CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9136b138edff4927',cH: 'HEgxzy6nq26haVdNn8FgYv0tS5uHf3YgjUgwaNc.XR4-1739804901-1.2.1.1-pPvDv65WjDsw1y4hYPE5RMB9uXmvPgTyeg3PVrp0.hISo_R2LiBp8uP.9qixBX1U',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Ishiekwen%20Bridget&__cf_chl_tk=gG5SZ4gLDC5OPkDC.2MjAlp4oUmvSi2F70QzYLtXUFU-1739804901-1.0.1.1-YXnQZyyn.g0IN1LHrWQnqZRnBOh_CVPmeU8Gb5YcLM0",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739804901',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Ishiekwen%20Bridget&__cf_chl_f_tk=gG5SZ4gLDC5OPkDC.2MjAlp4oUmvSi2F70QzYLtXUFU-1739804901-1.0.1.1-YXnQZyyn.g0IN1LHrWQnqZRnBOh_CVPmeU8Gb5YcLM0",md: "aQ8gre88BqFxcAgPENtOra2lKUhQJPL0rx2brhcScX4-1739804901-1.2.1.1-wXmkBiIK9bVGgvivdcVmjLGPlWifHjfIP77nEF63kI2PtDg_LwMMpaspf2Fg6CUV1NcZaqwZb.edtPYY0jv7nIkaNizH5wv8AONpnp.Uxu1L6y0AawxtQoEjQXThR_SYs771ortMDCRp3r1MPnupIfapJzF3c4HmH3Br4EZXogrDHkt80D3Vqnsu7CtoroVrr3HEF0WeUM_ErDwFG7ivRK6MYhx22ayMTMKryR9ibZL4Ez0oJ_fM92j8qjMq4McBYNI2d_VjXQD2KfEYdZ9hbr8EA1jyIUy2B3h0BnOOwvIAbfhSmZwMguCdvXkGy2x2RI7zJDgDJAoni1eqH0YLJAV8ZyNFF5fS1s7i0e5L__nwNRCr62FeczjMkSPd3fHw9IDMe4Yd_HMESk0hzpH37WUTrIST6eFiGzDLQoWx7T0NJCtMkZ2qJxyi.FN0B2jpNC6_fVVYH8Q0er1KlobIHkaYMPsxmyknM4B793qKLBJXPgIwd0n5mdWyIvtRRm1JEhpYisv_Ro9n1NLvzgsj5mRFtfiQXQKlS6IJZQOl5qDm.iKJJdaGopSeM7k3xM2h.MWBd1vlNxPLva1x2BJi.qf_ej0qX0XZ1ViKSNWXBSlb0V.d18P5JTn9HPvSVQx5QQjRa8xI.Okv4P_utOVbA16seECwx.wfpwHTDHLQRViNNyAXfDb6Gk59Zb.FqRV16rlpbJ9s__WxKrEpgpRLCH319Rx1C1WCPwWXSfCkOINM4PSHiK7Yvdo8K6MNhqNWz5lDhumsPVSE2wvp9DHLhAwVGOuuovHwa8v4eZPo4d5lPCG0cN64ecU6Khs2Bhb4zX38d7vevWrAQ8bIooxQToZIIxqGF5BN.6x8M1sOnVcS34bOI8bZ3UyFVaj3d9UcG0MfqwJ7bUIQT8BVcNqlGIVmu.r2x92xJUfjASr0yyas6hE_cKZNcqpiSdNkm397V8MSMH9ibiRe7KfDjOhZIdvjMvxwmk47U2FnmQeVdysz9bi4c6hTL4EIcwHPs.U2EfCJgLIh1gvVgCMYp3bkwAGcFG6OUyzW8OJALh8lC4iLXBPwAcIz49_GPya.UaDvME4vEKFkDqXl6yVxLduAlcykil9TcCqva97grnS6MVHgNKu8ht0BJ9mUCeiC4mM9gtUzcgX5Owm4gk4SLTl0U0JbHkfBH1vEjP0l6O489rGZzj.jmoWsP1y.D4M3_7TwIi9aTU9NEx4WCVqXus8we2XPC2aSUsEQiD.pM2dRqyormOg40y46klvfJ4H44v7ruxwJwLBsUFMpAiRS_z0iwUW3lCtZ8m5XuZaKrAE77HCvlvcWq92QulYEGbG6.TX8RU3ArSOgggcNfp56jH5yKbyxA46r6OgxRykuYkZ2WZAA3OGpWxmt4DgtQC4hGzkAE2FilYKK4hDJ1nNnDc4BA.cCUOoTeS6RdhZDFS0t6JFD3YHP23z.LRLuHC4Y1KSt7mKJ2NtvbrOv7lij15FNFgS2fXVa5IDQ33jy3KERuZ6cnJNdvggT3mgKsr3q8nQR9P2dYnuWJPJ6ik.vxF17cJpWBiNz4Ve89RKPt4JAnSr_Ydk39QIc4rkwJlMA.vAznP0uGGSBw_QZyzipyjigTZqXu7tHW6Al0QkYvfKkEYcKZk8F6vw704QMXvl4yAe._KsmDTHyqn0uH8QGHaWK9IpyhzXMkAwS_5MkKAzUGEIFGy2XINUY_JPGbQ2VOGCcIVW00oVTRDmUZUz6gs42SkplUhpjsQM4.SXSC7N1ZL12EXuXReMv7jF6rB8e9JpP5gc_OFYjyutL4A6nbZ9M2lRfsdxWsckcYD.GLA1_UYrR26kfWQ78PNo81PcrsnvzuNjs9JiDEEkdiHlRhLX74oOXaANLcz7w5CY4Stc4Wf52soRbDQLu8_m9opbWP2ZfYzCktWr1227cbWhK.Jsr3SQFRbrAKOfn.h_5.5sFKMU",mdrd: "yIRWKlXBUvDTfKsFqKkT5BBsZQbXniANPGOem4_ubdQ-1739804901-1.2.1.1-zRNlMpgnc0Iq94busUKNPEgT.n8l2pXCMFJI3jqIqtf_8Bp9DBINupMSNaBcCnOMX2X8c3Ue18OlVrzw.Bf8.wcYHI.wqPyTijOE_adcFeyq0Lwc0mCe7vwXSxUykSWiu3ufSX21QiuykYGQlRpqIi98exgx01d0I94f0vg8vfERU3K4rUWjpHevjoxEsWLUE3yGI.dd9NcYsLhwkt2BQxMyLyZK_Z6U.aDrqLxoKuZ0l8owP1i2z2LxY6_b1TyqLUDxm5aVqXaMEX03pGBLShrn6vQiSmyYSQCTNz41qtjAdseknL1R0UZt2vligTcVLHAEP7kUeQyx1wDLargItvSj36ootXYx.ayZjVAxtfjBunbuLwevoQVnrvv5rUxg47w.9iZB2SYSm4luG67uyzEfaQjf2BoipsR9VefYY3R6orGYfCOPE2Y3BofeVXASrrLG_EuY2WhUZGHaOVXLQYSNW643CwVbpy5OtW_4pBoZ6moTgxbKefd9FUMjKuKIe64yXcKXU7Vji0XgG6LcdobqXDQxBf2CyTebYUF7pgNTUaOcwxNW2SwnI2bTtiBkJtJ0iYkeZCmbNOEAMDs4q.lJRlsLlzCWq8oyMT9WwxAxzPr2BWv5CeP.s9gU5HUJOwcPkyDh9FE0xVt.khrrpxUCQjDIGtoOQuTx1fCznR12n7Yz7zkWEWtdyVw7k9e19n8QRlJWENSNu55_4fPzTrjKCYgpYspGdTFUhiNIse_Lu8fU2Za5Y7O.epkJzUg328Pm_EK_so_YCxRJob2RWsjg4dhtsdYLUYLjhNBgSDPeswOZqgefUfckedUfo9KTYE8rD0fhgvj5ShYer36DIM5I0kuLJnKDpGtvL7NTsmq8VCC9LPE1SxvSCTn0tChxXS84blPe9GSsutOE4dMVHEbMVlgrSJudz7AgMaWIR5TLDVPhNeBJo4zH79iagYJzDBkBuCxabZQWcMfC.KVD7hl9tY47y7tOP4YxygnLkKtSGLsJN0HpNs_9khsmCWYaOn9tJar3y4EUobjMqcxmqTdQTL9sK5pUtWR9tYWmj3fKeMbE0yXwBukovWogyo91AT7v8TzLBdT0XnrFGRu6XWatsdtYT_RfQBItiSJ8hcGicoliLq97hPotMvRTgBRlCl27549iS78OfwcjD_xxBKor2wNgbXU9IEsrgp39oRg0pEILN9g86C6aaqr3LId1K_CwAQ6Ae35qxNGjFtE2gfAqScoFzG0dmZyAp23CXHiETK6UYbSna0zfb7mXw.X1z6fTbN_uHCjT7LHE4BoraJK5.BZ5_XVumHbzEW.Uw1.lQYONdCxhTyCJ9RJkWoUR40kCZU_4.vRwERUdy0vjFGRhVT6sew18OVTo8pdM5JrIejRVmZ0Y.v0N._MHOXcSoPBinhTRU0MIug22UV30nkECjPOOfKycCi.y_qq229JjV.nwjfKADwQIWCkBvUnEoCkbVAyrm04eYU4j7j1auFu2i2Z_ZSPHFJ_AK6fuq2SZLxXWTwzWo5vJIKZcN3G3NjDAoIfO8DclsQtR5G9AD7RJDusTx13WkjHcd45WO22BtzfSuy_nAefpfr27rfU4wUZ2pPzcufsHevM1UOIBFWfCYK61uslcDxLl3M2xkMhbaqNjnmdgkeiDgnfJRhtAqMdHdsJY9m.9LtsSXGvfY5TFgARDOH6rr4ltTS_vbTMuQqOcqRLik5DVHP2o4m28.w5wcmvqYsnV7xRy5goaXbI4DJI_qOU_DCf.pzpVxzZ1Bc2al.SUjaIveo7j_DXWdOH4gOT21svWFKBPPsqNJq7QnaEaNIPrWbqF_MOX4XLhxPcWYyxUjDM938bIfHsUTwXoG8U5ZJNl.n1l.RSvfjvFeS8LYYUJDiFdyph7vO.IJSAfNjAxxd0tJqmuBHrAr1RpWUP5VmUBP5JaeD5sqP7mNnZOh5ZW9FRXYkVrGSCZ9y7DhrnNGS63FOpxjmhm"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9136b138edff4927';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Ishiekwen%20Bridget&__cf_chl_rt_tk=gG5SZ4gLDC5OPkDC.2MjAlp4oUmvSi2F70QzYLtXUFU-1739804901-1.0.1.1-YXnQZyyn.g0IN1LHrWQnqZRnBOh_CVPmeU8Gb5YcLM0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>