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Hugo Chávez – Wikipedia
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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Biografi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Barndom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barndom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Barndom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barndom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karriär_inom_det_militära_(1970–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karriär_inom_det_militära_(1970–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Karriär inom det militära (1970–1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karriär_inom_det_militära_(1970–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Caracazo_och_den_misslyckade_statskuppen_(1989–1992)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Caracazo_och_den_misslyckade_statskuppen_(1989–1992)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>El Caracazo och den misslyckade statskuppen (1989–1992)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Caracazo_och_den_misslyckade_statskuppen_(1989–1992)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vägen_till_presidentposten_(1994–1998)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vägen_till_presidentposten_(1994–1998)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Vägen till presidentposten (1994–1998)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vägen_till_presidentposten_(1994–1998)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chávez_som_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chávez_som_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chávez som president</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chávez_som_president-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Chávez som president</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chávez_som_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Översikt_(1998–2010)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Översikt_(1998–2010)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Översikt (1998–2010)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Översikt_(1998–2010)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reformer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Reformer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Val_och_folkomröstningar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Val_och_folkomröstningar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Val och folkomröstningar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Val_och_folkomröstningar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancern_(2011–2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancern_(2011–2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cancern (2011–2013)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancern_(2011–2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kritik_mot_Chávez" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kritik_mot_Chávez"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kritik mot Chávez</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kritik_mot_Chávez-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statskupp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statskupp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Statskupp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statskupp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utrikespolitiska_ställningstaganden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utrikespolitiska_ställningstaganden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Utrikespolitiska ställningstaganden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utrikespolitiska_ställningstaganden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latinamerika_och_USA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latinamerika_och_USA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Latinamerika och USA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latinamerika_och_USA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samarbete_med_oljeproducenter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samarbete_med_oljeproducenter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Samarbete med oljeproducenter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samarbete_med_oljeproducenter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mellanöstern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mellanöstern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Mellanöstern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mellanöstern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Övrigt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Övrigt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Övrigt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Övrigt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_sociala_missionerna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_sociala_missionerna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>De sociala missionerna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_sociala_missionerna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chávez_och_medierna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chávez_och_medierna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Chávez och medierna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chávez_och_medierna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kulturpolitik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kulturpolitik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Kulturpolitik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kulturpolitik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomisk_politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomisk_politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Ekonomisk politik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomisk_politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kontroversiella_uttalanden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kontroversiella_uttalanden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Kontroversiella uttalanden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kontroversiella_uttalanden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anklagelser_om_politiska_fångar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anklagelser_om_politiska_fångar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Anklagelser om politiska fångar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anklagelser_om_politiska_fångar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tryckta_källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tryckta_källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tryckta källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tryckta_källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hugo Chávez</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 138 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-138" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">138 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – acehnesiska" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="acehnesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%81%E1%8C%8E_%E1%89%BB%E1%89%AC%E1%8B%9D" title="ሁጎ ቻቬዝ – amhariska" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሁጎ ቻቬዝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – fornengelska" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="fornengelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="هوغو تشافيز – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هوغو تشافيز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqo_%C3%87aves" title="Uqo Çaves – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uqo Çaves" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="উগো চাভেস – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উগো চাভেস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Уго Чавес – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Уго Чавес" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Уга Чавес – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уга Чавес" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Уга Чавэс – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Уга Чавэс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Уго Чавес – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уго Чавес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ούγκο Τσάβες – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ούγκο Τσάβες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – extremaduriska" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremaduriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2" title="هوگو چاوز – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوگو چاوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – färöiska" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="färöiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – skotsk gäliska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gäliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EA%B3%A0_%EC%B0%A8%EB%B2%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="우고 차베스 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우고 차베스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%B8_%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Ուգո Չավես – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուգո Չավես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – högsorbiska" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="högsorbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чавес, Уго – ossetiska" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чавес, Уго" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A1" title="הוגו צ'אווס – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הוגו צ'אווס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="უგო ჩავესი – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უგო ჩავესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Уго Чавес – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уго Чавес" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_%C4%8Cavess" title="Ugo Čavess – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ugo Čavess" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Chavez" title="Hugo Chavez – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hugo Chavez" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Chavez" title="Hugo Chavez – lombardiska" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Hugo Chavez" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C" title="ह्युगो चाभेज – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ह्युगो चाभेज" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Уго Чавес – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Уго Чавес" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8A%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഊഗോ ചാവെസ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഊഗോ ചാവെസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – maltesiska" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9D" title="ह्युगो चावेझ – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ह्युगो चावेझ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="უგო ჩავესი – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უგო ჩავესი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="هوجو تشافيز – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هوجو تشافيز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2" title="هوگو چاوز – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هوگو چاوز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Уго Чавес – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уго Чавес" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C" title="ह्युगो चाभेज – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ह्युगो चाभेज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%99%E3%82%B9" title="ウゴ・チャベス – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウゴ・チャベス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чавес, Уго – tjetjenska" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чавес, Уго" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tjetjenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਹੂਗੋ ਚਾਵੇਜ਼ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੂਗੋ ਚਾਵੇਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="ہیوگو شاویز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیوگو شاویز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2" title="هوگو چاوز – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هوگو چاوز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – lågtyska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – karakalpakiska" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas" title="Hugo Chávez Frías – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hugo Chávez Frías" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чавес, Уго – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чавес, Уго" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – skotska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_%C3%87avez" title="Hugo Çavez – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hugo Çavez" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – sicilianska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="හියුගෝ චාවේස් – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හියුගෝ චාවේස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – silesiska" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Chavez" title="Hugo Chavez – somaliska" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hugo Chavez" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%86_%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%A4%DB%8E%D8%B2" title="ھوگۆ چاڤێز – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھوگۆ چاڤێز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – sranan tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Уго Чавез – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уго Чавез" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="ஊகோ சாவெசு – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊகோ சாவெசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Уго Чавес – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Уго Чавес" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8B" title="อูโก ชาเบซ – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อูโก ชาเบซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Ҳуго Рафаэл Чавез – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳуго Рафаэл Чавез" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_%C3%87awez" title="Ugo Çawez – turkmeniska" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ugo Çawez" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чавес, Уго – udmurtiska" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чавес, Уго" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Уго Чавес – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уго Чавес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="ہوگو چاویز – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہوگو چاویز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – venetianska" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Caves_Ugo" title="Čaves Ugo – veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čaves Ugo" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1vezi_Hugo" title="Chávezi Hugo – võru" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Chávezi Hugo" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – vallonska" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas" title="Hugo Chávez Frías – wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Hugo Chávez Frías" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%88%88%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%AF" title="乌戈·查韦斯 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乌戈·查韦斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%D7%90_%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%96" title="יוגא טשאוועז – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יוגא טשאוועז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E9%9F%8B%E6%96%AF" title="查韋斯 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="查韋斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – samogitiska" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%88%88%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E7%B6%AD%E8%8C%B2" title="烏戈·查維茲 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="烏戈·查維茲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Caves" title="Hugo Caves – talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hugo Caves" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8440#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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.mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style> <table class="infobox vcard" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%; text-align: left"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold"><span class="fn">Hugo Chávez</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Chavez141610.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hugo Chávez"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Chavez141610.jpg/200px-Chavez141610.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Chavez141610.jpg/300px-Chavez141610.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Chavez141610.jpg/400px-Chavez141610.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="2598" /></a></span><br /><div style="padding-top:0.4em"></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><hr /><div style="background:lavender;color: #202122; font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_Venezuelas_presidenter" title="Lista över Venezuelas presidenter">Venezuelas president</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center;"><b>Tid i befattningen</b><br />2 februari 1999–5 mars 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Företrädare </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Caldera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Caldera [inte skriven än]">Rafael Caldera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Efterträdare </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Maduro" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Maduro">Nicolas Maduro</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Född </th> <td><a href="/wiki/28_juli" title="28 juli">28 juli</a> <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabaneta,_Barinas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabaneta, Barinas [inte skriven än]">Sabaneta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barinas_(delstat)" title="Barinas (delstat)">Barinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Död </th> <td><a href="/wiki/5_mars" title="5 mars">5 mars</a> <a href="/wiki/2013" title="2013">2013</a> (58 år)<br /><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, Venezuela </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gravplats </th> <td><span class="modulwikidata2_missingswedishlabel" title="danska" data-q="Q55452107">Historiske museum i Caracas</span><sup id="cite_ref-c456dc5cd2117249948c288206ff3f8b1bf574f0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c456dc5cd2117249948c288206ff3f8b1bf574f0-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Politiskt parti </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuelas_f%C3%B6renade_socialistiska_parti" title="Venezuelas förenade socialistiska parti">Venezuelas förenade socialistiska parti</a> <small>(2008-2013)</small> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Quinta_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Movimiento Quinta República">Movimiento Quinta República</a> <small>(1997-2008)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Yrke </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Officer" title="Officer">Officer</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%96verstel%C3%B6jtnant" title="Överstelöjtnant">Överstelöjtnant</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Religion </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Katolik" class="mw-redirect" title="Katolik">Katolik</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Maka </th> <td>Nancy Colmenares (skild) <br /> Marisabel Rodríguez (skild) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Namnteckning </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Hugo_Chavez_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hugo Chávezs namnteckning"><img alt="Hugo Chávezs namnteckning" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hugo_Chavez_Signature.svg/128px-Hugo_Chavez_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hugo_Chavez_Signature.svg/192px-Hugo_Chavez_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hugo_Chavez_Signature.svg/256px-Hugo_Chavez_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="176" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías</b>, född <a href="/wiki/28_juli" title="28 juli">28 juli</a> <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabaneta,_Barinas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabaneta, Barinas [inte skriven än]">Sabaneta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barinas_(delstat)" title="Barinas (delstat)">Barinas</a>, död <a href="/wiki/5_mars" title="5 mars">5 mars</a> <a href="/wiki/2013" title="2013">2013</a> i <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> var <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelas</a> <a href="/wiki/President" title="President">president</a> från <a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a> fram till sin död <a href="/wiki/2013" title="2013">2013</a> samt partiledare för det styrande <a href="/wiki/Venezuelas_f%C3%B6renade_socialistiska_parti" title="Venezuelas förenade socialistiska parti">Venezuelas förenade socialistiska parti</a>. Chávez förespråkade ökat samarbete mellan de <a href="/wiki/Latinamerika" title="Latinamerika">latinamerikanska</a> länderna och <a href="/wiki/Antiimperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiimperialism">antiimperialism</a>, samtidigt som han förhöll sig mycket kritisk till <a href="/wiki/Konservatism" title="Konservatism">konservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyliberalism" title="Nyliberalism">nyliberalism</a> och <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a>:s utrikespolitiska hållning gentemot Latinamerika. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografi">Biografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Biografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Biografi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barndom">Barndom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Barndom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Barndom"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías föddes år 1954 i delstaten Barinas och växte upp under mycket fattiga förhållanden. De första levnadsåren tillbringade han i en liten hydda hos sin mormor, då hans föräldrar inte hade råd att ha honom hemma.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mormoderns inflytande kom att betyda mycket för hans filosofi. ”<i>[H]on lärde mig om vikten av solidaritet, värdighet och sympati för de mest utsatta, även när man själv inte har mycket att äta</i>”,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sa Chávez i en intervju år 2007. Under barndomen utvecklade Chávez ett stort intresse för baseboll, målning, historia och skönlitteratur. Framför allt hans läsning av den marxistiske poeten <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a> och författaren <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> samt upplysningsfilosofer som <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> skulle senare komma att influera hans politiska filosofi. Kontakten med den venezuelanska historien var avgörande för Chávez politiska utveckling. I <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezequiel_Zamora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ezequiel Zamora [inte skriven än]">Ezequiel Zamora</a>, den progressive liberalen som ledde ett bondeuppror på 1850-talet mot Venezuelas ”styrande oligarki”, fann Chávez en själsfrände från den nationella historien.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Också <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>, en av Latinamerikas största progressiva frihetshjältar, som ledde ett blodigt befrielsekrig mot de spanska kolonisatörerna, kom att influera den unge Chávez politiska utveckling.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bolívar påverkade Chávez till en sådan grad att hans latinamerikanska integrationsprojekt fick namnet ”den bolivarianska revolutionen”.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han blev tidigt troende kristen men har även kritiserat <a href="/wiki/Romersk-katolska_kyrkan" title="Romersk-katolska kyrkan">katolska kyrkan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karriär_inom_det_militära_(1970–1989)"><span id="Karri.C3.A4r_inom_det_milit.C3.A4ra_.281970.E2.80.931989.29"></span>Karriär inom det militära (1970–1989)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Karriär inom det militära (1970–1989)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Karriär inom det militära (1970–1989)"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vid 17 års ålder blev Hugo Chávez antagen till Venezuelas militärakademi. Där tillhörde han den första generation som fick genomleva den så kallade <i>Plan Andrés Bello</i>, en militär utbildningsdoktrin som syftade till att – utöver den militära utbildningen – ge unga kadetter en filosofisk, estetisk och humanistisk värdegrund.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politiska, militära och etiska debatter uppmuntrades, vilket ledde till att Chávez kunde fördjupa sitt intresse för Bolívar, Zamora och europeiska filosofer som <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> och <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>. År 1975 tog Chávez examen från militärhögskolan med toppbetyg i alla ämnen.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efter att ha studerat antigerillakrigföring, strid i bergslandskap och stridsvagnar fick han snabbt en tjänst som officer inom fallskärmsjägarna. Mellan 1975 och 1978 ledde han en antigerillaenhet som bekämpade den då kraftigt marginaliserade marxistiska gerillan <i>Bandera Roja</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senare fick han tjänst som major vid Venezuelas militärhögskola. Vid denna tid började han kritisera den venezuelanska militärledningen för brott mot de mänskliga rättigheterna i kampen mot gerillan. Chávez motsatte sig tortyr och dödande av fångade gerillasoldater och påstådda medhjälpare, vilket ledde till att han skaffade sig både fiender och allierade inom militären.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mot slutet av 1970-talet inledde Chávez ett samarbete med andra radikala militärer och civilister, vilket slutligen, under 1980-talet, skulle leda till bildandet av den radikala politiska rörelsen <a href="/wiki/MBR-200" class="mw-redirect" title="MBR-200">MBR-200</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="El_Caracazo_och_den_misslyckade_statskuppen_(1989–1992)"><span id="El_Caracazo_och_den_misslyckade_statskuppen_.281989.E2.80.931992.29"></span>El Caracazo och den misslyckade statskuppen (1989–1992)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: El Caracazo och den misslyckade statskuppen (1989–1992)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: El Caracazo och den misslyckade statskuppen (1989–1992)"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En händelse som skulle visa sig direkt avgörande för Chávez politiska utveckling var <i><a href="/wiki/Caracazo" title="Caracazo">El Caracazo</a></i> (”kaoset i <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>” i ungefärlig svensk översättning). År 1989 genomförde den dåvarande presidenten <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_Perez" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Andrés Perez">Carlos Andrés Perez</a>, efter påtryckningar från <a href="/wiki/Internationella_valutafonden" title="Internationella valutafonden">Internationella valutafonden</a> (IMF), nyliberala ekonomiska reformer.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dessa slog hårt mot den offentliga sektorn; allmänna sjukhus och välfärdsprogram privatiserades eller avskaffades helt, vilket ledde till kraftigt ökad fattigdom i det redan fattiga Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundratusentals människor gav sig ut på gatorna för att protestera mot reformerna. Reaktionen från myndigheterna blev hård, hundratals obeväpnade demonstranter sköts ihjäl av polisen under perioden februari–mars 1989,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och undantagstillstånd infördes i hela landet. Massakern övertygade Chávez om att Perez demokratiskt valda regering var olaglig, och revolutionärerna i MBR-200, som hade fått förstärkning av unga officerare som motsatte sig Perez agerande under El Caracazo, satte planer i verket för att störta regeringen.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chávez fick under 1991 befäl över elitstyrkan <i>Grupo Acciones de Comando</i>, och det var den som skulle bli spjutspetsen i kuppförsöket mot Perez i februari 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statskuppen misslyckades, vilket bland annat berodde på undermålig kommunikation mellan de militära enheterna.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Innan Chávez gav upp fick han tillfälle att tala inför folket i samtliga venezuelanska tv-kanaler, där han yttrade de berömda orden ”vi har misslyckats – tills vidare”.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_157_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_157-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Framträdandet skulle göra stort intryck på den venezuelanska arbetar- och medelklassen, där han bland vissa sågs som en hjälte som vågat stå emot Carlos Andrés Perez regering.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_157_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_157-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efter statskuppen fängslades Chávez, men han benådades två år senare efter hårda påtryckningar från allmänheten.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Chávez tid i fängelse växte hans rykte bland folket, och hans berömda ”por ahora” (”tills vidare”) blev ett bevingat slagord bland många regeringskritiker på gatorna.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vägen_till_presidentposten_(1994–1998)"><span id="V.C3.A4gen_till_presidentposten_.281994.E2.80.931998.29"></span>Vägen till presidentposten (1994–1998)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Vägen till presidentposten (1994–1998)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Vägen till presidentposten (1994–1998)"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Efter frigivandet 1994 gav sig Chávez ut på en turné till alla landets delar, där han besökte slumområden, deltog i lokala möten och försökte sprida budskapet om ”en ny demokratisk bolivarianism”, tänkt att bryta ned de gamla maktgruppernas monopol på makten<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_194_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_194-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> samt inkludera den tidigare exkluderade fattiga befolkningen i den politiska processen.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han misstroddes av delar av den venezuelanska allmänheten – även delar av vänstern – vilka av tradition såg militärer som ett hot mot demokratin.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_194_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_194-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I presidentvalet 1998 vann Chávez med 56,2 procent av rösterna. Hans närmaste konkurrent, Henrique Salas Römer, fick 39 procent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chávez_som_president"><span id="Ch.C3.A1vez_som_president"></span>Chávez som president</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Chávez som president" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Chávez som president"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Översikt_(1998–2010)"><span id=".C3.96versikt_.281998.E2.80.932010.29"></span>Översikt (1998–2010)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Översikt (1998–2010)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Översikt (1998–2010)"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Hugo_Chavez_in_Brazil-1861.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hugo_Chavez_in_Brazil-1861.jpeg/250px-Hugo_Chavez_in_Brazil-1861.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hugo_Chavez_in_Brazil-1861.jpeg/375px-Hugo_Chavez_in_Brazil-1861.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hugo_Chavez_in_Brazil-1861.jpeg/500px-Hugo_Chavez_in_Brazil-1861.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Hugo Chávez i <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien">Brasilien</a>, januari 2003.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chávez uttalade mål efter valsegern 1998 var att eliminera fattigdomens strukturella rötter, att ta tag i det utbredda problemet med korruption samt inkludera den fattiga delen av befolkningen i den politiska processen.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politiskt hade Venezuela präglats av nyliberala reformer under större delen av 1980- och 90-talet, vilka ledde till kraftigt ökad fattigdom och ökad maktkoncentration i den gamla elitens händer.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utrikespolitiskt grundlade han ett program baserat på latinamerikansk integration<sup id="cite_ref-Meade,_312_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meade,_312-29"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> samt en kraftig betoning på antiimperialism, vilket snabbt gjorde honom mycket impopulär bland vissa i nykonservativa kretsar i USA.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans kraftigaste stöd fanns bland Venezuelas fattiga majoritet.<sup id="cite_ref-Meade,_313_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meade,_313-31"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chávez kallade sitt politiska projekt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_bolivarianska_revolutionen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Den bolivarianska revolutionen [inte skriven än]">den bolivarianska revolutionen</a>, vars syfte är att införa ”2000-talets socialism” (<i>Socialismo del siglo XXI</i>), och då inte bara i Venezuela utan i hela Latinamerika. Mottot är ”Fädernesland, socialism eller döden” (<i>Patria, socialismo o muerte</i>).<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2010-12)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reformer">Reformer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Reformer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Reformer"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chávez vann popularitet genom subventioner och fri sjukvård.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Många fattiga venezuelaner såg även Chávez som den förste presidenten som representerade deras intressen.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I presidentvalet år 2000 vann han med 59,76 procent av rösterna.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> År 2004 försökte oppositionen tvinga honom att avgå genom att utlysa en folkomröstning där hans förtroende bland folket sattes på spel. Den omröstningen vann Chávez med 59 procent mot 40 procent.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Val_och_folkomröstningar"><span id="Val_och_folkomr.C3.B6stningar"></span>Val och folkomröstningar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Val och folkomröstningar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Val och folkomröstningar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I presidentvalet 2006 vann Chávez med 62,84 procent av rösterna över huvudopponenten Manuel Rosales, som fick 36,89 procent. Valet övervakades av <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a>, Carter Center och Europeiska unionen, vilka certifierade valutgången.<sup id="cite_ref-Meade,_313_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meade,_313-31"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EU-observatörerna riktade dock kraftig kritik mot att offentligt anställda under arbetstid arbetade på kampanjen för Chávez (p. 2 och 5 på s. 33 i rapporten), att statliga medier öppet stödde Chávez (p. 3 på s. 33 i rapporten), att valhemligheten bröts av valnämnder (p. 8 på s. 33 i rapporten) samt att hela 15 procent av vallokalerna inte mötte internationella krav (p. 10 på s. 33 i rapporten). Rapporten:<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211142427/http://www.eueomvenezuela.org/pdf/MOE_UE_Venezuela_2006_final_eng.pdf">[1]</a>. </p><p>Chávez utlyste 2007 en omstridd folkomröstning om en ny konstitution, där presidenten bland annat ville ta bort omvalsbegränsningar i nationella och lokala val, införa förbud mot ”diskriminering på grund av sexuell läggning”,<sup id="cite_ref-Meade,_313_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meade,_313-31"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lagstifta om <a href="/wiki/Sex_timmars_arbetsdag" title="Sex timmars arbetsdag">sex timmars arbetsdag</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> samt att Venezuela i grunden skulle ses som en ”socialistisk stat”. Chávez förlorade folkomröstningen med 49 procent mot 51 procent. I februari 2009 vann Chávez en folkomröstning som enbart gällde möjlighet till omval i lokala och nationella val. Folkomröstningen bevakades på plats av utsända från USA:s utrikesdepartement, <a href="/wiki/Europaparlamentet" title="Europaparlamentet">Europaparlamentet</a> och icke-statliga North American Congress on Latin America, vilka meddelade omvärlden att omröstningen ”över lag var rättvis, transparent och fri från oegentligheter”.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancern_(2011–2013)"><span id="Cancern_.282011.E2.80.932013.29"></span>Cancern (2011–2013)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Cancern (2011–2013)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Cancern (2011–2013)"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chávez meddelade sommaren 2011, efter att ha akutopererats på Kuba den 10 juni, att han drabbats av cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senare kom han att genomgå ytterligare tre operationer på Kuba under ett och ett halvt års tid. Chávez själv har anklagat USA för att vara skyldigt till att ge honom och andra sydamerikanska ledare cancer, och efter hans död uttalade sig hans vicepresident Nicolás Maduro i liknande banor.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den 5 mars 2013 avled Chávez på ett militärsjukhus i Caracas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kritik_mot_Chávez"><span id="Kritik_mot_Ch.C3.A1vez"></span>Kritik mot Chávez</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kritik mot Chávez" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kritik mot Chávez"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kritiken mot Chávez under 2000-talet, från mindre delar av det venezuelanska samhället, omfattade en rad områden. Redan tidigt anklagades han för att vara auktoritär och inkompetent.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delar av den inhemska pressen anklagade honom för censur,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> medan andra sektorer av samhället anklagade honom för att ignorera korruptionen och inte ta ordentliga tag för att förbättra sjukvården.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utländska oljebolag beskattades hårdare, vilket bland annat på grund av strejker och brist på resurser ledde till minskad oljeproduktion. Samtidigt tredubblades statens inkomster från oljan, vilket gav större möjligheter till satsningar inom den offentliga sektorn. Flera oljebolag lämnade landet,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> medan andra stannade kvar för att skriva på nya kontrakt i mångmiljardklassen.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Statskupp">Statskupp</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Statskupp" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Statskupp"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det största hotet mot Chávez regering kom dock i form av en statskupp i april 2002, som iscensattes av stora delar av oppositionen,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> många av de privata tv-kanalerna<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och delar av den venezuelanska militären.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interimspresidenten, affärsmagnaten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Carmona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Carmona [inte skriven än]">Pedro Carmona</a>, sa sig representera landets affärsmän och lovade att omedelbart stoppa regeringens sociala program efter maktövertagandet.<sup id="cite_ref-Meade,_312_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meade,_312-29"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carmona hade stort stöd från Chávezkritiska folkmassor på gatorna<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och vann omedelbart efter maktövertagandet stöd från USA.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efter 48 timmar störtades dock den nya interimsregeringen, då yngre officerare i den venezuelanska militären<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> efter påtryckningar från massiva Chávezvänliga demonstrationer i Caracas<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> valde att vara lojala med den demokratiskt valda regeringen och konstitutionen.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under oroligheterna dödades flera Chávezanhängare då de gav sig ut på gatorna för att visa sitt stöd för presidenten.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Många analytiker från USA menar dock att statskuppen var legitim, eftersom motståndet mot Chávez var så stort i breda folklager.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utrikespolitiska_ställningstaganden"><span id="Utrikespolitiska_st.C3.A4llningstaganden"></span>Utrikespolitiska ställningstaganden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Utrikespolitiska ställningstaganden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Utrikespolitiska ställningstaganden"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latinamerika_och_USA">Latinamerika och USA</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitt: Latinamerika och USA" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Latinamerika och USA"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chávez hade under sin tid vid makten knutit nära band med andra vänsterregeringar i Latinamerika, såsom <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Meade,_312_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meade,_312-29"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a> i <a href="/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien">Brasilien</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> på <a href="/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba">Kuba</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Cristina Fernández de Kirchner</a> i <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tillsammans bildade många av vänsterregeringarna handelsblocket <a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">ALBA</a>, som var tänkt att vara en motvikt till de hårt kritiserade frihandelsavtalen med USA.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hugo Chávez kallade projektet ”latinamerikansk integration”, vilket skulle syfta till att bryta USA:s <a href="/wiki/Hegemoni" title="Hegemoni">hegemoni</a> över kontinenten och öka tilltron och handeln mellan medlemsstaterna. </p><p>Parallellt blev relationerna mellan USA och Venezuela tämligen kyliga under Chávez tid vid makten. Chávez anklagade USA för att dels ha givit stöd till statskuppen 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dels ha lagt sig i landets inre angelägenheter genom donationer till oppositionspolitiker.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> USA, å andra sidan, kritiserade Chávez för den förda oljepolitiken – som ledde till dyrare olja för USA.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> USA såg även Chávez som en destabiliserande kraft i regionen.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relationerna med Colombia var under perioder mycket spända. Colombia anklagade Chávez för att ge stöd till <a href="/wiki/FARC" title="FARC">FARC-gerillan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> medan Venezuela anklagade Colombia för att gynna paramilitär aktivitet inom Venezuelas gränser.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Länderna bröt även vid upprepade tillfällen både handelskontrakt och diplomatiska förbindelser. I februari 2010, i samband med ett möte i Mexiko, visade dock båda länderna tecken på försoningsvilja.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vid en räd mot FARC, utförd av <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">colombiansk</a> militär på <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">ecuadorianskt</a> territorium i mars 2008, påstod den colombianska regeringen sig ha beslagtagit dokument som visade att Chávez givit 300 miljoner dollar till organisationen.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FARC-EP:s högste ledare Alfonso Cano tillbakavisade uppgifterna i augusti 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interpol sa att innehållet var autentiskt och att dokumentens innehåll inte hade förändrats under handläggningen av de colombianska myndigheterna.<sup id="cite_ref-vieira_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vieira-74"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Webbplatsen Colombiareports.com, som citerar Europapress avseende ett utomstående fall, hävdar i motsats till Interpols offentliga rapport att en medlem i den colombianska säkerhetspolisen ska ha erkänt att filerna ändrades under de första dagarna i statens ägo.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denna källa erkänner dock uttryckligen Interpols rapport.<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2015-12)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup> </p><p>Vapen som Sverige sålde till Venezuela år 1985 hamnade sedan i händerna på FARC-gerillan, och Sverige avbröt sedermera helt sin export av vapen till Venezuela efter att man beslutat att inte godta Chávez förklaringar.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samarbete_med_oljeproducenter">Samarbete med oljeproducenter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Redigera avsnitt: Samarbete med oljeproducenter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=15" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Samarbete med oljeproducenter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vidare knöt Chávez nära band med andra oljerika nationer världen över, såsom Iran<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och Libyen, där han öppet stödde <a href="/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi">Muammar al-Gaddafi</a> under det folkliga upproret och <a href="/wiki/Libyska_inb%C3%B6rdeskriget" title="Libyska inbördeskriget">libyska inbördeskriget</a> 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> med vilka han hoppades bilda en ekonomisk motvikt till USA. Förhållandet till Ryssland blev också kraftigt stärkt under de sista åren av Chávez styre. Rysslands president Medvedev kallade samarbetet Ryssland–Venezuela ”en nyckelfaktor för säkerheten i regionen”.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mellanöstern"><span id="Mellan.C3.B6stern"></span>Mellanöstern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Redigera avsnitt: Mellanöstern" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=16" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Mellanöstern"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I samband med <a href="/wiki/Libanonkriget_2006" title="Libanonkriget 2006">Libanonkriget 2006</a> tog han ställning genom att kalla hem Venezuelas <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%E2%80%99affaires" title="Chargé d’affaires">chargé d’affaires</a> från <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Israel svarade med att kalla hem sin ambassadör från Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chávez tog avstånd från det folkliga upproret i Syrien och gav stöd till <a href="/wiki/Baathpartiet_(Syrien)" title="Baathpartiet (Syrien)">Baathpartiets</a> regering under president <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Övrigt"><span id=".C3.96vrigt"></span>Övrigt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Redigera avsnitt: Övrigt" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=17" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Övrigt"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Han gav sig även ut på långa turnéer jorden runt, där han bland annat träffade <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Lukasjenko" title="Aleksandr Lukasjenko">Aleksandr Lukasjenko</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_sociala_missionerna">De sociala missionerna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Redigera avsnitt: De sociala missionerna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=18" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: De sociala missionerna"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chávez uttalade mål var att utradera fattigdomen i Venezuela. För detta ändamål instiftade hans regering 2003 ett antal så kallade bolivarianska missioner. Mission Robinson skulle hjälpa unga och gamla venezuelaner som inte hade haft tillgång till ordentlig skolgång att lära sig läsa och skriva. Misión Ribas erbjöd äldre ungdomar utan fullständig gymnasieutbildning gratis gymnasieutbildning. Unesco beskrev skolreformerna som lyckade och konstaterade i en rapport att analfabetismen i Venezuela hade utraderats.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mission Mercal var en landsomfattande varuhuskedja som sålde mat och andra produkter till kraftigt subventionerade priser.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Misión Barrio Adentro erbjöd alla venezuelaner gratis sjukvård i tre steg: grundläggande vård, specialistvård och avancerad vård.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mission Guaicaipuro syftade till att säkerställa den venezuelanska ursprungsbefolkningens rättigheter, medan andra mer kontroversiella missioner, som Mission Zamora, gav fattiga bönder rätt att expropriera storbönders mark, vilket vållade kraftiga protester bland jordägare på den venezuelanska landsbygden vilka ansåg att Chávez ”visade bristande respekt för privat egendom”.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effekterna av Chávez missioner var omstridda. Kritiker menade att de positiva effekterna åts upp av korruption, inkompetens och ineffektiv byråkrati,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> medan förespråkare pekade på att fattigdomen i Venezuela minskade från 48,7 procent 1999 till 28,5 procent 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-websie.eclac.cl_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-websie.eclac.cl-96"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> samtidigt som den så kallade extrema fattigdomen minskade från 21,7 procent år 1999 till 8,5 procent under 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-websie.eclac.cl_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-websie.eclac.cl-96"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> År 2010 publicerade OAS, ECLEC och <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rldsbanken" title="Världsbanken">Världsbanken</a> en gemensam rapport där resultatet visade att fattigdomen minskade ytterligare under perioden 2007–2009, från 28,5 procent 2007 till 23 procent år 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venezuela steg mellan 1998 och 2010 i det så kallade <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>, från 101:a plats 1998 till 79:e plats 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enligt tidskriften The Economist räknades Venezuela som en ”hybridregim”.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> rankade Venezuela som en ”demokrati med förhinder”.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chávez_och_medierna"><span id="Ch.C3.A1vez_och_medierna"></span>Chávez och medierna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Redigera avsnitt: Chávez och medierna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=19" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Chávez och medierna"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chávez genomförde flera förändringar av medielandskapet. Flera av dessa begränsade tryck- och yttrandefriheten. Bland annat stängdes regeringskritiska radio- och tv-stationer ned och tv-kanaler tvingades ibland att avbryta sina sändningar för att i stället sända Chávez tal.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chávez försökte under sin regeringstid främja bildandet av alternativa mediekanaler. Närradio, som ägdes av lokala kvarter, ökade från 50 stationer 2002 till 300 stationer 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syftet med lokalradion var, enligt kvartersorganisationerna, att människor i fattiga områden skulle ha en möjlighet att nå ut med en åsikt och beskriva sin egen vardag.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> För att möjliggöra detta lanserade regeringen en landsomfattande kampanj i mediekunskap, där tiotusentals människor fick lära sig hur man använde en kamera, sände i radio och redigerade oklippt material.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chávez startade även tre nya <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">public service</a>-kanaler, bland dem kulturkanalen Vive TV, vars uttalade mål var att skildra "<i>[L]atinamerika ur latinamerikanernas eget perspektiv</i>" och att "<i>beskriva verkligheten ur de fattigas synvinkel</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_430_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_430-105"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public service-kanalerna kritiserades av bland andra <a href="/wiki/Connie_Mack_IV" title="Connie Mack IV">Connie Mack IV</a>, en amerikansk kongressledamot från <a href="/wiki/Republikanska_partiet_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republikanska partiet (USA)">Republikanska partiet</a>, känd för sitt extrema motstånd mot Hugo Chávez<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och som beskrev kanalerna som ”statskontrollerad antiamerikansk propaganda” och föreslog att USA borde använda <a href="/wiki/Radarst%C3%B6rning" title="Radarstörning">radarstörningsteknik</a> för att slå ut kanalernas sändningar.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efter statskuppen mot regeringen 2002 blev förhållandet mellan Chávez och vissa av de inhemska tv-kanalerna högst antagonistiskt. Tv-kanalen som stod i centrum för regeringens uppmärksamhet, RCTV, hade en aktiv roll i planeringen och genomförandet av statskuppen mot Chávez.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I januari 2010 stängde regeringen tillfälligt ned RCTV med hänvisning till Venezuelas medielagar, som krävde av tv-kanaler att de inte skulle visa sex, våld och fult språk vid tidpunkter då barn var vakna.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I februari 2010 registrerade sig RCTV med CONATEL och återfick därmed rätten att fortsätta sändningarna i hela Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I juni 2010 utfärdades en häktningsorder för majoritetsägaren i Globovision, som tillsammans med bland annat Venevision och Televen var tre av många regeringskritiska tv-kanaler i landet.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Även hans son begärdes häktad. De flydde bägge till USA, där de sas överväga att söka politisk asyl.<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2010-12)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kulturpolitik">Kulturpolitik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kulturpolitik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=20" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kulturpolitik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chávez genomförde ett flertal reformer inom det kulturella området. Hans uttalade mål var att minska den amerikanska konsumtionskulturens inflytande i det venezuelanska samhället, för att i stället ge företräde för latinamerikanska och europeiska kulturyttringar.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_430_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_430-105"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I december 2005 införde regeringen en lag om mediernas ansvarstagande som krävde av lokala radiostationer att 50 procent av musiken som spelades måste vara inhemsk folkmusik, vilket ledde till ett uppsving för folkmusiker som Simón Díaz.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_430_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_430-105"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chávez ökade även anslagen till bokcirklar och lät trycka upp hundratusentals exemplar av bland annat <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote" title="Don Quijote">Don Quijote</a></i> och <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugos</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Samh%C3%A4llets_olycksbarn_(bok)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhällets olycksbarn (bok)">Samhällets olycksbarn</a></i>, vilka distribuerades gratis bland befolkningen.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_430_105-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_430-105"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-112"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victor Garcia, en förlagsredaktör i Caracas, kritiserade samtidigt Chávez för att inte subventionera bokimporter: ”Hur kommer det sig att en regering som vill främja läsandet kan tillåta världens högsta bokpriser?”<sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-112"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chávez lanserade även en landsomfattande kampanj för att höja ursprungsbefolkningens status.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bland annat föreslog han att vattenfallet <a href="/wiki/Angelfallen" title="Angelfallen">Angelfallen</a> parallellt borde benämnas <i>Kerepakupai merú</i> (<i>Den djupaste platsens vattenfall</i>), vilket är ursprungsbefolkningens namn på fallen. Han betonade dock att Angelfallen skulle vara det officiella namnet även i framtiden.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I juni 2009 introducerades en ny medielag som tvingade nationella kanaler att producera mer än 70 procent av sitt material i Venezuela samt att avbryta sändningar för att visa meddelanden från presidenten.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-115"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekonomisk_politik">Ekonomisk politik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Redigera avsnitt: Ekonomisk politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=21" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Ekonomisk politik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chávez ekonomiska politik hade sin grund i landets stora oljeresurser. Tack vare höjda skatter för utländska bolag som utvinner olja i Venezuela, samt nationaliseringar av delar av industrin, har den venezolanska staten mångdubblat inkomsterna från oljan. De statliga oljeintäkterna har ökat från 6 miljarder dollar årligen 1999, till 25 miljarder dollar årligen 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengarna har möjliggjort kraftigt ökade anslag för välfärdssatsningar inom sjukvård, infrastruktur, skola, m.m.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den statliga inblandningen inom det ekonomiska fältet växte under Chávezadministrationen. Anslagen till utbildning ökade från 3,4% av BNP 1998 till 5,1% 2006. Anslagen till sjukvården ökade markant från 1,8% av BNP år 2000, till 7,71% av BNP år 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Många analytiker menade dock att Venezuela måste bryta sitt beroende av oljeexporterna och istället satsa på andra delar av industrin, något som kritiker menar att Chávez delvis har misslyckats med.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Konfiskering av privata affärer förekommer om de "stör samhället", vilket i praktiken innebär att om de inte följer prisbegränsningarna utsatta av regeringen beslagtas affären. Istället väljer många affärsägare att inte sälja något och hyllorna gapar tomma.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I början av 2010 genomförde Venezuela en devalvering av valutan på 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kontroversiella_uttalanden">Kontroversiella uttalanden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kontroversiella uttalanden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=22" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kontroversiella uttalanden"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hugo Chávez har ibland tagit till hårda ord mot högerledare. Som exempel kan nämnas att han kallade Tysklands förbundskansler <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> för nazist,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I september 2006 kallade Chávez <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> för "djävulen".<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han har flera gånger hotat att stoppa <a href="/wiki/Olja" title="Olja">oljeleveranserna</a> till USA om de lägger sig i landets affärer. </p><p>Han ska också ha kallat Spaniens premiärminister <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">José María Aznar</a> för fascist.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I samband med <a href="/wiki/Libanonkriget_2006" title="Libanonkriget 2006">Libanonkriget 2006</a> gjorde Chavez uttalanden som jämförde Israel med <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> och beskrev dess handlingar som ett "nytt <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rintelsen" title="Förintelsen">Förintelsen</a></i>", samt klandrade USA för deras engagemang och kallade det en terroriststat.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I samband med den amerikanska presidentvalskampanjen 2008 kallade Chavez presidentkandidaten <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> för "el negro"¨("den svarte"),<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och vid <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6renta_nationernas_klimatkonferens_i_K%C3%B6penhamn_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Förenta nationernas klimatkonferens i Köpenhamn 2009">Förenta nationernas klimatkonferens i Köpenhamn 2009</a> sade han att talarstolen luktade svavel, en anspelning på hans tidigare kommentarer om Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vid ett toppmöte mellan de latinamerikanska presidenterna i <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn" title="Cancún">Cancún</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko">Mexiko</a>, i februari 2010, skrek Chavez till <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombias</a> president <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Uribe" title="Álvaro Uribe">Álvaro Uribe</a>: <i>¡Vete al carajo!</i> eller "dra åt helvete!".<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efter att den inter-amerikanska kommissionen för mänskliga rättigheter, en del av <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, i en 300 sidor lång rapport kritiserat Venezuela för brott mot de mänskliga rättigheterna, förklarade Chavez den 25 februari 2010, att Venezuela skall lämna kommissionen, att rapporten var "skräp", att kommissionen var en "maffia" och att kommissionens ordförande var "en skit".<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anklagelser_om_politiska_fångar"><span id="Anklagelser_om_politiska_f.C3.A5ngar"></span>Anklagelser om politiska fångar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Redigera avsnitt: Anklagelser om politiska fångar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=23" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Anklagelser om politiska fångar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enligt kritiker har Chávez låtit fängsla domaren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_Lourdes_Afiuni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="María Lourdes Afiuni [inte skriven än]">María Lourdes Afiuni</a> på falska anklagelser om korruption, för att hon inte häktade den misstänkte (bankmannen Eligio Cedeño), utan frigav honom villkorligt.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den 12 juli 2010 arresterades politikern <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Pe%C3%B1a_Esclusa" title="Alejandro Peña Esclusa">Alejandro Peña Esclusa</a> på anklagelser för terrorism. Alejandro Peña själv hade påtalat i videofilmer på Internet att regeringen var i färd med att fabricera bevis mot honom,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och vid husrannsakan bröt polisen mot lagen, men domaren dömde vid häktningsförhandlingen att det var befogat med motiveringen att den misstänkte annars kanske inte skulle kunna dömas. Av dessa skäl betraktas han allmänt bland regimkritiker som en politisk fånge som fängslats för att inte kunna delta i valkampanjen.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det förekommer ett utbrett polis- och militärvåld samt trakasserier av MR-grupper och journalister i landet enligt svenska utrikesdepartementet.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-115"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domstolsväsendet anses inte oberoende, rättssäkerheten är otillfredsställande och det råder utbredd korruption. Tortyr förekommer, och det finns uppgifter om utomrättsliga avrättningar. Även godtyckliga frihetsberövanden förekommer. Överbeläggning och utbrett våld försämrar de redan omänskliga förhållandena i landets fängelser.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-115"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=24" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=25" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-c456dc5cd2117249948c288206ff3f8b1bf574f0-1"><a href="#cite_ref-c456dc5cd2117249948c288206ff3f8b1bf574f0_1-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">hämtat från: <a href="/wiki/Spanskspr%C3%A5kiga_Wikipedia" title="Spanskspråkiga Wikipedia">spanskspråkiga Wikipedia</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svd.se/nyheter/utrikes/hugo-chavez-dod_7969788.svd">SvD:Hugo Chavez död</a>(Publicerad:6 mars 2013 kl. 00:10. Uppdaterad: 6 mars 2013 kl. 10:45)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-21679053">”Iconic Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez dies”</a> (på engelska). BBC. 6 mars 2013<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-21679053">http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-21679053</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Iconic+Venezuelan+president+Hugo+Chavez+dies&rft.atitle=&rft.date=6+mars+2013&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-21679053&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, 1ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/09/25/venezuela.chavez.interview/index.html">”Chavez reveals personal side, criticizes U.S.”</a> (på engelska). CNN. 25 september 2009<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/09/25/venezuela.chavez.interview/index.html">http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/09/25/venezuela.chavez.interview/index.html</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chavez+reveals+personal+side%2C+criticizes+U.S.&rft.atitle=&rft.date=25+september+2009&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2009%2FWORLD%2Famericas%2F09%2F25%2Fvenezuela.chavez.interview%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Harnecker, 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Harnecker, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones,_157-22">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_157_22-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_157_22-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Jones, 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, 55-56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones,_194-25">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_194_25-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_194_25-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Jones, 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, 56-60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, 17-18 och 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meade,_312-29">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Meade,_312_29-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meade,_312_29-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meade,_312_29-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Meade, 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-08-22-robertson-_x.htm">”Pat Robertson calls for assassination of Hugo Chavez”</a> (på engelska). USA Today. 22 augusti 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-08-22-robertson-_x.htm">http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-08-22-robertson-_x.htm</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Pat+Robertson+calls+for+assassination+of+Hugo+Chavez&rft.atitle=&rft.date=22+augusti+2008&rft.pub=USA+Today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2005-08-22-robertson-_x.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meade,_313-31">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Meade,_313_31-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meade,_313_31-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meade,_313_31-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Meade, 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/v/venezuela/venezuela-presidential-election-2000.html">”Venezuela. Presidential Election 2000”</a> (på engelska). electoralgeography.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/v/venezuela/venezuela-presidential-election-2000.html">https://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/v/venezuela/venezuela-presidential-election-2000.html</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Venezuela.+Presidential+Election+2000&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=electoralgeography.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electoralgeography.com%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fv%2Fvenezuela%2Fvenezuela-presidential-election-2000.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/v/venezuela/venezuela-recall-referendum-2004.html">”Venezuela. Recall Referendum 2004”</a> (på engelska). electoralgeography.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/v/venezuela/venezuela-recall-referendum-2004.html">https://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/v/venezuela/venezuela-recall-referendum-2004.html</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Venezuela.+Recall+Referendum+2004&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=electoralgeography.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electoralgeography.com%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fv%2Fvenezuela%2Fvenezuela-recall-referendum-2004.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Meade, 313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7893907.stm">”US welcomes Venezuela's term vote”</a> (på engelska). BBC. 17 februari 2009<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7893907.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7893907.stm</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=US+welcomes+Venezuela%27s+term+vote&rft.atitle=&rft.date=17+februari+2009&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F7893907.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nacla.org/node/5741">”Debrief: New Report on Venezuela's Re-Election Referendum”</a> (på engelska). nacla.org<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://nacla.org/node/5741">https://nacla.org/node/5741</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Debrief%3A+New+Report+on+Venezuela%27s+Re-Election+Referendum&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=nacla.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnacla.org%2Fnode%2F5741&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svd.se/chavez-jag-har-cancer">”Chavez: Jag har cancer”</a>. Svenska Dagbladet. 1 juli 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.svd.se/chavez-jag-har-cancer">https://www.svd.se/chavez-jag-har-cancer</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chavez%3A+Jag+har+cancer&rft.atitle=&rft.date=1+juli+2011&rft.pub=Svenska+Dagbladet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svd.se%2Fchavez-jag-har-cancer&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/chavez-anklagar-usa-for-att-ge-ledare-cancer/">”Chavez anklagar USA för att ge ledare cancer”</a>. Dagens Nyheter. 30 december 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/chavez-anklagar-usa-for-att-ge-ledare-cancer/">http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/chavez-anklagar-usa-for-att-ge-ledare-cancer/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chavez+anklagar+USA+f%C3%B6r+att+ge+ledare+cancer&rft.atitle=&rft.date=30+december+2011&rft.pub=Dagens+Nyheter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.se%2Fnyheter%2Fvarlden%2Fchavez-anklagar-usa-for-att-ge-ledare-cancer%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article16361662.ab">”Hugo Chavez död”</a>. Aftonbladet. 5 mars 2013<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article16361662.ab">http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article16361662.ab</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Hugo+Chavez+d%C3%B6d&rft.atitle=&rft.date=5+mars+2013&rft.pub=Aftonbladet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftonbladet.se%2Fnyheter%2Farticle16361662.ab&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816164047/http://vheadline.com/readnews.asp?id=88765">”Arkiverade kopian”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vheadline.com/readnews.asp?id%3D88765">originalet</a> den 16 augusti 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816164047/http://vheadline.com/readnews.asp?id=88765">https://web.archive.org/web/20160816164047/http://vheadline.com/readnews.asp?id=88765</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 mars 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arkiverade+kopian&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160816164047%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fvheadline.com%2Freadnews.asp%3Fid%3D88765&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080116063208/http://english.eluniversal.com/2008/01/07/en_eco_art_venezuelan-oil-outpu_07A1289161.shtml">”Venezuelan oil output down 378,000 bpd in three years”</a> (på engelska). eluniversal.com. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.eluniversal.com/2008/01/07/en_eco_art_venezuelan-oil-outpu_07A1289161.shtml">originalet</a> den 16 januari 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080116063208/http://english.eluniversal.com/2008/01/07/en_eco_art_venezuelan-oil-outpu_07A1289161.shtml">https://web.archive.org/web/20080116063208/http://english.eluniversal.com/2008/01/07/en_eco_art_venezuelan-oil-outpu_07A1289161.shtml</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Venezuelan+oil+output+down+378%2C000+bpd+in+three+years&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=eluniversal.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080116063208%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fenglish.eluniversal.com%2F2008%2F01%2F07%2Fen_eco_art_venezuelan-oil-outpu_07A1289161.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-11817233">”ENI signs $17bn Venezuela oil deal”</a> (på engelska). BBC. 23 november 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-11817233">http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-11817233</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ENI+signs+%2417bn+Venezuela+oil+deal&rft.atitle=&rft.date=23+november+2010&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-11817233&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1929498.stm">”Analysis: After the would-be coup”</a> (på engelska). BBC. 14 april 2002<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1929498.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1929498.stm</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Analysis%3A+After+the+would-be+coup&rft.atitle=&rft.date=14+april+2002&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F1929498.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Wilpert, 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/13813460">”Riddle wrapped in a mystery”</a> (på engelska). The Economist. 11 juni 2009<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.economist.com/node/13813460">http://www.economist.com/node/13813460</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Riddle+wrapped+in+a+mystery&rft.atitle=&rft.date=11+juni+2009&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F13813460&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Wilpert, 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4263025.stm">”Lula and Chavez to boost alliance”</a> (på engelska). BBC. 14 februari 2005<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4263025.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4263025.stm</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Lula+and+Chavez+to+boost+alliance&rft.atitle=&rft.date=14+februari+2005&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F4263025.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/998002.stm">”Castro and Chavez croon together”</a> (på engelska). BBC. 30 oktober 2000<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/998002.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/998002.stm</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Castro+and+Chavez+croon+together&rft.atitle=&rft.date=30+oktober+2000&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F998002.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/19/obama-latin-america">”Barack Obama offers olive branch to Chávez, Ortega and Latin America”</a> (på engelska). The Guardian. 19 april 2009<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/19/obama-latin-america">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/19/obama-latin-america</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama+offers+olive+branch+to+Ch%C3%A1vez%2C+Ortega+and+Latin+America&rft.atitle=&rft.date=19+april+2009&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fapr%2F19%2Fobama-latin-america&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Meade, 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070503124944/http://www.focusweb.org/alba-venezuela-s-answer-to-free-trade-the-bolivarian-alternative-for-the-ame.html">”ALBA Venezuela’s answer to “free trade”: the Bolivarian alternative for the Americas”</a> (på engelska). focusweb.org. 23 november 2006. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.focusweb.org/alba-venezuela-s-answer-to-free-trade-the-bolivarian-alternative-for-the-ame.html">originalet</a> den 3 maj 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070503124944/http://www.focusweb.org/alba-venezuela-s-answer-to-free-trade-the-bolivarian-alternative-for-the-ame.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20070503124944/http://www.focusweb.org/alba-venezuela-s-answer-to-free-trade-the-bolivarian-alternative-for-the-ame.html</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ALBA+Venezuela%E2%80%99s+answer+to+%E2%80%9Cfree+trade%E2%80%9D%3A+the+Bolivarian+alternative+for+the+Americas&rft.atitle=&rft.date=23+november+2006&rft.pub=focusweb.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070503124944%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.focusweb.org%2Falba-venezuela-s-answer-to-free-trade-the-bolivarian-alternative-for-the-ame.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Golinger, 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Golinger, 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Meade, 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colombiareports.com/farc-leader-resides-in-venezuela-colombia">”FARC leader hiding in Venezuela: Colombia”</a> (på engelska). Colombia Reports. 19 februari 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://colombiareports.com/farc-leader-resides-in-venezuela-colombia">http://colombiareports.com/farc-leader-resides-in-venezuela-colombia</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=FARC+leader+hiding+in+Venezuela%3A+Colombia&rft.atitle=&rft.date=19+februari+2010&rft.pub=Colombia+Reports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolombiareports.com%2Ffarc-leader-resides-in-venezuela-colombia&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colombiareports.com/colombian-paras-want-to-overthrow-venezuela-chavez/">”Chavez: Colombian paramilitaries plot Venezuela coup”</a> (på engelska). Colombia Reports. 22 februari 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://colombiareports.com/colombian-paras-want-to-overthrow-venezuela-chavez/">http://colombiareports.com/colombian-paras-want-to-overthrow-venezuela-chavez/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chavez%3A+Colombian+paramilitaries+plot+Venezuela+coup&rft.atitle=&rft.date=22+februari+2010&rft.pub=Colombia+Reports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolombiareports.com%2Fcolombian-paras-want-to-overthrow-venezuela-chavez%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colombiareports.com/chavez-i-want-to-normalize-relations-with-colombia">”Chavez: I want to normalize relations with Colombia”</a> (på engelska). Colombia Reports. 23 februari 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://colombiareports.com/chavez-i-want-to-normalize-relations-with-colombia">http://colombiareports.com/chavez-i-want-to-normalize-relations-with-colombia</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chavez%3A+I+want+to+normalize+relations+with+Colombia&rft.atitle=&rft.date=23+februari+2010&rft.pub=Colombia+Reports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolombiareports.com%2Fchavez-i-want-to-normalize-relations-with-colombia&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colombiareports.com/terrorist-official-doesnt-equal-terrorist-state-uribe">”Uribe defends Venezuela against FARC-ETA accusations”</a> (på engelska). Colombia Reports. 5 mars 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://colombiareports.com/terrorist-official-doesnt-equal-terrorist-state-uribe">http://colombiareports.com/terrorist-official-doesnt-equal-terrorist-state-uribe</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Uribe+defends+Venezuela+against+FARC-ETA+accusations&rft.atitle=&rft.date=5+mars+2010&rft.pub=Colombia+Reports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolombiareports.com%2Fterrorist-official-doesnt-equal-terrorist-state-uribe&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503064502/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/03/03/ecuador.colombia/?iref=mpstoryview">”Ecuador: Colombian raid prevented release of captives”</a> (på engelska). CNN/AP. 3 mars 2008. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/03/03/ecuador.colombia/?iref=mpstoryview">originalet</a> den 3 maj 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503064502/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/03/03/ecuador.colombia/?iref=mpstoryview">https://web.archive.org/web/20080503064502/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/03/03/ecuador.colombia/?iref=mpstoryview</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 7 mars 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ecuador%3A+Colombian+raid+prevented+release+of+captives&rft.atitle=&rft.date=3+mars+2008&rft.pub=CNN%2FAP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080503064502%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2008%2FWORLD%2Famericas%2F03%2F03%2Fecuador.colombia%2F%3Firef%3Dmpstoryview&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.telesurtv.net/noticias/secciones/nota/55759-NN/farc-niegan-vinculos-con-correa-y-recibimiento-de-armas-por-parte-de-venezuela/">http://www.telesurtv.net/noticias/secciones/nota/55759-NN/farc-niegan-vinculos-con-correa-y-recibimiento-de-armas-por-parte-de-venezuela/</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B6da_l%C3%A4nkar" title="Wikipedia:Döda länkar">[<span title="Denna externa länk fungerar inte (2016-07)"><i>död länk</i></span>]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vieira-74"><a href="#cite_ref-vieira_74-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Constanza Vieira, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/05/colombia-interpol-notes-improper-initial-handling-of-farc-laptops/">"COLOMBIA: Interpol Notes Improper Initial Handling of FARC Laptops"</a>, <i>Inter Press Service Agency</i>, May 15, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520195134/http://english.eluniversal.com/2008/05/16/en_ing_art_interpol-authenticat_16A1582759.shtml">”Interpol authenticates files from Reyes' computers”</a> (på engelska). eluniversal.com. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.eluniversal.com/2008/05/16/en_ing_art_interpol-authenticat_16A1582759.shtml">originalet</a> den 20 maj 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520195134/http://english.eluniversal.com/2008/05/16/en_ing_art_interpol-authenticat_16A1582759.shtml">https://web.archive.org/web/20080520195134/http://english.eluniversal.com/2008/05/16/en_ing_art_interpol-authenticat_16A1582759.shtml</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Interpol+authenticates+files+from+Reyes%27+computers&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=eluniversal.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080520195134%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fenglish.eluniversal.com%2F2008%2F05%2F16%2Fen_ing_art_interpol-authenticat_16A1582759.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105224540/https://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2008/PR026">”INTERPOL reaffirms key findings of its examination of seized FARC computers in response to efforts to distort conclusions”</a> (på engelska). Interpol. 13 juni 2008. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2008/PR026">originalet</a> den 5 november 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105224540/https://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2008/PR026">https://web.archive.org/web/20161105224540/https://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2008/PR026</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 februari 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=INTERPOL+reaffirms+key+findings+of+its+examination+of+seized+FARC+computers+in+response+to+efforts+to+distort+conclusions&rft.atitle=&rft.date=13+juni+2008&rft.pub=Interpol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20161105224540%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.interpol.int%2FNews-and-media%2FNews%2F2008%2FPR026&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colombiareports.com/police-investigator-admits-to-manipulating-rayes-files">”Police investigator admits manipulating Reyes’ files”</a> (på engelska). Colombia Reports. 5 augusti 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://colombiareports.com/police-investigator-admits-to-manipulating-rayes-files">http://colombiareports.com/police-investigator-admits-to-manipulating-rayes-files</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Police+investigator+admits+manipulating+Reyes%E2%80%99+files&rft.atitle=&rft.date=5+augusti+2010&rft.pub=Colombia+Reports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolombiareports.com%2Fpolice-investigator-admits-to-manipulating-rayes-files&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svd.se/venezuela-skulle-inte-fa-kopa-vapen-av-sverige-idag">”Venezuela skulle inte få köpa vapen av Sverige idag”</a>. Svenska Dagbladet. 29 juli 2009<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.svd.se/venezuela-skulle-inte-fa-kopa-vapen-av-sverige-idag">https://www.svd.se/venezuela-skulle-inte-fa-kopa-vapen-av-sverige-idag</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Venezuela+skulle+inte+f%C3%A5+k%C3%B6pa+vapen+av+Sverige+idag&rft.atitle=&rft.date=29+juli+2009&rft.pub=Svenska+Dagbladet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svd.se%2Fvenezuela-skulle-inte-fa-kopa-vapen-av-sverige-idag&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/sverige-stoppar-vapenexport-till-venezuela/">”Sverige stoppar vapenexport till Venezuela”</a>. Dagens Nyheter. 27 juli 2009<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/sverige-stoppar-vapenexport-till-venezuela/">http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/sverige-stoppar-vapenexport-till-venezuela/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Sverige+stoppar+vapenexport+till+Venezuela&rft.atitle=&rft.date=27+juli+2009&rft.pub=Dagens+Nyheter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.se%2Fnyheter%2Fvarlden%2Fsverige-stoppar-vapenexport-till-venezuela%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11593197">”Iran and Venezuela deepen 'strategic alliance'”</a>. <i><span>Iran and Venezuela deepen 'strategic alliance'</span></i>. BBC news<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11593197">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11593197</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 februari 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Iran+and+Venezuela+deepen+%27strategic+alliance%27&rft.atitle=Iran+and+Venezuela+deepen+%27strategic+alliance%27&rft.pub=BBC+news&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-11593197&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/hugo-chavez-stottar-khaddafi/">”Hugo Chavez stöttar Khaddafi”</a>. Dagens Nyheter. 28 februari 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/hugo-chavez-stottar-khaddafi/">http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/hugo-chavez-stottar-khaddafi/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Hugo+Chavez+st%C3%B6ttar+Khaddafi&rft.atitle=&rft.date=28+februari+2011&rft.pub=Dagens+Nyheter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.se%2Fnyheter%2Fvarlden%2Fhugo-chavez-stottar-khaddafi%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svd.se/chavez-och-medvedev-sluter-nya-band">”Chavez och Medvedev sluter nya band”</a>. Svenska Dagbladet. 22 juli 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.svd.se/chavez-och-medvedev-sluter-nya-band">https://www.svd.se/chavez-och-medvedev-sluter-nya-band</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chavez+och+Medvedev+sluter+nya+band&rft.atitle=&rft.date=22+juli+2008&rft.pub=Svenska+Dagbladet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svd.se%2Fchavez-och-medvedev-sluter-nya-band&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/jul/22/russia-increases-weapon-sales-to-chavez/">”Russia increases weapon sales to Chavez”</a>. The Washington Times. 22 juli 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/jul/22/russia-increases-weapon-sales-to-chavez/">http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/jul/22/russia-increases-weapon-sales-to-chavez/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Russia+increases+weapon+sales+to+Chavez&rft.atitle=&rft.date=22+juli+2008&rft.pub=The+Washington+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2Fjul%2F22%2Frussia-increases-weapon-sales-to-chavez%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060811223612/http://english.eluniversal.com/2006/08/09/en_pol_art_09A762277.shtml">President Chávez recalls chief of mission to Israel.</a> <i>El Universal</i> (4 augusti 2006). Läst 14 februari 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com/2006/08/09/en_pol_art_09A762277.shtml">Israel is not informed about Venezuela's plans to break off relations.</a> <i>El Universal</i> (9 augusti, 2006). Läst 14 februari 2009. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Haaretz.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/adl-chavez-comparison-of-idf-and-hitler-is-outrageous-1.194647">ADL: Chavez comparison of IDF and Hitler is outrageous.</a> <i>Haaretz service</i> (August 8, 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svd.se/storbritannien-overvager-sanktioner">”Storbritannien överväger sanktioner”</a>. Svenska Dagbladet. 26 april 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.svd.se/storbritannien-overvager-sanktioner">https://www.svd.se/storbritannien-overvager-sanktioner</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Storbritannien+%C3%B6verv%C3%A4ger+sanktioner&rft.atitle=&rft.date=26+april+2011&rft.pub=Svenska+Dagbladet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svd.se%2Fstorbritannien-overvager-sanktioner&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P1-22249738.html">http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P1-22249738.html</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B6da_l%C3%A4nkar" title="Wikipedia:Döda länkar">[<span title="Denna externa länk fungerar inte (2016-07)"><i>död länk</i></span>]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5209868.stm">”Chavez forges ties with Belarus”</a> (på engelska). BBC. 25 juli 2006<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5209868.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5209868.stm</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chavez+forges+ties+with+Belarus&rft.atitle=&rft.date=25+juli+2006&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F5209868.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305130159/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gvfHTgyGoueZzlLaPiQ9sgnENEEw">”Chavez begins France visit moves on Colombia hostages”</a> (på engelska). Google News. 19 november 2007. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gvfHTgyGoueZzlLaPiQ9sgnENEEw">originalet</a> den 5 mars 2012<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305130159/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gvfHTgyGoueZzlLaPiQ9sgnENEEw">https://web.archive.org/web/20120305130159/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gvfHTgyGoueZzlLaPiQ9sgnENEEw</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chavez+begins+France+visit+moves+on+Colombia+hostages&rft.atitle=&rft.date=19+november+2007&rft.pub=Google+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20120305130159%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fafp.google.com%2Farticle%2FALeqM5gvfHTgyGoueZzlLaPiQ9sgnENEEw&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fairelectionsinternational.org/countries/americas/venezuela/3558.html">http://www.fairelectionsinternational.org/countries/americas/venezuela/3558.html</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B6da_l%C3%A4nkar" title="Wikipedia:Döda länkar">[<span title="Denna externa länk fungerar inte (2016-07)"><i>död länk</i></span>]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.medsin.org/downloads/page_attachments/0000/0694/BarrioAdentro.pdf">http://www.medsin.org/downloads/page_attachments/0000/0694/BarrioAdentro.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B6da_l%C3%A4nkar" title="Wikipedia:Döda länkar">[<span title="Denna externa länk fungerar inte (2016-07)"><i>död länk</i></span>]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4498293.stm">”Venezuela land reform gets going”</a> (på engelska). BBC. 29 april 2005<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4498293.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4498293.stm</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Venezuela+land+reform+gets+going&rft.atitle=&rft.date=29+april+2005&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F4498293.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/18/AR2007011801329.html">”Chavez, The 'Polite' Socialist”</a> (på engelska). The Washington Post. 19 januari 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/18/AR2007011801329.html">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/18/AR2007011801329.html</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chavez%2C+The+%27Polite%27+Socialist&rft.atitle=&rft.date=19+januari+2007&rft.pub=The+Washington+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F01%2F18%2FAR2007011801329.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-websie.eclac.cl-96">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-websie.eclac.cl_96-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-websie.eclac.cl_96-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221043142/http://websie.eclac.cl/anuario_estadistico/anuario_2008/eng/index.asp">”Arkiverade kopian”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://websie.eclac.cl/anuario_estadistico/anuario_2008/eng/index.asp">originalet</a> den 21 februari 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221043142/http://websie.eclac.cl/anuario_estadistico/anuario_2008/eng/index.asp">https://web.archive.org/web/20100221043142/http://websie.eclac.cl/anuario_estadistico/anuario_2008/eng/index.asp</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 mars 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arkiverade+kopian&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20100221043142%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwebsie.eclac.cl%2Fanuario_estadistico%2Fanuario_2008%2Feng%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100307133141/http://www.telesurtv.net/noticias/secciones/nota/67829-NN/disminuye-a-23-por-ciento-la-pobreza-en-venezuela-en-2009/">”Disminuye a 23 por ciento la pobreza en Venezuela en 2009”</a> (på spanska). telesurtv.net. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telesurtv.net/noticias/secciones/nota/67829-NN/disminuye-a-23-por-ciento-la-pobreza-en-venezuela-en-2009">originalet</a> den 7 mars 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100307133141/http://www.telesurtv.net/noticias/secciones/nota/67829-NN/disminuye-a-23-por-ciento-la-pobreza-en-venezuela-en-2009/">https://web.archive.org/web/20100307133141/http://www.telesurtv.net/noticias/secciones/nota/67829-NN/disminuye-a-23-por-ciento-la-pobreza-en-venezuela-en-2009/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Disminuye+a+23+por+ciento+la+pobreza+en+Venezuela+en+2009&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=telesurtv.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20100307133141%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.telesurtv.net%2Fnoticias%2Fsecciones%2Fnota%2F67829-NN%2Fdisminuye-a-23-por-ciento-la-pobreza-en-venezuela-en-2009%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101020004539/http://hdr.undp.org//en//reports//global//hdr2010//">”Arkiverade kopian”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2010/">originalet</a> den 20 oktober 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101020004539/http://hdr.undp.org//en//reports//global//hdr2010//">https://web.archive.org/web/20101020004539/http://hdr.undp.org//en//reports//global//hdr2010//</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 november 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arkiverade+kopian&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20101020004539%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2F%2Fen%2F%2Freports%2F%2Fglobal%2F%2Fhdr2010%2F%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224070253/http://pages.eiu.com/rs/783-XMC-194/images/Democracy_Index_2016.pdf">”Democracy Index 2016: Revenge of the “deplorables””</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png/14px-Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png/21px-Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png/28px-Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <small><a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small>). <i><span>eiu.com</span></i>. The Economist Intelligence Unit. 25 januari 2017. sid. 12. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.eiu.com/rs/783-XMC-194/images/Democracy_Index_2016.pdf">originalet</a> den 24 februari 2017<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224070253/http://pages.eiu.com/rs/783-XMC-194/images/Democracy_Index_2016.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20170224070253/http://pages.eiu.com/rs/783-XMC-194/images/Democracy_Index_2016.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 februari 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Democracy+Index+2016%3A+Revenge+of+the+%E2%80%9Cdeplorables%E2%80%9D&rft.atitle=eiu.com&rft.date=25+januari+2017&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B12&rft.pub=The+Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170224070253%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fpages.eiu.com%2Frs%2F783-XMC-194%2Fimages%2FDemocracy_Index_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2010">”Freedom in the World 2010”</a> (på engelska). Freedom House<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2010">https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2010</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Freedom+in+the+World+2010&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-world%2Ffreedom-world-2010&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/venezuela-media-idUSN0146551720090801">”UPDATE 2-Venezuela begins shutdown of 34 radio stations”</a> (på engelska). Reuters. 1 augusti 2009<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/venezuela-media-idUSN0146551720090801">http://www.reuters.com/article/venezuela-media-idUSN0146551720090801</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=UPDATE+2-Venezuela+begins+shutdown+of+34+radio+stations&rft.atitle=&rft.date=1+augusti+2009&rft.pub=Reuters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fvenezuela-media-idUSN0146551720090801&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 429-430</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venezuelanalysis.com/images/5444">”Alternative School of Community Communication”</a> (på engelska). venezuelanalysis.com. 22 juni 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://venezuelanalysis.com/images/5444">https://venezuelanalysis.com/images/5444</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Alternative+School+of+Community+Communication&rft.atitle=&rft.date=22+juni+2010&rft.pub=venezuelanalysis.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvenezuelanalysis.com%2Fimages%2F5444&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones,_430-105">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_430_105-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_430_105-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_430_105-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_430_105-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Jones, 430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2012/07/mack-staff-tied-to-anti-chavez-group-078999">”Mack staff tied to anti-Chávez group”</a> (på engelska). politico.com. 25 juli 2012<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2012/07/mack-staff-tied-to-anti-chavez-group-078999">http://www.politico.com/story/2012/07/mack-staff-tied-to-anti-chavez-group-078999</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mack+staff+tied+to+anti-Ch%C3%A1vez+group&rft.atitle=&rft.date=25+juli+2012&rft.pub=politico.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2012%2F07%2Fmack-staff-tied-to-anti-chavez-group-078999&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4040935.stm">”Concern over Venezuela media law”</a> (på engelska). BBC. 25 november 2004<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4040935.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4040935.stm</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Concern+over+Venezuela+media+law&rft.atitle=&rft.date=25+november+2004&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F4040935.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venezuelanalysis.com/news/5155">”Private Venezuelan TV Channel RCTV Agrees to Register with CONATEL”</a> (på engelska). venezuelanalysis.com. 23 februari 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://venezuelanalysis.com/news/5155">https://venezuelanalysis.com/news/5155</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Private+Venezuelan+TV+Channel+RCTV+Agrees+to+Register+with+CONATEL&rft.atitle=&rft.date=23+februari+2010&rft.pub=venezuelanalysis.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvenezuelanalysis.com%2Fnews%2F5155&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/2010_12_venezuela_media.pdf">”Television in Venezuela: Who Dominates the Media?”</a> (på engelska) (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png/14px-Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png/21px-Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png/28px-Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <small><a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small>). The Center for Economic and Policy Research. december 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/2010_12_venezuela_media.pdf">http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/2010_12_venezuela_media.pdf</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Television+in+Venezuela%3A+Who+Dominates+the+Media%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.date=december+2010&rft.pub=The+Center+for+Economic+and+Policy+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cepr.net%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2F2010_12_venezuela_media.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-112">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_112-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_112-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8113388.stm">”Venezuela's revolutionary reading”</a> (på engelska). BBC. 2 augusti 2009<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8113388.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8113388.stm</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Venezuela%27s+revolutionary+reading&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2+augusti+2009&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F8113388.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915030306/http://www.pac.com.ve/contenido/gobierno/mision-guaicaipuro-lucha-contra-la-miseria-y-el-imperialismo/4375/85">”Misión Guaicaipuro: Lucha contra la miseria y el imperialismo”</a> (på spanska). Paginas Amarillas Cantv. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pac.com.ve/contenido/gobierno/mision-guaicaipuro-lucha-contra-la-miseria-y-el-imperialismo/4375/85">originalet</a> den 15 september 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915030306/http://www.pac.com.ve/contenido/gobierno/mision-guaicaipuro-lucha-contra-la-miseria-y-el-imperialismo/4375/85">https://web.archive.org/web/20160915030306/http://www.pac.com.ve/contenido/gobierno/mision-guaicaipuro-lucha-contra-la-miseria-y-el-imperialismo/4375/85</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 februari 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Misi%C3%B3n+Guaicaipuro%3A+Lucha+contra+la+miseria+y+el+imperialismo&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Paginas+Amarillas+Cantv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160915030306%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.pac.com.ve%2Fcontenido%2Fgobierno%2Fmision-guaicaipuro-lucha-contra-la-miseria-y-el-imperialismo%2F4375%2F85&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420063839/http://www.noticias24.com/actualidad/noticia/132168/chavez-dice-que-no-decreto-el-cambio-de-nombre-del-salto-angel/">”Chávez dice que no decretó el cambio de nombre del Salto Ángel”</a> (på spanska). noticias24.com. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noticias24.com/actualidad/noticia/132168/chavez-dice-que-no-decreto-el-cambio-de-nombre-del-salto-angel/">originalet</a> den 20 april 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420063839/http://www.noticias24.com/actualidad/noticia/132168/chavez-dice-que-no-decreto-el-cambio-de-nombre-del-salto-angel/">https://web.archive.org/web/20100420063839/http://www.noticias24.com/actualidad/noticia/132168/chavez-dice-que-no-decreto-el-cambio-de-nombre-del-salto-angel/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 mars 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ch%C3%A1vez+dice+que+no+decret%C3%B3+el+cambio+de+nombre+del+Salto+%C3%81ngel&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=noticias24.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20100420063839%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.noticias24.com%2Factualidad%2Fnoticia%2F132168%2Fchavez-dice-que-no-decreto-el-cambio-de-nombre-del-salto-angel%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-115">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_115-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_115-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_115-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505210735/http://www.swedenabroad.com/sv-SE/Ambassader/Bogota-DC/Landfakta/Om-Venezuela/">”Om Venezuela”</a>. swedenabroad.com. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swedenabroad.com/sv-SE/Ambassader/Bogota-DC/Landfakta/Om-Venezuela/">originalet</a> den 5 maj 2012<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505210735/http://www.swedenabroad.com/sv-SE/Ambassader/Bogota-DC/Landfakta/Om-Venezuela/">https://web.archive.org/web/20120505210735/http://www.swedenabroad.com/sv-SE/Ambassader/Bogota-DC/Landfakta/Om-Venezuela/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Om+Venezuela&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=swedenabroad.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20120505210735%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.swedenabroad.com%2Fsv-SE%2FAmbassader%2FBogota-DC%2FLandfakta%2FOm-Venezuela%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, 83-84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, 83-84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, 86-87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFObiko_Pearson">Obiko Pearson, Natalie (8 februari 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020801240.html">”Meat, Sugar Scarce in Venezuela Stores”</a> (på engelska). Washington Post/AP<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020801240.html">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020801240.html</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Meat%2C+Sugar+Scarce+in+Venezuela+Stores&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Obiko+Pearson&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft.au=Obiko+Pearson%2C+Natalie&rft.date=8+februari+2007&rft.pub=Washington+Post%2FAP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F02%2F08%2FAR2007020801240.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2015-10)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup>name="swedenabroad.com"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7398597.stm">”Chavez links Merkel with Hitler”</a> (på engelska). BBC. 13 maj 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7398597.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7398597.stm</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chavez+links+Merkel+with+Hitler&rft.atitle=&rft.date=13+maj+2008&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F7398597.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/americas/09/20/chavez.un/index.html">”Chavez: Bush 'devil'; U.S. 'on the way down'”</a> (på engelska). CNN. 21 september 2006<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/americas/09/20/chavez.un/index.html">http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/americas/09/20/chavez.un/index.html</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chavez%3A+Bush+%27devil%27%3B+U.S.+%27on+the+way+down%27&rft.atitle=&rft.date=21+september+2006&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2006%2FWORLD%2Famericas%2F09%2F20%2Fchavez.un%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090504060032/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_20376.shtml">”Hugo Chávez calls José María Aznar a failed fascist”</a> (på engelska). typicallyspanish.com. 9 mars 2009. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_20376.shtml">originalet</a> den 4 maj 2009<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090504060032/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_20376.shtml">https://web.archive.org/web/20090504060032/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_20376.shtml</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez+calls+Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa+Aznar+a+failed+fascist&rft.atitle=&rft.date=9+mars+2009&rft.pub=typicallyspanish.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20090504060032%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.typicallyspanish.com%2Fnews%2Fpublish%2Farticle_20376.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Shoer-Roth, Daniel. LatinAmericanPost.com (9 August 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060828205825/http://www.latinamericanpost.com/index.php?mod=seccion&secc=1&conn=4273">Uproar: Chávez equates Nazis, Israelis.</a> Läst 14 februari 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article5683385.ece">"Crackdown as Chavez seeks power for life"</a>, <i>The Sunday Times</i> February 8, 2009 - 2010-01-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100124091412/http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2009/12/at-copenhagen-ch%C3%A1vez-suggests-obama-is-the-devil.html">"At Copenhagen, Chávez Suggests Obama is the Devil"</a> <i>ABC News</i> December 18, 2009 3:25 PM - 2010-01-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Alma Guillermoprieto, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2010/02/the-return-of-macho-politics.html">"The Return of the Macho Politics?"</a> <i>The New Yorker</i> February 24, 2010 2010-02-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/25/oas-report-chavez-human-rights">"Chávez furious as OAS rights watchdog accuses him of endangering democracy"</a> <i>guaridan.co.uk</i> Friday 26 February 2010 2010-02-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218231507/http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/hugo-chavez-rejects-report-citing-human-rights-violations-venezuela">”Hugo Chavez Rejects Report Citing Human Rights Violations in Venezuela”</a> (på engelska). cnsnews.com. 26 februari 2010. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/hugo-chavez-rejects-report-citing-human-rights-violations-venezuela">originalet</a> den 18 februari 2017<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218231507/http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/hugo-chavez-rejects-report-citing-human-rights-violations-venezuela">https://web.archive.org/web/20170218231507/http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/hugo-chavez-rejects-report-citing-human-rights-violations-venezuela</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Hugo+Chavez+Rejects+Report+Citing+Human+Rights+Violations+in+Venezuela&rft.atitle=&rft.date=26+februari+2010&rft.pub=cnsnews.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170218231507%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnsnews.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fhugo-chavez-rejects-report-citing-human-rights-violations-venezuela&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/14/chavez-prisoner-maria-lourdes-afiuni">”I'm Hugo Chávez's prisoner, says jailed judge”</a> (på engelska). The Guardian. 14 januari 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/14/chavez-prisoner-maria-lourdes-afiuni">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/14/chavez-prisoner-maria-lourdes-afiuni</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 februari 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=I%27m+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+prisoner%2C+says+jailed+judge&rft.atitle=&rft.date=14+januari+2011&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fjan%2F14%2Fchavez-prisoner-maria-lourdes-afiuni&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQm0OO3G_jQ">Alejandro Peña Esclusa explains why Chávez wants to incriminate him as a terrorist. Part I.</a> youtube.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unoamerica.org/unoPAG/videos.php?id=89">Libertad inmediata para Alejandro Peña Esclusa, preso político en Venezuela</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100720071856/http://www.unoamerica.org/unoPAG/videos.php?id=89">Arkiverad</a> 20 juli 2010 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.; UnoAmérica, hämtad 2010-07-19,</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tryckta_källor"><span id="Tryckta_k.C3.A4llor"></span>Tryckta källor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tryckta källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=26" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tryckta källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFCannon2010">Cannon, Barry (2010). <i><span>Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution: Populism and Democracy in a Globalized Age</span></i>. Manchester och New York: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0719077729" title="Special:Bokkällor/0719077729">ISBN 0719077729</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez+and+the+Bolivarian+Revolution%3A+Populism+and+Democracy+in+a+Globalized+Age&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Cannon%2C+Barry&rft.date=2010&rft.place=Manchester+och+New+York&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.isbn=0719077729&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFGolinger2008">Golinger, Eva (2008). <i><span>Bush Versus Chávez: Washington's War on Venezuela</span></i>. New York: Monthly Review Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/158367165X" title="Special:Bokkällor/158367165X">ISBN 158367165X</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bush+Versus+Ch%C3%A1vez%3A+Washington%27s+War+on+Venezuela&rft.aulast=Golinger&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft.au=Golinger%2C+Eva&rft.date=2008&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.isbn=158367165X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHarnecker2005">Harnecker, Marta (2005). <i><span>Understanding the Venezuelan Revolution: Hugo Chavez Talks to Marta Harnecker</span></i>. New York: Monthly Review Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/1583671277" title="Special:Bokkällor/1583671277">ISBN 1583671277</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Venezuelan+Revolution%3A+Hugo+Chavez+Talks+to+Marta+Harnecker&rft.aulast=Harnecker&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft.au=Harnecker%2C+Marta&rft.date=2005&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.isbn=1583671277&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHolmqvist2006">Holmqvist, Kalle (2006). <i><span>Venezuela och drömmen om ett nytt Amerika</span></i>. Murbruk förlag. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-976360-0-2" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-976360-0-2">ISBN 91-976360-0-2</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela+och+dr%C3%B6mmen+om+ett+nytt+Amerika&rft.aulast=Holmqvist&rft.aufirst=Kalle&rft.au=Holmqvist%2C+Kalle&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Murbruk+f%C3%B6rlag&rft.isbn=91-976360-0-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFJones2009">Jones, Bart (2009). <i><span>Hugo!: The Hugo Chavez Story from Mud Hut to Perpetual Revolution</span></i>. London: Steerforth. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/1586421352" title="Special:Bokkällor/1586421352">ISBN 1586421352</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugo%21%3A+The+Hugo+Chavez+Story+from+Mud+Hut+to+Perpetual+Revolution&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft.au=Jones%2C+Bart&rft.date=2009&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Steerforth&rft.isbn=1586421352&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFMeade2010">Meade, Teresa A. (2010). <i><span>A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present</span></i>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/1405120517" title="Special:Bokkällor/1405120517">ISBN 1405120517</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Latin+America%3A+1800+to+the+Present&rft.aulast=Meade&rft.aufirst=Teresa+A.&rft.au=Meade%2C+Teresa+A.&rft.date=2010&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.isbn=1405120517&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFWilpert2007">Wilpert, Gregory (2007). <i><span>Changing Venezuela by Taking Power: The History and Policies of the Chávez Government</span></i>. London och New York: Verso. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/1844675521" title="Special:Bokkällor/1844675521">ISBN 1844675521</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Venezuela+by+Taking+Power%3A+The+History+and+Policies+of+the+Ch%C3%A1vez+Government&rft.aulast=Wilpert&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Wilpert%2C+Gregory&rft.date=2007&rft.place=London+och+New+York&rft.pub=Verso&rft.isbn=1844675521&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Wikimedia Commons har media som rör <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="extiw" title="commons:Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>.<div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="extiw" title="commons:Hugo Chávez">Bilder & media</a></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/15px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/30px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> Wikiquote har citat av eller om <a href="https://sv.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="extiw" title="q:Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>.<div class="interProject wikiquote" style="display:none;"><a href="https://sv.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="extiw" title="q:Hugo Chávez">Citat</a></div></div></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox 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.navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Venezuelas_presidenter" title="Mall:Venezuelas presidenter"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Venezuelas_presidenter&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelas</a> <a href="/wiki/President_(politiskt_%C3%A4mbete)" title="President (politiskt ämbete)">presidenter</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Mendoza" title="Cristóbal Mendoza">Mendoza</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez" title="José Antonio Páez">Páez</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Narvarte" title="Andrés Narvarte">Narvarte</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Vargas" title="José María Vargas">Vargas</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Mari%C3%B1o" title="Santiago Mariño">Mariño</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Carre%C3%B1o" title="José María Carreño">Carreño</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Vargas" title="José María Vargas">Vargas</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Narvarte" title="Andrés Narvarte">Narvarte</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Carre%C3%B1o" title="José María Carreño">Carreño</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Soublette" title="Carlos Soublette">Soublette</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez" title="José Antonio Páez">Páez</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Soublette" title="Carlos Soublette">Soublette</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tadeo_Monagas" title="José Tadeo Monagas">J.T. Monagas</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gregorio_Monagas" title="José Gregorio Monagas">J. G. Monagas</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tadeo_Monagas" title="José Tadeo Monagas">J. T. Monagas</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gual_Escandon" title="Pedro Gual Escandon">Gual</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Castro" title="Julián Castro">J. Castro</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gual_Escandon" title="Pedro Gual Escandon">Gual</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Felipe_Tovar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Felipe Tovar [inte skriven än]">Tovar</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gual_Escandon" title="Pedro Gual Escandon">Gual</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez" title="José Antonio Páez">Páez</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cris%C3%B3stomo_Falc%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Crisóstomo Falcón [inte skriven än]">Falcón</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cris%C3%B3stomo_Falc%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Crisóstomo Falcón [inte skriven än]">Falcón</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Ezequiel_Bruzual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual [inte skriven än]">Bruzual</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillermo_Tell_Villegas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillermo Tell Villegas [inte skriven än]">Villegas</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Ruperto_Monagas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Ruperto Monagas [inte skriven än]">Monagas</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillermo_Tell_Villegas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillermo Tell Villegas [inte skriven än]">Villegas</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco [inte skriven än]">Guzmán</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco [inte skriven än]">Guzmán</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Linares_Alc%C3%A1ntara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Linares Alcántara [inte skriven än]">Linares</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Gregorio_Varela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Gregorio Varela [inte skriven än]">Varela</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco [inte skriven än]">Guzmán</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco [inte skriven än]">Guzmán</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco [inte skriven än]">Guzmán</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaqu%C3%ADn_Crespo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquín Crespo [inte skriven än]">Crespo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco [inte skriven än]"> Guzmán</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herm%C3%B3genes_L%C3%B3pez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermógenes López [inte skriven än]">H. López</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Pablo_Rojas_Pa%C3%BAl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl [inte skriven än]">Rojas</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raimundo_Andueza_Palacios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raimundo Andueza Palacios [inte skriven än]">Andueza</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillermo_Tell_Villegas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillermo Tell Villegas [inte skriven än]">Villegas</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaqu%C3%ADn_Crespo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquín Crespo [inte skriven än]">Crespo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaqu%C3%ADn_Crespo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquín Crespo [inte skriven än]">Crespo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignacio_Andrade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignacio Andrade [inte skriven än]">Andrade</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro">C. Castro</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Gómez</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoriano_M%C3%A1rques_Bustillos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victoriano Márques Bustillos [inte skriven än]">Márques</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Gómez</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Bautista_P%C3%A9rez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Bautista Pérez [inte skriven än]">J. Pérez</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Gómez</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleazar_L%C3%B3pez_Contreras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleazar López Contreras [inte skriven än]">E. López</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleazar_L%C3%B3pez_Contreras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleazar López Contreras [inte skriven än]">E. López</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isa%C3%ADas_Medina_Angarita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaías Medina Angarita [inte skriven än]">Medina</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos" title="Rómulo Gallegos">Gallegos</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Delgado_Chalbaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Delgado Chalbaud [inte skriven än]">Chalbaud</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1n_Su%C3%A1rez_Flamerich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germán Suárez Flamerich [inte skriven än]">Flamerich</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Jiménez</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Larraz%C3%A1bal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Larrazábal [inte skriven än]">Larrazábal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Sanabria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edgar Sanabria [inte skriven än]">Sanabria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Leoni" title="Raúl Leoni">Leoni</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Caldera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Caldera [inte skriven än]">Caldera</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">C. Pérez</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Herrera_Campins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Herrera Campins [inte skriven än]">Herrera</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Lusinchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaime Lusinchi [inte skriven än]">Lusinchi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">C. Pérez</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Octavio_Lepage_Barreto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octavio Lepage Barreto [inte skriven än]">Barreto</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Jos%C3%A9_Vel%C3%A1squez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramón José Velásquez [inte skriven än]">Velásquez</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Caldera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Caldera [inte skriven än]">Caldera</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chávez</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Carmona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Carmona [inte skriven än]">Carmona</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Cabello" title="Diosdado Cabello">Cabello</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chávez</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chávez</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Maduro</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Guaidó</a> (tillförordnad, ej erkänd av alla)</div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venezuelas presidentflagga"><img alt="Venezuelas presidentflagga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/50px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/75px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/100px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_Venezuelas_presidenter" title="Lista över Venezuelas presidenter">Detaljerad lista</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐849f99967d‐2z8sk Cached time: 20241124013953 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.982 seconds Real time usage: 1.073 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 61696/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 332559/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 151109/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 122191/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.177/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6583668/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 8/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 944.370 1 -total 47.51% 448.699 59 Mall:Webbref 44.26% 418.007 66 Mall:Citation/core 42.56% 401.934 59 Mall:Cite_web 30.69% 289.810 1 Mall:Infobox_politiker 28.82% 272.189 1 Mall:Infobox_officeholder 17.79% 168.047 1 Mall:Infobox_officeholder/Personal_data 15.35% 145.007 1 Mall:Wikidatagrav 6.78% 64.012 15 Mall:Infobox_officeholder/Office 6.76% 63.858 80 Mall:Date --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key svwiki:pcache:82854:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241124013953 and revision id 55837421. 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