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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microbial_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbial_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Microbial associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbial_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lycopodiopsida</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B0%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حزازيات ذئبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزازيات ذئبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaunopsidl%C9%99r" title="Plaunopsidlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Plaunopsidlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81)" title="Дзеразовыя (клас) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзеразовыя (клас)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lycopodiopsida" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licopodi%C3%B2psides" title="Licopodiòpsides – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Licopodiòpsides" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lycopodiopsida" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnwp-fwsogl" title="Cnwp-fwsogl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cnwp-fwsogl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulvefod-klassen" title="Ulvefod-klassen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ulvefod-klassen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4rlapppflanzen" title="Bärlapppflanzen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bärlapppflanzen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollad" title="Kollad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kollad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopsida" title="Lycopsida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lycopsida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پنجه‌گرگ‌ویسان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پنجه‌گرگ‌ویسان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lycopodiopsida" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbh%C3%B3gach" title="Garbhógach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Garbhógach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lycopodiopsida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EC%86%A1%EA%B0%95" title="석송강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석송강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvoto%C4%8Dnice" title="Crvotočnice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crvotočnice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lycopodiopsida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ליקופודים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליקופודים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staipek%C5%86i" title="Staipekņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Staipekņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pataisainiai" title="Pataisainiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pataisainiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%B3di_korpaf%C3%BCvek" title="Valódi korpafüvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Valódi korpafüvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0)" title="Црвоточни (класа) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црвоточни (класа)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B0%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="حزازيات ذئبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حزازيات ذئبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopsida" title="Lycopsida – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lycopsida" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B2%E3%83%8E%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A9%E7%B6%B1" title="ヒカゲノカズラ綱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒカゲノカズラ綱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Lycopodiopsida" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wid%C5%82aki_jednakozarodnikowe" title="Widłaki jednakozarodnikowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Widłaki jednakozarodnikowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lycopodiopsida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_(%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81)" title="Плауновые (класс) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плауновые (класс)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubmoss" title="Clubmoss – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Clubmoss" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisi%C4%8Djakovci" title="Lisičjakovci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lisičjakovci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liekomaiset_(luokka)" title="Liekomaiset (luokka) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liekomaiset (luokka)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Плауновидні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плауновидні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%9Bp_Th%E1%BA%A1ch_t%C3%B9ng" title="Lớp Thạch tùng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lớp Thạch tùng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lycopodiopsida" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%9D%BE%E7%BA%B2" title="石松纲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="石松纲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1149748#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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searchaux" style="display:none">Class of vascular plants</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a group of plants that excludes the extinct zosterophylls. For the more broadly defined group that includes the zosterophylls, see <a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lycopod" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lycopod_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lycopod (disambiguation)">Lycopod (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Lycopodiopsida<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Devonian–Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:78.116923076923px; width:141.88307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:78.116923076923px; width:141.88307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:79.116923076923px; width:139.88307692308px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycopodium_plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lycopodium_plant.jpg/220px-Lycopodium_plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lycopodium_plant.jpg/330px-Lycopodium_plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Lycopodium_plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="533" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Palhinhaea_cernua" title="Palhinhaea cernua">Palhinhaea cernua</a></i> with close-up of branch </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Lycopodiopsida" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lycopodiopsida</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Bartling" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling">Bartl.</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Orders </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isoetales" title="Isoetales">Isoetales</a> (quillworts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiales">Lycopodiales</a> (clubmosses, firmosses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaginellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Selaginellales">Selaginellales</a> (spikemosses)</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Lepidodendrales" title="Lepidodendrales">Lepidodendrales</a> (arborecent lycophytes/scale trees)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>See <a href="#Table_1">Table 1</a>. </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Lycopodiopsida</b> is a class of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> also known as <b>lycopods</b> or <b>lycophytes</b>. Members of the class are also called <b>clubmosses</b>, <b>firmosses</b>, <b>spikemosses</b> and <b>quillworts</b>. They have dichotomously branching stems bearing simple leaves called <a href="/wiki/Microphylls_and_megaphylls" title="Microphylls and megaphylls">microphylls</a> and reproduce by means of <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> borne in <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">sporangia</a> on the sides of the stems at the bases of the leaves. Although living species are small, during the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>, extinct tree-like forms (<a href="/wiki/Lepidodendrales" title="Lepidodendrales">Lepidodendrales</a>) formed huge forests that dominated the landscape and contributed to <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> deposits. </p><p>The nomenclature and classification of plants with microphylls varies substantially among authors. A consensus classification for extant (living) species was produced in 2016 by the <a href="/wiki/Pteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group" title="Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group">Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group</a> (PPG I), which places them all in the class Lycopodiopsida, which includes the classes <b>Isoetopsida</b> and <b>Selaginellopsida</b> used in other systems. (See <a href="#Table_2">Table 2</a>.) Alternative classification systems have used ranks from division (phylum) to subclass. In the PPG I system, the class is divided into three orders, <a href="/wiki/Lycopodiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiales">Lycopodiales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoetales" title="Isoetales">Isoetales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selaginellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Selaginellales">Selaginellales</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycopodiopsida&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Club-mosses (Lycopodiales) are homosporous, but the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Selaginella" title="Selaginella">Selaginella</a></i> (spikemosses) and <i><a href="/wiki/Isoetes" title="Isoetes">Isoetes</a></i> (quillworts) are heterosporous, with female spores larger than the male.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of fertilisation, the female gametophyte produces sporophytes. A few species of <i>Selaginella</i> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Selaginella_apoda" title="Selaginella apoda">S. apoda</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Selaginella_rupestris" title="Selaginella rupestris">S. rupestris</a></i> are also <a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">viviparous</a>; the gametophyte develops on the mother plant, and only when the sporophyte's primary shoot and root is developed enough for independence is the new plant dropped to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Awas09_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Awas09-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many club-moss <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophytes</a> are <a href="/wiki/Myco-heterotrophy" title="Myco-heterotrophy">mycoheterotrophic</a> and long-lived, residing underground for several years before emerging from the ground and progressing to the <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophyte</a> stage.<sup id="cite_ref-WintFrie08_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WintFrie08-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lycopodiaceae and spikemosses (<i>Selaginella</i>) are the only vascular plants with biflagellate sperm, an ancestral trait in land plants otherwise only seen in <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a>. The only exceptions are <i>Isoetes</i> and <i>Phylloglossum</i>, which independently has evolved multiflagellated sperm cells with approximately 20 flagella<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (sperm flagella in other vascular plants can count at least thousand, but is completely absent in seed plants except for Ginkgo and cycads).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because only two flagella puts a size limit on the genome, we find the largest known genomes in the clade in <i>Isoetes</i>, as multiflagellated sperm is not exposed for the same selection pressure as biflagellate sperm in regard of size.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycopodiopsida&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycopodiopsida&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The extant lycophytes are <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> (tracheophytes) with <a href="/wiki/Microphylls_and_megaphylls" title="Microphylls and megaphylls">microphyllous leaves</a>, distinguishing them from the <a href="/wiki/Euphyllophyte" title="Euphyllophyte">euphyllophytes</a> (plants with <a href="/wiki/Microphylls_and_megaphylls" title="Microphylls and megaphylls">megaphyllous leaves</a>). The sister group of the extant lycophytes and their closest extinct relatives are generally believed to be the <a href="/wiki/Zosterophyll" title="Zosterophyll">zosterophylls</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesion">plesion</a> group. Ignoring some smaller extinct taxa, the evolutionary relationships are as shown below.<sup id="cite_ref-KenrCran97a_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KenrCran97a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maus14_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maus14-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PPGI_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPGI-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">tracheophytes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">lycophytes </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:3px double;">†<a href="/wiki/Zosterophyll" title="Zosterophyll">zosterophylls</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> (multiple branches, <i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a></i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <b>lycopodiopsida</b>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> living lycophytes and<br /> their extinct close relatives </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> (broadly defined)  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Euphyllophyte" title="Euphyllophyte">euphyllophytes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> & <a href="/wiki/Equisetales" title="Equisetales">horsetails</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">spermatophytes</a><br /> (seed plants) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> (vascular plants)  </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lycopodiopsida&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there was broad agreement, supported by both molecular and morphological evidence, that the extant lycophytes fell into three groups, treated as orders in PPG I, and that these, both together and individually, are <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a>, being related as shown in the cladogram below:<sup id="cite_ref-PPGI_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPGI-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> extant lycophytes  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Lycopodiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiales">lycopodiales</a>  </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Isoetales" title="Isoetales">Isoetales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Selaginellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Selaginellales">Selaginellales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycopodiopsida&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rank and name used for the taxon holding the extant lycophytes (and their closest extinct relatives) varies widely. Table 1 below shows some of the highest ranks that have been used. Systems may use taxa at a rank lower than the highest given in the table with the same circumscription; for example, a system that uses Lycopodiophyta as the highest ranked taxon may place all of its members in a single subclass. <span class="anchor" id="Table_1"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table 1: Alternative highest ranks used which include only extant species and their closest relatives </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Highest rank</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Example sources </th></tr> <tr> <td>Division (phylum)</td> <td>Lycophyta</td> <td>Taylor et al. (2009),<sup id="cite_ref-TaylTaylKrin09_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaylTaylKrin09-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mauseth (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-Maus14_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maus14-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division (phylum)</td> <td>Lycopodiophyta</td> <td>Niklas (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-Nikl16_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikl16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subdivision (subphylum)</td> <td>Lycopodiophytina</td> <td>Ruggiero et al. (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-RuggGordOrreBail15_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuggGordOrreBail15-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class</td> <td>Lycopsida</td> <td>Kenrick & Crane (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-KenrCran97a_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KenrCran97a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KenrCran97b_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KenrCran97b-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Class</b></td> <td><b>Lycopodiopsida</b></td> <td>PPG I (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-PPGI_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPGI-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subclass</td> <td>Lycopodiidae</td> <td>Chase & Reveal (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-ChasReve09_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChasReve09-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some systems use a higher rank for a more broadly defined taxon of lycophytes that includes some extinct groups more distantly related to extant lycophytes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zosterophyll" title="Zosterophyll">zosterophylls</a>. For example, Kenrick & Crane (1997) use the subdivision Lycophytina for this purpose, with all extant lycophytes falling within the class Lycopsida.<sup id="cite_ref-KenrCran97a_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KenrCran97a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources exclude the zosterophylls from any "lycophyte" taxon.<sup id="cite_ref-TaylTaylKrin09_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaylTaylKrin09-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Pteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group" title="Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group">Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group</a> classification of 2016 (PPG I), the three orders are placed in a single class, Lycopodiopsida, holding all extant lycophyte species. Older systems have used either three classes, one for each order, or two classes, recognizing the closer relationship between Isoetales and Selaginellales. In these cases, a higher ranked taxon is needed to contain the classes (see Table 1). As Table 2 shows, the names "Lycopodiopsida" and "Isoetopsida" are both ambiguous. <span class="anchor" id="Table_2"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table 2: Alternative arrangements of the orders of extant lycophytes into classes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Order</th> <th>3 classes<br />e.g. <i>IUCN Red List</i>, 2004<sup id="cite_ref-BailHiltStua04_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BailHiltStua04-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>2 classes<br />e.g. Yatsentyuk et al. (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-Yats01_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yats01-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>1 class<br />PPG I<sup id="cite_ref-PPGI_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPGI-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lycopodiales</td> <td>Lycopodiopsida</td> <td>Lycopodiopsida</td> <td rowspan="3">Lycopodiopsida </td></tr> <tr> <td>Isoetales</td> <td>Isoetopsida</td> <td rowspan="2">Isoetopsida </td></tr> <tr> <td>Selaginellales</td> <td>Sellaginellopsida </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycopodiopsida&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PPG I system divides up the extant lycophytes as shown below. </p> <ul><li>Class Lycopodiopsida <small>Bartl.</small> (3 orders)</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Order <a href="/wiki/Lycopodiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiales">Lycopodiales</a> <small>DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl</small> (1 extant family)</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Lycopodiaceae" title="Lycopodiaceae">Lycopodiaceae</a> <small>P.Beauv.</small> (16 extant genera)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Order <a href="/wiki/Isoetales" title="Isoetales">Isoetales</a> <small>Prantl</small> (1 extant family)</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Isoetaceae" title="Isoetaceae">Isoetaceae</a> <small>Dumort.</small> (1 extant genus)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Order <a href="/wiki/Selaginellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Selaginellales">Selaginellales</a> <small>Prantl</small> (1 extant family)</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Selaginellaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Selaginellaceae">Selaginellaceae</a> <small>Willk</small> (1 extant genus)</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Some extinct groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Zosterophyll" title="Zosterophyll">zosterophylls</a>, fall outside the limits of the taxon as defined by the classifications in Table 1 above. However, other extinct groups fall within some <a href="/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)" title="Circumscription (taxonomy)">circumscriptions</a> of this taxon. Taylor et al. (2009) and Mauseth (2014) include a number of extinct orders in their division (phylum) Lycophyta, although they differ on the placement of some genera.<sup id="cite_ref-TaylTaylKrin09_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaylTaylKrin09-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maus14_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maus14-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The orders included by Taylor et al. are:<sup id="cite_ref-TaylTaylKrin09_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaylTaylKrin09-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Order †<a href="/wiki/Drepanophycales" title="Drepanophycales">Drepanophycales</a> (including <i><a href="/wiki/Baragwanathia" title="Baragwanathia">Baragwanathia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Drepanophycus" title="Drepanophycus">Drepanophycus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Asteroxylon" title="Asteroxylon">Asteroxylon</a></i>)</li> <li>Order †<a href="/wiki/Protolepidodendrales" title="Protolepidodendrales">Protolepidodendrales</a></li> <li>Order †<a href="/wiki/Lepidodendrales" title="Lepidodendrales">Lepidodendrales</a></li> <li>Order †<a href="/wiki/Pleuromeiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleuromeiales">Pleuromeiales</a></li></ul> <p>Mauseth uses the order †Asteroxylales, placing <i>Baragwanathia</i> in the Protolepidodendrales.<sup id="cite_ref-Maus14_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maus14-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship between some of these extinct groups and the extant ones was investigated by Kenrick and Crane in 1997. When the genera they used are assigned to orders, their suggested relationship is:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenrickCrane1997a239_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenrickCrane1997a239-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†Drepanophycales (†<i><a href="/wiki/Asteroxylon" title="Asteroxylon">Asteroxylon</a></i>, †<i><a href="/wiki/Baragwanathia" title="Baragwanathia">Baragwanathia</a></i>, †<i><a href="/wiki/Drepanophycus" title="Drepanophycus">Drepanophycus</a></i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Lycopodiales </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†Protolepidodendrales (†<i><a href="/wiki/Leclercqia_(plant)" title="Leclercqia (plant)">Leclercqia</a></i>, †<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minarodendron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minarodendron (page does not exist)">Minarodendron</a></i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Selaginellales (<i><a href="/wiki/Selaginella" title="Selaginella">Selaginella</a></i>, including subg. <i>Stachygynandrum</i> and subg. <i>Tetragonostachys</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Isoetales (<i><a href="/wiki/Isoetes" title="Isoetes">Isoetes</a></i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†Lepidodendrales (†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralycopodites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paralycopodites (page does not exist)">Paralycopodites</a></i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycopodiopsida&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lepidodendron.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lepidodendron.png/170px-Lepidodendron.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lepidodendron.png/255px-Lepidodendron.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lepidodendron.png/340px-Lepidodendron.png 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="3255" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of a <i>Lepidodendron</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LepidodendronOhio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/LepidodendronOhio.jpg/220px-LepidodendronOhio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/LepidodendronOhio.jpg/330px-LepidodendronOhio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/LepidodendronOhio.jpg/440px-LepidodendronOhio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="1251" /></a><figcaption>External impression of <i><a href="/wiki/Lepidodendron" title="Lepidodendron">Lepidodendron</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Upper Carboniferous</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycopod_axis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lycopod_axis.jpg/220px-Lycopod_axis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lycopod_axis.jpg/330px-Lycopod_axis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lycopod_axis.jpg/440px-Lycopod_axis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4038" data-file-height="5591" /></a><figcaption>Axis (branch) from <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeosigillaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeosigillaria (page does not exist)">Archaeosigillaria</a></i> or related lycopod from the Middle <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Lycopodiopsida are distinguished from other vascular plants by the possession of microphylls and by their sporangia, which are lateral as opposed to terminal and which open (dehisce) transversely rather than longitudinally. In some groups, the sporangia are borne on sporophylls that are clustered into strobili. Phylogenetic analysis shows the group branching off at the base of the evolution of vascular plants and they have a long evolutionary history. <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossils</a> are abundant worldwide, especially in <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal deposits</a>. Fossils that can be ascribed to the Lycopodiopsida first appear in the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> period, along with a number of other vascular plants. The Silurian <i><a href="/wiki/Baragwanathia" title="Baragwanathia">Baragwanathia longifolia</a></i> is one of the earliest identifiable species. <i><a href="/wiki/Lycopodolica" title="Lycopodolica">Lycopodolica</a></i> is another Silurian genus which appears to be an early member of this group.<sup id="cite_ref-RaymGensStei06_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaymGensStei06-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group evolved roots independently from the rest of the vascular plants.<sup id="cite_ref-HethDola18_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HethDola18-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HethDola19_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HethDola19-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> onwards, some species grew large and tree-like. Devonian fossil lycopsids from <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, growing in equatorial regions, raise the possibility that they drew down enough carbon dioxide to change the Earth's climate significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepidodendrales" title="Lepidodendrales">tree-like plants</a> (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Lepidodendron" title="Lepidodendron">Lepidodendron</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sigillaria" title="Sigillaria">Sigillaria</a></i>, and other extinct genera of the order <i>Lepidodendrales</i>) formed huge forests that dominated the landscape. Unlike modern trees, leaves grew out of the entire surface of the trunk and branches, but fell off as the plant grew, leaving only a small cluster of leaves at the top. The lycopsids had distinctive features such as <i>Lepidodendron</i> lycophytes, which were marked with diamond-shaped scars where they once had leaves. Quillworts (order Isoetales) and <i>Selaginella</i> are considered their closest extant relatives and share some unusual features with these <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> lycopods, including the development of both bark, <a href="/wiki/Cambium" title="Cambium">cambium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, a modified shoot system acting as roots, bipolar and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">secondary growth</a>, and an upright stance.<sup id="cite_ref-Awas09_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Awas09-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StewRoth93_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StewRoth93-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of <i>Lepidodendron</i> lycopods formed many fossil <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> deposits. In <a href="/wiki/Fossil_Grove" title="Fossil Grove">Fossil Grove</a>, Victoria Park, Glasgow, Scotland, fossilized lycophytes can be found in <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>. </p><p>The Lycopodiopsida had their maximum diversity in the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a> (Upper Carboniferous), particularly tree-like <i>Lepidodendron</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sigillaria" title="Sigillaria">Sigillaria</a></i> that dominated tropical wetlands. The complex ecology of these tropical rainforests <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_rainforest_collapse" title="Carboniferous rainforest collapse">collapsed</a> during the Middle Pennsylvanian due to a change in climate.<sup id="cite_ref-SahnBentFalc10_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahnBentFalc10-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Euramerica" title="Euramerica">Euramerica</a>, tree-like species apparently became extinct in the Late Pennsylvanian, as a result of a transition to a much drier climate, giving way to <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equisetidae" title="Equisetidae">horsetails</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Cathaysia" title="Cathaysia">Cathaysia</a> (now South China), tree-like species survived into the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>. Nevertheless, lycopodiopsids are rare in the <a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian</a> (latest Permian), but regained dominance in the <a href="/wiki/Induan" title="Induan">Induan</a> (earliest Triassic), particularly <i><a href="/wiki/Pleuromeia" title="Pleuromeia">Pleuromeia</a></i>. After the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>, members of this group pioneered the repopulation of habitats as opportunistic plants. The heterogeneity of the terrestrial plant communities increased markedly during the Middle Triassic when plant groups like horsetails, ferns, <a href="/wiki/Pteridosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridosperm">pteridosperms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">cycads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">ginkgos</a> and conifers resurfaced and diversified quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-MoisVoig13_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoisVoig13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microbial_associations">Microbial associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycopodiopsida&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Microbial associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lycophytes form associations with microbes such as fungi and bacteria, including <a href="/wiki/Arbuscular_mycorrhiza" title="Arbuscular mycorrhiza">arbuscular mycorrhizal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endophyte" title="Endophyte">endophytic</a> associations. </p><p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations have been characterized in all stages of the lycophyte lifecycle: <a href="/wiki/Myco-heterotrophy" title="Myco-heterotrophy">mycoheterotrophic</a> gametophyte, photosynthetic surface-dwelling gametophyte, young sporophyte, and mature sporophyte.<sup id="cite_ref-WintFrie08_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WintFrie08-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arbuscular mycorrhizae have been found in <i><a href="/wiki/Selaginella" title="Selaginella">Selaginella</a> spp.</i> roots and vesicles.<sup id="cite_ref-LaraVald15_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaraVald15-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the mycoheterotrophic gametophyte lifecycle stage, lycophytes gain all of their carbon from subterranean <a href="/wiki/Glomerales" title="Glomerales">glomalean</a> fungi. In other plant taxa, glomalean networks transfer carbon from neighboring plants to mycoheterotrophic gametophytes. Something similar could be occurring in <i>Huperzia hypogeae</i> gametophytes which associate with the same glomalean phenotypes as nearby <i>Huperzia hypogeae</i> sporophytes.<sup id="cite_ref-WintFrie08_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WintFrie08-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fungal endophytes have been found in many species of lycophyte, however the function of these endophytes in host plant biology is not known. Endophytes of other plant taxa perform roles such as improving plant competitive fitness, conferring biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, promoting plant growth through phytohormone production or production of limiting nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-BacoHint07_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BacoHint07-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some endophytic fungi in lycophytes do produce medically relevant compounds. <i>Shiraia</i> sp Slf14 is an endophytic fungus present in <i><a href="/wiki/Huperzia_serrata" title="Huperzia serrata">Huperzia serrata</a></i> that produces <a href="/wiki/Huperzine_A" title="Huperzine A">Huperzine A</a>, a biomedical compound which has been approved as a drug in China and a dietary supplement in the U.S. to treat Alzheimer's Disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhu10_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu10-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fungal endophyte can be cultivated much more easily and on a much larger scale than <i>H. serrata</i> itself which could increase the availability of Huperzine A as a medicine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycopodiopsida&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spores of lycopods are highly flammable and so have been used in <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CobbFost56_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CobbFost56-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lycopodium_powder" title="Lycopodium powder">Lycopodium powder</a>, the dried spores of the common clubmoss, was used in Victorian theater to produce flame-effects. A blown cloud of spores burned rapidly and brightly, but with little heat. (It was considered safe by the standards of the time.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycopodiopsida&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2019" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Janet L. (21 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0rWZDwAAQBAJ&dq=Gametophyte+%28G%29+and+sporophyte+%28S%29+sexual+systems&pg=PA62"><i>Transitions Between Sexual Systems: Understanding the Mechanisms of, and Pathways Between, Dioecy, Hermaphroditism and Other Sexual Systems</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-94139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-94139-4"><bdi>978-3-319-94139-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transitions+Between+Sexual+Systems%3A+Understanding+the+Mechanisms+of%2C+and+Pathways+Between%2C+Dioecy%2C+Hermaphroditism+and+Other+Sexual+Systems&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019-05-21&rft.isbn=978-3-319-94139-4&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0rWZDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DGametophyte%2B%2528G%2529%2Band%2Bsporophyte%2B%2528S%2529%2Bsexual%2Bsystems%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycopodiopsida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Awas09-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Awas09_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Awas09_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAwasthi2009" class="citation cs1">Awasthi, D.K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TGAW17pnUj0C&pg=SA6-PA63">"7.21"</a>. <i>Cryptogams (Algae, Bryophyta and Pterldophyta)</i>. Meerut, India: Krishna Prakashan Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.21&rft.btitle=Cryptogams+%28Algae%2C+Bryophyta+and+Pterldophyta%29&rft.place=Meerut%2C+India&rft.pub=Krishna+Prakashan+Media&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Awasthi&rft.aufirst=D.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTGAW17pnUj0C%26pg%3DSA6-PA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycopodiopsida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WintFrie08-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WintFrie08_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WintFrie08_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WintFrie08_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintherFriedman2008" class="citation cs1">Winther, J.L. & Friedman, W.E. 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Slf14, isolated from <i>Huperzia serrata</i>". <i>Journal of Applied Microbiology</i>. <b>109</b> (4): 1469–1478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2672.2010.04777.x">10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04777.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20602655">20602655</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43582152">43582152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Microbiology&rft.atitle=A+novel+endophytic+Huperzine+A-producing+fungus%2C+Shirai+sp.+Slf14%2C+isolated+from+Huperzia+serrata&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1469-1478&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43582152%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20602655&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2672.2010.04777.x&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycopodiopsida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CobbFost56-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CobbFost56_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobbFoster1956" class="citation cs1">Cobb, B. & Foster, L.L. (1956). <i>A Field Guide to Ferns and their related families: Northeastern and Central North America with a section on species also found in the British Isles and Western Europe</i>. Peterson Field Guides. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+Ferns+and+their+related+families%3A+Northeastern+and+Central+North+America+with+a+section+on+species+also+found+in+the+British+Isles+and+Western+Europe&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=Peterson+Field+Guides&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Foster%2C+L.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALycopodiopsida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycopodiopsida&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaeplastida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-40px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">Picozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picomonas" class="mw-redirect" title="Picomonas">Picomonas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">Rhodophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(red algae)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanidiophyceae" title="Cyanidiophyceae">Cyanidiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyridiophyceae" title="Porphyridiophyceae">Porphyridiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylonematophyceae" title="Stylonematophyceae">Stylonematophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compsopogonophyceae" title="Compsopogonophyceae">Compsopogonophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodellophyceae" title="Rhodellophyceae">Rhodellophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangiophyceae" title="Bangiophyceae">Bangiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florideophyceae" title="Florideophyceae">Florideophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucocystophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><i>incertae sedis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algospongia" title="Algospongia">Algospongia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sensu stricto; in the strict sense"><i>s.s.</i></span></a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a> &<br /> land plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prasinodermophyta" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasinoderma" title="Prasinoderma">Prasinodermophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmophyllophyceae" title="Palmophyllophyceae">Palmophyllophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Prasinophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamiellophyceae" title="Mamiellophyceae">Mamiellophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramimonadophyceae" title="Pyramimonadophyceae">Pyramimonadophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Chlorophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nephroselmidaceae" title="Nephroselmidaceae">Nephroselmidophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocystis" title="Picocystis">Picocystophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloropicophyceae">Chloropicophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedinophyceae" title="Pedinophyceae">Pedinophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodendrales" title="Chlorodendrales">Chlorodendrophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC_clade" title="UTC clade">UTC clade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebouxiophyceae" title="Trebouxiophyceae">Trebouxiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesostigmatophyceae" title="Mesostigmatophyceae">Mesostigmatophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorokybophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorokybophyceae">Chlorokybophyceae</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirotaenia" title="Spirotaenia">Spirotaenia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsormidiophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Klebsormidiophyceae">Klebsormidiophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phragmoplastophyta" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplastophyta" title="Phragmoplastophyta">Phragmoplastophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleochaetophyceae" title="Coleochaetophyceae">Coleochaetophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Anydrophyta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(land plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div id="Embryophytes_or_Plantae_sensu_strictissimo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Embryophytes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="in the strictest sense"><i>sensu strictissimo</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bryophytes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(liverworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haplomitriopsida" title="Haplomitriopsida">Haplomitriopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiopsida" title="Marchantiopsida">Marchantiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungermanniopsida" title="Jungermanniopsida">Jungermanniopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(hornworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leiosporoceros" title="Leiosporoceros">Leiosporocerotopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Bryophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(mosses)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takakia" title="Takakia">Takakiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphagnopsida" title="Sphagnopsida">Sphagnopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeobryum" title="Andreaeobryum">Andreaeobryopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeaceae" title="Andreaeaceae">Andreaeopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipodium" title="Oedipodium">Oedipodiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraphidaceae" title="Tetraphidaceae">Tetraphidopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytrichaceae" title="Polytrichaceae">Polytrichopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryopsida" title="Bryopsida">Bryopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -55px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Polysporangiophyte" title="Polysporangiophyte">Polysporangiophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Protracheophytes*" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Protracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Horneophytopsida" title="Horneophytopsida">Horneophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Aglaophyton" title="Aglaophyton">Aglaophyton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a><br /><span class="nobold">(vascular plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Paratracheophytes*" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Paratracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooksoniopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooksoniopsida (page does not exist)">Cooksoniopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Rhyniophyte" title="Rhyniophyte">Rhyniopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaliales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaliales (page does not exist)">Renaliales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -40px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);">Eutracheophytes</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lycophytes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Barinophyte" title="Barinophyte">Barinophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Zosterophyll" title="Zosterophyll">Zosterophyllopsida</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lycopodiopsida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lycopodiaceae" title="Lycopodiaceae">clubmosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selaginella" title="Selaginella">spikemosses</a> & <a href="/wiki/Isoetes" title="Isoetes">quillworts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euphyllophyte" title="Euphyllophyte">Euphyllophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Eophyllophyton" title="Eophyllophyton">Eophyllophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Trimerophytopsida" title="Trimerophytopsida">Trimerophytopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moniliformopses" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Moniliformopses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibykales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibykales (page does not exist)">Ibykales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cladoxylopsida" title="Cladoxylopsida">Cladoxylopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Polypodiopsida</a> (ferns and <a href="/wiki/Equisetum" title="Equisetum">horsetails</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);">Lignophytes</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Progymnosperms*" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span><a href="/wiki/Progymnosperm" title="Progymnosperm">Progymnosperms</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noeggerathiopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noeggerathiopsida (page does not exist)">Noeggerathiopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aneurophytopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aneurophytopsida (page does not exist)">Aneurophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeopteridopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeopteridopsida (page does not exist)">Archaeopteridopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopityales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protopityales (page does not exist)">Protopityales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a><br /><span class="nobold">(seed plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span><a href="/wiki/Pteridospermatophyta" title="Pteridospermatophyta">Pteridosperms</a><span class="nobold">*</span><br /><span class="nobold">(seed ferns)<br />and other extinct<br /> seed plant groups</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Bennettitales" title="Bennettitales">Bennettitales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Calamopityales" class="mw-redirect" title="Calamopityales">Calamopityales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Callistophytales" title="Callistophytales">Callistophytales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Caytoniales" title="Caytoniales">Caytoniales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cordaitales" title="Cordaitales">Cordaitales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Corystospermaceae" title="Corystospermaceae">Corystospermales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Czekanowskiales" title="Czekanowskiales">Czekanowskiales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gigantopteridales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantopteridales">Gigantopteridales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Glossopteridales" title="Glossopteridales">Glossopteridales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Lyginopteridales" title="Lyginopteridales">Lyginopteridopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Medullosales" title="Medullosales">Medullosales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Peltaspermales" title="Peltaspermales">Peltaspermopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Pentoxylales" title="Pentoxylales">Pentoxylopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petriellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petriellales (page does not exist)">Petriellales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Acrogymnospermae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(living gymnosperms)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycadopsida (cycads)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales (<i>Ginkgo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinopsida (conifers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiospermae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(flowering plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal angiosperms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Core angiosperms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> groups</li> <li>† = <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_plant_orders" title="List of plant orders">List of plant orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant#Current_definitions_of_Plantae" title="Plant">Current definitions of Plantae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Lycopodiopsida</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149748" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1149748">Q1149748</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Lycopodiopsida">Lycopodiopsida</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/223565">223565</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id3035">3035</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4166">4166</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1LYCC">1LYCC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Euro+Med PlantBase: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/4d3a494f-0e34-4104-8626-3441527f4d83">4d3a494f-0e34-4104-8626-3441527f4d83</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/245">245</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47623">47623</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11907039">11907039</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=500007">500007</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3248">3248</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/5391ef13-fe33-418f-a833-82e62cb0c6be">5391ef13-fe33-418f-a833-82e62cb0c6be</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=144795">144795</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=249950">249950</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PPE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/lycopodiopsida/">lycopodiopsida</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/43000110">43000110</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">uBio: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=9480693">9480693</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/6ac1036c-70de-11e6-a989-005056b0018f">6ac1036c-70de-11e6-a989-005056b0018f</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=886370">886370</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149748#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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