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id="toc-Dylan_Klebold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dylan_Klebold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Dylan Klebold </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dylan_Klebold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Background </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Background subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criminal_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Criminal history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Tapes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basement_tapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basement_tapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Basement tapes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basement_tapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nixon_tape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nixon_tape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Nixon tape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nixon_tape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaponry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaponry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Weaponry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Weaponry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Weaponry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Weaponry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Guns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explosives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explosives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Explosives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explosives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pipe_bombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipe_bombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Pipe bombs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pipe_bombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cafeteria_bombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cafeteria_bombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Cafeteria bombs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cafeteria_bombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Car_bombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Car_bombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Car bombs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Car_bombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Knives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 The massacre </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_massacre-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The massacre subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planting_the_bombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planting_the_bombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Planting the bombs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planting_the_bombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11:19_a.m.:_Shooting_begins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11:19_a.m.:_Shooting_begins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 11:19 a.m.: Shooting begins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11:19_a.m.:_Shooting_begins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11:22_a.m.:_Police_response_and_West_Entrance_shootouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11:22_a.m.:_Police_response_and_West_Entrance_shootouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 11:22 a.m.: Police response and West Entrance shootouts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11:22_a.m.:_Police_response_and_West_Entrance_shootouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11:29–11:36_a.m.:_Library_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11:29–11:36_a.m.:_Library_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 11:29–11:36 a.m.: Library massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11:29–11:36_a.m.:_Library_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-12:08_p.m.:_Suicides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12:08_p.m.:_Suicides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 12:08 p.m.: Suicides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12:08_p.m.:_Suicides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crisis_ends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_ends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Crisis ends </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crisis_ends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Crisis ends subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Crisis_ends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SWAT_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SWAT_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 SWAT response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SWAT_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leawood_Elementary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leawood_Elementary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Leawood Elementary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leawood_Elementary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_boy_in_the_window" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_boy_in_the_window"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 The boy in the window </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_boy_in_the_window-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"1_bleeding_to_death"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"1_bleeding_to_death""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 "1 bleeding to death" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"1_bleeding_to_death"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suicide_mission;_estimated_25_dead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suicide_mission;_estimated_25_dead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Suicide mission; estimated 25 dead </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suicide_mission;_estimated_25_dead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bomb_squad_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bomb_squad_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Bomb squad response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bomb_squad_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immediate_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Immediate aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Immediate_aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Immediate aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Immediate_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Search_warrant_press_conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_warrant_press_conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Search warrant press conference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_warrant_press_conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_martyrdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_martyrdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Christian martyrdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_martyrdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-We_are_Columbine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#We_are_Columbine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 We are Columbine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-We_are_Columbine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Secondary casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspiracy_theories_and_misinformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy_theories_and_misinformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Conspiracy theories and misinformation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy_theories_and_misinformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Motive </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Motive-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Motive subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Motive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mental_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Mental disorder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_FBI's_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_FBI's_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 The FBI's theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_FBI's_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Medication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Other theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_speculation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_speculation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Media speculation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_speculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bullying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bullying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Bullying </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bullying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isolation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Isolation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Political terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marilyn_Manson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marilyn_Manson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.4 Marilyn Manson </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marilyn_Manson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Video games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Doom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Doom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duke_Nukem_3D" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duke_Nukem_3D"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Duke Nukem 3D </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duke_Nukem_3D-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Police_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Police tactics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawsuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawsuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Lawsuits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawsuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gun_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gun_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Gun control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gun_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copycats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copycats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Copycats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copycats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6.1 Analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.1 Cited works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.2 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.3 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.4 Videos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Columbine High School massacre</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" > 54 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedbad_by_die_Columbine-ho%C3%ABrskool" title="Bloedbad by die Columbine-hoërskool – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bloedbad by die Columbine-hoërskool" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مذبحة ثانوية كولومباين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مذبحة ثانوية كولومباين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Масово убийство в Колумбайн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Масово убийство в Колумбайн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazhadeg_lise_Columbine" title="Lazhadeg lise Columbine – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lazhadeg lise Columbine" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Columbine" title="Massacre de Columbine – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Massacre de Columbine" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakr_na_Columbine_High_School" title="Masakr na Columbine High School – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Masakr na Columbine High School" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyflafan_Columbine" title="Cyflafan Columbine – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyflafan Columbine" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massakren_p%C3%A5_Columbine_High_School" title="Massakren på Columbine High School – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Massakren på Columbine High School" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoklauf_an_der_Columbine_High_School" title="Amoklauf an der Columbine High School – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amoklauf an der Columbine High School" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine%27i_koolitulistamine" title="Columbine'i koolitulistamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Columbine'i koolitulistamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%BB%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Σφαγή στο λύκειο Κολουμπάιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σφαγή στο λύκειο Κολουμπάιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_la_Escuela_Secundaria_de_Columbine" title="Masacre de la Escuela Secundaria de Columbine – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masacre de la Escuela Secundaria de Columbine" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakro_de_Columbine" title="Masakro de Columbine – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Masakro de Columbine" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbineko_sarraskia" title="Columbineko sarraskia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Columbineko sarraskia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کشتار دبیرستان کلمباین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشتار دبیرستان کلمباین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusillade_de_Columbine" title="Fusillade de Columbine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fusillade de Columbine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%A9acht_Columbine" title="Sléacht Columbine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sléacht Columbine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Columbine" title="Masacre de Columbine – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Masacre de Columbine" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%9C%EB%9F%BC%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B8_%EA%B3%A0%EB%93%B1%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90_%EC%B4%9D%EA%B8%B0_%EB%82%9C%EC%82%AC_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" title="콜럼바인 고등학교 총기 난사 사건 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콜럼바인 고등학교 총기 난사 사건" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A3_%D5%A4%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Զանգվածային սպանություններ Կոլումբայնի ավագ դպրոցում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զանգվածային սպանություններ Կոլումբայնի ավագ դպրոցում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="हाई स्कूल कोलंबाइन नरसंहार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाई स्कूल कोलंबाइन नरसंहार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakr_u_srednjoj_%C5%A1koli_Columbine" title="Masakr u srednjoj školi Columbine – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Masakr u srednjoj školi Columbine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakro_di_Columbine" title="Masakro di Columbine – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Masakro di Columbine" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedi_Columbine" title="Tragedi Columbine – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tragedi Columbine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B6ldamor%C3%B0in_%C3%AD_Columbine" title="Fjöldamorðin í Columbine – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjöldamorðin í Columbine" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacro_della_Columbine_High_School" title="Massacro della Columbine High School – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Massacro della Columbine High School" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="הטבח בתיכון קולומביין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הטבח בתיכון קולומביין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Колумбайн орта мектебіндегі қырғын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Колумбайн орта мектебіндегі қырғын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbainas_vidusskolas_slakti%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Kolumbainas vidusskolas slaktiņš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kolumbainas vidusskolas slaktiņš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81mokfut%C3%A1s_a_Columbine_High_Schoolban" title="Ámokfutás a Columbine High Schoolban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ámokfutás a Columbine High Schoolban" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembunuhan_beramai-ramai_di_Sekolah_Tinggi_Columbine" title="Pembunuhan beramai-ramai di Sekolah Tinggi Columbine – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembunuhan beramai-ramai di Sekolah Tinggi Columbine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedbad_op_Columbine_High_School" title="Bloedbad op Columbine High School – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bloedbad op Columbine High School" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E9%AB%98%E6%A0%A1%E9%8A%83%E4%B9%B1%E5%B0%84%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="コロンバイン高校銃乱射事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コロンバイン高校銃乱射事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine-massakren" title="Columbine-massakren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Columbine-massakren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine-massakren" title="Columbine-massakren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Columbine-massakren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine_maktabidagi_qirg%CA%BBin" title="Columbine maktabidagi qirgʻin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Columbine maktabidagi qirgʻin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalambain_haiskul_sutim" title="Kalambain haiskul sutim – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kalambain haiskul sutim" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakra_w_Columbine_High_School" title="Masakra w Columbine High School – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Masakra w Columbine High School" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Columbine" title="Massacre de Columbine – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Massacre de Columbine" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacrul_de_la_liceul_Columbine" title="Masacrul de la liceul Columbine – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Masacrul de la liceul Columbine" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%C2%BB" title="Массовое убийство в школе «Колумбайн» – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Массовое убийство в школе «Колумбайн»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Columbine High School massacre" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Columbine High School massacre" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaker_na_Columbine_High_School" title="Masaker na Columbine High School – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Masaker na Columbine High School" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokol_na_srednji_%C5%A1oli_Columbine" title="Pokol na srednji šoli Columbine – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pokol na srednji šoli Columbine" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80_%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Масакр у Колумбајну – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Масакр у Колумбајну" 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US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Columbine massacre" and "Columbine shooting" redirect here. For the 1927 labor violence, see <a href="/wiki/Columbine_Mine_massacre" title="Columbine Mine massacre">Columbine Mine massacre</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Columbine High School massacre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbine_Shooting_Security_Camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Columbine_Shooting_Security_Camera.jpg/220px-Columbine_Shooting_Security_Camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Columbine_Shooting_Security_Camera.jpg/330px-Columbine_Shooting_Security_Camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Columbine_Shooting_Security_Camera.jpg/440px-Columbine_Shooting_Security_Camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="399" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Harris (left) and Klebold (right) in the cafeteria, 8–11 minutes before their suicide in the library</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="15" data-lat="39.603333333333" data-lon="-105.07472222222" data-overlays="["_009a7fc9e5bbe2266b61af90996aa93a6812e97e"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/15/39.603333333333/-105.07472222222/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,15,39.603333333333,-105.07472222222,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Columbine_High_School_massacre&revid=1258817062&groups=_009a7fc9e5bbe2266b61af90996aa93a6812e97e" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,15,39.603333333333,-105.07472222222,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Columbine_High_School_massacre&revid=1258817062&groups=_009a7fc9e5bbe2266b61af90996aa93a6812e97e 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Columbine,_Colorado" title="Columbine, Colorado">Columbine, Colorado</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">April 20, 1999; 25 years ago (1999-04-20) 11:19 a.m. – 12:08 p.m. (<a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">MDT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data">Students and staff at <a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School" title="Columbine High School">Columbine High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_responders" class="mw-redirect" title="First responders">first responders</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/School_shooting" title="School shooting">School shooting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">mass shooting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">murder–suicide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>, attempted <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">bombing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shootout" title="Shootout">shootout</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapons</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/TEC-9" title="TEC-9">Intratec TEC-9 Mini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hi-Point_carbine" title="Hi-Point carbine">Hi-Point 995 carbine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Arms" title="Savage Arms">Savage 67H pump-action shotgun</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Arms" title="Savage Arms">Stevens 311D double barreled sawed-off shotgun</a></li><li>99 explosives</li><li>4 knives</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">15 (including both perpetrators)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Injured</th><td class="infobox-data">24 (21 by gunfire)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harris_and_Dylan_Klebold" title="Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold">Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data">Undetermined</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Convicted</th><td class="infobox-data">Mark Manes and Philip Duran (weapons suppliers)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Convictions</th><td class="infobox-data">Manes and Duran: <a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Colorado" title="Gun laws in Colorado">Supplying a handgun</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_possession_of_a_weapon" title="Criminal possession of a weapon">possession of an illegally sawed-off shotgun</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sentence</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Manes: 6 years in prison Duran: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac 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0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Category:Columbine High School massacre">a series</a> of articles on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbine High School massacre</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbinememorial.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Columbine Memorial, dedicated to the victims of the massacre"><img alt="The Columbine Memorial, dedicated to the victims of the massacre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Columbinememorial.JPG/250px-Columbinememorial.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Columbinememorial.JPG/375px-Columbinememorial.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Columbinememorial.JPG/500px-Columbinememorial.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3425" data-file-height="2273" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Location: <a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School" title="Columbine High School">Columbine High School</a> (<a href="/wiki/Columbine,_Colorado" title="Columbine, Colorado">Columbine, Colorado</a>) <hr /> Perpetrators: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Harris_and_Dylan_Klebold" title="Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold">Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Victims</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassie_Bernall" title="Cassie Bernall">Cassie Bernall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Eubanks" title="Austin Eubanks">Austin Eubanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Scott" title="Rachel Scott">Rachel Scott</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Weaponry</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TEC-9" title="TEC-9">Intratec TEC-9 Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-Point_carbine" title="Hi-Point carbine">Hi-Point 995 carbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Arms" title="Savage Arms">Savage 67H pump-action shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Arms" title="Savage Arms">Stevens 311D double barreled sawed-off shotgun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related persons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Cullen" title="Dave Cullen">Dave Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Klebold" title="Sue Klebold">Sue Klebold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Ledonne" title="Danny Ledonne">Danny Ledonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Pais" title="Sol Pais">Sol Pais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_White_(neo-Nazi)" title="Bill White (neo-Nazi)">Bill White</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Mother%27s_Reckoning" title="A Mother's Reckoning">A Mother's Reckoning</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Showers_(2009_film)" title="April Showers (2009 film)">April Showers</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowling_for_Columbine" title="Bowling for Columbine">Bowling for Columbine</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_(book)" title="Columbine (book)">Columbine</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Easy_Answers" title="No Easy Answers">No Easy Answers</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbinus" title="Columbinus">columbinus</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Anna" title="Dawn Anna">Dawn Anna</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck!_The_Carbine_High_Massacre" title="Duck! The Carbine High Massacre">Duck! The Carbine High Massacre</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(2003_film)" title="Elephant (2003 film)">Elephant</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Room_(2002_film)" title="Home Room (2002 film)">Home Room</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Not_Ashamed" title="I'm Not Ashamed">I'm Not Ashamed</a> (2016)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lullaby_for_Columbine" title="Lullaby for Columbine">Lullaby for Columbine</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobody_Left_to_Hate" title="Nobody Left to Hate">Nobody Left to Hate</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico%27s_School" title="Pico's School">Pico's School</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_Columbine" title="Playing Columbine">Playing Columbine</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Tears" title="Rachel's Tears">Rachel's Tears</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Said_Yes:_The_Unlikely_Martyrdom_of_Cassie_Bernall" title="She Said Yes: The Unlikely Martyrdom of Cassie Bernall">She Said Yes</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Columbine_Massacre_RPG!" title="Super Columbine Massacre RPG!">Super Columbine Massacre RPG!</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Library_(play)" title="The Library (play)">The Library</a> (2014)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Nobodies_(song)" title="The Nobodies (song)">The Nobodies</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Only_Way_(2004_film)" title="The Only Way (2004 film)">The Only Way</a> (2004)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Way_I_Am_(Eminem_song)" title="The Way I Am (Eminem song)">The Way I Am</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Youth_of_the_Nation" title="Youth of the Nation">Youth of the Nation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_Day_(2003_film)" title="Zero Day (2003 film)">Zero Day</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_Hour_(2004_TV_series)" title="Zero Hour (2004 TV series)">Zero Hour</a> (2004)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Cultural impact and aftermath</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_effect#Copycats" title="Columbine effect">Columbine copycats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_effect" title="Columbine effect">Columbine effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_Memorial" title="Columbine Memorial">Columbine Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immediate_action_rapid_deployment" title="Immediate action rapid deployment">Immediate action rapid deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting_contagion" title="Mass shooting contagion">Mass shooting contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Challenge" title="Rachel's Challenge">Rachel's Challenge</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Entertainment affected</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diablo_II" title="Diablo II">Diablo II</a> (2000)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Earshot_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Earshot (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Earshot</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Graduation_Day_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Graduation Day (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Graduation Day</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Mrs._Tingle" title="Teaching Mrs. Tingle">Teaching Mrs. Tingle</a> (1999)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Controversies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)#Controversies" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Manson%E2%80%93Columbine_High_School_massacre_controversy" title="Marilyn Manson–Columbine High School massacre controversy">Marilyn Manson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Born_Killers_copycat_crimes" title="Natural Born Killers copycat crimes">Natural Born Killers copycat crimes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adios_(KMFDM_album)" title="Adios (KMFDM album)">Adios</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackjack_Pizza" title="Blackjack Pizza">Blackjack Pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMFDM" title="KMFDM">KMFDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Born_Killers" title="Natural Born Killers">Natural Born Killers</a> (1994)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Template:Columbine High School massacre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Template talk:Columbine High School massacre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Columbine High School massacre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Columbine High School massacre, often simply referred to as Columbine, was a <a href="/wiki/School_shooting" title="School shooting">school shooting</a> and attempted <a href="/wiki/Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing">bombing</a> that occurred on April 20, 1999, at <a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School" title="Columbine High School">Columbine High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Columbine,_Colorado" title="Columbine, Colorado">Columbine, Colorado</a>, United States.<a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a> The perpetrators, <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_grade" title="Twelfth grade">twelfth-grade</a> students <a href="/wiki/Eric_Harris_and_Dylan_Klebold" title="Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold">Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold</a>, murdered twelve students and one teacher. Ten of the twelve students killed were in the school library, where Harris and Klebold subsequently died by <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>. Twenty-one additional people were injured by gunshots, and <a href="/wiki/Shootout" title="Shootout">gunfire was also exchanged</a> with the police. Another three people were injured trying to escape. The Columbine massacre was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_school_shootings_in_the_United_States_by_death_toll" title="List of school shootings in the United States by death toll">deadliest mass shooting at a K-12 school in U.S. history</a>, until December 2012.<a href="#cite_note-12">[c]</a> Columbine is still considered one of the most infamous massacres in the U.S. for inspiring many other school shootings and bombings; the word "Columbine" has since become a byword for modern school shootings. As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbine_High_School_massacre&action=edit">[update]</a>, Columbine is still the deadliest <a href="/wiki/School_shootings_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="School shootings in the United States">school shooting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> and one of the deadliest <a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States#Deadliest_mass_shootings_since_1949" title="Mass shootings in the United States">mass shootings</a> in the United States. Harris and Klebold, who planned for at least a year and hoped to have a large number of victims, intended for the attack to primarily be a bombing and only secondarily a shooting. But when several <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">homemade bombs</a> they planted in the school failed to detonate, the pair launched a shooting attack. Their motive remains inconclusive. The police were slow to enter the school and were heavily criticized for not intervening during the shooting. The incident resulted in the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Immediate_action_rapid_deployment" title="Immediate action rapid deployment">immediate action rapid deployment</a> (IARD) tactic, which is used in <a href="/wiki/Active_shooter" title="Active shooter">active-shooter</a> situations, and an increased emphasis on school security with <a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance_(schools)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero tolerance (schools)">zero-tolerance</a> policies. Debates were sparked over <a href="/wiki/Gun_culture_in_the_United_States" title="Gun culture in the United States">American gun culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">gun control laws</a>, high school cliques, subcultures (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">goths</a>), outcasts, and <a href="/wiki/School_bullying" title="School bullying">school bullying</a>, as well as teenage use of pharmaceutical antidepressants, the Internet, and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_controversies" title="Video game controversies">violence in video games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Research_on_the_effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Research on the effects of violence in mass media">film</a>. Many makeshift memorials were created after the massacre, including ones employing victims <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Scott" title="Rachel Scott">Rachel Scott</a>'s car and John Tomlin's truck. Fifteen crosses for the victims and the shooters were erected on top of a hill in <a href="/wiki/Clement_Park" title="Clement Park">Clement Park</a>. The crosses for Harris and Klebold were later removed following controversy. Planning for a permanent memorial began in June 1999, and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Columbine_Memorial" title="Columbine Memorial">Columbine Memorial</a> opened to the public in September 2007. The shooting has inspired dozens of <a href="/wiki/Copycat_crime" title="Copycat crime">copycat</a> killings, dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Columbine_effect" title="Columbine effect">Columbine effect</a>, including many deadlier shootings across the world.<a href="#cite_note-18">[d]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perpetrators">Perpetrators</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Harris_and_Dylan_Klebold" title="Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold">Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eric_Harris">Eric Harris</h3></div> Eric David Harris (April 9, 1981 – April 20, 1999) was born in <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>. The Harris family relocated often, as Harris's father was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> transport pilot. His mother was a <a href="/wiki/Homemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Homemaker">homemaker</a>. The family moved from <a href="/wiki/Plattsburgh,_New_York" title="Plattsburgh, New York">Plattsburgh, New York</a>, to Littleton, Colorado, in July 1993, when his father retired from military service.<a href="#cite_note-suspdk-19">[15]</a> The Harris family lived in rented accommodations for their first three years in the Littleton area. During this time, Harris attended Ken Caryl Middle School, where he met Klebold.<a href="#cite_note-Fatal-20">[16]</a> In 1996, the Harris family purchased a house south of CHS. Harris's older brother attended college at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">University of Colorado Boulder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-sides-22">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dylan_Klebold">Dylan Klebold</h3></div> Dylan Bennet Klebold (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkliːboʊld/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KLEE-bohld</a>; September 11, 1981 – April 20, 1999) was born in <a href="/wiki/Lakewood,_Colorado" title="Lakewood, Colorado">Lakewood, Colorado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-suspdk-19">[15]</a> His parents were <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifists</a> and attended a <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> church with their children. Both Dylan and his older brother, Byron, attended <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a> classes in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Confirmation#Lutheran_view" title="Confirmation">Lutheran tradition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mult1-23">[19]</a> As had been the case with his older brother, Klebold was named after a renowned poet—in his case, the playwright <a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Dylan Thomas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-24">[20]</a> Klebold attended Normandy Elementary for first and second grade before transferring to Governor's Ranch Elementary, and became part of the CHIPS ("Challenging High Intellectual Potential Students") program.<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_history">Criminal history</h3></div> In 1996, 15-year-old Eric Harris created a private website on America Online (<a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>).<a href="#cite_note-27">[e]</a> It was initially to host <a href="/wiki/Level_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Level (video gaming)">levels</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Doom_WAD" class="mw-redirect" title="Doom WAD">WADs</a>) Harris created for use in the <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooter</a> video games <a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doom_II" title="Doom II">Doom II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quake_(video_game)" title="Quake (video game)">Quake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harris-26">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-salon.comt-28">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[f]</a> On the site, Harris began a <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blog</a>, which included details about Harris sneaking out of the house to cause mischief and vandalism, such as lighting <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a> with Klebold and others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarkin2007161-31">[25]</a> These were known as "Rebel Missions",<a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a> and Harris's blog primarily consisted of "mission logs". Beginning in early 1997, the blog postings began to show the first signs of Harris's anger against society.<a href="#cite_note-jcso97-33">[27]</a> By the end of the year, the site contained instructions on how to make explosives.<a href="#cite_note-guard-34">[28]</a> Harris's site attracted few visitors and caused no concern until August 1997, after Harris ended a blog post detailing murderous fantasies with "All I want to do is kill and injure as many of you as I can, especially a few people. Like Brooks Brown." Brown was a classmate of his.<a href="#cite_note-brooks72-35">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[g]</a> After Brown's parents viewed the site, they contacted the Jefferson County Sheriff's Office on August 7, 1997. An investigator wrote a draft <a href="/wiki/Affidavit" title="Affidavit">affidavit</a> to request a <a href="/wiki/Search_warrant" title="Search warrant">search warrant</a> for the Harris household, but it was never submitted to a judge.<a href="#cite_note-38">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[32]</a> On January 30, 1998, Harris and Klebold were <a href="/wiki/Arrest" title="Arrest">arrested</a> for breaking into a white van parked near Littleton and stealing tools and computer equipment.<a href="#cite_note-40">[33]</a> They would subsequently attend a joint court hearing, where they <a href="/wiki/Plea" title="Plea">pled</a> guilty to the <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">theft</a>. The judge sentenced them to a juvenile <a href="/wiki/Diversion_program" title="Diversion program">diversion program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-juvey-41">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-event1-42">[35]</a> As a result, both delinquents attended mandatory classes such as <a href="/wiki/Anger_management" title="Anger management">anger management</a> and talked with diversion officers.<a href="#cite_note-44">[h]</a> They both were eventually released from diversion several weeks early because of positive actions in the program and put on <a href="/wiki/Probation" title="Probation">probation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ten-45">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-juvey-41">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writings">Writings</h3></div> Shortly after the court hearing for the van break-in, Harris reverted his website back to just hosting user-created levels of Doom. He began to write his thoughts down in a journal. Klebold had already been keeping a personal journal since March 1997; as early as November of that year, Klebold had mentioned going on a killing spree. Klebold used his journal to vent about his personal problems as well as what he'd wear and use during the attack.<a href="#cite_note-Block-43">[36]</a> In both their journals, Harris and Klebold would later plot the attack. Soon after beginning his journal, Harris typed out a plan for an attack which included possibly escaping to a foreign country after the massacre, or <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">hijacking an aircraft</a> at <a href="/wiki/Denver_International_Airport" title="Denver International Airport">Denver International Airport</a> and crashing it into <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-21">[17]</a> Klebold and Harris both made entries in their journals on topics related to <a href="/wiki/Sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality">sexuality</a>. Klebold expressed shame for his sexual interests, which included <a href="/wiki/Bondage_(BDSM)" title="Bondage (BDSM)">bondage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">foot fetishism</a>, stating that, "My humanity has a foot fetish, & bondage exteme (sic) liking. I try to thwart it..."<a href="#cite_note-46">[38]</a> Harris described his desire for sex with women, especially his desire of <a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_United_States" title="Rape in the United States">raping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torturing</a> women in his bedroom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarkin2007136-47">[39]</a> Harris also expressed interest in <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>, stating that he would like to dismember a woman with whom he could have "animalistic sex" and eat her flesh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarkin2007135–136-48">[40]</a> Harris and Klebold's schoolwork also foreshadowed the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-51">[i]</a> They both displayed themes of violence in their <a href="/wiki/Creative_writing" title="Creative writing">creative writing</a> projects. In December 1997, Harris wrote a paper on school shootings titled "Guns in School",<a href="#cite_note-52">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[44]</a> and a poem from the perspective of a bullet.<a href="#cite_note-tape2651-54">[45]</a> Klebold wrote a short story about a man killing students which worried his teacher so much that she alerted his parents.<a href="#cite_note-55">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[47]</a> Both had also actively researched war and murder. For one project, Harris wrote a paper on <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and Klebold wrote a paper on <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manson" title="Charles Manson">Charles Manson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-ideo-59">[50]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> class, Harris wrote he dreamed of going on a <a href="/wiki/Spree_killer" title="Spree killer">shooting spree</a> with Klebold.<a href="#cite_note-60">[51]</a> Harris's journals described several experimental bomb detonations.<a href="#cite_note-Block-43">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[52]</a> Nearly a year before the massacre, Klebold wrote a message in Harris's 1998 yearbook: "killing enemies, blowing up stuff, killing cops!! My wrath for January's incident will be godlike. Not to mention our revenge in the commons"; "the commons" was slang for the school cafeteria.<a href="#cite_note-suspdk-19">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tapes">Tapes</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basement_tapes">Basement tapes</h4></div> Harris and Klebold were both enrolled in video-production classes and kept five <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">video tapes</a> that were recorded with school video equipment.<a href="#cite_note-dive-62">[53]</a> Only two of these, "<a href="/wiki/Contract_killing" title="Contract killing">Hitmen</a> for Hire" and "Rampart Range", and part of a third known as "<a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Radioactive</a> Clothing", have been released.<a href="#cite_note-64">[j]</a> The remaining three tapes detailed their plans and reasons for the massacre, including the ways they hid their weapons and deceived their parents.<a href="#cite_note-slatecol-65">[55]</a> Most were shot in the Harris family basement, and are thus known as the Basement Tapes. Thirty minutes before the attack, they made a final video saying goodbye and apologizing to their friends and families.<a href="#cite_note-tape333-66">[56]</a> In December 1999, before anyone besides investigators had seen them, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a> published an article on these tapes.<a href="#cite_note-tape-67">[57]</a> The victims' family members threatened to sue Jefferson County. As a result, select victim families and journalists were allowed to view them, though the tapes were then withheld from the public and, in 2011, destroyed for fear of inspiring future massacres.<a href="#cite_note-68">[58]</a> Transcripts of some of the dialogue and a short clip recorded surreptitiously by a victim's father still exist. The pair claimed they were going to make copies of the tapes to send to news stations but never did so.<a href="#cite_note-69">[59]</a> When an economics class had Harris make an ad for a business, he and Klebold made a video called Hitmen for Hire on December 8, 1998, which was released in February 2004. It depicts them as part of the <a href="/wiki/Trench_coat" title="Trench coat">Trench Coat</a> <a href="/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia">Mafia</a>, a clique in the school who wore black trench coats and opposed jocks,<a href="#cite_note-coat-70">[60]</a> extorting money for protecting <a href="/wiki/Preppy" title="Preppy">preps</a> from bullies.<a href="#cite_note-Fatal-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-hithire-71">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-kass197-72">[62]</a> Klebold and Harris themselves were apparently not a part of the Trench Coat Mafia but were friends with some of its members.<a href="#cite_note-Salon-73">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-rules-74">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[k]</a> They wore black trench coats on the day of the massacre, and the Hitmen for Hire video seemed a kind of dress <a href="/wiki/Rehearsal" title="Rehearsal">rehearsal</a>, showing them walking the halls of the school, and shooting bullies outside with fake guns.<a href="#cite_note-hithire-71">[61]</a> On October 21, 2003, a video was released showing the pair doing <a href="/wiki/Target_practice" title="Target practice">target practice</a> on March 6, 1999, in nearby foothills known as <a href="/wiki/Rampart_Range" title="Rampart Range">Rampart Range</a>, with the weapons they would use in the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-evid-80">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nixon_tape">Nixon tape</h4></div> Before the massacre, Harris left a <a href="/wiki/Microcassette" title="Microcassette">micro cassette</a> labeled "Nixon" on the kitchen table. On it Harris said "It is less than nine hours now," placing the recording at some time around 2:30 a.m. He went on to say "People will die because of me," and "It will be a day that will be remembered forever."<a href="#cite_note-81">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weaponry">Weaponry</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guns">Guns</h3></div> In the months prior to the attacks, Harris and Klebold acquired two <a href="/wiki/9%C3%9719mm_Parabellum" title="9×19mm Parabellum">9mm</a> firearms and two <a href="/wiki/Gauge_(bore_diameter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge (bore diameter)">12-gauge</a> shotguns. Harris had a <a href="/wiki/Hi-Point_carbine" title="Hi-Point carbine">Hi-Point 995 carbine</a> with thirteen 10-round magazines and a <a href="/wiki/Savage_Arms#Shotguns" title="Savage Arms">Savage-Springfield 67H</a> <a href="/wiki/Pump_action" title="Pump action">pump shotgun</a>. Klebold used a 9mm <a href="/wiki/Intratec" title="Intratec">Intratec</a> <a href="/wiki/TEC-9" title="TEC-9">TEC-DC9</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_firearm" title="Semi-automatic firearm">semi-automatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">handgun</a> with one 52-, one 32-, and one 28-round magazine and a <a href="/wiki/Stevens_Arms#Shotguns" title="Stevens Arms">Stevens 311D</a> <a href="/wiki/Double-barreled_shotgun" title="Double-barreled shotgun">double-barreled shotgun</a>. Harris' shotgun was <a href="/wiki/Sawed-off_shotgun" title="Sawed-off shotgun">sawed-off</a> to around 26 inches (0.66 m) and Klebold shortened his shotgun's length to 23 inches (0.58 m), a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> under the <a href="/wiki/National_Firearms_Act" title="National Firearms Act">National Firearms Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[72]</a> On November 22, 1998, their friend Robyn Anderson purchased a carbine rifle and the two shotguns for the pair at the Tanner <a href="/wiki/Gun_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun show">Gun Show</a>, as they were too young to legally purchase the guns themselves. After the attack, she told investigators that she had believed the pair wanted the weapons for <a href="/wiki/Target_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Target shooting">target shooting</a> and denied that she had prior knowledge of their plans.<a href="#cite_note-auto-24">[20]</a> Anderson was not charged.<a href="#cite_note-84">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[l]</a> Harris and Klebold both held part-time jobs at a local <a href="/wiki/Blackjack_Pizza" title="Blackjack Pizza">Blackjack Pizza</a>. Through Philip Duran, one of their coworkers, Klebold bought a TEC-9 handgun from Mark Manes for $500 at another gun show on January 23.<a href="#cite_note-Fatal-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[75]</a> Manes, Manes' girlfriend, and Duran are all in the Rampart Range video.<a href="#cite_note-Fatal-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[76]</a> After the massacre, Manes and Duran were both prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-89">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[78]</a> Each was charged with supplying a handgun to a minor and possession of a sawed-off shotgun. Manes and Duran were sentenced to a total of six years and four-and-a-half years, respectively, in prison.<a href="#cite_note-hist-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explosives">Explosives</h3></div> In addition to the firearms, the complex and highly planned attack involved several <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvised explosive devices">improvised explosive devices</a>. Harris and Klebold constructed a total of 99 bombs.<a href="#cite_note-bombsum-91">[79]</a> These included <a href="/wiki/Pipe_bomb" title="Pipe bomb">pipe bombs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powerlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerlet">carbon-dioxide cartridges</a> filled with <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> (called "crickets"<a href="#cite_note-92">[80]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktails" class="mw-redirect" title="Molotov cocktails">Molotov cocktails</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane tanks</a> converted to <a href="/wiki/Propane_bomb" title="Propane bomb">bombs</a>. The propane bombs were used in the cafeteria, the shooters' cars, and in another location intended as a diversion. For ignition, they used storm matches, cannon fuses, and <a href="/wiki/Model_rocket" title="Model rocket">model rocket</a> igniters as well as <a href="/wiki/Time_bomb" title="Time bomb">timing devices</a> built from mechanical alarm clocks for the propane bombs.<a href="#cite_note-93">[81]</a> During the massacre, they carried match strikers taped to their forearms for easy ignition of the pipe bombs and CO2 bombs. Harris also experimented with <a href="/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm">napalm</a>, and envisioned a kind of backpack and <a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flamethrower</a>. They both attempted to get another friend and coworker, Chris Morris, who was a part of the Trench Coat Mafia, to keep the napalm at his house, but he refused. Harris also tried to recruit him to be a third shooter but played it off as a joke when rebuked.<a href="#cite_note-94">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pipe_bombs">Pipe bombs</h4></div> Harris's website contained instructions on making pipe bombs and Molotovs, and the extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(weaponry)" title="Fragmentation (weaponry)">shrapnel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guard-34">[28]</a> Harris's father once discovered one of his pipe bombs.<a href="#cite_note-95">[83]</a> Harris's journal logged the creation of 25 pipe bombs.<a href="#cite_note-bombsum-91">[79]</a> Klebold scared his coworkers by once bringing a pipe bomb into work.<a href="#cite_note-Fatal-20">[16]</a> They would give various nicknames to their pipe bombs. After the massacre, two pipe bombs had been left in Klebold's bedroom, one named "Vengeance" and another "<a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>", presumably after the <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Olympic_Park_bombing" title="Centennial Olympic Park bombing">Olympic Park bombing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bombsum-91">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cafeteria_bombs">Cafeteria bombs</h4></div> They had in their possession eight propane tanks all converted into bombs. The weekend before the shooting, Harris and Klebold bought two propane tanks and other supplies from a hardware store. They bought six propane tanks on the morning of the attack.<a href="#cite_note-98">[86]</a> Harris was caught on a <a href="/wiki/Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</a> gas station security camera at 9:12 a.m. buying a <a href="/wiki/Blue_Rhino" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Rhino">Blue Rhino</a> propane tank.<a href="#cite_note-99">[87]</a> Both cafeteria bombs included a single 20-pound tank, attached pipe bombs, and supporting gasoline canisters alongside.<a href="#cite_note-guidebomb-100">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Car_bombs">Car bombs</h4></div> Both car bombs were made from two 20-pound propane tanks, pipe bombs, and various containers filled with gasoline were spread throughout the vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-guidebomb-100">[88]</a> Eight pipe bombs were placed in Klebold's car, and one in Harris'.<a href="#cite_note-bombsum-91">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knives">Knives</h3></div> Harris and Klebold were both equipped with knives, but investigators do not believe they ever utilized them during the massacre. Harris had a <a href="/wiki/Boot_knife" title="Boot knife">boot knife</a> on his belt and a "Khyber-pass" <a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">machete</a> <a href="/wiki/Bowie_knife" title="Bowie knife">bowie knife</a> taped to the back of his ankle. Both had an "R", referencing Harris's alias "REB", etched into the handle, and the machete had a <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> on the sheath. Klebold had a "Cobra" knife mounted to his belt on the left side as well as a <a href="/wiki/Switchblade" title="Switchblade">switchblade</a> in his right pocket.<a href="#cite_note-101">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_massacre">The massacre</h2></div> According to the shooters' respective journals and video tapes, it is believed by investigators that the pair intended to detonate their propane bombs in the cafeteria at the busiest lunch hour,<a href="#cite_note-102">[90]</a> killing hundreds of students. After this, they would shoot and stab survivors, as well as lob bombs. Bombs set in their cars in the parking lot would also eventually detonate, killing more students as well as possibly any police officers, paramedics, firemen, or reporters who had come to the school.<a href="#cite_note-ten-45">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[m]</a> However, the bombs in the cafeteria and cars failed to detonate.<a href="#cite_note-106">[93]</a> Several official sources claim they planned to shoot the fleeing survivors from the parking lot but, when the bombs failed, they moved to the staircase on the hill at the west side.<a href="#cite_note-107">[94]</a> Other sources claim the top of the staircase where the massacre began was their preferred spot to wait for the bombs to go off all along.<a href="#cite_note-108">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[n]</a> A total of 188 rounds of ammunition were fired by the perpetrators during the massacre. Firing nearly twice as much as Klebold, Harris fired his carbine rifle a total of 96 times: 47 shots outside, 36 shots inside, and 13 shots in the library. Harris also discharged his shotgun 25 times: 21 times in the library and four times inside. Klebold fired the TEC-9 handgun 55 times: three shots outside, 31 shots inside, and 21 shots in the library. Klebold also fired 12 rounds from his double-barreled shotgun: twice outside, four times inside, and six times in the library. Law enforcement officers fired 141 rounds during exchanges of gunfire with the shooters.<a href="#cite_note-crit-110">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnnrep-111">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planting_the_bombs">Planting the bombs</h3></div> On Tuesday morning, April 20, 1999, Harris and Klebold placed two duffel bags in the cafeteria. Each bag contained propane bombs, set to detonate during the "A" lunch shift, which began at 11:15 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-113">[o]</a> No witness recalled seeing the duffel bags being added to the 400 or so backpacks that were already in the cafeteria.<a href="#cite_note-timeline1-114">[99]</a> The security staff at CHS did not observe the bags being placed in the cafeteria; a custodian was replacing the school security videotape at around 11:14 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-duffle-115">[100]</a> Shortly after the massacre, police speculated the bombs were placed during this "tape change". They also investigated whether the bombs were placed during the "after-prom" party held the prior weekend.<a href="#cite_note-duffle-115">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[102]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Websleuths" title="Websleuths">Internet sleuths</a> claim the bomb placement can be seen on the surveillance video at around 10:58 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-118">[103]</a> Harris and Klebold are seen in the tapes planting the bombs in casual school clothes separately. Jefferson County Sheriff's Deputy Neil Gardner was assigned to the high school as a full-time <a href="/wiki/School_resource_officer" title="School resource officer">school resource officer</a>. Gardner usually ate lunch with students in the cafeteria, but on April 20 he was eating lunch in his patrol car at the northwest corner of the campus, watching students in the Smokers' Pit in Clement Park, a meadow adjacent to the school.<a href="#cite_note-deputies-119">[104]</a> Two backpacks filled with pipe bombs, aerosol canisters, and small propane bombs were also placed in a field about 3 miles (4.8 km) south of CHS, and 2 miles (3.2 km) south of the fire station.<a href="#cite_note-121">[p]</a> The bombs were intended as a diversion to draw firefighters and emergency personnel away from the school. Only the pipe bombs and one of the aerosol canisters detonated, causing a small fire, which was quickly extinguished by the fire department. It went off after first having been moved. Bomb technicians immediately examined the bombs and relayed to police at the school the possibility of devices with motion activators.<a href="#cite_note-bombsum-91">[79]</a> Harris and Klebold changed clothes and returned separately to CHS. Harris parked his vehicle in the junior student parking lot, and Klebold parked in the adjoining senior student parking lot. The school cafeteria was their primary bomb target; the cafeteria had a long outside window-wall, ground-level doors, and was just north of the senior parking lot.<a href="#cite_note-122">[106]</a> The library was located above the cafeteria in the second-story of the window-wall. Each car contained bombs.<a href="#cite_note-guidebomb-100">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[107]</a> As Harris pulled into the parking lot, he encountered classmate Brooks Brown, with whom he had recently patched up a longstanding series of disputes. According to Brown, who was smoking a cigarette, he was surprised to see Harris, whom he earlier noted had been absent from a class test. Harris, a good student, was unlikely to miss school days with important academic obligation.<a href="#cite_note-124">[108]</a> Brown berated Harris for missing the test. Harris, acting unconcerned, replied "It doesn't matter anymore." Harris went on: "Brooks, I like you now. Get out of here. Go home." Brown, feeling uneasy and already prepared to skip his next class, walked away down South Pierce Street.<a href="#cite_note-brooks13-125">[109]</a> Meanwhile, Harris and Klebold armed themselves, using straps and webbing to conceal weapons beneath their <a href="/wiki/Trench_coat" title="Trench coat">trench coats</a>. They lugged bags containing bombs and ammunition. Harris had concealed his shotgun in one of the bags. Beneath the trench coats, Harris wore a military <a href="/wiki/Bandolier" title="Bandolier">bandolier</a> and a white T-shirt with the inscription "<a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural Selection</a>" in black letters, a mantra he had adopted; Klebold wore a black T-shirt with "Wrath" in red letters.<a href="#cite_note-126">[110]</a> The cafeteria bombs failed to detonate. Had these explosives detonated as intended, they would have killed or severely wounded the 488 students in the cafeteria and damaged the school's structure, collapsing the library into the cafeteria and possibly killing more students and staff.<a href="#cite_note-bombsum-91">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11:19_a.m.:_Shooting_begins">11:19 a.m.: Shooting begins</h3></div> At 11:19 a.m., 17-year-old <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Scott" title="Rachel Scott">Rachel Scott</a> and her friend Richard Castaldo were having lunch and sitting on the grass next to the west entrance of the school. Klebold threw a pipe bomb towards the parking lot; the bomb only partially detonated, causing it to give off smoke. Castaldo thought it was no more than a crude senior prank. Likewise, several students during the incident first thought that they were watching a prank.<a href="#cite_note-eyes-127">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-librev-128">[112]</a> The two allegedly returned to where Rachel Scott and Richard Castaldo lay on the ground injured. Scott was killed instantly when she was hit four times with rounds fired from Harris's <a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">carbine</a>; one shot was to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">left temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OOL-129">[113]</a> Castaldo was shot eight times in the chest, arm, and abdomen by both Harris and Klebold; he fell unconscious to the ground and was left <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralyzed</a> below the chest.<a href="#cite_note-130">[114]</a> After firing twice, Klebold's TEC-9 jammed, and he was forced to temporarily cease shooting to fix it, which he did by reloading a new magazine into his pistol. Meanwhile, Harris took off his trenchcoat and aimed his carbine down the west staircase in the direction of three students: Daniel Rohrbough, Sean Graves, and Lance Kirklin. The students presumed they were <a href="/wiki/Paintball_marker" title="Paintball marker">paintball guns</a>, and were about to walk up the staircase directly below the shooters. Harris fired ten times, killing Rohrbough<a href="#cite_note-131">[115]</a> and injuring Graves and Kirklin.<a href="#cite_note-timeline1-114">[99]</a> William David Sanders, a teacher and coach at the school, was in the cafeteria when he heard the gunfire and began warning students.<a href="#cite_note-dave-132">[116]</a> Harris turned west and fired seven shots in the direction of five students sitting on the grassy hillside adjacent to the steps and opposite the west entrance of the school:<a href="#cite_note-timeline1-114">[99]</a> Michael Johnson was hit in the face, leg, and arm but ran and escaped; Mark Taylor was shot in the chest, arms, and leg and fell to the ground, where he faked death; the other three escaped uninjured.<a href="#cite_note-timeline1-114">[99]</a> Klebold walked down the steps toward the cafeteria. He first shot once at the body of Dan Rohrbough with his shotgun, and then came up to Lance Kirklin, who was already wounded and lying on the ground, weakly calling for help. Klebold said, "Sure. I'll help you," then shot Kirklin in the jaw with his shotgun. Although near-fatally injured, Kirklin would survive.<a href="#cite_note-eyes-127">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[117]</a> Graves—paralyzed beneath the waist—had crawled into the doorway of the cafeteria's west entrance and collapsed. He rubbed his blood on his face and played dead.<a href="#cite_note-surfive-134">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-five-135">[119]</a> After shooting Kirklin, Klebold walked towards the cafeteria door. He then stepped over the injured Graves to enter the cafeteria.<a href="#cite_note-surfive-134">[118]</a> Graves remembers Klebold saying, "Sorry, dude."<a href="#cite_note-136">[120]</a> Klebold only briefly entered the cafeteria and did not shoot at the several people still inside. Officials speculated that Klebold went to check on the <a href="/wiki/Propane_bomb" title="Propane bomb">propane bombs</a>. Harris was still on top of the stairs shooting, and severely wounded and partially paralyzed 17-year-old Anne-Marie Hochhalter as she tried to flee.<a href="#cite_note-surfive-134">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-five-135">[119]</a> Klebold came out of the cafeteria and went back up the stairs to join Harris.<a href="#cite_note-timeline1-114">[99]</a> They each shot once at students standing close to a soccer field but did not hit anyone. They walked toward the west entrance, throwing pipe bombs in several directions, including onto the roof; only a few of these pipe bombs detonated. Witnesses heard one of them say, "This is what we always wanted to do. This is awesome!"<a href="#cite_note-event1-42">[35]</a> Meanwhile, art teacher Patti Nielson was inside the school; she had noticed the commotion and walked toward the west entrance with student Brian Anderson. Nielson had intended to walk outside to tell the two students, "Knock it off",<a href="#cite_note-timeline1-114">[99]</a> thinking they were either filming a video or pulling a student prank.<a href="#cite_note-eyes-127">[111]</a> As Anderson opened the first set of double doors, the gunmen shot out the windows, injuring him with flying glass; Nielson was hit in the shoulder with shrapnel. Anderson and Nielson ran back down the hall into the library, and Nielson alerted the students inside to the danger, telling them to get under desks and keep silent. She dialed <a href="/wiki/9-1-1" class="mw-redirect" title="9-1-1">9-1-1</a> and hid under the library's administrative counter.<a href="#cite_note-timeline1-114">[99]</a> Anderson fell to the floor, bleeding from his injuries, then hid inside the magazine room adjacent to the library.<a href="#cite_note-137">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11:22_a.m.:_Police_response_and_West_Entrance_shootouts">11:22 a.m.: Police response and West Entrance shootouts</h3></div> At 11:22 a.m., a custodian called Deputy Neil Gardner, the assigned resource officer to Columbine, on the school radio, requesting assistance in the senior parking lot. The only paved route took him around the school to the east and south on Pierce Street, where at 11:23 a.m., he heard on his police radio that a female was down, and assumed she had been struck by a car. While exiting his patrol car in the senior lot at 11:24, he heard another call on the school radio, "Neil, there's a shooter in the school."<a href="#cite_note-deputies-119">[104]</a> Harris, at the west entrance, immediately turned and fired ten shots from his carbine at Gardner, who was 60 yards (55 m) away.<a href="#cite_note-deputies-119">[104]</a> As Harris reloaded his carbine, Gardner leaned over the top of his car and fired four rounds at Harris from his service pistol.<a href="#cite_note-eyes-127">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[122]</a> Harris ducked back behind the building, and Gardner momentarily believed that he had hit him. Harris then reemerged and fired at least four more rounds at Gardner (which missed and struck two parked cars), before retreating into the building. No one was hit during the exchange of gunfire.<a href="#cite_note-140">[q]</a> Gardner reported on his police radio, "Shots in the building. I need someone in the south lot with me."<a href="#cite_note-deputies-119">[104]</a> By this point, Harris had shot 47 times, and Klebold 5.<a href="#cite_note-crit-110">[96]</a> The shooters then entered the school through the west entrance, moving along the main north hallway, throwing pipe bombs and shooting at anyone they encountered. Klebold shot Stephanie Munson in the ankle, but she was able to walk out of the school.<a href="#cite_note-eyes-127">[111]</a> The pair then shot out the windows to the east entrance of the school. After proceeding through the hall several times and shooting toward—and missing—any students they saw, they went toward the west entrance and turned into the library hallway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2003198-141">[124]</a> Deputies Paul Smoker and Paul Magor, motorcycle patrolmen for the Jefferson County Sheriff's Office, were writing a traffic ticket north of the school when the "female down" call came in at 11:23 a.m. Taking the shortest route, they drove their motorcycles over grass between the athletic fields and headed toward the west entrance. When they saw Deputies Scott Taborsky, Rick Searle, and Kevin Walker following them in their patrol car, they abandoned their motorcycles for the safety of the car. The six deputies had begun to rescue two wounded students near the ball fields when another gunfight broke out at 11:26, as Harris returned to the double doors and again began shooting at Deputy Gardner, who returned fire. From the hilltop, Deputy Smoker fired three rounds from his pistol at Harris, who again retreated into the building. As before, no one was hit.<a href="#cite_note-timeline1-114">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-deputies-119">[104]</a> Inside the school cafeteria, Dave Sanders and two custodians, Jon Curtis and Jay Gallatine, initially told students to get under the tables, then successfully evacuated students up the staircase leading to the second floor of the school. The stairs were located around the corner from the library hallway in the main south hallway. Sanders then tried to secure as much of the school as he could.<a href="#cite_note-eyes-127">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-dave-132">[116]</a> Sanders and another student were at the end of the hallway, where he gestured for students in the library to stay, before encountering Harris and Klebold, who were approaching from the corner of the north hallway. Sanders and the student turned and ran in the opposite direction.<a href="#cite_note-:5-142">[125]</a> Harris and Klebold shot at them both, with Harris hitting Sanders twice in the back and neck, hitting his teeth on exit, but missing the student.<a href="#cite_note-eyes-127">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-dave-132">[116]</a> The latter ran into a science classroom and warned everyone to hide. Klebold walked over towards Sanders, who had collapsed, and tossed a pipe bomb, then returned to Harris up the library hallway.<a href="#cite_note-143">[126]</a> Sanders struggled toward the science area, and teacher Rich Long took him into a classroom where 30 students were located. Due to his knowledge of first aid, student Aaron Hancey was brought to the classroom from another by teacher Kent Friesen despite the unfolding commotion. With the assistance of fellow student Kevin Starkey and teacher Theresa Miller, Hancey administered first aid to Sanders for three hours, attempting to stem the blood loss using shirts from students in the room, and showing him pictures from his wallet to keep him talking.<a href="#cite_note-eyes-127">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-hancey-144">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[128]</a> Using a phone in the room, Miller and several students maintained contact with police outside the school.<a href="#cite_note-146">[129]</a> As the shooting unfolded, pipe bombs were tossed in the hallways and down into the cafeteria. Patti Nielson in the library called 9-1-1, telling her story and urging students in the library to take cover beneath desks. According to transcripts, her call was received by a <a href="/wiki/Dispatcher" title="Dispatcher">9–1–1 operator</a> at 11:25:18 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-patti-147">[130]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">Fatalities</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="padding-right:1.5em;"> <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Scott" title="Rachel Scott">Rachel Scott</a> (aged 17), killed on grass outside west entrance by Harris</li><li>Daniel Rohrbough (aged 15), killed at bottom of stairs leading to west entrance by Harris</li><li>William David Sanders (aged 47), shot in hallway adjacent library by Harris; died of blood loss in a science classroom</li><li>Kyle Velasquez (aged 16), killed while sitting in a chair near the middle of the north computer table in the library by Klebold</li><li>Steven Curnow (aged 14), killed at the west end of the south computer table in the library by Harris</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cassie_Bernall" title="Cassie Bernall">Cassie Bernall</a> (aged 17), killed under library table No. 19 by Harris</li><li>Isaiah Shoels (aged 18), killed under library table No. 16 by Harris</li><li>Matthew Kechter (aged 16), killed under library table No. 16 by Klebold</li><li>Lauren Townsend (aged 18), killed under library table No. 2 by Klebold</li><li>John Tomlin (aged 16), killed next to library table No. 6 by Klebold; after being wounded by Harris</li><li>Kelly Fleming (aged 16), killed next to library table No. 2 by Harris</li><li>Daniel Mauser (aged 15), killed under library table No. 9 by Harris</li><li>Corey DePooter (aged 17), killed under library table No. 14 by Klebold</li><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harris_and_Dylan_Klebold#Eric_Harris" title="Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold">Eric Harris</a> (perpetrator) (aged 18), committed suicide via a self-inflicted gunshot wound</li><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harris_and_Dylan_Klebold#Dylan_Klebold" title="Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold">Dylan Klebold</a> (perpetrator) (aged 17), committed suicide via a self-inflicted gunshot wound</li></ol></div> </blockquote> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11:29–11:36_a.m.:_Library_massacre">11:29–11:36 a.m.: Library massacre</h3></div> At 11:29 a.m., Harris and Klebold entered the library. Fifty-two students, two teachers and two librarians were inside.<a href="#cite_note-lark5-148">[131]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">They shouted "Get up! All athletes stand up!" and "Anybody with a white hat [part of the uniform of the athletes] or a sports emblem on it is dead. Today is your day to die." When no one stood up, Harris said "Fine, then I'll just start shooting."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ralph W. Larkin, Comprehending Columbine<a href="#cite_note-lark5-148">[131]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Harris fired his shotgun twice at a desk. Student Evan Todd had been standing near a pillar when the shooters entered the library and had just taken cover behind a photocopier.<a href="#cite_note-librev-128">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-lark6-149">[132]</a> Todd was hit by wood splinters in the eye and lower back but was not seriously injured.<a href="#cite_note-inju-150">[133]</a> He then hid behind the administrative counter.<a href="#cite_note-librev-128">[112]</a> The gunmen walked into the library, towards the two rows of computers. Sitting at the north row was disabled student Kyle Velasquez. Klebold fired his shotgun, fatally hitting him in the head and back.<a href="#cite_note-librev-128">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-OOL-129">[113]</a> They put down their ammunition-filled duffel bags at the south—or lower—row of computers and reloaded their weapons. They then walked between the computer rows, toward the windows facing the outside staircase. Throughout the massacre in the library, they ordered everybody to get up, said how long they had been waiting for this, and seemed to be enjoying themselves, shouting things like "Woo!" after shooting.<a href="#cite_note-librev-128">[112]</a> While ordering the <a href="/wiki/Jock_(athlete)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jock (athlete)">jocks</a> to stand up, one of the two said, "Anybody with a white hat or a sports emblem on it is dead."<a href="#cite_note-librev-128">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-lark5-148">[131]</a> Wearing a white baseball cap at Columbine was a tradition among sports team members.<a href="#cite_note-lark5-148">[131]</a> Nobody stood up, and several students tried to hide their white hats.<a href="#cite_note-151">[134]</a> Windows were shot out in the direction of the recently arrived police.<a href="#cite_note-152">[135]</a> Officers returned fire, and the gunmen retreated from the windows; no one was injured.<a href="#cite_note-timeline1-114">[99]</a> Klebold removed his trench coat. He then fired his shotgun at a nearby table, injuring three students: Patrick Ireland, Daniel Steepleton, and Makai Hall.<a href="#cite_note-librev-128">[112]</a> Harris walked toward the lower row of computer desks with his shotgun and fired a single shot under the first desk while down on one knee. He hit 14-year-old Steven Curnow with a mortal wound to the neck.<a href="#cite_note-OOL-129">[113]</a> He then moved to the adjacent computer desk, injuring 17-year-old Kacey Ruegsegger with a shot which passed completely through her right shoulder, also grazing her neck and severing a major artery.<a href="#cite_note-OOL-129">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-remem-153">[136]</a> When she started gasping in pain, Harris said, "Quit your bitching."<a href="#cite_note-five-135">[119]</a> Harris then walked to a table south of the lower computer table, with two students underneath: <a href="/wiki/Cassie_Bernall" title="Cassie Bernall">Cassie Bernall</a> and Emily Wyant. Harris slapped the surface of the table twice as he knelt, and said "<a href="/wiki/Peekaboo" title="Peekaboo">Peek-a-boo</a>" before shooting Bernall once in the head with the shotgun, killing her.<a href="#cite_note-OOL-129">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-autopsy-154">[137]</a> Harris at this point held the gun with one hand, and the weapon hit his face in recoil, injuring his nose.<a href="#cite_note-156">[r]</a> He told Klebold he had done so, and Klebold responded "Why'd you do that?"<a href="#cite_note-157">[139]</a> After fatally shooting Bernall, Harris turned toward the next table, where Bree Pasquale sat next to the table rather than under it. Harris's nose was bleeding; witnesses later reported that he had blood around his mouth. Harris asked Pasquale if she wanted to die, and she responded with a plea for her life. Harris laughed and responded "Everyone's gonna die." When Klebold said "shoot her," Harris responded "No, we're gonna blow up the school anyway."<a href="#cite_note-lark6-149">[132]</a> Klebold noticed Ireland trying to provide aid to Hall, who had suffered a wound to his knee. As Ireland tried to help Hall, his head rose above the table. Klebold shot him a second time, hitting him twice in the head and once in the foot. Ireland was knocked unconscious but survived.<a href="#cite_note-eyes-127">[111]</a> Klebold then walked toward another table, where he discovered 18-year-old Isaiah Shoels, 16-year-old Matthew Kechter, and 16-year-old Craig Scott (Rachel's younger brother), hiding underneath. Klebold called out to Harris that he found a "<a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">nigger</a>" and tried to pull Shoels out from under the table.<a href="#cite_note-eyes-127">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-suit-158">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[141]</a> Harris left Pasquale and joined him. According to witnesses, they taunted Shoels for a few seconds, making derogatory racial comments. The gunmen both fired under the table; Harris shot Shoels once in the chest, killing him, and Klebold shot and killed Kechter. Though Shoels was not shot in the head, Klebold said: "I didn't know black brains could fly that far."<a href="#cite_note-lark7-160">[142]</a> Meanwhile, Scott was uninjured, lying in the blood of his friends, feigning death. Harris then yelled, "Who's ready to die next?!"<a href="#cite_note-eyes-127">[111]</a> He turned and threw a "cricket" at the table where Hall, Steepleton, and Ireland were located. It landed on Steepleton's thigh; Hall quickly noticed it and tossed it behind them, and it exploded in mid-air. Harris walked toward the bookcases between the west and center section of tables in the library. He jumped on one and shook it, apparently attempting to topple it, then shot at the books which had fallen.<a href="#cite_note-eyes-127">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-remem-153">[136]</a> Klebold walked to the east area of the library. Harris walked from the bookcase, past the central area to meet Klebold. The latter shot at a display case next to the door, then turned and shot toward the closest table, hitting and injuring 17-year-old Mark Kintgen in the head and shoulder. He then turned toward the table to his left and fired, injuring 18-year-olds Lisa Kreutz, Lauren Townsend, and Valeen Schnurr with the same shotgun blast. Klebold then moved toward the same table and fired several shots with the TEC-9, killing Townsend.<a href="#cite_note-remem-153">[136]</a> At this point, the seriously injured Valeen Schnurr began screaming, "Oh, my God! Oh, my God!"<a href="#cite_note-yes-155">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-lark7-160">[142]</a> In response, Klebold asked Schnurr if she believed in the existence of God; when Schnurr replied she did, Klebold asked "Why?" and commented "God is gay." Klebold reloaded but walked away from the table.<a href="#cite_note-yes-155">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kass_2009_page=40-162">[144]</a> Harris approached another table where two girls were hiding. He bent down to look at them and dismissed them as "pathetic".<a href="#cite_note-librev-128">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-remem-153">[136]</a> Harris then moved to another table where he fired twice, injuring 16-year-olds Nicole Nowlen and John Tomlin. Tomlin moved out from under the table. Klebold shot him repeatedly, killing him.<a href="#cite_note-OOL-129">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kass_2009_page=40-162">[144]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbine_library_fbi_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Columbine_library_fbi_diagram.jpg/260px-Columbine_library_fbi_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Columbine_library_fbi_diagram.jpg/390px-Columbine_library_fbi_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Columbine_library_fbi_diagram.jpg/520px-Columbine_library_fbi_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>An FBI diagram of the library, with locations of fatalities</figcaption></figure> Harris then walked back over to the other side of the table where Townsend lay dead. Behind the table, a 16-year-old girl named Kelly Fleming had, like Bree Pasquale, sat next to the table rather than beneath it due to a lack of space. Harris shot Fleming with his shotgun, hitting her in the back and killing her.<a href="#cite_note-OOL-129">[113]</a> He shot at the table behind Fleming, hitting Townsend, who was already dead; Kreutz again; and wounding 18-year-old Jeanna Park.<a href="#cite_note-librev-128">[112]</a> The shooters moved to the center of the library, where they reloaded their weapons at a table. Harris then pointed his carbine under a table, but the student he was aiming at moved out of the way. Harris turned his gun back on the student and told him to identify himself. It was John Savage, an acquaintance of Klebold's. He asked Klebold what they were doing, to which he shrugged and answered, "Oh, just killing people."<a href="#cite_note-lark7-160">[142]</a> Savage asked if they were going to kill him. However, because of the background noise, Klebold said, "What?" Savage asked again whether they were going to kill him. Klebold said no, and told him to run. Savage fled, escaping through the library's main entrance and through the cafeteria.<a href="#cite_note-librev-128">[112]</a> After Savage left, Harris turned and fired his carbine at the table directly north of where he had been, hitting the ear and hand of 15-year-old Daniel Mauser. Mauser retaliated by either shoving a chair at Harris or grabbing at his leg; Harris fired again and hit Mauser in the center of the face at close range, killing him.<a href="#cite_note-OOL-129">[113]</a> Harris then moved south and fired three shots under another table, critically injuring two 17-year-olds, Jennifer Doyle and <a href="/wiki/Austin_Eubanks" title="Austin Eubanks">Austin Eubanks</a>. Klebold then shot once, fatally wounding 17-year-old Corey DePooter, at 11:35.<a href="#cite_note-timeline1-114">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-librev-128">[112]</a> There were no further victims. They had killed 10 people in the library and wounded 12.<a href="#cite_note-163">[145]</a> Klebold was quoted as saying they might start knifing people, though they never did. They headed towards the library's main counter. Harris threw a Molotov cocktail toward the southwestern end of the library, but it failed to explode. They converged close to where Todd had moved after having been wounded.<a href="#cite_note-librev-128">[112]</a> Klebold pulled the chair out from the desk, then he pointed his TEC-9 at Todd, who was wearing a white hat. Klebold asked if he was a jock, and when Todd said no, Klebold responded "Well, that's good. We don't like jocks." Klebold then demanded to see his face; Todd partly lifted his hat so his face would remain obscured. When Klebold asked Todd to give him one reason why he should not kill him, Todd said: "I don't want trouble." Klebold responded back angrily "Trouble? You don't even know what fucking trouble is!" Todd tried to correct himself: "That's not what I meant! I mean, I don't have a problem with you guys. I never will and I never did." Klebold then told Harris he was going to let Todd live, but that Harris could kill him if he wanted.<a href="#cite_note-inju-150">[133]</a> Harris appeared to pay no attention and stated that he and Klebold should head to the cafeteria. Klebold fired into an open library staff break room, hitting a small television. While Harris was walking away, Klebold said, "One more thing!", then picked up the chair beside the library counter under which Patti Nielson was hiding, and slammed the chair down on top of the computer terminal and library counter.<a href="#cite_note-librev-128">[112]</a> Klebold joined Harris at the library entrance. The two walked out of the library at 11:36. Cautiously, fearing the shooters' return, 10 injured and 29 uninjured survivors began to evacuate the library through the north emergency exit door, which led to the sidewalk adjacent to the west entrance. Kacey Ruegsegger was evacuated from the library by Craig Scott. Had she not been evacuated at this point, Ruegsegger would likely have bled to death from her injuries.<a href="#cite_note-164">[146]</a> Patrick Ireland, unconscious, and Lisa Kreutz, unable to move, remained in the building.<a href="#cite_note-librev-128">[112]</a> Patti Nielson crawled into the exterior break room, into which Klebold had earlier fired shots, and hid in a cupboard.<a href="#cite_note-165">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="12:08_p.m.:_Suicides">12:08 p.m.: Suicides</h3></div> After leaving the library, Harris and Klebold entered the science area, where they caused a fire in an empty storage closet. It was extinguished by a teacher who had hidden in an adjacent room.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarkin20078-166">[148]</a> The gunmen then proceeded toward the south hallway, where they shot into an empty science room. At 11:44 a.m., they were captured on the school security cameras as they re-entered the cafeteria. The recording shows Harris crouching against the rail on the staircase and firing toward the propane bombs left in the cafeteria, in an unsuccessful attempt to detonate them.<a href="#cite_note-167">[149]</a> As Klebold approached the propane bomb and examined it, Harris took a drink from one of the cups left behind. Klebold lit a Molotov cocktail and threw it at the propane bomb. About a minute later, the gallon of fuel attached to the bomb ignited, causing a fire that was extinguished by the fire sprinklers a few minutes later.<a href="#cite_note-168">[150]</a> They left the cafeteria at 11:46. After leaving the cafeteria, they returned to the main north and south hallways of the school and fired several shots into walls and ceilings as students and teachers hid in rooms. They walked through the south hallway into the main office before returning to the north hallway. At 11:56, they returned to the cafeteria, and briefly entered the school kitchen.<a href="#cite_note-timeline1-114">[99]</a> They returned up the staircase and into the south hallway at 12:00 p.m.<a href="#cite_note-169">[151]</a> They re-entered the library, which was empty of survivors except for the unconscious Ireland and the injured Kreutz. Once inside, at 12:02 p.m., police were shot at again through the library windows and returned fire. Nobody was injured in the exchange.<a href="#cite_note-timeline1-114">[99]</a> By 12:05, all gunfire from the school had ceased. By 12:08 p.m., both gunmen had killed themselves. Harris sat down with his back to a bookshelf and fired his shotgun through the roof of his mouth; Klebold went down on his knees and shot himself in the left temple with his TEC-9. An article by <a href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Mountain_News" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rocky Mountain News">The Rocky Mountain News</a> stated that Patti Nielson overheard them shout "One! Two! Three!" in unison, just before a loud boom.<a href="#cite_note-Fatal-20">[16]</a> Nielson later said that she had never spoken with either of the writers of the article.<a href="#cite_note-170">[152]</a> In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/National_Enquirer" title="National Enquirer">National Enquirer</a> published two <a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">post-mortem photos</a> of Harris and Klebold in the library. Klebold's gun was underneath his body and so unseen in the photo, leading to speculation that Harris shot Klebold before killing himself. However, some of Klebold's blood was on Harris's legs, suggesting that he had fallen onto Harris after Harris had already killed himself.<a href="#cite_note-171">[153]</a> Also, just before shooting himself, Klebold lit a Molotov cocktail on a nearby table, underneath which Patrick Ireland was lying, which caused the tabletop to momentarily catch fire. Underneath the scorched film of material was a piece of Harris's brain matter, suggesting Harris had shot himself by this point.<a href="#cite_note-172">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crisis_ends">Crisis ends</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SWAT_response">SWAT response</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Storytellers_-_%22Columbine_High_School%22_%28May_2016%29.ogv/220px--Storytellers_-_%22Columbine_High_School%22_%28May_2016%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="807" data-mwtitle="Storytellers_-_"Columbine_High_School"_(May_2016).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Storytellers_-_%22Columbine_High_School%22_(May_2016).ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Storytellers_-_%22Columbine_High_School%22_%28May_2016%29.ogv/Storytellers_-_%22Columbine_High_School%22_%28May_2016%29.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Storytellers_-_%22Columbine_High_School%22_%28May_2016%29.ogv/Storytellers_-_%22Columbine_High_School%22_%28May_2016%29.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Storytellers_-_%22Columbine_High_School%22_%28May_2016%29.ogv/Storytellers_-_%22Columbine_High_School%22_%28May_2016%29.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Storytellers_-_%22Columbine_High_School%22_%28May_2016%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Storytellers_-_%22Columbine_High_School%22_%28May_2016%29.ogv/Storytellers_-_%22Columbine_High_School%22_%28May_2016%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Storytellers_-_%22Columbine_High_School%22_%28May_2016%29.ogv/Storytellers_-_%22Columbine_High_School%22_%28May_2016%29.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Storytellers_-_%22Columbine_High_School%22_%28May_2016%29.ogv/Storytellers_-_%22Columbine_High_School%22_%28May_2016%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AStorytellers_-_%22Columbine_High_School%22_%28May_2016%29.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>A survivor recalls the events of the day</figcaption></figure>By 12:00 p.m., <a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT teams</a> were stationed outside the school, and ambulances started taking the wounded to local hospitals. A call for additional ammunition for police officers in case of a shootout came at 12:20. Authorities reported pipe bombs by 1:00, and two SWAT teams entered the school at 1:09, moving from classroom to classroom, discovering hidden students and faculty.<a href="#cite_note-SWAT-173">[155]</a> They entered at the end of the school opposite the library, hampered by old maps and unaware a new wing had recently been added. They were also hampered by the sound of the fire alarms.<a href="#cite_note-lesson-174">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leawood_Elementary">Leawood Elementary</h3></div> Meanwhile, families of students and staff were asked to gather at nearby <a href="/wiki/Leawood_Elementary_School_(Colorado)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leawood Elementary School (Colorado)">Leawood Elementary School</a> to await information. All students, teachers, and school employees were taken away, questioned, and offered medical care in small holding areas before being bussed to meet with their family members at Leawood Elementary. In his book Walking in Daniel's Shoes, Tom Mauser, father of victim Daniel Mauser, recounts how several families who'd still been waiting on word of the status of their children were informed by law enforcement that another bus from the school was on its way. However, this bus never arrived, and whether the comments from police stemmed from miscommunication or were an attempt to give distraught parents hope is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-175">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_boy_in_the_window">The boy in the window</h3></div> Patrick Ireland had regained and lost consciousness several times after being shot by Klebold. Paralyzed on his right side, he crawled to the library windows where, on live television, at 2:38 p.m., he stretched out the window, intending to fall into the arms of two SWAT team members standing on the roof of an emergency vehicle, but instead falling directly onto the vehicle's roof in a pool of blood. He became known as "the boy in the window."<a href="#cite_note-five-135">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[158]</a> The team members, Donn Kraemer and John Ramoniec, were later criticized for allowing Ireland to drop more than seven feet to the ground while doing nothing to try to ensure he could be lowered to the ground safely or break his fall. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""1_bleeding_to_death"">"1 bleeding to death"</h3></div> At 2:15 p.m., students placed a sign in the window: "1 bleeding to death", in order to alert police and medical personnel of Dave Sanders' location in the science room.<a href="#cite_note-eyes-127">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-142">[125]</a> Police initially feared it was a ruse by the shooters. A shirt was also tied to the doorknob. At 2:30, this was spotted, and by 2:40, SWAT officers evacuated the room of students and called for a paramedic.<a href="#cite_note-SWAT-173">[155]</a> Hancey and Starkey were reluctant to leave Sanders behind.<a href="#cite_note-:5-142">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-hancey-144">[127]</a> By 3:00, the SWAT officers had moved Sanders to a storage room, which was more easily accessible.<a href="#cite_note-177">[159]</a> As they did so, a paramedic arrived and found Sanders had no <a href="/wiki/Pulse" title="Pulse">pulse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-142">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWAT-173">[155]</a> He had died of his injuries in the storage room before he could receive medical care. He was the only teacher to die in the shooting. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suicide_mission;_estimated_25_dead">Suicide mission; estimated 25 dead</h3></div> Lisa Kreutz, shot in the shoulder, arms, hand, and thigh, remained lying in the library. She had tried to move but became light-headed. Kreutz kept track of time by the sound of the school's bells until police arrived.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Kreutz was finally evacuated at 3:22 p.m., along with Patti Nielson, Brian Anderson, and the three library staff who had hidden in the rooms adjacent to the library. Officials found the bodies in the library by 3:30.<a href="#cite_note-SWAT-173">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_Regarding_Columbine_HS_Shooting_%281999%29.webm/220px--President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_Regarding_Columbine_HS_Shooting_%281999%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="161" data-durationhint="566" data-mwtitle="President_Clinton's_Remarks_Regarding_Columbine_HS_Shooting_(1999).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_Regarding_Columbine_HS_Shooting_(1999).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_Regarding_Columbine_HS_Shooting_%281999%29.webm/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_Regarding_Columbine_HS_Shooting_%281999%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="654" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_Regarding_Columbine_HS_Shooting_%281999%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="654" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_Regarding_Columbine_HS_Shooting_%281999%29.webm/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_Regarding_Columbine_HS_Shooting_%281999%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="196" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_Regarding_Columbine_HS_Shooting_%281999%29.webm/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_Regarding_Columbine_HS_Shooting_%281999%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="328" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_Regarding_Columbine_HS_Shooting_%281999%29.webm/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_Regarding_Columbine_HS_Shooting_%281999%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="490" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_Regarding_Columbine_HS_Shooting_%281999%29.webm/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_Regarding_Columbine_HS_Shooting_%281999%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="490" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APresident_Clinton%27s_Remarks_Regarding_Columbine_HS_Shooting_%281999%29.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s remarks regarding the shooting on April 20, 1999</figcaption></figure> By 4:00, Sheriff John P. Stone made an initial estimate of 25 dead students and teachers, fifty wounded, and referred to the massacre as a "suicide mission".<a href="#cite_note-SWAT-173">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-twfive-178">[160]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> later issued a statement.<a href="#cite_note-twfive-178">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bomb_squad_response">Bomb squad response</h3></div> Stone said that police officers were searching the bodies of the gunmen. They feared they had used their pipe bombs to <a href="/wiki/Booby_trap" title="Booby trap">booby-trap</a> corpses, including their own. At 4:30 p.m., the school was declared safe. At 5:30, additional officers were called in, as more explosives were found in the parking lot and on the roof. By 6:15, officials had found a bomb in Klebold's car in the parking lot, set to detonate the gas tank.<a href="#cite_note-179">[161]</a> Stone then marked the entire school as a crime scene.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At 10:40 p.m., a member of the bomb squad, who was attempting to dispose of an un-detonated pipe bomb, accidentally lit a striking match attached to the bomb by brushing it against the wall of the ordnance disposal trailer. The bomb detonated inside the trailer but no one was injured.<a href="#cite_note-bombsum-91">[79]</a> The bomb squad disarmed the car bomb. Klebold's car was repaired and, in 2006, put up for auction.<a href="#cite_note-180">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immediate_aftermath">Immediate aftermath</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Columbine_High_School_Community.webm/220px--President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Columbine_High_School_Community.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="161" data-durationhint="3039" data-mwtitle="President_Clinton's_Remarks_to_the_Columbine_High_School_Community.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Columbine_High_School_Community.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Columbine_High_School_Community.webm/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Columbine_High_School_Community.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="654" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Columbine_High_School_Community.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="654" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Columbine_High_School_Community.webm/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Columbine_High_School_Community.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="196" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Columbine_High_School_Community.webm/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Columbine_High_School_Community.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="328" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Columbine_High_School_Community.webm/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Columbine_High_School_Community.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="490" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Columbine_High_School_Community.webm/President_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Columbine_High_School_Community.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="490" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Clinton's remarks to the Columbine High School community on May 20, 1999</figcaption></figure> On the morning of April 21, <a href="/wiki/Bomb_squads" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomb squads">bomb squads</a> combed the high school. By 8:30 a.m., the official death toll of 15 was released.<a href="#cite_note-after-181">[163]</a> The earlier estimate was ten over the true death toll count, but close to the total count of wounded students. The total count of deaths was 12 students (14 including the shooters) and one teacher; 20 students and one teacher were injured as a result of the shootings. Three more victims were injured indirectly as they tried to escape the school. At 10:00 a.m., the bomb squad declared the building safe for officials to enter. By 11:30 a.m., a spokesman of the sheriff declared the investigation underway. Thirteen of the bodies were still inside the high school as investigators photographed the building.<a href="#cite_note-after-181">[163]</a> At 2:30 p.m., a press conference was held by Jefferson County <a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District Attorney</a> David Thomas and Sheriff John Stone, at which they said that they suspected others had helped plan the shooting. Formal identification of the dead had not yet taken place, but families of the children thought to have been killed had been notified. Throughout the late afternoon and early evening, the bodies were gradually removed from the school and taken to the Jefferson County Coroner's Office to be identified and autopsied. By 5:00 p.m., the names of many of the dead were known. An official statement was released, naming the 15 confirmed deaths and 27 injuries related to the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-after-181">[163]</a> On April 22, the cafeteria bombs were discovered.<a href="#cite_note-after-181">[163]</a> In the days following the shootings, Rachel Scott's car and John Tomlin's truck became memorials,<a href="#cite_note-182">[164]</a> and impromptu memorials were held in Clement Park. On April 30, carpenter <a href="/wiki/Greg_Zanis" title="Greg Zanis">Greg Zanis</a> erected fifteen 6-foot-tall wooden crosses to honor those who had died at the school. Daniel Rohrbough's father cut down the two meant for the gunmen.<a href="#cite_note-after-181">[163]</a> There were also fifteen trees planted, and he cut down two of those as well.<a href="#cite_note-suit-158">[140]</a> In November 2021, a report was leaked to <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> about that year's National Rifle Association convention in Denver. In a series of audio tapes, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_LaPierre" title="Wayne LaPierre">Wayne LaPierre</a> and other top officials suggested raising one million dollars for the victims' families, and the cancellation of the convention was considered by some within the organization.<a href="#cite_note-183">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Search_warrant_press_conference">Search warrant press conference</h3></div> Also on April 30, high-ranking officials of Jefferson County and the Jefferson County Sheriff's Office met to decide if they should reveal that Michael Guerra had drafted an <a href="/wiki/Affidavit" title="Affidavit">affidavit</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Search_warrant" title="Search warrant">search warrant</a> of Harris's residence more than a year before the shootings, based on his previous investigation of Harris's website and activities.<a href="#cite_note-event1-42">[35]</a> Since the affidavit's contents lacked the necessary <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a>, they decided not to disclose this information at a press conference held on April 30, nor did they mention it in any other way.<a href="#cite_note-185">[167]</a> Over the next two years, Guerra's original draft and investigative file documents were lost. In September 1999, a Jefferson County investigator failed to find the documents during a secret search of the county's computer system. A second attempt in late 2000 found copies of the document within the Jefferson County archives. Their loss was termed "troubling" by a <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> convened after the file's existence was reported in April 2001.<a href="#cite_note-gjury-186">[168]</a> It was concealed by the Jefferson County Sheriff's Office and not revealed until September 2001, resulting from an investigation by the TV show <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a>. The documents were reconstructed and released to the public, but the original documents are still missing. The final grand jury investigation was released in September 2004.<a href="#cite_note-gjury-186">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_martyrdom">Christian martyrdom</h3></div> In the wake of the shooting, victims Rachel Scott and Cassie Bernall came to be regarded as <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Christian martyrs</a> by <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yes-155">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-vox-187">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2009662-188">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenie2016112-189">[171]</a> The closest living witness to Scott's death, Richard Castaldo, has stated Harris asked Scott if she believed in God, and murdered her after she answered "You know I do", but this has been questioned, and Castaldo later stated he was not sure.<a href="#cite_note-190">[172]</a> Considerable media attention focused upon Bernall, who had been killed by Harris in the library and who Harris was reported to have asked, "Do you believe in God?" immediately prior to her murder.<a href="#cite_note-191">[173]</a> Bernall was reported to have responded "Yes" to this question before her murder. Emily Wyant, the closest living witness to Bernall's death, denied that Bernall and Harris had such an exchange.<a href="#cite_note-belief-192">[174]</a> Joshua Lapp thought Bernall had been queried about her belief, but he was unable to correctly point out where Bernall was located, and was closer to survivor Valeen Schnurr during the shootings. Likewise, another witness, Craig Scott, claimed the discussion was with Bernall. However, when asked to indicate where the conversation had been coming from, he pointed to where Schnurr was shot.<a href="#cite_note-tof-193">[175]</a> Schnurr herself claims that she was the one questioned as to her belief in God.<a href="#cite_note-belief-192">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="We_are_Columbine">We are Columbine</h3></div> Classes at Columbine were held at nearby <a href="/wiki/Chatfield_High_School_(Colorado)" title="Chatfield High School (Colorado)">Chatfield Senior High</a> for the remaining three weeks of the 1999 school year.<a href="#cite_note-194">[176]</a> In August 1999, students returned to the school, and principal Frank DeAngelis led a rally of students clad in "We are Columbine" shirts.<a href="#cite_note-195">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_casualties">Secondary casualties</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Austin_Eubanks" title="Austin Eubanks">Austin Eubanks</a></div> Six months after the shootings, Anne Marie Hochhalter's mother killed herself.<a href="#cite_note-surfive-134">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-five-135">[119]</a> Several former students and teachers had <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[178]</a> Greg Barnes, a 17-year-old student who had witnessed Sanders' shooting, died by suicide in May 2000.<a href="#cite_note-197">[179]</a> Survivor <a href="/wiki/Austin_Eubanks" title="Austin Eubanks">Austin Eubanks</a>, who was injured during the shooting, became heavily medicated, developing an <a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">opioid addiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[180]</a> He eventually overcame and later spoke publicly about the addiction, but died from an accidental overdose in 2019 at the age of 37.<a href="#cite_note-199">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conspiracy_theories_and_misinformation">Conspiracy theories and misinformation</h3></div> In the immediate aftermath, <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">unfounded claims</a> were made by several anti-government movements and extremist religious and political movements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church" title="Westboro Baptist Church">Westboro Baptist Church</a> and televangelist <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Falwell Sr.">Jerry Falwell Sr.</a> Westboro's founder and then-leader, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Phelps" title="Fred Phelps">Fred Phelps</a>, unfoundedly claimed that both Harris and Klebold were gay, saying: "Two filthy fags slaughtered 13 people at Columbine High."<a href="#cite_note-200">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson200390-201">[183]</a> Falwell also claimed that Harris and Klebold were gay, though he retracted afterward.<a href="#cite_note-202">[184]</a> Conspiracy theories also arose from <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">anti-gun control</a> activists and extremists, claiming that the massacre had either been staged or that both Harris and Klebold had been government agents, aiming at promoting tougher gun control legislation.<a href="#cite_note-203">[185]</a> Other conspiracy theories point to a mysterious third shooter that has never been identified.<a href="#cite_note-204">[186]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> conspiracy theories pointed to the massacre being a <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canard">Jewish conspiracy</a>, due to Klebold's mother being Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarkin200714-205">[187]</a> Political commentator and conspiracy theorist <a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Alex Jones</a> once implied that the U.S. government had "perpetrated" Columbine,<a href="#cite_note-206">[188]</a> and has claimed that "the Columbine school shootings were 100 percent false flag".<a href="#cite_note-207">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motive">Motive</h2></div> The shooting was planned as a terrorist attack that would cause "the most deaths in U.S. history",<a href="#cite_note-208">[190]</a> but the motive has never been ascertained with any degree of certainty. In a letter provided with the May 15 report on the Columbine attack, Sheriff John Stone and Undersheriff John A. Dunaway wrote they "cannot answer the most fundamental question—why?"<a href="#cite_note-evid-80">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnnrep-111">[97]</a> In the days following the event, media speculation regarding the killers' motive was rife. Media reports were disseminated suggesting various motives of the killers, although all theories were largely unsubstantiated and turned out to be myths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen2009149,_159-209">[191]</a> These reports included blaming bullying, <a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">goth culture</a>, video games, <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Manson" title="Marilyn Manson">Marilyn Manson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen2009149-210">[192]</a> and targeting jocks and minorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen2009151–152-211">[193]</a> Other rumors were spread in the local area but not largely disseminated by the media, such as the false claim spread by some students that the killers were bullied because they were homosexual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen2009155-212">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_disorder">Mental disorder</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_FBI's_theory">The FBI's theory</h4></div> The FBI concluded that the killers had <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental illnesses</a>, that Harris was a <a href="/wiki/Clinical_diagnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical diagnosis">clinical</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">psychopath</a>, and Klebold had <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-slatecol-65">[55]</a> Dwayne Fuselier, the supervisor in charge of the Columbine investigation, would later remark: "I believe Eric went to the school to kill and didn't care if he died, while Dylan wanted to die and didn't care if others died as well."<a href="#cite_note-213">[195]</a> In April 1998, a year prior to the shooting, as part of his diversion program, Harris wrote a letter of apology to the owner of the van he and Klebold broke into earlier that year.<a href="#cite_note-dive-62">[53]</a> Around the same time, he derided the owner of the van in his journal, stating that he believed he had the right to steal something if he wanted to.<a href="#cite_note-HJ41298-214">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[197]</a> By far the most prevalent theme in Klebold's journals is his wish for suicide and private despair at his lack of success with women, which he refers to as an "infinite sadness".<a href="#cite_note-216">[198]</a> Klebold had repeatedly documented his desires to kill himself, and his final remark in the Basement Tapes, shortly before the attack, is a resigned statement made as he glances away from the camera: "Just know I'm going to a better place. I didn't like life too much."<a href="#cite_note-tape333-66">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[199]</a> The FBI's theory was used by <a href="/wiki/Dave_Cullen" title="Dave Cullen">Dave Cullen</a> for his 2009 book <a href="/wiki/Columbine_(book)" title="Columbine (book)">Columbine</a>. Harris was depicted as the mastermind, having a <a href="/wiki/Messiah_complex" title="Messiah complex">messianic-level</a> <a href="/wiki/Superiority_complex" title="Superiority complex">superiority complex</a> and hoping to demonstrate his superiority to the world. Klebold was a follower who primarily participated in the massacre as a means to simply end his life.<a href="#cite_note-slatecol-65">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[200]</a> This theory has been met with criticism.<a href="#cite_note-Salon-73">[63]</a> Critics cite the fact that Klebold, not Harris, was the first to mention a killing spree in his journal.<a href="#cite_note-Block-43">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[201]</a> They also cite evidence that Harris was depressed as well, such as his prescription for <a href="/wiki/Antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidepressants">antidepressants</a> mentioned below.<a href="#cite_note-220">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medication">Medication</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">Opponents</a> of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a> like <a href="/wiki/Peter_Breggin" title="Peter Breggin">Peter Breggin</a> claim that the <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_medication" title="Psychiatric medication">psychiatric medications</a> prescribed to Harris may have exacerbated his aggressiveness.<a href="#cite_note-221">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[204]</a> Harris had complained of <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, anger, and suicidal thoughts, for which he was prescribed antidepressants.<a href="#cite_note-Fatal-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a> reports confirmed that Harris had <a href="/wiki/Luvox" class="mw-redirect" title="Luvox">Luvox</a> in his bloodstream at the time of the shootings,<a href="#cite_note-224">[206]</a> whereas Klebold had no medications in his system.<a href="#cite_note-225">[207]</a> Harris continued his scheduled meetings with his psychologist until a few months before the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-226">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_theories">Other theories</h4></div> There have been other attempts to diagnose Harris and Klebold with mental illness. <a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Langman" title="Peter F. Langman">Peter Langman</a> believes Harris was a psychopath and Klebold was <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal" class="mw-redirect" title="Schizotypal">schizotypal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[210]</a> Professor Aubrey Immelman published a <a href="/wiki/Personality_profile" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality profile">personality profile</a> of Harris, based on journal entries and personal communication, and believes the materials suggested behavior patterns consistent with a "<a href="/wiki/Malignant_narcissism" title="Malignant narcissism">malignant narcissism</a>...<a href="/wiki/Pathological" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathological">pathological</a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">narcissistic personality disorder</a> with <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">antisocial</a> features, along with some <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoid</a> traits, and unconstrained aggression."<a href="#cite_note-230">[s]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_speculation">Media speculation</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Undue_weight_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STRUCTURE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STRUCTURE">create a more balanced presentation</a>. Discuss and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">resolve</a> this issue before removing this message. (December 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bullying">Bullying</h4></div> Early stories following the massacre charged that school administrators and teachers at Columbine had long condoned bullying by jocks and this explained the motive.<a href="#cite_note-kassb-231">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[213]</a> The link between bullying and school violence has attracted increasing attention since.<a href="#cite_note-233">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[215]</a> Accounts from various parents and school staffers reported bullying in the school.<a href="#cite_note-235">[216]</a> Reportedly, Harris and Klebold were regularly called "<a href="/wiki/Faggot_(slang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faggot (slang)">faggots</a>".<a href="#cite_note-236">[217]</a> Klebold said on the Basement Tapes, "You've been giving us shit for years;" however, they also stated several times on the tapes and in the journals that no one else was to blame, nor could have prevented the attack.<a href="#cite_note-237">[218]</a> Dylan when talking to his father about the jocks had stated, "They sure give Eric hell." but he also said that the jocks tended to leave him [Dylan] alone.<a href="#cite_note-238">[219]</a> Brown also noted Harris was born with mild <a href="/wiki/Pectus_excavatum" title="Pectus excavatum">chest indent</a>. This made him reluctant to take his shirt off in gym class, and other students would laugh at him.<a href="#cite_note-239">[220]</a> Nathan Vanderau, a friend of Klebold, and Alisa Owen, who knew Harris, noted they were picked on. Vanderau recalled that a "cup of fecal matter" was thrown at them.<a href="#cite_note-under-240">[221]</a> It has been alleged that Harris and Klebold were once both confronted by a group of students at CHS who sprayed them with ketchup while referring to them as "faggots" and "<a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queers</a>". Klebold told his mother it had been the worst day of his life.<a href="#cite_note-kle189-241">[222]</a> According to Brown, "That happened while teachers watched. They couldn't fight back. They wore the ketchup all day and went home covered with it." According to classmate Chad Laughlin, it involved seniors pelting Klebold with "ketchup-covered tampons" in the commons. Laughlin also stated, "A lot of the tension in the school came from the class above us...There were people fearful of walking by a table where you knew you didn't belong, stuff like that. Certain groups certainly got preferential treatment across the board."<a href="#cite_note-242">[223]</a> A similar theory was expounded by Brooks Brown in his book on the massacre, <a href="/wiki/No_Easy_Answers" title="No Easy Answers">No Easy Answers</a>; he noted that teachers commonly ignored bullying and that when Harris and Klebold were bullied by the jocks at CHS, they would make statements such as: "Don't worry, man. It happens all the time!"<a href="#cite_note-243">[224]</a> Cullen, as well as psychologists dispute the theory of "revenge for bullying" as a motivation. While acknowledging the pervasiveness of bullying in high schools including CHS, Cullen claimed they were not victims of bullying. He noted Harris was more often the perpetrator than victim of bullying.<a href="#cite_note-244">[225]</a> In an entry by Eric Harris in his journal, he stated that even if he were complimented and respected more by his peers, the attack would've still, in all likelihood, occurred.<a href="#cite_note-245">[226]</a> In another entry by Eric in his journal he says not to blame the school's administration for the attack as the staff is doing a good job running the school.<a href="#cite_note-246">[227]</a> In a fact check published on April 19, 2019, on the eve of the commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the massacre, Gillian Brockell in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> underscored that, contrary to the popular view, their attack was not revenge for being bullied.<a href="#cite_note-:0-247">[228]</a> Author Jeff Kass who has also published a book on the attack believes that bullying wasn't the cause.<a href="#cite_note-248">[229]</a> Peter Langman also argues against bullying being the cause of the attack.<a href="#cite_note-schoolshooters.info-249">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[231]</a> Other researchers have also argued against the bullying hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-251">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isolation">Isolation</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a> was also highlighted as a cause. Social <a href="/wiki/Cliques" class="mw-redirect" title="Cliques">cliques</a> within high schools such as the Trench Coat Mafia were widely discussed. One perception formed was that Harris and Klebold were both outcasts who had been isolated from their classmates, prompting feelings of helplessness, insecurity, and depression, as well as a strong need for power and attention.<a href="#cite_note-hist-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[233]</a> Harris's last journal entry reads, "I hate you people for leaving me out of so many fun things",<a href="#cite_note-HJ4399-253">[234]</a> while Klebold wrote "The lonely man strikes with absolute rage."<a href="#cite_note-254">[235]</a> In an interview, Brown described them as the school's worst outcasts, "the losers of the losers".<a href="#cite_note-255">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[237]</a> This concept too has been questioned, as both Harris and Klebold had a close circle of friends and a wider informal social group.<a href="#cite_note-ten-45">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[238]</a> Cullen and Brockell both also say they were not in the Trench Coat Mafia and were not isolated outcasts or loners.<a href="#cite_note-:0-247">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[239]</a> Other close friends of the pair such as Chad Laughlin and Nathan Dykeman state the duo were not outcasts.<a href="#cite_note-259">[240]</a> Peter Langman also concurs by also arguing against the pair being loners and outcasts.<a href="#cite_note-260">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_terrorism">Political terrorism</h4></div> Some peers, such as Robyn Anderson, stated that the pair were not interested in <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, and they did not worship or admire Hitler in any way. However, in retrospect, Anderson also stated that there were many things the pair did not tell friends. Harris at least did revere the Nazis, often praising them in his journal.<a href="#cite_note-ideo-59">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fatal-20">[16]</a> While some sources claim that there is a connection to Hitler's birthday (20th of April 1889), the theory is dismissed by others since the date of the attack had been delayed due to a munitions problem.<a href="#cite_note-262">[243]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">Sociologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Larkin" title="Ralph Larkin">Ralph Larkin</a> has theorized that the massacre was to trigger a revolution of outcast students and the dispossessed: "[A]s an overtly political act in the name of oppressed students victimized by their peers. [...] The Columbine shootings redefined such acts not merely as revenge but as a means of protest of bullying, intimidation, social isolation, and public rituals of humiliation."<a href="#cite_note-larkin2009-263">[244]</a> In contrast with the theory that attack was political, one author argues Columbine was only increasingly linked to terrorism after the September 11 attacks.<a href="#cite_note-264">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marilyn_Manson">Marilyn Manson</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Manson%E2%80%93Columbine_High_School_massacre_controversy" title="Marilyn Manson–Columbine High School massacre controversy">Marilyn Manson–Columbine High School massacre controversy</a></div> In the late 1990s, Marilyn Manson and his band established themselves as a household name,<a href="#cite_note-265">[246]</a> and as one of the most controversial rock acts in music history.<a href="#cite_note-266">[247]</a> Their two album releases prior to the massacre were both critical and commercial successes,<a href="#cite_note-NMEalbums-267">[248]</a> and by the time of their <a href="/wiki/Rock_Is_Dead_Tour" title="Rock Is Dead Tour">Rock Is Dead Tour</a> in 1999, the frontman had become a <a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">culture war</a> iconoclast and a rallying icon for alienated youth.<a href="#cite_note-RSMMAG-268">[249]</a> Immediately after the massacre, a significant portion of blame was directed at the band and, specifically, at its outspoken frontman.<a href="#cite_note-269">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[251]</a> In the weeks following the shootings, media reports about Harris and Klebold portrayed them and the Trench Coat Mafia as part of a gothic <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hist-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[252]</a> Early media reports alleged that the shooters were fans, and were wearing the group's T-shirts during the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-Salon-73">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[253]</a> Although these claims were later proven to be false,<a href="#cite_note-273">[254]</a> news outlets continued to run sensationalist stories with headlines such as "Killers Worshipped Rock Freak Manson" and "Devil-Worshipping Maniac Told Kids To Kill".<a href="#cite_note-Screaming-274">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[256]</a> Speculation in national media and among the public led many to believe that Manson's music and imagery were the shooter's sole motivation,<a href="#cite_note-276">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-Screaming-274">[255]</a> despite reports that revealed that the two were not big fans.<a href="#cite_note-277">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[259]</a> Despite this, Marilyn Manson were widely criticized by religious,<a href="#cite_note-Ape-279">[260]</a> political,<a href="#cite_note-Reexamination-280">[261]</a> and entertainment-industry figures.<a href="#cite_note-281">[262]</a> Under mounting pressure in the days after Columbine, the group postponed their last five North American tour dates out of respect for the victims and their families.<a href="#cite_note-282">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[265]</a> Manson published his response to these accusations in an <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a> piece for <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>, titled "Columbine: Whose Fault Is It?", in which he castigated America's gun culture, the political influence of the National Rifle Association, and the media's irresponsible coverage, which he said facilitated the placing of blame on a <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[267]</a> After concluding the European and Japanese legs of their tour on August 8, the band withdrew from public view to work on their next album, 2000's <a href="/wiki/Holy_Wood_(In_the_Shadow_of_the_Valley_of_Death)" title="Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)">Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)</a> as an artistic rebuttal to the allegations leveled against them.<a href="#cite_note-Salon-73">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Screaming-274">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sterngold-287">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> They are able to hook into the Internet and play video games that are extraordinarily violent, that cause the blood pressure to rise and the <a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">adrenaline</a> level to go up, games that cause people to be killed and the players to die themselves. It is a very intense experience. They are able to get into Internet <a href="/wiki/Chat_rooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chat rooms">chat rooms</a> and, if there are no nuts or people of the same mentality in their hometown, hook up with people around the country. They are able to rent from the video store—not just go down and see <a href="/wiki/Natural_Born_Killers" title="Natural Born Killers">Natural Born Killers</a> or <a href="/wiki/The_Basketball_Diaries_(film)" title="The Basketball Diaries (film)">The Basketball Diaries</a>—but they are able to bring it home and watch it repeatedly. In this case, even maybe make their own violent film. Many have said this murder was very much akin to The Basketball Diaries, in which a student goes in and shoots others in the classroom. I have seen a video of that, and many others may have. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Youth Violence, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a>, testifying before the Senate on the Columbine tragedy, 1999.<a href="#cite_note-288">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[270]</a></cite> </div> Violent video games were also blamed.<a href="#cite_note-hist-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-slashdot-290">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[272]</a> Parents of some of the victims filed several unsuccessful lawsuits against video game manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-dism-292">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[274]</a> Jerald Block believes their immersion in a virtual world best explains the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-Block-43">[36]</a> While Brooks Brown disagrees that video games caused the massacre, he agrees elements of their plan came from video games.<a href="#cite_note-Brown38-294">[275]</a> Harris and Klebold were both fans of shooter video games such as Doom, Quake, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Nukem_3D" title="Duke Nukem 3D">Duke Nukem 3D</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postal_(video_game)" title="Postal (video game)">Postal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-salon.comt-28">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[277]</a> A file on Harris's computer read the massacre will "be like the <a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">LA riots</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma bombing</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">WWII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a>, Duke and Doom all mixed together."<a href="#cite_note-:4-21">[17]</a> In his last journal entry, Harris wished to "Get a few extra <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_video_game_terms#frag" title="Glossary of video game terms">frags</a> on the scoreboard."<a href="#cite_note-HJ4399-253">[234]</a> After the massacre, it was alleged Harris created Doom and Duke Nukem 3D levels resembling CHS, but these were never found.<a href="#cite_note-levels-29">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-shot0504-297">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doom">Doom</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)#Controversies" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom (1993 video game) § Controversies</a></div> They were avid fans of Doom especially.<a href="#cite_note-rules-74">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[281]</a> Harris said of the massacre, "It's going to be like...Doom."<a href="#cite_note-doom262-301">[282]</a> He also wrote "I must not be sidetracked by my feelings of sympathy...so I will force myself to believe that everyone is just another monster from Doom."<a href="#cite_note-302">[283]</a> In Harris's yearbook, Klebold wrote "I find a similarity between people and Doom <a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">zombies</a>."<a href="#cite_note-303">[284]</a> Harris named his shotgun Arlene after a character in the <a href="/wiki/Doom_(novel_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doom (novel series)">Doom novels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[286]</a> The TEC-9 Klebold used resembled an AB-10, a weapon from the Doom novels that Harris referenced several times.<a href="#cite_note-kass197-72">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[287]</a> Harris spent a great deal of time creating a large WAD, named Tier (German for 'animal', and a <a href="/wiki/Sehnsucht_(Rammstein_album)" title="Sehnsucht (Rammstein album)">song</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rammstein" title="Rammstein">Rammstein</a>), calling it his "life's work".<a href="#cite_note-tape2652-307">[288]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The WAD was uploaded to the Columbine school computer and to AOL shortly before the attack, but appears to have been lost.<a href="#cite_note-Block-43">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Duke_Nukem_3D">Duke Nukem 3D</h4></div> The other game mentioned specifically by Harris for what the massacre would be like was Duke Nukem 3D. The game has pipe bombs and one of the enemies is the "pig cop".<a href="#cite_note-shot0504-297">[278]</a> Brooks Brown wrote that pipe bombs were set in the halls of the school with the intention of causing a chain reaction, because that's what happens in Duke Nukem 3D. Brown also wrote they shot wildly because it works in Duke Nukem 3D.<a href="#cite_note-Brown38-294">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Columbine_effect" title="Columbine effect">Columbine effect</a></div> Following the Columbine shooting, schools across the United States instituted new security measures such as see-through backpacks, metal detectors, school uniforms, and security guards. Some schools implemented the numbering of school doors in order to improve public safety response. Several schools throughout the country resorted to requiring students to wear computer-generated IDs.<a href="#cite_note-308">[289]</a> Schools also adopted a zero tolerance approach to possession of weapons and threatening behavior by students.<a href="#cite_note-hist-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khan-309">[290]</a> Despite the effort, several <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> experts feel the zero tolerance approach adopted in schools has been implemented too harshly, with <a href="/wiki/Unintended_consequences" title="Unintended consequences">unintended consequences</a> creating other problems.<a href="#cite_note-310">[291]</a> Despite the safety measures that were implemented in the wake of the tragedy at Columbine, school shootings continued to take place in the United States, including at <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoneman_Douglas_High_School_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoneman Douglas High School shooting">Stoneman Douglas High School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robb_Elementary_School_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Robb Elementary School shooting">Robb Elementary School</a>. Some schools renewed existing anti-bullying policies.<a href="#cite_note-kassb-231">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Challenge" title="Rachel's Challenge">Rachel's Challenge</a> was started by Rachel Scott's parents, and lectures schools about bullying and suicide.<a href="#cite_note-311">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[293]</a> In 2000, Sanders was posthumously given the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe_Courage_Award" title="Arthur Ashe Courage Award">Arthur Ashe Courage Award</a> for his actions.<a href="#cite_note-posth-313">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_tactics">Police tactics</h3></div> Police departments reassessed their tactics and now train for Columbine-like situations after criticism over the slow response and progress of the SWAT teams during the shooting.<a href="#cite_note-314">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[296]</a> Police followed a traditional tactic at Columbine: surround the building, set up a perimeter, and contain the damage. That approach has been replaced by a tactic known as the <a href="/wiki/Immediate_action_rapid_deployment" title="Immediate action rapid deployment">Immediate Action Rapid Deployment</a> tactic. This tactic calls for a four-person team to advance into the site of any ongoing shooting, optimally a diamond-shaped wedge, but even with just a single officer if more are not available. Police officers using this tactic are trained to move toward the sound of gunfire and neutralize the shooter as quickly as possible.<a href="#cite_note-316">[297]</a> Their goal is to stop the shooter at all costs; they are to walk past wounded victims, as the aim is to prevent the shooter from killing or wounding more. Dave Cullen has stated: "The active protocol has proved successful at numerous shootings... At Virginia Tech alone, it probably saved dozens of lives."<a href="#cite_note-lesson-174">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawsuits">Lawsuits</h3></div> After the massacre, many survivors and relatives of deceased victims filed lawsuits.<a href="#cite_note-suit-158">[140]</a> Under Colorado state law at the time, the maximum a family could receive in a lawsuit against a government agency was $600,000.<a href="#cite_note-317">[298]</a> Most cases against the Jefferson County Sheriff's Office and school district were dismissed by the federal court on the grounds of government immunity.<a href="#cite_note-318">[299]</a> The case against the sheriff's office regarding the death of Dave Sanders was not dismissed due to the police preventing paramedics from going to his aid for hours after they knew the gunmen were dead. The case was settled out of court in August 2002 for $1,500,000.<a href="#cite_note-319">[300]</a> In April 2001, the families of more than 30 victims received a $2,538,000 settlement in their case against the families of Harris, Klebold, Manes, and Duran.<a href="#cite_note-Settlement-320">[301]</a> Under the terms of the settlement, the Harrises and the Klebolds contributed $1,568,000 through their homeowners' policies, with another $32,000 set aside for future claims; the Manes contributed $720,000, with another $80,000 set aside for future claims; and the Durans contributed $250,000, with an additional $50,000 available for future claims.<a href="#cite_note-Settlement-320">[301]</a> The family of victim Shoels rejected this settlement, but in June 2003 were ordered by a judge to accept a $366,000 settlement in their $250-million lawsuit against the shooters' families.<a href="#cite_note-fast-321">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[303]</a> In August 2003, the families of victims Fleming, Kechter, Rohrbough, Townsend, and Velasquez received undisclosed settlements in a wrongful death suit against the Harrises and Klebolds.<a href="#cite_note-fast-321">[302]</a> Parents of some of the victims filed several unsuccessful lawsuits against film companies, over films such as The Basketball Diaries, which includes a <a href="/wiki/Dream_sequence" title="Dream sequence">dream sequence</a> with a student shooting his classmates in a trench coat.<a href="#cite_note-dism-292">[273]</a> In the Basement Tapes, they debate on whether or not <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a> are appropriate choices to direct films about the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-tape2651-54">[45]</a> Their home videos also show inspiration taken from <a href="/wiki/Pulp_Fiction" title="Pulp Fiction">Pulp Fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-abaj-323">[304]</a> Both were fans of the film <a href="/wiki/Lost_Highway_(film)" title="Lost Highway (film)">Lost Highway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_Now" title="Apocalypse Now">Apocalypse Now</a> was found in Harris's <a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">VCR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Columbine_Memorial" title="Columbine Memorial">Columbine Memorial</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopelibrary.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hopelibrary.JPG/220px-Hopelibrary.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hopelibrary.JPG/330px-Hopelibrary.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hopelibrary.JPG/440px-Hopelibrary.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">HOPE Columbine Memorial Library</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbinememorial.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Columbinememorial.JPG/220px-Columbinememorial.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Columbinememorial.JPG/330px-Columbinememorial.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Columbinememorial.JPG/440px-Columbinememorial.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3425" data-file-height="2273" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Columbine memorial in Clement Park</div></div></div></div></div> Many impromptu memorials were created after the massacre, including victims Rachel Scott's car and John Tomlin's truck.<a href="#cite_note-326">[307]</a> In 2000, youth advocate <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Helmbrecht" title="Melissa Helmbrecht">Melissa Helmbrecht</a> organized a remembrance event in Denver featuring two surviving students, called "A Call to Hope".<a href="#cite_note-327">[308]</a> The library where most of the massacre took place was removed and replaced with an atrium. In 2001, a new library, the HOPE memorial library, was built next to the west entrance.<a href="#cite_note-328">[309]</a> On February 26, 2004, thousands of pieces of evidence from the massacre were put on display at the Jefferson County fairgrounds in <a href="/wiki/Golden,_Colorado" title="Golden, Colorado">Golden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[310]</a> A permanent memorial "to honor and remember the victims of the April 20, 1999, shootings at Columbine High School" began planning in June 1999, and was dedicated on September 21, 2007, in Clement Park.<a href="#cite_note-330">[311]</a> The memorial fund raised $1.5 million in donations over eight years of planning. Designing took three and a half years and included feedback from victims' families, survivors, the high school's students and staff, and the community.<a href="#cite_note-331">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[313]</a> Soon after the massacre, music students at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">CU Boulder</a> raised money to <a href="/wiki/Commission_(art)" title="Commission (art)">commission</a> a piece of music to honor Columbine. The university band turned to <a href="/wiki/Frank_Ticheli" title="Frank Ticheli">Frank Ticheli</a>, who responded by composing the <a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">wind ensemble</a> work An American Elegy. The following year, the Columbine band premiered the piece at CU Boulder's <a href="/wiki/Macky_Auditorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Macky Auditorium">concert hall</a>. As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbine_High_School_massacre&action=edit">[update]</a>, Ticheli's sheet music publisher estimates An American Elegy has been performed 10,000 times.<a href="#cite_note-333">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gun_control">Gun control</h3></div> The shooting resulted in calls for more <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">gun control</a> measures. The <a href="/wiki/Gun_show_loophole" title="Gun show loophole">gun show loophole</a> and background checks became a focus of a national debate.<a href="#cite_note-334">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[317]</a> It was the deadliest mass shooting during the era of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">Federal Assault Weapons Ban</a>. Victim Daniel Mauser's father Tom Mauser has become a gun control advocate.<a href="#cite_note-337">[318]</a> In 2000, federal and state legislation was introduced that would require safety locks on firearms as well as ban the importation of high-capacity ammunition magazines. Though laws were passed that made it a crime to buy guns for criminals and minors, there was considerable controversy over legislation pertaining to background checks at gun shows. There was concern in the gun lobby over restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Second Amendment</a> rights in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-338">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[320]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Frank Lautenberg</a> introduced a proposal to close the gun show loophole in federal law. It was passed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>, but did not pass in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[321]</a> Michael Moore's 2002 documentary <a href="/wiki/Bowling_for_Columbine" title="Bowling for Columbine">Bowling for Columbine</a> focused heavily on the American obsession with handguns, its grip on Jefferson County, and its role in the shooting.<a href="#cite_note-341">[322]</a> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/MyLastShot_Project" title="MyLastShot Project">MyLastShot Project</a> was launched as a student-led gun violence prevention resource. The campaign was created by students from Columbine High School, and involves students placing stickers on their driver's licenses, student IDs, or phones that states their wishes to have the graphic photos of their bodies publicized if they die in a shooting.<a href="#cite_note-342">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3></div> "Columbine" has since become a <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemism</a> for a school shooting, similar to how "<a href="/wiki/Going_postal" title="Going postal">going postal</a>" is for <a href="/wiki/Workplace_violence" title="Workplace violence">workplace violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-transformativeworks-344">[325]</a> Since the advent of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">fandom</a> for shooters Harris and Klebold has had a documented presence on social media sites, especially <a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[326]</a> Fans of Harris and Klebold refer to themselves as "Columbiners".<a href="#cite_note-346">[327]</a> An article published in 2015 in the Journal of Transformative Works, a <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">scholarly journal</a> which focuses on the <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> of fandoms, noted that Columbiners were not fundamentally functionally different from more mainstream fandoms. Columbiners create <a href="/wiki/Fan_art" title="Fan art">fan art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">fan fiction</a>, even <a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">cosplaying</a> the pair, and have a scholarly interest in the shooting.<a href="#cite_note-transformativeworks-344">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[328]</a> A number of books, movies and other media have been inspired by this event.<a href="#cite_note-348">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[330]</a> Among those are several video games. A video game called <a href="/wiki/Super_Columbine_Massacre_RPG!" title="Super Columbine Massacre RPG!">Super Columbine Massacre RPG!</a> was based on the massacre. The <a href="/wiki/Flash_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash game">Flash game</a> <a href="/wiki/Pico%27s_School" title="Pico's School">Pico's School</a> was also inspired by it.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-350">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copycats">Copycats</h3></div> The Columbine shootings influenced subsequent <a href="/wiki/School_shooting" title="School shooting">school shootings</a>, with several such plots mentioning it.<a href="#cite_note-tape-67">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-hands-351">[332]</a> Fear of <a href="/wiki/Copycat_crime" title="Copycat crime">copycats</a> has sometimes led to the closing of entire school districts.<a href="#cite_note-inter-352">[333]</a> Since Columbine, over 74 copycat cases have been reported, 21 of which resulted in attacks, while the rest were thwarted by law enforcement. In many of them, the perpetrators cited Harris and Klebold as heroes or martyrs.<a href="#cite_note-353">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Analysis">Analysis</h4></div> Harris and Klebold have become what the <a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley_Register" title="Napa Valley Register">Napa Valley Register</a> have called "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">cultural icons</a>" for <a href="/wiki/Troubled_youths" class="mw-redirect" title="Troubled youths">troubled youth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-354">[335]</a> According to psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/E._Fuller_Torrey" title="E. Fuller Torrey">E. Fuller Torrey</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Treatment_Advocacy_Center" title="Treatment Advocacy Center">Treatment Advocacy Center</a>, a legacy of the Columbine shootings is its "allure to disaffected youth".<a href="#cite_note-355">[336]</a> Sociologist Ralph Larkin examined twelve major school shootings in the US in the following eight years and found that in eight of those, "the shooters made explicit reference to Harris and Klebold".<a href="#cite_note-yorker-356">[337]</a> Larkin wrote that the Columbine massacre established a "<a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">script</a>" for shootings. "Numerous post-Columbine rampage shooters referred directly to Columbine as their inspiration; others attempted to supersede the Columbine shootings in body count."<a href="#cite_note-larkin2009-263">[244]</a> A 2015 investigation by <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> identified "more than 40 people...charged with Columbine-style plots". A 2014 investigation by <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a> identified "at least 17 attacks and another 36 alleged plots or serious threats against schools since the assault on Columbine High School that can be tied to the 1999 massacre." Ties identified by ABC News included online research by the perpetrators into the Columbine shooting, clipping news coverage and images of Columbine, explicit statements of admiration of Harris and Klebold, such as writings in journals and on social media, in video posts,<a href="#cite_note-358">[t]</a> and in police interviews, timing planned to an anniversary of Columbine, plans to exceed the Columbine victim counts, and other ties.<a href="#cite_note-359">[339]</a> In 2015, journalist <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Gladwell" title="Malcolm Gladwell">Malcolm Gladwell</a> writing in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> magazine proposed a <a href="/wiki/Threshold_model" title="Threshold model">threshold model</a> of school shootings in which Harris and Klebold were the triggering actors in "a slow-motion, ever-evolving riot, in which each new participant's action makes sense in reaction to and in combination with those who came before."<a href="#cite_note-yorker-356">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[340]</a> In February 2016, after Klebold's mother, <a href="/wiki/Sue_Klebold" title="Sue Klebold">Sue Klebold</a>, surfaced to speak out on <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention" title="Suicide prevention">suicide prevention</a>, she was condemned by then <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of Colorado">Attorney General of Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Coffman_(politician)" title="Cynthia Coffman (politician)">Cynthia Coffman</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">tweeted</a> that Klebold had been "irresponsible and inflammatory" for her interview with <a href="/wiki/Diane_Sawyer" title="Diane Sawyer">Diane Sawyer</a>. She also added on a follow-up tweet that Klebold had been "selfish" and that her interview could have "very negative consequences". Coffman's remarks were condemned by Ted Zocco-Hochhalter, whose daughter Anne-Marie Hochhalter was a Columbine student paralyzed in the attack. He said there was nothing wrong with Klebold coming up as a remorseful mother trying to spark awareness on mental issues. Other mental health organizations echoed Zocco-Hochhalter's remarks.<a href="#cite_note-361">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/24px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/35px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/47px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:1990s" title="Portal:1990s">1990s portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/27px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/41px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/55px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Crime">Crime portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/32px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/48px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/64px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Colorado" title="Portal:Colorado">Colorado portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_Aurora,_Colorado_shooting" title="1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting">Aurora Chuck E. Cheese Massacre</a>, the deadliest mass shooting in the state prior to the Columbine Massacre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Gun violence in the United States">Gun violence in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_related_to_secondary_schools" title="List of attacks related to secondary schools">List of attacks related to secondary schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_school-related_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of school-related attacks">List of school-related attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_school_shootings_in_the_United_States_(before_2000)" title="List of school shootings in the United States (before 2000)">List of school shootings in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_filmed_mass_shootings" title="List of filmed mass shootings">List of filmed mass shootings</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> * Lawsuit by over 30 families of victims settled for $2.538 million in April 2001<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <ul><li>Lawsuit by another family settled for $366,000 in June 2003<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> The school's location is on Pierce Street, which runs north-south through Columbine, roughly 1 mile (1.6 km) west of the <a href="/wiki/Littleton,_Colorado" title="Littleton, Colorado">Littleton</a> city limit.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> designates "Littleton" as the default place name for addresses in the school's <a href="/wiki/ZIP_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIP code">ZIP code</a>;<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> thus, the massacre was widely reported as having happened in the adjacent city of Littleton. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Many early reports said the Columbine massacre was the worst school-related massacre in U.S. history.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> However, the 1927 <a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a> (a bombing) left 44 dead. The 1966 <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_tower_shooting" title="University of Texas tower shooting">University of Texas tower shooting</a> was the deadliest school shooting at the time. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> At least the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Polytechnic_College_massacre" title="Kerch Polytechnic College massacre">Kerch Polytechnic College massacre</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Stoneman_Douglas_High_School_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoneman Douglas High School shooting">Stoneman Douglas High School shooting</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_school_massacre" title="Erfurt school massacre">Erfurt school massacre</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Once the website was made public after the massacre, AOL permanently deleted it from its servers.<a href="#cite_note-harris-26">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Some of the Doom levels he created can still be found online, known as the <a href="/wiki/Harris_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris levels">Harris levels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-levels-29">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Brown had told Harris's parents where he hid alcohol, after Harris had thrown a chunk of ice at his car windshield.<a href="#cite_note-Fatal-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Klebold had a history of drinking and failed a dilute urine test, but neither he nor Harris attended any substance abuse classes.<a href="#cite_note-Block-43">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Harris wished for "a lot of <a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">foreshadowing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">dramatic irony</a>" to be involved in the massacre plot.<a href="#cite_note-49">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Radioactive Clothing depicts them with fake guns and rigging fake explosives to stop radioactive clothes from taking over the world.<a href="#cite_note-63">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> They did not appear in a group photo of the Trench Coat Mafia in the yearbook.<a href="#cite_note-75">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[67]</a> However, Harris's father stated that his son was "a member of what they call the Trench Coat Mafia" in the 9-1-1 call he made on April 20, 1999.<a href="#cite_note-78">[68]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> The Jeffco Final Report explained "No law, state or federal, prohibits the purchase of a <a href="/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">long gun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifle</a>) from a private individual (non-licensed dealer)...If Anderson had purchased the guns from a federally licensed dealer, it would have been considered a "<a href="/wiki/Straw_purchase" title="Straw purchase">straw purchase</a>" and considered illegal under federal law."<a href="#cite_note-coat-70">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Investigators speculated they were supposed to detonate after the massacre and injure first responders.<a href="#cite_note-104">[92]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Klebold made notes prior to the massacre which included "Go to the outside hill, wait. When first bombs go off, attack."<a href="#cite_note-suspdk-19">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> All times are in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain Daylight Time</a>, <a href="/wiki/UTC-6" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-6">UTC-6</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[98]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> On the corner of South Wadsworth Boulevard and Ken Caryl Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-120">[105]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Gardner was not wearing his prescription eyeglasses.<a href="#cite_note-139">[123]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Prior to her murder, Bernall had her hands on the sides of her head.<a href="#cite_note-yes-155">[138]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> The report notes that such a profile should not be construed as a direct psychiatric diagnosis, which is based on face-to-face interviews, formal <a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">psychological testing</a>, and collection of collateral information.<a href="#cite_note-229">[211]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> In 2012, sociologist Nathalie E. Paton of the <a href="/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre national de la recherche scientifique">National Center for Scientific Research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> analyzed the videos created by post-Columbine school shooting perpetrators. A recurring set of motifs was found, including explicit statements of admiration and identification with previous perpetrators. Paton said the videos serve the perpetrators by distinguishing themselves from their classmates and associating themselves with the previous perpetrators.<a href="#cite_note-yorker-356">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[338]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hist-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hist_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_1-5">f</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/columbine-high-school-shootings">"Columbine Shooting"</a>. history.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315062132/http://www.history.com/topics/columbine-high-school-shootings">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2015. 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Retrieved January 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Columbine+survivor+Austin+Eubanks+died+of+accidental+heroin+overdose%2C+coroner+says&rft.aulast=Stanglin&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2019%2F06%2F14%2Fcolumbine-survivor-coroner-says-austin-eubanks-died-drug-overdose%2F1455288001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullen1999" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Cullen" title="Dave Cullen">Cullen, Dave</a> (April 27, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/1999/04/27/gay/">"Gay leaders fear Littleton backlash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a>. 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Retrieved October 15, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Community%3A+Columbine+Students+Talk+of+Disaster+and+Life&rft.date=1999-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpartners.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Fnational%2F043099colo-voices.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schoolshooters.info/sites/default/files/columbine_basement_tapes_1.0.pdf">"Transcript of the Columbine "Basement Tapes""</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcript+of+the+Columbine+%22Basement+Tapes%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fschoolshooters.info%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcolumbine_basement_tapes_1.0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"> "There is nothing you guys could have done to prevent any of this. There is nothing that anyone could have done to prevent this. No one is to blame except me and Vodka [Klebold's nickname]. Our actions are a two man war against everyone else." </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlebold2016">Klebold 2016</a>, p. 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown2002">Brown 2002</a>, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-under-240"><a href="#cite_ref-under_240-0">^</a> Investigative Reports: Columbine: Understanding Why. 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Denver Westword Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Denver+Westword+Post&rft.atitle=Forgiving+my+Columbine+High+School+friend%2C+Dylan+Klebold&rft.date=2009-04-17&rft.au=Prendergast%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westword.com%2Fnews%2Fforgiving-my-columbine-high-school-friend-dylan-klebold-5834485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/june99/columbine12.htm">"Dissecting Columbine's Cult of the Athlete"</a>. The Washington Post. June 12, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309020347/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/june99/columbine12.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Dissecting+Columbine%27s+Cult+of+the+Athlete&rft.date=1999-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fnational%2Fdaily%2Fjune99%2Fcolumbine12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCullen2009">Cullen 2009</a>, pp. 158–159, 208 </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://schoolshooters.info/sites/default/files/harris_search_for_justification_1.3.pdf">https://schoolshooters.info/sites/default/files/harris_search_for_justification_1.3.pdf</a> "If people would give me more compliments all of this might still be avoidable... but probably not." </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://schoolshooters.info/sites/default/files/harris_search_for_justification_1.3.pdf">https://schoolshooters.info/sites/default/files/harris_search_for_justification_1.3.pdf</a> "God damnit do not blame anyone else besides me and V [Vodka, i.e., Dylan] for this. Don't blame my family, they had no clue and there's nothing they could have done, they brought me up just fucking fine... don't blame the school... the admin[istration] is doing a fine job." </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_247-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockell2019" class="citation news cs1">Brockell, Gillian (April 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421033120/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/04/19/bullies-black-trench-coats-columbine-shootings-most-dangerous-myths/">"Bullies and Black Trench Coats: The Columbine Shooting's Most Dangerous Myths"</a>. Washington Post. 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Retrieved April 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Thresholds+of+Violence%2C+How+school+shootings+catch+on&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft.aulast=Gladwell&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2015%2F10%2F19%2Fthresholds-of-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaton2012" class="citation book cs1">Paton, Nathalie E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/835850/filename/Paton-Media_Participation_of_School_Shooters_and_their_Fans.pdf">"Media participation of school shooters and their fans: Navigating between self-distinction and imitation to achieve individuation"</a> (PDF). In Muschert, Glenn W.; Sumiala, Johanna (eds.). School shootings: Mediatized violence in a global age. Vol. 7. <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Group_Publishing" title="Emerald Group Publishing">Emerald Group Publishing</a>. pp. 203–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78052-919-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78052-919-6"><bdi>978-1-78052-919-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Media+participation+of+school+shooters+and+their+fans%3A+Navigating+between+self-distinction+and+imitation+to+achieve+individuation&rft.btitle=School+shootings%3A+Mediatized+violence+in+a+global+age&rft.pages=203-229&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78052-919-6&rft.aulast=Paton&rft.aufirst=Nathalie+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Ffile%2Findex%2Fdocid%2F835850%2Ffilename%2FPaton-Media_Participation_of_School_Shooters_and_their_Fans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasLevineClohertyDate2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Thomas_(journalist)" title="Pierre Thomas (journalist)">Thomas, Pierre</a>; Levine, Mike; Cloherty, Jack; Date, Jack (October 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/columbine-shootings-grim-legacy-50-school-attacks-plots/story?id=26007119">"Columbine Shootings' Grim Legacy: More Than 50 School Attacks, Plots"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170417084412/http://abcnews.go.com/US/columbine-shootings-grim-legacy-50-school-attacks-plots/story?id=26007119">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Columbine+Shootings%27+Grim+Legacy%3A+More+Than+50+School+Attacks%2C+Plots&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Levine%2C+Mike&rft.au=Cloherty%2C+Jack&rft.au=Date%2C+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2Fcolumbine-shootings-grim-legacy-50-school-attacks-plots%2Fstory%3Fid%3D26007119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeller2015" class="citation web cs1">Weller, Chris (October 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/malcolm-gladwell-says-school-shootings-are-slow-moving-riots-2015-10">"Malcolm Gladwell says the school shooting epidemic is like a slow-moving riot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418081232/http://www.businessinsider.com/malcolm-gladwell-says-school-shootings-are-slow-moving-riots-2015-10">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Malcolm+Gladwell+says+the+school+shooting+epidemic+is+like+a+slow-moving+riot&rft.date=2015-10-13&rft.aulast=Weller&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fmalcolm-gladwell-says-school-shootings-are-slow-moving-riots-2015-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2016" class="citation news cs1">Greene, Susan (February 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coloradoindependent.com/2016/02/23/cynthia-coffmans-columbine-tweets-blasted-as-ignorant-insensitive/">"Cynthia Coffman's Columbine Tweets blasted as 'ignorant,' 'insensitive'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Independent" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Independent">Colorado Independent</a>. Retrieved September 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colorado+Independent&rft.atitle=Cynthia+Coffman%27s+Columbine+Tweets+blasted+as+%27ignorant%2C%27+%27insensitive%27&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coloradoindependent.com%2F2016%2F02%2F23%2Fcynthia-coffmans-columbine-tweets-blasted-as-ignorant-insensitive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cited_works">Cited works</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFab_Hugh1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ab_Hugh" title="Dafydd ab Hugh">Dafydd ab Hugh</a> (1995). 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New York: Lantern Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59056-031-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59056-031-0"><bdi>978-1-59056-031-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Easy+Answers%3A+The+Truth+Behind+Death+at+Columbine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Lantern+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-59056-031-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Brooks&rft.au=Merritt%2C+Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpdfy-pC_WzWbOzxls5ms1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullen2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Cullen" title="Dave Cullen">Cullen, Dave</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Columbine_(book)" title="Columbine (book)">Columbine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Book_Group" title="Hachette Book Group">Hachette Book Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-54693-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-54693-5"><bdi>978-0-446-54693-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbine&rft.pub=Hachette+Book+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-446-54693-5&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKass2009" class="citation book cs1">Kass, Jeff (2009). Columbine: A True Crime Story. Ghost Road Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9816525-6-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9816525-6-6"><bdi>978-0-9816525-6-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbine%3A+A+True+Crime+Story&rft.pub=Ghost+Road+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9816525-6-6&rft.aulast=Kass&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlebold2016" class="citation book cs1">Klebold, Sue (2016). <a href="/wiki/A_Mother%27s_Reckoning" title="A Mother's Reckoning">A Mother's Reckoning</a>: Living in the Aftermath of the Columbine Tragedy. WH Allen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-5679-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-5679-5"><bdi>978-0-7535-5679-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mother%27s+Reckoning%3A+Living+in+the+Aftermath+of+the+Columbine+Tragedy&rft.pub=WH+Allen&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-7535-5679-5&rft.aulast=Klebold&rft.aufirst=Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrabbé2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krabbé, Tim (2012). Wij Zijn Maar Wij Zijn Niet Geschift (in Dutch). Prometheus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-446-2054-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-446-2054-2"><bdi>978-90-446-2054-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wij+Zijn+Maar+Wij+Zijn+Niet+Geschift&rft.pub=Prometheus&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-446-2054-2&rft.aulast=Krabb%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushner2004" class="citation book cs1">Kushner, David (2004). <a href="/wiki/Masters_of_Doom" title="Masters of Doom">Masters of Doom</a>. 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Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-490-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-490-8"><bdi>978-1-59213-490-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprehending+Columbine&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-490-8&rft.aulast=Larkin&rft.aufirst=Ralph+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauser2012" class="citation book cs1">Mauser, Tom (2012). Walking in Daniel's Shoes. 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Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 77 (3): 647–679. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfp038">10.1093/jaarel/lfp038</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20630144">20630144</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20681084">20681084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Dark+Teens+and+Born-Again+Martyrs%3A+Captivity+Narratives+after+Columbine&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=647-679&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20681084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20630144%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfp038&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=Sarah+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenie2016" class="citation book cs1">Senie, Harriet F. (2016). "The Conflation of Heroes and Victims: A New Memorial Paradigm". A Companion to Public Art (online ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 107–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-47533-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-47533-1"><bdi>978-1-118-47533-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Conflation+of+Heroes+and+Victims%3A+A+New+Memorial+Paradigm&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Public+Art&rft.pages=107-118&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-118-47533-1&rft.aulast=Senie&rft.aufirst=Harriet+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2003" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Justin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martyrsofcolumbi00wats">The Martyrs of Columbine: Faith and the Politics of Tragedy</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23957-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23957-2"><bdi>978-0-312-23957-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Martyrs+of+Columbine%3A+Faith+and+the+Politics+of+Tragedy&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-312-23957-2&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartyrsofcolumbi00wats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronson2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Aronson" title="Elliot Aronson">Aronson, Elliot</a> (2001). Nobody Left to Hate. Teaching Compassion After Columbine. First Owl Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7099-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7099-6"><bdi>978-0-8050-7099-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nobody+Left+to+Hate.+Teaching+Compassion+After+Columbine&rft.pub=First+Owl+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7099-6&rft.aulast=Aronson&rft.aufirst=Elliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernall1999" class="citation book cs1">Bernall, Misty (1999). <a href="/wiki/She_Said_Yes:_The_Unlikely_Martyrdom_of_Cassie_Bernall" title="She Said Yes: The Unlikely Martyrdom of Cassie Bernall">She Said Yes: The Unlikely Martyrdom of Cassie Bernall</a>. Word Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8499-1645-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8499-1645-8"><bdi>978-0-8499-1645-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=She+Said+Yes%3A+The+Unlikely+Martyrdom+of+Cassie+Bernall&rft.pub=Word+Pub.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8499-1645-8&rft.aulast=Bernall&rft.aufirst=Misty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2019" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Kacey Ruegsegger (2019). Over My Shoulder: A Columbine Survivor's Story of Resilience, Hope, and a Life Reclaimed. Oms, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7336516-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7336516-0-8"><bdi>978-1-7336516-0-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Over+My+Shoulder%3A+A+Columbine+Survivor%27s+Story+of+Resilience%2C+Hope%2C+and+a+Life+Reclaimed&rft.pub=Oms%2C+LLC&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-7336516-0-8&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Kacey+Ruegsegger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2006" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Crystal Woodman (2006). Marked for Life: Choosing Hope and Discovering Purpose After Earth-Shattering Tragedy. THINK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57683-936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57683-936-2"><bdi>978-1-57683-936-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marked+for+Life%3A+Choosing+Hope+and+Discovering+Purpose+After+Earth-Shattering+Tragedy&rft.pub=THINK&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57683-936-2&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Crystal+Woodman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaltzmanSanders2004" class="citation book cs1">Saltzman, Marilyn; Sanders, Linda Lou (2004). Dave Sanders: Columbine Teacher, Coach, Hero. Xlibris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4134-5222-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4134-5222-8"><bdi>978-1-4134-5222-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dave+Sanders%3A+Columbine+Teacher%2C+Coach%2C+Hero&rft.pub=Xlibris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4134-5222-8&rft.aulast=Saltzman&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft.au=Sanders%2C+Linda+Lou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottNimmo2000" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Darrell; Nimmo, Beth (2000). <a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Tears" title="Rachel's Tears">Rachel's Tears: The Spiritual Journey of Columbine Martyr Rachel Scott</a>. Thomas Nelson Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7852-6848-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7852-6848-2"><bdi>978-0-7852-6848-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rachel%27s+Tears%3A+The+Spiritual+Journey+of+Columbine+Martyr+Rachel+Scott&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7852-6848-2&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Darrell&rft.au=Nimmo%2C+Beth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitus2016" class="citation book cs1">Whitus, Grant (2016). Bullet Riddled: The First S.W.A.T. Officer Inside Columbine...and Beyond. Waldorf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-943276-02-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-943276-02-8"><bdi>978-1-943276-02-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bullet+Riddled%3A+The+First+S.W.A.T.+Officer+Inside+Columbine...and+Beyond&rft.pub=Waldorf&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-943276-02-8&rft.aulast=Whitus&rft.aufirst=Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coloradoindependent.com/2016/02/10/are-dylan-klebold-and-eric-harriss-parents-to-blame-for-the-columbine-shooting/">Are Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris's parents to blame for the Columbine shooting?</a> − Interview by Susan Greene to author <a href="/wiki/Dave_Cullen" title="Dave Cullen">Dave Cullen</a> on the responsibility by Harris' and Klebold's parents on the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Independent" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Independent">Colorado Independent</a> on February 10, 2016.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010501042207/http://www.salon.com/news/special/columbine_report/">"The Columbine Report"</a>. Salon.com. May 16, 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/special/columbine_report/">the original</a> on May 1, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=The+Columbine+Report&rft.date=2000-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial%2Fcolumbine_report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/columbine.cd/Pages/TOC.htm">"CD"</a>. CNN and Jeffco Sheriff's Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FSPECIALS%2F2000%2Fcolumbine.cd%2FPages%2FTOC.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acolumbinesite.com/reports/report.html">"Columbine Report documents, the "11k""</a>. Jeffco Sheriff's Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbine+Report+documents%2C+the+%2211k%22&rft.pub=Jeffco+Sheriff%27s+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acolumbinesite.com%2Freports%2Freport.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acolumbinesite.com/eric/writing/journal/journal.html">Eric Harris's journal</a> called "The Book of God", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904072615/http://www.acolumbinesite.com/eric/writing/journal/journal.html">Archived</a> September 4, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, acolumbinesite.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schoolshooters.info/sites/default/files/harris_journal_1.3.pdf">Another transcription</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acolumbinesite.com/dylan/writing.php">Dylan Klebold's journal</a> called "The Book of Existences", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173908/https://schoolshooters.info/sites/default/files/klebold_journal_1.1_3.pdf">Another transcription, includes yearbook</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acolumbinesite.com/quotes.html">"The Basement Tapes"</a>. Acolumbinesite.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125032714/http://acolumbinesite.com/quotes.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved August 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Basement+Tapes&rft.pub=Acolumbinesite.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acolumbinesite.com%2Fquotes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Videos">Videos</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/AUSJ6rqEWUY">"Haunted by Columbine"</a>. The New York Times. September 25, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUSJ6rqEWUY">the original</a> on October 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Haunted+by+Columbine&rft.date=2015-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DAUSJ6rqEWUY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbine+High+School+massacre" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Columbine_High_School_massacre" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Columbine High School massacre">Columbine High School massacre</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (1 hour and 39 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="5919" data-mwtitle="En-columbine-high-school-massacre.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/En-columbine-high-school-massacre.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/En-columbine-high-school-massacre.ogg/En-columbine-high-school-massacre.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-columbine-high-school-massacre.ogg" title="File:En-columbine-high-school-massacre.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 30 August 2019 (2019-08-30), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i.cnn.net/cnn/SPECIALS/2000/columbine.cd/videos/Evac_1.mpg">Video of the evacuation in progress</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i.cnn.net/cnn/SPECIALS/2000/columbine.cd/videos/Evac_3.mpg">Second video of the evacuation</a> (KUSA-TV (9News) news coverage via CNN)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Columbine%20High%20School%20/">FBI file on the Columbine massacre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208234124/http://www.jefferson.lib.co.us/cltragedy2.html">Jefferson County CO Library – Columbine massacre archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815080707/http://insidedenver.com/shooting/">Tragedy of Columbine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived August 15, 2000) – index of articles from the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_News" title="Rocky Mountain News">Rocky Mountain News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990508133420/http://www.abcnews.go.com/sections/us/littleton_index/littleton_index.html">Colorado School Shooting</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived May 8, 1999) – index of articles from <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States_by_deaths" title="Template:Mass shootings in the United States by deaths"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States_by_deaths" title="Template talk:Mass shootings in the United States by deaths"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States_by_deaths" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mass shootings in the United States by deaths"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deadliest_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" class="hlist vevent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Deadliest mass shootings in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Paradise, NV</a> (2017) (60 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando, FL</a> (2016) (49 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Blacksburg, VA</a> (2007) (32 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Newtown, CT</a> (2012) (27 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Springs_church_shooting" title="Sutherland Springs church shooting">Sutherland Springs, TX</a> (2017) (26 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luby%27s_shooting" title="Luby's shooting">Killeen, TX</a> (1991) (23 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso, TX</a> (2019) (23 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_McDonald%27s_massacre" title="San Ysidro McDonald's massacre">San Diego, CA</a> (1984) (22 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde, TX</a> (2022) (21 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Lewiston_shootings" title="2023 Lewiston shootings">Lewiston, ME</a> (2023) (18 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_tower_shooting" title="University of Texas tower shooting">Austin, TX</a> (1966) (17 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland, FL</a> (2018) (17 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Fort_Hood_shooting" title="2009 Fort Hood shooting">Fort Hood, TX</a> (2009) (14 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_San_Bernardino_attack" title="2015 San Bernardino attack">San Bernardino, CA</a> (2015) (14 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_post_office_shooting" title="Edmond post office shooting">Edmond, OK</a> (1986) (14 deaths)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbine, CO</a> (1999) (13 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Binghamton_shooting" title="2009 Binghamton shooting">Binghamton, NY</a> (2009) (13 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Unruh" title="Howard Unruh">Camden, NJ</a> (1949) (13 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Wilkes-Barre_shootings" title="1982 Wilkes-Barre shootings">Wilkes-Barre, PA</a> (1982) (13 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wah_Mee_massacre" title="Wah Mee massacre">Seattle, WA</a> (1983) (13 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora, CO</a> (2012) (12 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Oaks_shooting" title="Thousand Oaks shooting">Thousand Oaks, CA</a> (2018) (12 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard_shooting" title="Washington Navy Yard shooting">Washington, D.C.</a> (2013) (12 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Virginia_Beach_shooting" title="2019 Virginia Beach shooting">Virginia Beach, VA</a> (2019) (12 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Monterey_Park_shooting" title="2023 Monterey Park shooting">Monterey Park, CA</a> (2023) (11 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Edward_Pough" title="James Edward Pough">Jacksonville, FL</a> (1990) (11 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh, PA</a> (2018) (11 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Massacre" title="Easter Sunday Massacre">Hamilton, OH</a> (1975) (11 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Santa_Fe_High_School_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Santa Fe High School shooting">Santa Fe, TX</a> (2018) (10 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_County_shootings" title="Geneva County shootings">Geneva County, AL</a> (2009) (10 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Buffalo_shooting" title="2022 Buffalo shooting">Buffalo, NY</a> (2022) (10 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Boulder_shooting" title="2021 Boulder shooting">Boulder, CO</a> (2021) (10 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_massacre_(homicide)" title="Palm Sunday massacre (homicide)">New York City, NY</a> (1984) (10 deaths)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Death counts do not include deceased perpetrator(s). This navbox reflects information from <a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States#Deadliest_mass_shootings_since_1949" title="Mass shootings in the United States">this list</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States_in_the_1990s" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_family_murders" title="Parker family murders">Quitman County, MS</a> (Feb. 2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Cruces_bowling_alley_massacre" title="Las Cruces bowling alley massacre">Las Cruces, NM</a> (Feb. 10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Edward_Pough" title="James Edward Pough">Jacksonville, FL</a> (Jun. 17–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry%27s_Pub_hostage_incident" title="Henry's Pub hostage incident">Berkeley, CA</a> (Sep. 28)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Chinatown_massacre" title="Boston Chinatown massacre">Boston, MA</a> (Jan. 12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sacramento_hostage_crisis" title="1991 Sacramento hostage crisis">Florin, CA</a> (Apr. 4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day_Bank_Massacre" title="Father's Day Bank Massacre">Denver, CO</a> (Jun. 16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddell_Buddhist_temple_shooting" title="Waddell Buddhist temple shooting">Waddell, AZ</a> (Aug. 10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Williams_(murderer)" title="Willie Williams (murderer)">Youngstown, OH</a> (Sep. 2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luby%27s_shooting" title="Luby's shooting">Killeen, TX</a> (Oct. 16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_University_of_Iowa_shooting" title="1991 University of Iowa shooting">Iowa City, IA</a> (Nov. 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Oak_post_office_shootings" title="Royal Oak post office shootings">Royal Oak, MI</a> (Nov. 14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Austin_yogurt_shop_killings" title="1991 Austin yogurt shop killings">Austin, TX</a> (Dec. 6)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Lindhurst_High_School_shooting" title="1992 Lindhurst High School shooting">Olivehurst, CA</a> (May 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownstone_Lane_murders" title="Brownstone Lane murders">Houston, TX</a> (Jun. 20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bard_College_at_Simon%27s_Rock_shooting" title="1992 Bard College at Simon's Rock shooting">Great Barrington, MA</a> (Dec. 14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown%27s_Chicken_massacre" title="Brown's Chicken massacre">Palatine, IL</a> (Jan. 8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_headquarters_shooting" title="CIA headquarters shooting">Langley, VA</a> (Jan. 25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_California_Street_shooting" title="101 California Street shooting">San Francisco, CA</a> (Jul. 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi%27s_Restaurant_shooting" title="Luigi's Restaurant shooting">Fayetteville, NC</a> (Aug. 6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Long_Island_Rail_Road_shooting" title="1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting">Garden City Park, NY</a> (Dec. 7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Aurora,_Colorado_shooting" title="1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting">Aurora, CO</a> (Dec. 14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Keith" title="Kevin Keith">Bucyrus, OH</a> (Feb. 13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Popeyes_shooting" title="1994 Popeyes shooting">Gadsden, AL</a> (Apr. 16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Wickliffe_Middle_School_shooting" title="1994 Wickliffe Middle School shooting">Wickliffe, OH</a> (Nov. 7)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darnell_Collins" title="Darnell Collins">NJ & NY</a> (Jun. 17–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddy%27s_Fashion_Mart_attack" title="Freddy's Fashion Mart attack">New York City, NY</a> (Dec. 8)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Frontier_Middle_School_shooting" title="1996 Frontier Middle School shooting">Moses Lake, WA</a> (Feb. 2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Jackson_firehouse_shooting" title="1996 Jackson firehouse shooting">Jackson, MS</a> (Apr. 25)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1997_Bethel_Regional_High_School_shooting" title="1997 Bethel Regional High School shooting">Bethel, AK</a> (Feb. 19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Empire_State_Building_shooting" title="1997 Empire State Building shooting">New York City, NY</a> (Feb. 23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Hollywood_shootout" title="North Hollywood shootout">North Hollywood, CA</a> (Feb. 28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Detroit_shootings" title="1997 Detroit shootings">Detroit, MI</a> (Mar. 11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Drega" title="Carl Drega">Colebrook, NH & Bloomfield, VT</a> (Aug. 19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Arthur_Wise" title="Hastings Arthur Wise">Aiken, SC</a> (Sep. 15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Pearl_High_School_shooting" title="1997 Pearl High School shooting">Pearl, MS</a> (Oct. 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coy_Wayne_Wesbrook" title="Coy Wayne Wesbrook">Channelview, TX</a> (Nov. 13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Heath_High_School_shooting" title="1997 Heath High School shooting">West Paducah, KY</a> (Dec. 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Serrano" title="Nelson Serrano">Bartow, FL</a> (Dec. 3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Westside_Middle_School_shooting" title="1998 Westside Middle School shooting">Craighead County, AR</a> (Mar. 24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_King_Smith" title="Clay King Smith">Jefferson County, AR</a> (Mar. 25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Parker_Middle_School_dance_shooting" title="1998 Parker Middle School dance shooting">Edinboro, PA</a> (Apr. 24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Thurston_High_School_shooting" title="1998 Thurston High School shooting">Springfield, OR</a> (May 21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trang_Dai_massacre" title="Trang Dai massacre">Tacoma, WA</a> (Jul. 5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Capitol_shooting" title="1998 United States Capitol shooting">Washington, DC</a> (Jul. 24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Privacky" title="Seth Privacky">Muskegon, MI</a> (Nov. 29)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbine, CO</a> (Apr. 20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zane_Floyd" title="Zane Floyd">Las Vegas, NV</a> (Jun. 3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Atlanta_day_trading_firm_shootings" title="1999 Atlanta day trading firm shootings">Atlanta, GA</a> (Jul. 29)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Jewish_Community_Center_shooting" title="Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting">Los Angeles, CA</a> (Aug. 10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedgwood_Baptist_Church_shooting" title="Wedgwood Baptist Church shooting">Fort Worth, TX</a> (Sep. 15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Honolulu_shootings" title="1999 Honolulu shootings">Honolulu, HI</a> (Nov. 2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">mass shootings in the United States</a> by time period (<a href="/wiki/Template:Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States_in_the_1980s_and_before" title="Template:Mass shootings in the United States in the 1980s and before">1980s and before</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States_in_the_1990s" title="Template:Mass shootings in the United States in the 1990s">1990s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States_in_the_2000s" title="Template:Mass shootings in the United States in the 2000s">2000s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States_in_the_2010s" title="Template:Mass shootings in the United States in the 2010s">2010s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States_in_the_2020s" title="Template:Mass shootings in the United States in the 2020s">2020s</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="School_shootings_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:School_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Template:School shootings in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:School_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:School shootings in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:School_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:School shootings in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="School_shootings_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/School_shooting#United_States" title="School shooting">School shootings in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prior to 2000 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_school_shootings_in_the_United_States_(before_2000)" title="List of school shootings in the United States (before 2000)">full list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1760s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Brown_school_massacre" title="Enoch Brown school massacre">Enoch Brown school massacre</a> (1764)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_tower_shooting" title="University of Texas tower shooting">University of Texas</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Rose-Mar_College_of_Beauty_shooting" title="1966 Rose-Mar College of Beauty shooting">Rose-Mar College of Beauty</a> (1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State University</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_State_killings" title="Jackson State killings">Jackson State University</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Olean_High_School_shooting" title="1974 Olean High School shooting">Olean High School</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Computer_Learning_Center_shooting" title="1976 Computer Learning Center shooting">Computer Learning Center</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_California_State_University,_Fullerton_massacre" title="1976 California State University, Fullerton massacre">California State University, Fullerton</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Cleveland_Elementary_School_shooting_(San_Diego)" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 Cleveland Elementary School shooting (San Diego)">Cleveland Elementary School</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/49th_Street_Elementary_School_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="49th Street Elementary School shooting">49th Street Elementary School</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Cokeville_Elementary_School_hostage_crisis" title="1986 Cokeville Elementary School hostage crisis">Cokeville Elementary School</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Nick_Corwin" title="Murder of Nick Corwin">Hubbard Woods Elementary School</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Oakland_Elementary_School_shooting" title="1988 Oakland Elementary School shooting">Oakland Elementary School</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Stockton_schoolyard_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Stockton schoolyard shooting">Cleveland Elementary School</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_University_of_Iowa_shooting" title="1991 University of Iowa shooting">University of Iowa</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Lindhurst_High_School_shooting" title="1992 Lindhurst High School shooting">Lindhurst High School</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bard_College_at_Simon%27s_Rock_shooting" title="1992 Bard College at Simon's Rock shooting">Bard College at Simon's Rock</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_East_Carter_High_School_shooting" title="1993 East Carter High School shooting">East Carter High School</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Wickliffe_Middle_School_shooting" title="1994 Wickliffe Middle School shooting">Wickliffe Middle School</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Blackville%E2%80%93Hilda_High_School_shooting" title="1995 Blackville–Hilda High School shooting">Blackville–Hilda High School</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Richland_High_School_shooting" title="1995 Richland High School shooting">Richland High School</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Frontier_Middle_School_shooting" title="1996 Frontier Middle School shooting">Frontier Middle School</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_San_Diego_State_University_shooting" title="1996 San Diego State University shooting">San Diego State University</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Bethel_Regional_High_School_shooting" title="1997 Bethel Regional High School shooting">Bethel Regional High School</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Pearl_High_School_shooting" title="1997 Pearl High School shooting">Pearl High School</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Heath_High_School_shooting" title="1997 Heath High School shooting">Heath High School</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Westside_Middle_School_shooting" title="1998 Westside Middle School shooting">Westside Middle School</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Parker_Middle_School_dance_shooting" title="1998 Parker Middle School dance shooting">Parker Middle School</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Thurston_High_School_shooting" title="1998 Thurston High School shooting">Thurston High School</a> (1998)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbine High School</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000 to present (<a href="/wiki/List_of_school_shootings_in_the_United_States_(2000%E2%80%93present)" title="List of school shootings in the United States (2000–present)">full list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Kayla_Rolland" title="Killing of Kayla Rolland">Buell Elementary School</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_University_of_Arkansas_shooting" title="2000 University of Arkansas shooting">University of Arkansas</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Santana_High_School_shooting" title="2001 Santana High School shooting">Santana High School</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Appalachian_School_of_Law_shooting" title="2002 Appalachian School of Law shooting">Appalachian School of Law</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_John_McDonogh_High_School_shooting" title="2003 John McDonogh High School shooting">John McDonogh High School</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Case_Western_Reserve_University_shooting" title="2003 Case Western Reserve University shooting">Case Western Reserve University</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Rocori_High_School_shooting" title="2003 Rocori High School shooting">Rocori High School</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_shootings" title="Red Lake shootings">Red Lake Senior High School</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Campbell_County_High_School_shooting" title="2005 Campbell County High School shooting">Campbell County High School</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Pine_Middle_School_shooting" title="2006 Pine Middle School shooting">Pine Middle School</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Platte_Canyon_High_School_hostage_crisis" title="2006 Platte Canyon High School hostage crisis">Platte Canyon High School</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Weston_High_School_shooting" title="2006 Weston High School shooting">Weston High School</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_West_Nickel_Mines_School_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 West Nickel Mines School shooting">West Nickel Mines School</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Delaware_State_University_shooting" title="2007 Delaware State University shooting">Delaware State University</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_SuccessTech_Academy_shooting" title="2007 SuccessTech Academy shooting">SuccessTech Academy</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Northern_Illinois_University_shooting" title="2008 Northern Illinois University shooting">Northern Illinois University</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Larry_King" title="Murder of Larry King">E.O. Junior High School</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_University_of_Central_Arkansas_shooting" title="2008 University of Central Arkansas shooting">University of Central Arkansas</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_University_of_Alabama_in_Huntsville_shooting" title="2010 University of Alabama in Huntsville shooting">University of Alabama in Huntsville</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Chardon_High_School_shooting" title="2012 Chardon High School shooting">Chardon High School</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Oikos_University_shooting" title="2012 Oikos University shooting">Oikos University</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Santa_Monica_shootings" title="2013 Santa Monica shootings">Santa Monica College</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sparks_Middle_School_shooting" title="2013 Sparks Middle School shooting">Sparks Middle School</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Marysville_Pilchuck_High_School_shooting" title="2014 Marysville Pilchuck High School shooting">Marysville Pilchuck High School</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Umpqua_Community_College_shooting" title="2015 Umpqua Community College shooting">Umpqua Community College</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Northern_Arizona_University_shooting" title="2015 Northern Arizona University shooting">Northern Arizona University</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_UCLA_shooting" title="2016 UCLA shooting">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_shooting_of_Dallas_police_officers" title="2016 shooting of Dallas police officers">El Centro College</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Townville_Elementary_School_shooting" title="2016 Townville Elementary School shooting">Townville Elementary School</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_North_Park_Elementary_School_shooting" title="2017 North Park Elementary School shooting">North Park Elementary School</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancho_Tehama_shootings" title="Rancho Tehama shootings">Rancho Tehama Elementary School</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aztec_High_School_shooting" title="2017 Aztec High School shooting">Aztec High School</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Marshall_County_High_School_shooting" title="2018 Marshall County High School shooting">Marshall County High School</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Stoneman Douglas High School</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Santa_Fe_High_School_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Santa Fe High School shooting">Santa Fe High School</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Noblesville_West_Middle_School_shooting" title="2018 Noblesville West Middle School shooting">Noblesville West Middle School</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_University_of_North_Carolina_at_Charlotte_shooting" title="2019 University of North Carolina at Charlotte shooting">University of North Carolina at Charlotte</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_STEM_School_Highlands_Ranch_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting">STEM School Highlands Ranch</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Saugus_High_School_shooting" title="2019 Saugus High School shooting">Saugus High School</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_High_School_(Michigan)" title="Oxford High School (Michigan)">Oxford High School</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Richard_Ward" title="Killing of Richard Ward">Liberty Point International Middle School</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_East_High_School_shooting" title="2022 East High School shooting">East High School</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Robb Elementary School</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Oakland_school_shooting" title="2022 Oakland school shooting">Rusdale High School</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Central_Visual_and_Performing_Arts_High_School_shooting" title="2022 Central Visual and Performing Arts High School shooting">Central Visual and Performing Arts High School</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_University_of_Virginia_shooting" title="2022 University of Virginia shooting">University of Virginia</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Abby_Zwerner" title="Shooting of Abby Zwerner">Richneck Elementary School</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Michigan_State_University_shooting" title="2023 Michigan State University shooting">Michigan State University</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nashville_school_shooting" title="2023 Nashville school shooting">Covenant School</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Richmond_shooting" title="2023 Richmond shooting">Virginia Commonwealth University</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Zijie_Yan" title="Killing of Zijie Yan">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2023 University of Nevada, Las Vegas shooting">University of Nevada, Las Vegas</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_High_School_shooting" title="Perry High School shooting">Perry High School</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Apalachee_High_School_shooting" title="2024 Apalachee High School shooting">Apalachee High School</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_University_shooting" title="Tuskegee University shooting">Tuskegee University</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film and television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Deadly_Tower" title="The Deadly Tower">The Deadly Tower</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention:_The_Siege_at_Johnson_High" title="Detention: The Siege at Johnson High">Detention: The Siege at Johnson High</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck!_The_Carbine_High_Massacre" title="Duck! The Carbine High Massacre">Duck! The Carbine High Massacre</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Bang_You%27re_Dead_(film)" title="Bang Bang You're Dead (film)">Bang Bang You're Dead</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowling_for_Columbine" title="Bowling for Columbine">Bowling for Columbine</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_America_(film)" title="Heart of America (film)">Heart of America</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Room_(2002_film)" title="Home Room (2002 film)">Home Room</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Static_Shock_episodes#Season_2_(2002)" title="List of Static Shock episodes">"Jimmy"</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(2003_film)" title="Elephant (2003 film)">Elephant</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_Day_(2003_film)" title="Zero Day (2003 film)">Zero Day</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Yearbook" title="American Yearbook">American Yearbook</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Stands_Still_(Degrassi:_The_Next_Generation)" title="Time Stands Still (Degrassi: The Next Generation)">"Time Stands Still"</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Only_Way_(2004_film)" title="The Only Way (2004 film)">The Only Way</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Anna" title="Dawn Anna">Dawn Anna</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_Boys_Love_Mandy_Lane" title="All the Boys Love Mandy Lane">All the Boys Love Mandy Lane</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Gun_(2005_film)" title="American Gun (2005 film)">American Gun</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State%27s_Evidence" title="State's Evidence">State's Evidence</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_Before_Her_Eyes" title="The Life Before Her Eyes">The Life Before Her Eyes</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Showers_(2009_film)" title="April Showers (2009 film)">April Showers</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Boy_(2010_film)" title="Beautiful Boy (2010 film)">Beautiful Boy</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Need_to_Talk_About_Kevin_(film)" title="We Need to Talk About Kevin (film)">We Need to Talk About Kevin</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hello_Herman" title="Hello Herman">Hello Herman</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rabbit_(2013_film)" title="White Rabbit (2013 film)">White Rabbit</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudderless" title="Rudderless">Rudderless</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_of_Our_Youth" title="Sins of Our Youth">Sins of Our Youth</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cokeville_Miracle" title="The Cokeville Miracle">The Cokeville Miracle</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Not_Ashamed" title="I'm Not Ashamed">I'm Not Ashamed</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Kids_(South_Park)" title="Dead Kids (South Park)">"Dead Kids"</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox_Lux" title="Vox Lux">Vox Lux</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_(2019_film)" title="Safety (2019 film)">Safety</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_Anything_Happens_I_Love_You" title="If Anything Happens I Love You">If Anything Happens I Love You</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_Hide_Fight" title="Run Hide Fight">Run Hide Fight</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fallout_(film)" title="The Fallout (film)">The Fallout</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(2021_film)" title="Mass (2021 film)">Mass</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Larue" title="Eric Larue">Eric Larue</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Graduates_(2023_film)" title="The Graduates (2023 film)">The Graduates</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Truth_vs._Alex_Jones" title="The Truth vs. Alex Jones">The Truth vs. Alex Jones</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Give_a_Boy_a_Gun" title="Give a Boy a Gun">Give a Boy a Gun</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobody_Left_to_Hate" title="Nobody Left to Hate">Nobody Left to Hate</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Easy_Answers" title="No Easy Answers">No Easy Answers</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_(Prose_novel)" title="After (Prose novel)">After</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_(book)" title="Columbine (book)">Columbine</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_List" title="Hate List">Hate List</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27No_Way_to_Prevent_This,%27_Says_Only_Nation_Where_This_Regularly_Happens" title="'No Way to Prevent This,' Says Only Nation Where This Regularly Happens">"'No Way to Prevent This', Says Only Nation Where This Regularly Happens"</a> (2014—)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Mother%27s_Reckoning" title="A Mother's Reckoning">A Mother's Reckoning</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pico%27s_School" title="Pico's School">Pico's School</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullaby_for_Columbine" title="Lullaby for Columbine">Lullaby for Columbine</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(Hellblazer)" title="Shoot (Hellblazer)">Shoot (Hellblazer)</a> (1999/2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nobodies_(song)" title="The Nobodies (song)">"The Nobodies"</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbinus" title="Columbinus">columbinus</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Columbine_Massacre_RPG!" title="Super Columbine Massacre RPG!">Super Columbine Massacre RPG!</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day_(song)" title="Valentine's Day (song)">"Valentine's Day"</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Library_(play)" title="The Library (play)">The Library</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related terms and topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_shooter" title="Active shooter">Active shooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_effect" title="Columbine effect">Columbine effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Gun violence in the United States">Gun violence in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_school_shootings_in_the_United_States_by_death_toll" title="List of school shootings in the United States by death toll">List of school shootings in the United States by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoughts_and_prayers" title="Thoughts and prayers">Thoughts and prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_shooting" title="School shooting">School shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_violence" title="School violence">School violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q473845#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2007004696">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9812802401405606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566526305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbine_High_School_massacre&oldid=1258817062">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbine_High_School_massacre&oldid=1258817062</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Category:Columbine High School massacre">Columbine High School massacre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1999_in_Colorado" title="Category:1999 in Colorado">1999 in Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1999_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1999 mass shootings in the United States">1999 mass shootings in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1999_murders_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1999 murders in the United States">1999 murders in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:April_1999_crimes_in_the_United_States" title="Category:April 1999 crimes in the United States">April 1999 crimes in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arson_in_Colorado" title="Category:Arson in Colorado">Arson in Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attacks_in_the_United_States_in_1999" title="Category:Attacks in the United States in 1999">Attacks in the United States in 1999</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attacks_on_buildings_and_structures_in_1999" title="Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1999">Attacks on buildings and structures in 1999</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attacks_on_buildings_and_structures_in_Colorado" title="Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in Colorado">Attacks on buildings and structures in Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bullying_and_suicide" title="Category:Bullying and suicide">Bullying and suicide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bullying_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Bullying in the United States">Bullying in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Car_and_truck_bombings_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Car and truck bombings in the United States">Car and truck bombings in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:High_school_killings_in_the_United_States" title="Category:High school killings in the United States">High school killings in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:High_school_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Category:High school shootings in the United States">High school shootings in the United 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1,\n [\"CITEREFCullen1999\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFCullen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullen2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Angelo2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldson_James2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDr._Froggé2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrash2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuBose2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrance2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalloway\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrett2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGasparek2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbsRoche1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGladwell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreeneBriggs1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobfoll2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImmelman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanofsky2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJohn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonKelley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonKatz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKass2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKass2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKessler2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilzerMassaro\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlebold2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrabbé2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKushner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarkin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarkin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeppek1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindsay2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuzadder1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMak2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManson,_Marilyn1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall_Bender2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMauser2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMearsMoonThielo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikkelson,_Barbara2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiraldi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonroe2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontero1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Conference_of_State_Legislatures2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPankratz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearlman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Langman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Langman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPike2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrendergast,_Alan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrendergast1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrendergast2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrendergast2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrendergast2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRico2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitchin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalterMurray2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaltzmanSanders2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalvatore1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarche1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrader1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScottNimmo2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScottNimmoRabey2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeibert2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSenie2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSessions1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiro2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheffield2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepard\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFShepard1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnow2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanglin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSterngold,_James1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSykes2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasLevineClohertyDate2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToppo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrostle2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuchman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUhelszki1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVera2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWadhams\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeller1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeller2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitus2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilgoren1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillkinson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrightMillar1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFab_Hugh1995\"] = 1,\n [\"quotebox\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"CO2\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 94,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 127,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Columbine High School massacre\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div end\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 20,\n [\"Frac\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 62,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox civilian attack\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox event\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox mapframe\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Mass shootings in the United States by deaths\"] = 1,\n [\"Mass shootings in the United States in the 1990s\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 4,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"Olist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"School shootings in the United States\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 13,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Toc limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Undue weight section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","17.8"],["?","340","14.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","120","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","5.1"],["type","100","4.2"],["dataWrapper 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-26T18:30:27Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T20:06:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/de\/Columbine_Shooting_Security_Camera.jpg","headline":"school shooting at Columbine High School in Columbine, Colorado, United States on 20 April 1999"}</script> </body> </html>