium is between 150 and 200 metric tons per year. The United States is one of the largest producers of tellurium, producing around 50 metric tons per year. Peru, Japan, and Canada are also large producers of tellurium.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Until the creation of nuclear reactors, all polonium had to be extracted from uranium ore. In modern times, most <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_polonium" title="Isotopes of polonium">isotopes of polonium</a> are produced by bombarding <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> with neutrons.<a href="#cite_note-The_Elements-7">[7]</a> Polonium can also be produced by high <a href="/wiki/Neutron_flux" title="Neutron flux">neutron fluxes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear reactors">nuclear reactors</a>. Approximately 100 grams of polonium are produced yearly.<a href="#cite_note-Factsheets-64">[64]</a> All the polonium produced for commercial purposes is made in the Ozersk nuclear reactor in Russia. From there, it is taken to <a href="/wiki/Samara,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Samara, Russia">Samara, Russia</a> for purification, and from there to <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> for distribution. The United States is the largest consumer of polonium.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> All <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">livermorium</a> is produced artificially in <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a>. The first successful production of livermorium was achieved by bombarding curium-248 atoms with <a href="/wiki/Calcium-48" title="Calcium-48">calcium-48</a> atoms. As of 2011, roughly 25 atoms of livermorium had been synthesized.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a> is the most important source and use of oxygen. Minor industrial uses include <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">Steelmaking</a> (55% of all purified oxygen produced), the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a> (25% of all purified oxygen), medical use, <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a> (as oxygen kills some types of bacteria), <a href="/wiki/Rocket_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket fuel">rocket fuel</a> (in liquid form), and metal cutting.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Most sulfur produced is transformed into <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, which is further transformed into <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, a very common industrial chemical. Other common uses include being a key ingredient of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>, and being used to change <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">soil pH</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Elements-7">[7]</a> Sulfur is also mixed into rubber to <a href="/wiki/Vulcanized_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanized rubber">vulcanize</a> it. Sulfur is used in some types of <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a>. 60% of all sulfuric acid produced is used to generate <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Sulfur is used as a <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> (specifically as an <a href="/wiki/Acaricide" title="Acaricide">acaricide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicide</a>) on "orchard, ornamental, vegetable, grain, and other crops."<a href="#cite_note-EPA-sulfur-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Powder_Close_Up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Black_Powder_Close_Up.jpg/220px-Black_Powder_Close_Up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Black_Powder_Close_Up.jpg/330px-Black_Powder_Close_Up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Black_Powder_Close_Up.jpg/440px-Black_Powder_Close_Up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a>, an application of sulfur</figcaption></figure> Around 40% of all selenium produced goes to <a href="/wiki/Glassmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Glassmaking">glassmaking</a>. 30% of all selenium produced goes to <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Manganese#Occurrence_and_production" title="Manganese">manganese production</a>. 15% of all selenium produced goes to <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. Electronics such as <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic">photovoltaic materials</a> claim 10% of all selenium produced. <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigments</a> account for 5% of all selenium produced. Historically, machines such as <a href="/wiki/Photocopier" title="Photocopier">photocopiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light_meter" title="Light meter">light meters</a> used one-third of all selenium produced, but this application is in steady decline.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tellurium_suboxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium suboxide">Tellurium suboxide</a>, a mixture of tellurium and tellurium dioxide, is used in the rewritable data layer of some <a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW disks</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW disks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_telluride" title="Bismuth telluride">Bismuth telluride</a> is also used in many <a href="/wiki/Microelectronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectronic">microelectronic</a> devices, such as <a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">photoreceptors</a>. Tellurium is sometimes used as an alternative to sulfur in <a href="/wiki/Vulcanized_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanized rubber">vulcanized rubber</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_telluride" title="Cadmium telluride">Cadmium telluride</a> is used as a high-efficiency material in solar panels.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Some of polonium's applications relate to the element's radioactivity. For instance, polonium is used as an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha-particle</a> generator for research. Polonium alloyed with <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> provides an efficient neutron source. Polonium is also used in nuclear batteries. Most polonium is used in antistatic devices.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-6">[6]</a> Livermorium does not have any uses whatsoever due to its extreme rarity and short half-life. Organochalcogen compounds are involved in the <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> process. These compounds also feature into <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a> chemistry and <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>. One application of chalcogens themselves is to manipulate <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> couples in supramolecular chemistry (chemistry involving non-covalent bond interactions). This application leads on to such applications as crystal packing, assembly of large molecules, and biological recognition of patterns. The secondary bonding interactions of the larger chalcogens, selenium and tellurium, can create organic solvent-holding <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-carbon_nanotube" title="Non-carbon nanotube">nanotubes</a>. Chalcogen interactions are useful for conformational analysis and stereoelectronic effects, among other things. Chalcogenides with through bonds also have applications. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Divalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Divalent">divalent</a> sulfur can stabilize carbanions, <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cationic</a> centers, and <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radical</a>. Chalcogens can confer upon ligands (such as DCTO) properties such as being able to transform <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu(II)</a> to Cu(I). Studying chalcogen interactions gives access to radical cations, which are used in mainstream <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic chemistry">synthetic chemistry</a>. Metallic redox centers of biological importance are tunable by interactions of ligands containing chalcogens, such as <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">methionine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selenocysteine" title="Selenocysteine">selenocysteine</a>. Also, chalcogen through-bonds[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chalcogen#Dubious" title="Talk:Chalcogen">discuss</a>] can provide insight about the process of electron transfer.<a href="#cite_note-synth-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Biological role">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dioxygen_in_biological_reactions" title="Dioxygen in biological reactions">Dioxygen in biological reactions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_cycle" title="Sulfur cycle">Sulfur cycle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium in biology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DNA_chemical_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_chemical_structure.svg/220px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_chemical_structure.svg/330px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_chemical_structure.svg/440px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption>DNA, an important biological compound containing oxygen</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> is needed by almost all <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">organisms</a> for the purpose of generating <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>. It is also a key component of most other biological compounds, such as water, <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. Human blood contains a large amount of oxygen. Human bones contain 28% oxygen. Human tissue contains 16% oxygen. A typical 70-kilogram human contains 43 kilograms of oxygen, mostly in the form of water.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> All animals need significant amounts of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>. Some amino acids, such as <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">methionine</a> contain sulfur. Plant roots take up sulfate ions from the soil and reduce it to sulfide ions. <a href="/wiki/Metalloprotein" title="Metalloprotein">Metalloproteins</a> also use sulfur to attach to useful metal atoms in the body and sulfur similarly attaches itself to poisonous metal atoms like <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> to haul them to the safety of the liver. On average, humans consume 900 milligrams of sulfur each day. Sulfur compounds, such as those found in skunk spray often have strong odors.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> All animals and some plants need trace amounts of <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, but only for some specialized enzymes.<a href="#cite_note-The_Elements-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Selenium:_biological_information-67">[67]</a> Humans consume on average between 6 and 200 micrograms of selenium per day. Mushrooms and <a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">brazil nuts</a> are especially noted for their high selenium content. Selenium in foods is most commonly found in the form of amino acids such as <a href="/wiki/Selenocysteine" title="Selenocysteine">selenocysteine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selenomethionine" title="Selenomethionine">selenomethionine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Selenium can protect against <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">heavy metal</a> poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-Selenium:_biological_information-67">[67]</a> Tellurium is not known to be needed for animal life, although a few fungi can incorporate it in compounds in place of selenium. Microorganisms also absorb tellurium and emit <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_telluride" title="Dimethyl telluride">dimethyl telluride</a>. Most tellurium in the blood stream is excreted slowly in urine, but some is converted to dimethyl telluride and released through the lungs. On average, humans ingest about 600 micrograms of tellurium daily. Plants can take up some tellurium from the soil. Onions and garlic have been found to contain as much as 300 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> of tellurium in dry weight.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Polonium has no biological role, and is highly toxic on account of being radioactive. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Toxicity">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 12em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#FFCB66; font-size: 98%;"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> safety square</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_b27845110d7e52b0" /><map name="ImageMap_b27845110d7e52b0"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" title="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">2</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>Fire diamond for selenium</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Oxygen is generally nontoxic, but <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">oxygen toxicity</a> has been reported when it is used in high concentrations. In both elemental gaseous form and as a component of water, it is vital to almost all life on Earth. Despite this, liquid oxygen is highly dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-The_Elements-7">[7]</a> Even gaseous oxygen is dangerous in excess. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">sports divers</a> have occasionally drowned from <a href="/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion">convulsions</a> caused by breathing pure oxygen at a depth of more than 10 meters (33 feet) underwater.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Oxygen is also toxic to some <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Structure_of_Matter-53">[53]</a> Ozone, an allotrope of oxygen, is toxic to most life. It can cause <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesions</a> in the respiratory tract.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Sulfur is generally nontoxic and is even a vital nutrient for humans. However, in its elemental form it can cause redness in the eyes and skin, a burning sensation and a cough if inhaled, a burning sensation and diarrhoea and/or <a href="/wiki/Catharsis_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catharsis (medicine)">catharsis</a><a href="#cite_note-EPA-sulfur-66">[66]</a> if ingested, and can irritate the mucous membranes.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> An excess of sulfur can be toxic for <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cows</a> because microbes in the <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumens</a> of cows produce toxic hydrogen sulfide upon reaction with sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Many sulfur compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> (H2S) and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> (SO2) are highly toxic.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Selenium is a trace nutrient required by humans on the order of tens or hundreds of micrograms per day. A dose of over 450 micrograms can be toxic, resulting in bad breath and <a href="/wiki/Body_odor" title="Body odor">body odor</a>. Extended, low-level exposure, which can occur at some industries, results in <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a>. In many cases of selenium poisoning, <a href="/wiki/Selenous_acid" title="Selenous acid">selenous acid</a> is formed in the body.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_selenide" title="Hydrogen selenide">Hydrogen selenide</a> (H2Se) is highly toxic.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Exposure to tellurium can produce unpleasant side effects. As little as 10 micrograms of tellurium per cubic meter of air can cause notoriously unpleasant breath, described as smelling like rotten garlic.<a href="#cite_note-The_Elements-7">[7]</a> Acute tellurium poisoning can cause vomiting, gut inflammation, internal bleeding, and respiratory failure. Extended, low-level exposure to tellurium causes tiredness and indigestion. <a href="/wiki/Sodium_tellurite" title="Sodium tellurite">Sodium tellurite</a> (Na2TeO3) is lethal in amounts of around 2 grams.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Polonium is dangerous as an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particle</a> emitter. If ingested, <a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">polonium-210</a> is a million times as toxic as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a> by weight; it has been used as a murder weapon in the past, most famously <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Alexander_Litvinenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Alexander Litvinenko">to kill</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Alexander Litvinenko">Alexander Litvinenko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a> Polonium poisoning can cause <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">anorexia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lymphopenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphopenia">lymphopenia</a>. It can also damage <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Polonium-210 is only dangerous if ingested or inhaled because its alpha particle emissions cannot penetrate human skin.<a href="#cite_note-Factsheets-64">[64]</a> Polonium-209 is also toxic, and can cause <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amphid_salts">Amphid salts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Amphid salts">edit</a>]</div> Amphid salts was a name given by <a href="/wiki/Jons_Jacob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jons Jacob Berzelius">Jons Jacob Berzelius</a> in the 19th century for chemical salts derived from the 16th group of the periodic table which included <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The term received some use in the early 1800s but is now obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The current term in use for the 16th group is chalcogens. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogenide" title="Chalcogenide">Chalcogenide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_chalcogenides" title="Gold chalcogenides">Gold chalcogenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Halogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchalcogen" title="Interchalcogen">Interchalcogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">Pnictogen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHouseHouse2008" class="citation book cs1">House, James E.; House, James Evan (2008). Inorganic chemistry. Amsterdam Heidelberg: Elsevier Academic Press. p. 523. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-356786-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-356786-4"><bdi>978-0-12-356786-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+chemistry&rft.place=Amsterdam+Heidelberg&rft.pages=523&rft.pub=Elsevier+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-12-356786-4&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=House%2C+James+Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-41">ap</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2011" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2011). 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Clinical Toxicology. 47 (5): 379–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15563650902956431">10.1080/15563650902956431</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19492929">19492929</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19648471">19648471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Diagnosis+and+treatment+of+polonium+poisoning&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=379-92&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19648471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19492929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15563650902956431&rft.au=Jefferson%2C+R.D.&rft.au=Goans+R.E.&rft.au=Blain%2C+P.G.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+S.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreemantle2012" class="citation web cs1">Freemantle, Michael (November 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/michael-freemantle/yasser-arafat-polonium-poisoning_b_2199903.html">"Yasser Arafat, Polonium Poisoning and the Curies"</a>. Retrieved November 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yasser+Arafat%2C+Polonium+Poisoning+and+the+Curies&rft.date=2012-11-28&rft.aulast=Freemantle&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2Fmichael-freemantle%2Fyasser-arafat-polonium-poisoning_b_2199903.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2008" class="citation book cs1">Lee, J. D. (January 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0m6dIGxmAfwC">Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5TH ed</a>. Wiley India Pvt. Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-265-1554-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-265-1554-7"><bdi>978-81-265-1554-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Inorganic+Chemistry%2C+5TH+ed&rft.pub=Wiley+India+Pvt.+Limited&rft.date=2008-01-03&rft.isbn=978-81-265-1554-7&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0m6dIGxmAfwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1997" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, William B. (September 1, 1997). "A Note on the Term "Chalcogen"". Journal of Chemical Education. 74 (9): 1063. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JChEd..74.1063J">1997JChEd..74.1063J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed074p1063">10.1021/ed074p1063</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9584">0021-9584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+Term+%22Chalcogen%22&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1063&rft.date=1997-09-01&rft.issn=0021-9584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed074p1063&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JChEd..74.1063J&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcogen" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Periodic table forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">Extended periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By periodic table structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Triels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14 (Tetrels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Aufbau_model" title="Extended periodic table">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Fricke" title="Extended periodic table">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Pyykkö" title="Extended periodic table">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_metalloids" title="Lists of metalloids">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Other sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals (PGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element" title="List of aqueous ions by element">Aqueous chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">Term symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Data pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Element discoveries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asian languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Elements" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Elements">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chalcogens" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chalcogens" title="Template:Chalcogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chalcogens" title="Template talk:Chalcogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chalcogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chalcogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chalcogens" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chalcogens</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> O Atomic Number: 8 Atomic Weight: 15.9994 Melting Point: 50.5 K Boiling Point: 90.20 K Specific mass: 0.001429 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 3.04 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> S Atomic Number: 16 Atomic Weight: 32.065 Melting Point: 388.51 K Boiling Point: 717.8 K Specific mass: 2.067 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 2.58 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> Se Atomic Number: 34 Atomic Weight: 78.96 Melting Point: 494.15 K Boiling Point: 958 K Specific mass: 4.809 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 2.55 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> Te Atomic Number: 52 Atomic Weight: 127.60 Melting Point: 722.8 K Boiling Point: 1261 K Specific mass: 6.232 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 2.1 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> Po Atomic Number: 84 Atomic Weight: [210] Melting Point: 527.15 K Boiling Point: 1235 K Specific mass: 9.32 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 2 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> Lv Atomic Number: 116 Atomic Weight: [293] Melting Point: ? K Boiling Point: ? K Specific mass: ? 12.9 g/cm3 Electronegativity: ? </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oxides" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxides" title="Template:Oxides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oxides" title="Template talk:Oxides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oxides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oxides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oxides" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">Oxides</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed oxidation states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_tetroxide" title="Antimony tetroxide">Antimony tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a>2O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_suboxide" title="Boron suboxide">Boron suboxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a>12O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide">Carbon suboxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>3O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_perchlorate" title="Chlorine perchlorate">Chlorine perchlorate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloryl_perchlorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloryl perchlorate">Chloryl perchlorate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II,III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II,III) oxide">Cobalt(II,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>3O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_pentoxide" title="Dichlorine pentoxide">Dichlorine pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide" title="Iron(II,III) oxide">Iron(II,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>3O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead(II,IV)_oxide" title="Lead(II,IV) oxide">Lead(II,IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a>3O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II,III)_oxide" title="Manganese(II,III) oxide">Manganese(II,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>3O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitic_anhydride" title="Mellitic anhydride">Mellitic anhydride</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>12O9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III,IV)_oxide" title="Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide">Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a>6O11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver(I,III)_oxide" title="Silver(I,III) oxide">Silver(I,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a>2O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbium(III,IV)_oxide" title="Terbium(III,IV) oxide">Terbium(III,IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>4O7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribromine_octoxide" title="Tribromine octoxide">Tribromine octoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>3O8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triuranium_octoxide" title="Triuranium octoxide">Triuranium octoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>3O8)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+1 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_oxide" title="Aluminium(I) oxide">Aluminium(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_oxide" title="Copper(I) oxide">Copper(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_monoxide" title="Caesium monoxide">Caesium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibromine_monoxide" title="Dibromine monoxide">Dibromine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_monoxide" title="Dichlorine monoxide">Dichlorine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(I)_oxide" title="Gallium(I) oxide">Gallium(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine(I)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine(I) oxide">Iodine(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_oxide" title="Lithium oxide">Lithium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_oxide" title="Mercury(I) oxide">Mercury(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">Potassium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_oxide" title="Rubidium oxide">Rubidium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_oxide" title="Silver oxide">Silver oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium(I)_oxide" title="Thallium(I) oxide">Thallium(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Sodium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Water (hydrogen oxide)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a>2O)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+2 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_oxide" title="Barium oxide">Barium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkelium_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium monoxide">Berkelium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_oxide" title="Beryllium oxide">Beryllium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_monoxide" title="Boron monoxide">Boron monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromine monoxide">Bromine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">Cadmium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">Calcium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_monoxide" title="Chlorine monoxide">Chlorine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_oxide" title="Chromium(II) oxide">Chromium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II) oxide">Cobalt(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_oxide" title="Copper(II) oxide">Copper(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_dioxide" title="Dinitrogen dioxide">Dinitrogen dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium(II)_oxide" title="Europium(II) oxide">Europium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_monoxide" title="Germanium monoxide">Germanium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_monoxide" title="Iodine monoxide">Iodine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_oxide" title="Lead(II) oxide">Lead(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">Magnesium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide" title="Manganese(II) oxide">Manganese(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_oxide" title="Mercury(II) oxide">Mercury(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_oxide" title="Nickel(II) oxide">Nickel(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_monoxide" title="Niobium monoxide">Niobium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_oxide" title="Palladium(II) oxide">Palladium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_monoxide" title="Polonium monoxide">Polonium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium_monoxide" title="Protactinium monoxide">Protactinium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_oxide" title="Radium oxide">Radium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strontium_oxide" title="Strontium oxide">Strontium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_dioxide" title="Disulfur dioxide">Disulfur dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>2O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_monoxide" title="Thorium monoxide">Thorium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_oxide" title="Tin(II) oxide">Tin(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(II)_oxide" title="Vanadium(II) oxide">Vanadium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(II)_oxide" title="Yttrium(II) oxide">Yttrium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium monoxide">Zirconium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">Zinc oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a>O)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+3 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_oxide" title="Actinium(III) oxide">Actinium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">Aluminium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium(III)_oxide" title="Americium(III) oxide">Americium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_trioxide" title="Antimony trioxide">Antimony trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">Arsenic trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkelium(III)_oxide" title="Berkelium(III) oxide">Berkelium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_oxide" title="Bismuth(III) oxide">Bismuth(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_trioxide" title="Boron trioxide">Boron trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_sesquioxide" title="Caesium sesquioxide">Caesium sesquioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_oxide" title="Californium(III) oxide">Californium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(III)_oxide" title="Cerium(III) oxide">Cerium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide" title="Chromium(III) oxide">Chromium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(III) oxide">Cobalt(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_trioxide" title="Dinitrogen trioxide">Dinitrogen trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_oxide" title="Dysprosium(III) oxide">Dysprosium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(III)_oxide" title="Einsteinium(III) oxide">Einsteinium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbium(III)_oxide" title="Erbium(III) oxide">Erbium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_oxide" title="Europium(III) oxide">Europium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium(III)_oxide" title="Gadolinium(III) oxide">Gadolinium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_oxide" title="Gallium(III) oxide">Gallium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_oxide" title="Gold(III) oxide">Gold(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_oxide" title="Holmium(III) oxide">Holmium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_oxide" title="Indium(III) oxide">Indium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Iron(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_oxide" title="Lanthanum oxide">Lanthanum oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetium(III)_oxide" title="Lutetium(III) oxide">Lutetium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_oxide" title="Manganese(III) oxide">Manganese(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_oxide" title="Neodymium(III) oxide">Neodymium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(III)_oxide" title="Nickel(III) oxide">Nickel(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trioxide" title="Phosphorus trioxide">Phosphorus trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a>4O6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III)_oxide" title="Praseodymium(III) oxide">Praseodymium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_oxide" title="Promethium(III) oxide">Promethium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium(III)_oxide" title="Rhodium(III) oxide">Rhodium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_oxide" title="Samarium(III) oxide">Samarium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandium_oxide" title="Scandium oxide">Scandium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbium(III)_oxide" title="Terbium(III) oxide">Terbium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium(III)_oxide" title="Thallium(III) oxide">Thallium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_oxide" title="Thulium(III) oxide">Thulium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_oxide" title="Titanium(III) oxide">Titanium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(III)_oxide" title="Tungsten(III) oxide">Tungsten(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(III)_oxide" title="Vanadium(III) oxide">Vanadium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_oxide" title="Ytterbium(III) oxide">Ytterbium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(III)_oxide" title="Yttrium(III) oxide">Yttrium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a>2O3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+4 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americium_dioxide" title="Americium dioxide">Americium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkelium(IV)_oxide" title="Berkelium(IV) oxide">Berkelium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_dioxide" title="Bromine dioxide">Bromine dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium dioxide">Californium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_trioxide" title="Carbon trioxide">Carbon trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(IV)_oxide" title="Cerium(IV) oxide">Cerium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide">Chlorine dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_oxide" title="Chromium(IV) oxide">Chromium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curium(IV)_oxide" title="Curium(IV) oxide">Curium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">Dinitrogen tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_dioxide" title="Germanium dioxide">Germanium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_dioxide" title="Iodine dioxide">Iodine dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium dioxide">Iridium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_oxide" title="Hafnium(IV) oxide">Hafnium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_dioxide" title="Lead dioxide">Lead dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">Manganese dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_dioxide" title="Molybdenum dioxide">Molybdenum dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunium(IV)_oxide" title="Neptunium(IV) oxide">Neptunium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">Nitrogen dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_dioxide" title="Niobium dioxide">Niobium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_dioxide" title="Osmium dioxide">Osmium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum dioxide">Platinum dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium(IV)_oxide" title="Plutonium(IV) oxide">Plutonium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_dioxide" title="Polonium dioxide">Polonium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(IV)_oxide" title="Praseodymium(IV) oxide">Praseodymium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium(IV)_oxide" title="Protactinium(IV) oxide">Protactinium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium(IV)_oxide" title="Rhenium(IV) oxide">Rhenium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium(IV)_oxide" title="Rhodium(IV) oxide">Rhodium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(IV)_oxide" title="Ruthenium(IV) oxide">Ruthenium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_dioxide" title="Selenium dioxide">Selenium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">Silicon dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium(IV)_oxide" title="Technetium(IV) oxide">Technetium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurium_dioxide" title="Tellurium dioxide">Tellurium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbium(IV)_oxide" title="Terbium(IV) oxide">Terbium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_dioxide" title="Thorium dioxide">Thorium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_oxide" title="Tin(IV) oxide">Tin dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_oxide" title="Tungsten(IV) oxide">Tungsten(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_dioxide" title="Uranium dioxide">Uranium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(IV)_oxide" title="Vanadium(IV) oxide">Vanadium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">Zirconium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a>O2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+5 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentoxide" title="Antimony pentoxide">Antimony pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentoxide" title="Arsenic pentoxide">Arsenic pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_pentoxide" title="Bismuth pentoxide">Bismuth pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">Dinitrogen pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_pentoxide" title="Niobium pentoxide">Niobium pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxide" title="Phosphorus pentoxide">Phosphorus pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium(V)_oxide" title="Protactinium(V) oxide">Protactinium(V) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantalum_pentoxide" title="Tantalum pentoxide">Tantalum pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_pentoxide" title="Tungsten pentoxide">Tungsten pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide" title="Vanadium(V) oxide">Vanadium(V) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>2O5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+6 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_trioxide" title="Chromium trioxide">Chromium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_trioxide" title="Molybdenum trioxide">Molybdenum trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_trioxide" title="Polonium trioxide">Polonium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium_trioxide" title="Rhenium trioxide">Rhenium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_trioxide" title="Selenium trioxide">Selenium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">Sulfur trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurium_trioxide" title="Tellurium trioxide">Tellurium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_trioxide" title="Tungsten trioxide">Tungsten trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_trioxide" title="Uranium trioxide">Uranium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_trioxide" title="Xenon trioxide">Xenon trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>O3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+7 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_heptoxide" title="Dichlorine heptoxide">Dichlorine heptoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_heptoxide" title="Manganese heptoxide">Manganese heptoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>2O7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium(VII)_oxide" title="Rhenium(VII) oxide">Rhenium(VII) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>2O7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium(VII)_oxide" title="Technetium(VII) oxide">Technetium(VII) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a>2O7)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+8 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetroxide" title="Iridium tetroxide">Iridium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a>O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">Osmium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a>O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_tetroxide" title="Ruthenium tetroxide">Ruthenium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a>O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_tetroxide" title="Xenon tetroxide">Xenon tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassium_tetroxide" title="Hassium tetroxide">Hassium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a>O4)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxocarbon" title="Oxocarbon">Oxocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suboxide" title="Suboxide">Suboxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyanion" title="Oxyanion">Oxyanion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozonide" title="Ozonide">Ozonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">Peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">Superoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxypnictide" title="Oxypnictide">Oxypnictide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Oxides are sorted by <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a>. <a href="/wiki/Category:Oxides" title="Category:Oxides">Category:Oxides</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sulfides_(S2−)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;table-layout:fixed;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sulfides" title="Template:Sulfides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sulfides" title="Template talk:Sulfides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sulfides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sulfides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sulfides_(S2−)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">Sulfides</a> (S2−)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="overflow-x:auto"> <table class="center"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">H2S</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="11" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="5"> </td> <td>He </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium_sulfide" title="Lithium sulfide">Li2S</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_sulfide" title="Beryllium sulfide">BeS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boron_sulfide" title="Boron sulfide">B2S3</a> <a href="/wiki/Borate_sulfide" title="Borate sulfide">+BO3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">CS2</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">COS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide" title="Ammonium hydrosulfide">(NH4)SH</a> </td> <td>O </td> <td>F </td> <td>Ne </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfide" title="Sodium sulfide">Na2S</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfide" title="Magnesium sulfide">MgS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfide" title="Aluminium sulfide">Al2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">SiS</a> <a href="/wiki/Silicon_disulfide" title="Silicon disulfide">SiS2</a> <a href="/wiki/Thiosilicate" title="Thiosilicate">-Si</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus sulfide">PxSy</a> <a href="/wiki/Thiophosphate" title="Thiophosphate">-P</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Disulfides" class="mw-redirect" title="Disulfides">-S2− 2</a> </td> <td>Cl </td> <td>Ar </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_sulfide" title="Potassium sulfide">K2S</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfide" title="Calcium sulfide">CaS</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandium_monosulfide" title="Scandium monosulfide">ScS</a> <a href="/wiki/Scandium(III)_sulfide" title="Scandium(III) sulfide">Sc2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_sulfide" title="Titanium(II) sulfide">TiS</a> <a href="/wiki/Titanium_disulfide" title="Titanium disulfide">TiS2</a> <a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_sulfide" title="Titanium(III) sulfide">Ti2S3</a> <a href="/wiki/Titanium_trisulfide" title="Titanium trisulfide">TiS3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium_monosulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium monosulfide (page does not exist)">VS</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium_disulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium disulfide (page does not exist)">VS2</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Divanadium_trisulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Divanadium trisulfide (page does not exist)">V2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_sulfide" title="Chromium(II) sulfide">CrS</a> <a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_sulfide" title="Chromium(III) sulfide">Cr2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_sulfide" title="Manganese(II) sulfide">MnS</a> <a href="/wiki/Manganese_disulfide" title="Manganese disulfide">MnS2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfide" title="Iron(II) sulfide">FeS</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_sulfide" title="Iron(II,III) sulfide">Fe3S4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_sulfide" title="Cobalt sulfide">CoxSy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel_sulfide" title="Nickel sulfide">NixSy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_sulfide" title="Copper(I) sulfide">Cu2S</a> <a href="/wiki/Copper_monosulfide" title="Copper monosulfide">CuS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfide" title="Zinc sulfide">ZnS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallium(II)_sulfide" title="Gallium(II) sulfide">GaS</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_sulfide" title="Gallium(III) sulfide">Ga2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanium(II)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium(II) sulfide">GeS</a> <a href="/wiki/Germanium(IV)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium(IV) sulfide">GeS2</a> <a href="/wiki/Thiogermanate" title="Thiogermanate">-Ge</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trisulfide" title="Arsenic trisulfide">As2S3</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetraarsenic_trisulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraarsenic trisulfide">As4S3</a> <a href="/wiki/Trithioarsenite" title="Trithioarsenite">-As</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenium_disulfide" title="Selenium disulfide">SeS2</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfoselenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfoselenide">+Se</a> </td> <td>Br </td> <td>Kr </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_sulfide" title="Rubidium sulfide">Rb2S</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium_sulfide" title="Strontium sulfide">SrS</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yttrium_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium sulfide">Y2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_disulfide" title="Zirconium disulfide">ZrS2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niobium_disulfide" title="Niobium disulfide">NbS2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_disulfide" title="Molybdenum disulfide">MoS2</a> <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_trisulfide" title="Molybdenum trisulfide">MoS3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Technetium_disulphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium disulphide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">TcS2</a> <a href="/wiki/Technetium(VII)_sulfide" title="Technetium(VII) sulfide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Tc2S7</a> </td> <td>Ru </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodium(III)_sulfide" title="Rhodium(III) sulfide">Rh2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_sulfide" title="Palladium(II) sulfide">PdS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_sulfide" title="Silver sulfide">Ag2S</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_sulfide" title="Cadmium sulfide">CdS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Indium sulfide">In2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_sulfide" title="Tin(II) sulfide">SnS</a> <a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_sulfide" title="Tin(IV) sulfide">SnS2</a> <a href="/wiki/Thiostannate" title="Thiostannate">-Sn</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimony_trisulfide" title="Antimony trisulfide">Sb2S3</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentasulfide" title="Antimony pentasulfide">Sb2S5</a> <a href="/wiki/Thioantimonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Thioantimonate">-Sb</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tellurium_disulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tellurium disulfide (page does not exist)">TeS2</a> </td> <td>I </td> <td>Xe </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cesium_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium sulfide">Cs2S</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfide" title="Barium sulfide">BaS</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_monosulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium monosulfide (page does not exist)">LuS</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium(III)_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium(III) sulfide (page does not exist)">Lu2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafnium_disulfide" title="Hafnium disulfide">HfS2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tantalum(IV)_sulfide" title="Tantalum(IV) sulfide">TaS2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_disulfide" title="Tungsten disulfide">WS2</a> <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_trisulfide" title="Tungsten trisulfide">WS3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhenium_disulfide" title="Rhenium disulfide">ReS2</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhenium(VII)_sulfide" title="Rhenium(VII) sulfide">Re2S7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetrasulfide" title="Osmium tetrasulfide">OsS 4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iridium(III)_sulfide" title="Iridium(III) sulfide">Ir2S3</a> <a href="/wiki/Iridium_disulfide" title="Iridium disulfide">IrS2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Platinum(II)_sulfide" title="Platinum(II) sulfide">PtS</a> <a href="/wiki/Platinum_disulfide" title="Platinum disulfide">PtS2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold(I)_sulfide" title="Gold(I) sulfide">Au2S</a> <a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_sulfide" title="Gold(III) sulfide">Au2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_sulfide" title="Mercury sulfide">HgS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thallium_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium sulfide">Tl2S</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_sulfide" title="Lead(II) sulfide">PbS</a> <a href="/wiki/Lead(IV)_sulfide" title="Lead(IV) sulfide">PbS2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth sulfide">Bi2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium_sulfide" title="Polonium sulfide">PoS</a> </td> <td>At </td> <td>Rn </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>Fr </td> <td>Ra </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Lr </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>Db </td> <td>Sg </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_monosulfide" title="Lanthanum monosulfide">LaS</a> <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum(III)_sulfide" title="Lanthanum(III) sulfide">La2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium_monosulfide" title="Cerium monosulfide">CeS</a> <a href="/wiki/Cerium(III)_sulfide" title="Cerium(III) sulfide">Ce2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium_monosulfide" title="Praseodymium monosulfide">PrS</a> <a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III)_sulfide" title="Praseodymium(III) sulfide">Pr2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium_monosulfide" title="Neodymium monosulfide">NdS</a> <a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_sulfide" title="Neodymium(III) sulfide">Nd2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Promethium_monosulfide" title="Promethium monosulfide">PmS</a> <a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_sulfide" title="Promethium(III) sulfide">Pm2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium_monosulfide" title="Samarium monosulfide">SmS</a> <a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_sulfide" title="Samarium(III) sulfide">Sm2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium(II)_sulfide" title="Europium(II) sulfide">EuS</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Europium(III)_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europium(III) sulfide (page does not exist)">Eu2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium_monosulfide" title="Gadolinium monosulfide">GdS</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium(III)_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium(III) sulfide (page does not exist)">Gd2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbium_monosulfide" title="Terbium monosulfide">TbS</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium(III)_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium(III) sulfide (page does not exist)">Tb2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium_monosulfide" title="Dysprosium monosulfide">DyS</a> <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_sulfide" title="Dysprosium(III) sulfide">Dy2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmium_monosulfide" title="Holmium monosulfide">HoS</a> <a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_sulfide" title="Holmium(III) sulfide">Ho2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium_monosulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium monosulfide (page does not exist)">ErS</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium(III)_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium(III) sulfide (page does not exist)">Er2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium_monosulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium monosulfide (page does not exist)">TmS</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium(III)_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium(III) sulfide (page does not exist)">Tm2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(II)_sulfide" title="Ytterbium(II) sulfide">YbS</a> <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_sulfide" title="Ytterbium(III) sulfide">Yb2S3</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_sulfide" title="Actinium(III) sulfide">Ac2S3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thorium(IV)_sulfide" title="Thorium(IV) sulfide">ThS2</a> </td> <td>Pa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium_monosulfide" title="Uranium monosulfide">US</a> <a href="/wiki/Uranium_disulfide" title="Uranium disulfide">US2</a> </td> <td>Np </td> <td>Pu </td> <td>Am </td> <td>Cm </td> <td>Bk </td> <td>Cf </td> <td>Es </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>Md </td> <td>No </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Salts_and_covalent_derivatives_of_the_selenide_ion" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;table-layout:fixed;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Selenides" title="Template:Selenides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Selenides" title="Template talk:Selenides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Selenides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Selenides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salts_and_covalent_derivatives_of_the_selenide_ion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Salts and covalent derivatives of the <a href="/wiki/Selenide" title="Selenide">selenide</a> ion</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="overflow-x:auto"> <table class="center"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_selenide" title="Hydrogen selenide">H2Se</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_diselenide" title="Hydrogen diselenide">H2Se2</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydride_selenide" title="Hydride selenide">+H</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydroselenide" title="Hydroselenide">-H</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="11" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="5"> </td> <td>He </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium_selenide" title="Lithium selenide">Li2Se</a> </td> <td>Be </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenide_borate" title="Selenide borate">SexByOz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_diselenide" title="Carbon diselenide">CSe2</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_selenide" title="Carbonyl selenide">OCSe</a> <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_selenide" title="Dimethyl selenide">(CH3)2Se</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_selenide" title="Ammonium selenide">(NH4)2Se</a> </td> <td>O </td> <td>F </td> <td>Ne </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_selenide" title="Sodium selenide">Na2Se</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_selenide" title="Magnesium selenide">MgSe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_selenide" title="Aluminium selenide">Al2Se3</a> </td> <td>Si </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_selenide" title="Phosphorus selenide">PxSey</a> <a href="/wiki/Selenophosphate" title="Selenophosphate">-P</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfoselenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfoselenide">+S</a> </td> <td>Cl </td> <td>Ar </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_selenide" title="Potassium selenide">K2Se</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_selenide" title="Calcium selenide">CaSe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandium_selenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scandium selenide (page does not exist)">Sc2Se3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium_diselenide" title="Titanium diselenide">TiSe2</a> </td> <td>V </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_selenide" title="Chromium(II) selenide">CrSe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium(III)_selenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromium(III) selenide (page does not exist)">Cr2Se3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_selenide" title="Manganese(II) selenide">MnSe</a> <a href="/wiki/Manganese_diselenide" title="Manganese diselenide">MnSe2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_selenide" title="Iron(II) selenide">FeSe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_selenide" title="Cobalt(II) selenide">CoSe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel_selenide" title="Nickel selenide">NiSe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper_selenide" title="Copper selenide">CuSe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc_selenide" title="Zinc selenide">ZnSe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallium(II)_selenide" title="Gallium(II) selenide">GaSe</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_selenide" title="Gallium(III) selenide">Ga2Se3</a> <a href="/wiki/Selenogallate" title="Selenogallate">-Ga</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanium_monoselenide" title="Germanium monoselenide">GeSe</a> <a href="/wiki/Germanium_diselenide" title="Germanium diselenide">GeSe2</a> <a href="/wiki/Selenidogermanate" title="Selenidogermanate">-Ge</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_triselenide" title="Arsenic triselenide">As2Se3</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraarsenic_triselenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraarsenic triselenide (page does not exist)">As4Se3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyselenide" title="Polyselenide">Se2− n</a> </td> <td>Br </td> <td>Kr </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_selenide" title="Rubidium selenide">Rb2Se</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium_selenide" title="Strontium selenide">SrSe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium_selenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yttrium selenide (page does not exist)">Y2Se3</a> </td> <td>Zr </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niobium_diselenide" title="Niobium diselenide">NbSe2</a> <a href="/wiki/Niobium_triselenide" title="Niobium triselenide">NbSe3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_diselenide" title="Molybdenum diselenide">MoSe2</a> </td> <td>Tc </td> <td>Ru </td> <td>Rh </td> <td>Pd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver(I)_selenide" title="Silver(I) selenide">Ag2Se</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_selenide" title="Cadmium selenide">CdSe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_selenide" title="Indium(III) selenide">In2Se3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin_selenide" title="Tin selenide">SnSe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin(IV)_selenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin(IV) selenide (page does not exist)">SnSe2</a> <a href="/wiki/Selenidostannate" title="Selenidostannate">-Sn</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimony_triselenide" title="Antimony triselenide">Sb2Se3</a> </td> <td>Te </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenide_iodide" title="Selenide iodide">+I</a> </td> <td>Xe </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium_selenide" title="Caesium selenide">Cs2Se</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium_selenide" title="Barium selenide">BaSe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_monoselenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium monoselenide (page does not exist)">LuSe</a> <a href="/wiki/Lutetium(III)_selenide" title="Lutetium(III) selenide">Lu2Se3</a> </td> <td>Hf </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tantalum_diselenide" title="Tantalum diselenide">TaSe2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_diselenide" title="Tungsten diselenide">WSe2</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungsten_triselenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tungsten triselenide (page does not exist)">WSe3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhenium_diselenide" title="Rhenium diselenide">ReSe2</a> </td> <td>Os </td> <td>Ir </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Platinum_diselenide" title="Platinum diselenide">PtSe2</a> </td> <td>Au </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_selenide" title="Mercury selenide">HgSe</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thallium_selenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thallium selenide (page does not exist)">Tl2Se</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead_selenide" title="Lead selenide">PbSe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_selenide" title="Bismuth selenide">Bi2Se3</a> </td> <td>Po </td> <td>At </td> <td>Rn </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>Fr </td> <td>Ra </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Lr </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>Db </td> <td>Sg </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copernicium_selenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copernicium selenide (page does not exist)">CnSe</a> </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanum_monoselenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanum monoselenide (page does not exist)">LaSe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanum(III)_selenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanum(III) selenide (page does not exist)">La2Se3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium_monoselenide" title="Cerium monoselenide">CeSe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium(III)_selenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium(III) selenide (page does not exist)">Ce2Se3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium_monoselenide" title="Praseodymium monoselenide">PrSe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Praseodymium(III)_selenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praseodymium(III) selenide (page does not exist)">Pr2Se3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neodymium_monoselenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neodymium monoselenide (page does not exist)">NdSe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neodymium(III)_selenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neodymium(III) selenide (page does not exist)">Nd2Se3</a> </td> <td>Pm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium(II)_selenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarium(II) selenide">SmSe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium(III)_selenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samarium(III) selenide (page does not exist)">Sm2Se3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium_monoselenide" title="Europium monoselenide">EuSe</a> <a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_selenide" title="Europium(III) selenide">Eu2Se3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium_monoselenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium monoselenide (page does not exist)">GdSe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium(III)_selenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium(III) selenide (page does not exist)">Gd2Se3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbium_monoselenide" title="Terbium monoselenide">TbSe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium(III)_selenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium(III) selenide (page does not exist)">Tb2Se3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium_monoselenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosium monoselenide (page does not exist)">DySe</a> <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_selenide" title="Dysprosium(III) selenide">Dy2Se3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holmium_monoselenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holmium monoselenide (page does not exist)">HoSe</a> <a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_selenide" title="Holmium(III) selenide">Ho2Se3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium_monoselenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium monoselenide (page does not exist)">ErSe</a> <a href="/wiki/Erbium(III)_selenide" title="Erbium(III) selenide">Er2Se3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thulium_monoselenide" title="Thulium monoselenide">TmSe</a> <a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_selenide" title="Thulium(III) selenide">Tm2Se3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium_monoselenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ytterbium monoselenide (page does not exist)">YbSe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium(III)_selenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ytterbium(III) selenide (page does not exist)">Yb2Se3</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Ac </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thorium_diselenide" title="Thorium diselenide">ThSe2</a> </td> <td>Pa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium_diselenide" title="Uranium diselenide">USe2</a> </td> <td>Np </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_selenide" title="Plutonium selenide">PuSe</a> </td> <td>Am </td> <td>Cm </td> <td>Bk </td> <td>Cf </td> <td>Es </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>Md </td> <td>No </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Salts_and_covalent_derivatives_of_the_telluride_ion" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;table-layout:fixed;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tellurides" title="Template:Tellurides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tellurides" title="Template talk:Tellurides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tellurides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tellurides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salts_and_covalent_derivatives_of_the_telluride_ion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Salts and covalent derivatives of the <a href="/wiki/Telluride_(chemistry)" title="Telluride (chemistry)">telluride</a> ion</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="overflow-x:auto"> <table class="center"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_telluride" title="Hydrogen telluride">H2Te</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrotelluride" title="Hydrotelluride">-TeH</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="11" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="5"> </td> <td>He </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium_telluride" title="Lithium telluride">Li2Te</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_telluride" title="Beryllium telluride">BeTe</a> </td> <td>B </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_ditelluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon ditelluride (page does not exist)">CTe2</a> <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_telluride" title="Dimethyl telluride">(CH3)2Te</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonium_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ammonium telluride (page does not exist)">(NH4)2Te</a> </td> <td>O </td> <td>F </td> <td>Ne </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_telluride" title="Sodium telluride">Na2Te</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium telluride (page does not exist)">MgTe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_telluride" title="Aluminium telluride">Al2Te3</a> </td> <td>Si </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphorus telluride (page does not exist)">P0.8Te0.2</a> </td> <td>S </td> <td>Cl </td> <td>Ar </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_telluride" title="Potassium telluride">K2Te</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcium_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcium telluride (page does not exist)">CaTe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandium_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scandium telluride (page does not exist)">Sc2Te3</a> </td> <td>Ti </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium telluride (page does not exist)">VTe2</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium(II)_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromium(II) telluride (page does not exist)">CrTe</a> <a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_telluride" title="Chromium(III) telluride">Cr2Te3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_telluride" title="Manganese(II) telluride">MnTe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese_ditelluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manganese ditelluride (page does not exist)">MnTe2</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron(II)_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron(II) telluride (page does not exist)">FeTe</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cobalt telluride (page does not exist)">CoTe</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nickel telluride (page does not exist)">NiTe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_telluride" title="Copper(I) telluride">Cu2Te</a> <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_telluride" title="Copper(II) telluride">CuTe</a> <a href="/wiki/Copper_ditelluride" title="Copper ditelluride">CuTe2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc_telluride" title="Zinc telluride">ZnTe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallium(II)_telluride" title="Gallium(II) telluride">GaTe</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_telluride" title="Gallium(III) telluride">Ga2Te3</a> <a href="/wiki/Tellurogallate" title="Tellurogallate">-Ga</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanium_telluride" title="Germanium telluride">GeTe</a> <a href="/wiki/Tellurogermanate" title="Tellurogermanate">-Ge</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_tritelluride" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic tritelluride">As2Te3</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraarsenic_tritelluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraarsenic tritelluride (page does not exist)">As4Te3</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsenide_telluride" title="Arsenide telluride">+As</a> </td> <td>Se </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telluride_bromide" title="Telluride bromide">+Br</a> </td> <td>Kr </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_telluride" title="Rubidium telluride">Rb2Te</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strontium_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strontium telluride (page does not exist)">SrTe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yttrium telluride (page does not exist)">Y2Te3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium_pentatelluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zirconium pentatelluride (page does not exist)">ZrTe5</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niobium telluride (page does not exist)">NbTe2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_ditelluride" title="Molybdenum ditelluride">MoTe2</a> </td> <td>Tc </td> <td>Ru </td> <td>Rh </td> <td>Pd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_telluride" title="Silver telluride">Ag2Te</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_telluride" title="Cadmium telluride">CdTe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_telluride" title="Indium(III) telluride">In2Te3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin_telluride" title="Tin telluride">SnTe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin(IV)_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin(IV) telluride (page does not exist)">SnTe2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimony_telluride" title="Antimony telluride">Sb2Te3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telluride_(chemistry)" title="Telluride (chemistry)">Te2-</a> <a href="/wiki/Polytelluride" title="Polytelluride">Te2- n</a> </td> <td>I </td> <td>Xe </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cesium_telluride" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium telluride">Cs2Te</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barium_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barium telluride (page does not exist)">BaTe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_monotelluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium monotelluride (page does not exist)">LuTe</a> <a href="/wiki/Lutetium(III)_telluride" title="Lutetium(III) telluride">Lu2Te3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafnium_pentatelluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafnium pentatelluride (page does not exist)">HfTe5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tantalum_telluride" title="Tantalum telluride">TaTe2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_ditelluride" title="Tungsten ditelluride">WTe2</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungsten_tritelluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tungsten tritelluride (page does not exist)">WTe3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhenium_ditelluride" title="Rhenium ditelluride">ReTe2</a> </td> <td>Os </td> <td>Ir </td> <td>Pt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold_chalcogenides" title="Gold chalcogenides">AuxTey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_telluride" title="Mercury telluride">HgTe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thallium_telluride" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium telluride">Tl2Te</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead_telluride" title="Lead telluride">PbTe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_telluride" title="Bismuth telluride">Bi2Te3</a> </td> <td>Po </td> <td>At </td> <td>Rn </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>Fr </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium telluride (page does not exist)">RaTe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Lr </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>Db </td> <td>Sg </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanum_monotelluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanum monotelluride (page does not exist)">LaTe</a> <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum(III)_telluride" title="Lanthanum(III) telluride">La2Te3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium_monotelluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium monotelluride (page does not exist)">CeTe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium(III)_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium(III) telluride (page does not exist)">Ce2Te3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praseodymium_monotelluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praseodymium monotelluride (page does not exist)">PrTe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Praseodymium(III)_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praseodymium(III) telluride (page does not exist)">Pr2Te3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neodymium_monotelluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neodymium monotelluride (page does not exist)">NdTe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neodymium(III)_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neodymium(III) telluride (page does not exist)">Nd2Te3</a> </td> <td>Pm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium_monochalcogenides" title="Samarium monochalcogenides">SmTe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium(III)_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samarium(III) telluride (page does not exist)">Sm2Te3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium(II)_telluride" title="Europium(II) telluride">EuTe</a> <a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_telluride" title="Europium(III) telluride">Eu2Te3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium_monotelluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium monotelluride (page does not exist)">GdTe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium(III)_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium(III) telluride (page does not exist)">Gd2Te3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium_monotelluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium monotelluride (page does not exist)">TbTe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium(III)_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium(III) telluride (page does not exist)">Tb2Te3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium_monotelluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosium monotelluride (page does not exist)">DyTe</a> <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_telluride" title="Dysprosium(III) telluride">Dy2Te3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holmium_monotelluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holmium monotelluride (page does not exist)">HoTe</a> <a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_telluride" title="Holmium(III) telluride">Ho2Te3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium_monotelluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium monotelluride (page does not exist)">ErTe</a> <a href="/wiki/Erbium(III)_telluride" title="Erbium(III) telluride">Er2Te3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium_monotelluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium monotelluride (page does not exist)">TmTe</a> <a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_telluride" title="Thulium(III) telluride">Tm2Te3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium_monotelluride" title="Ytterbium monotelluride">YbTe</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium(III)_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ytterbium(III) telluride (page does not exist)">Yb2Te3</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Ac </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium telluride (page does not exist)">ThTe2</a> </td> <td>Pa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium_ditelluride" title="Uranium ditelluride">UTe2</a> </td> <td>Np </td> <td>Pu </td> <td>Am </td> <td>Cm </td> <td>Bk </td> <td>Cf </td> <td>Es </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>Md </td> <td>No </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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