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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Camel_hair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camel_hair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Camel hair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camel_hair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphite_deposit_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphite_deposit_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Graphite deposit discoveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphite_deposit_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wood_encasement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood_encasement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Wood encasement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood_encasement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphite_powder_and_clay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphite_powder_and_clay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Graphite powder and clay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphite_powder_and_clay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eraser_attachment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eraser_attachment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Eraser attachment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eraser_attachment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extenders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extenders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Extenders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extenders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_marking_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_marking_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>By marking material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_marking_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Graphite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Graphite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Solid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Liquid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charcoal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charcoal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Charcoal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charcoal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_pencils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_pencils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Carbon pencils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_pencils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colored" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colored"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Colored</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colored-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Grease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watercolor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watercolor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.8</span> <span>Watercolor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Watercolor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>By use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carpentry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carpentry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Carpentry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carpentry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Copying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eyeliner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eyeliner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Eyeliner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eyeliner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erasable_coloring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erasable_coloring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Erasable coloring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erasable_coloring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Non-reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stenography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stenography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Stenography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stenography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>Golf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>By shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>By size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Typical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biggest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biggest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Biggest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biggest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>By manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Mechanical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pop_a_Point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pop_a_Point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Pop a Point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pop_a_Point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Plastic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Other aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grading_and_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grading_and_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grading and classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grading_and_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grading and classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grading_and_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hardness_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardness_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hardness test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardness_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_colour_and_shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_colour_and_shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External colour and shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_colour_and_shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pencil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 135 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-135" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">135 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlood" title="Potlood – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Potlood" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B5" title="قلم رصاص – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قلم رصاص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapicero" title="Lapicero – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lapicero" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="পেঞ্চিল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পেঞ্চিল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llapiceru" title="Llapiceru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llapiceru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masinahikanatikw" title="Masinahikanatikw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Masinahikanatikw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisa" title="Lapisa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lapisa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanda%C5%9F" title="Karandaş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karandaş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="میداد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میداد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlot" title="Potlot – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Potlot" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="পেন্সিল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেন্সিল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A2n-pit" title="Iân-pit – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iân-pit" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Аловак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аловак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Аловак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аловак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis" title="Lapis – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lapis" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Молив – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Молив" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olovka" title="Olovka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Olovka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreion" title="Kreion – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kreion" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llapis" title="Llapis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llapis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Кăранташ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăранташ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C5%BEka" title="Tužka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tužka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penzura" title="Penzura – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Penzura" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensil" title="Pensil – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pensil" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyant" title="Blyant – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blyant" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleistift" title="Bleistift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bleistift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ފަންސުރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފަންސުރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliiats" title="Pliiats – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pliiats" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8D%CE%B2%CE%B9" title="Μολύβι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μολύβι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1piz" title="Lápiz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lápiz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajono" title="Krajono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krajono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkatz" title="Arkatz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arkatz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="مداد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مداد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayon" title="Crayon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crayon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis" title="Lapis – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lapis" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peann_luaidhe" title="Peann luaidhe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peann luaidhe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caolabhain" title="Caolabhain – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Caolabhain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis" title="Lapis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lapis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A8n-pit" title="Yèn-pit – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yèn-pit" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%ED%95%84" title="연필 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연필" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fensir" title="Fensir – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Fensir" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Մատիտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մատիտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="पेंसिल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेंसिल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olovka" title="Olovka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Olovka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krayono" title="Krayono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Krayono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensil" title="Pensil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pensil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglaun" title="Aglaun – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Aglaun" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%BDantur" title="Blýantur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blýantur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matita" title="Matita – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Matita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="עיפרון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיפרון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potelod" title="Potelod – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Potelod" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ფანქარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფანქარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84" title="پینسل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پینسل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Қарындаш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қарындаш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penseli" title="Penseli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Penseli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rispl" title="Rispl – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Rispl" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%8D%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B3" title="ສໍດຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສໍດຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilus_plumbatus" title="Stilus plumbatus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stilus plumbatus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%ABmulis" title="Zīmulis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zīmulis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie%C5%A1tukas" title="Pieštukas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pieštukas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potloead" title="Potloead – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Potloead" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis" title="Lapis – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lapis" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruza" title="Ceruza – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ceruza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Молив – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Молив" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="പെൻസിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെൻസിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE" title="शिसेकलम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिसेकलम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B5" title="قلم رصاص – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قلم رصاص" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85" title="قلم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="قلم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensel" title="Pensel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pensel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensil" title="Pensil – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pensil" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B2ng-b%C3%A9k" title="Iòng-bék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iòng-bék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Харандаа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Харандаа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%B2%E1%80%90%E1%80%B6" title="ခဲတံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခဲတံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaconalli" title="Yaconalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Yaconalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlood" title="Potlood – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Potlood" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlood" title="Potlood – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Potlood" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE" title="सिसाकलम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिसाकलम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%9B%E7%AD%86" title="鉛筆 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鉛筆" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyant" title="Blyant – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blyant" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyant" title="Blyant – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blyant" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gredon" title="Gredon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gredon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2" title="ପେନ୍‌ସିଲ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପେନ୍‌ସିଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalam" title="Qalam – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qalam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2" title="ਪੈਨਸਿਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਨਸਿਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impic" title="Impic – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Impic" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84" title="پنسل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنسل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%86%DA%A9%DA%9A" title="وچکښ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وچکښ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%85%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%83" title="ខ្មៅដៃ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ខ្មៅដៃ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliesticken" title="Bliesticken – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bliesticken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%82%C3%B3wek" title="Ołówek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ołówek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1pis" title="Lápis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lápis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4%C3%A4dejraad_(Bl%C3%ABjsht%C4%97ff)" title="Häädejraad (Blëjshtėff) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Häädejraad (Blëjshtėff)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creion" title="Creion – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Creion" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiq" title="Aspiq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aspiq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Церуза – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Церуза" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Карандаш – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карандаш" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱯᱮᱸᱥᱤᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱮᱸᱥᱤᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis" title="Lapis – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lapis" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pincil" title="Pincil – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pincil" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapsi" title="Lapsi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lapsi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BD" title="පැන්සල – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පැන්සල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pencil" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84" title="پينسل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پينسل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruza" title="Ceruza – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ceruza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svin%C4%8Dnik" title="Svinčnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svinčnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalin_Qori" title="Qalin Qori – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qalin Qori" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оловка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оловка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olovka" title="Olovka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Olovka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patlot" title="Patlot – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Patlot" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyijykyn%C3%A4" title="Lyijykynä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lyijykynä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyertspenna" title="Blyertspenna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blyertspenna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis" title="Lapis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lapis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கரிக்கோல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரிக்கோல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amru" title="Amru – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amru" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Карандаш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Карандаш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="పెన్సిల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పెన్సిల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD" title="ดินสอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดินสอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Қалам – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қалам" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C5%9Fun_kalem" title="Kurşun kalem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kurşun kalem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galam" title="Galam – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Galam" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Олівець – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Олівець" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84" title="پنسل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پنسل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yienzbit" title="Yienzbit – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yienzbit" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAt_ch%C3%AC" title="Bút chì – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bút chì" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laapi" title="Laapi – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Laapi" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%9B%E7%AD%86" title="鉛筆 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鉛筆" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis" title="Lapis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lapis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%85%E7%AC%94" title="铅笔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铅笔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%9B%E7%AD%86" title="鉛筆 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鉛筆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Writing implement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the writing implement. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pencil_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pencil (disambiguation)">Pencil (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pencils_hb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pencils_hb.jpg/220px-Pencils_hb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pencils_hb.jpg/330px-Pencils_hb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pencils_hb.jpg/440px-Pencils_hb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Staedtler" title="Staedtler">Staedtler</a> HB <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> pencils</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caran_d%27Ache_Farbstifte.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Caran_d%27Ache_Farbstifte.JPG/220px-Caran_d%27Ache_Farbstifte.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Caran_d%27Ache_Farbstifte.JPG/330px-Caran_d%27Ache_Farbstifte.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Caran_d%27Ache_Farbstifte.JPG/440px-Caran_d%27Ache_Farbstifte.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4371" data-file-height="2567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coloured_pencil" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured pencil">Coloured pencils</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caran_d%27Ache_(company)" title="Caran d'Ache (company)">Caran d'Ache</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pencil_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pencil_Diagram.svg/220px-Pencil_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pencil_Diagram.svg/330px-Pencil_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pencil_Diagram.svg/440px-Pencil_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>A typical modern-day pencil. <div><ol><li>Solid pigment core (typically <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, commonly called <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Graphite_deposit_discoveries">pencil lead</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Painted</a> body</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrule" title="Ferrule">Ferrule</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eraser" title="Eraser">Eraser</a></li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>pencil</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f9\/En-us-pencil.ogg\/En-us-pencil.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-pencil.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/En-us-pencil.ogg/En-us-pencil.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-pencil.ogg" title="File:En-us-pencil.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawing</a> implement with a solid <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> core in a protective casing that reduces the risk of core breakage and keeps it from marking the user's <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hand</a>. </p><p>Pencils create marks by physical <a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(mechanical)" title="Abrasion (mechanical)">abrasion</a>, leaving a trail of solid core material that adheres to a sheet of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> or other surface. They are distinct from <a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">pens</a>, which dispense liquid or gel <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a> onto the marked surface. </p><p>Most pencil cores are made of <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> powder mixed with a <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> binder. Graphite pencils (traditionally known as "lead pencils") produce grey or black marks that are easily <a href="/wiki/Eraser" title="Eraser">erased</a>, but otherwise resistant to <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moisture</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet radiation</a> and natural aging. Other types of pencil cores, such as <a href="/wiki/Charcoal_(art)" title="Charcoal (art)">those of charcoal</a>, are mainly used for drawing and <a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">sketching</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coloured_pencils" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured pencils">Coloured pencils</a> are sometimes used by teachers or editors <a href="/wiki/Blue_pencil_(editing)" title="Blue pencil (editing)">to correct submitted texts</a>, but are typically regarded as art supplies, especially those with cores made from wax-based binders that tend to smear when erasers are applied to them. <a href="/wiki/Grease_pencil" title="Grease pencil">Grease pencils</a> have a softer, oily core that can leave marks on smooth surfaces such as <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>. </p><p>The most common pencil casing is thin <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, usually <a href="/wiki/Hexagon" title="Hexagon">hexagonal</a> in section, but sometimes <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder (geometry)">cylindrical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Triangle" title="Triangle">triangular</a>, permanently bonded to the core. Casings may be of other materials, such as plastic or paper. To use the pencil, the casing must be carved or peeled off to expose the working end of the core as a sharp point. <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_pencil" title="Mechanical pencil">Mechanical pencils</a> have more elaborate casings which are not bonded to the core; instead, they support separate, mobile <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> cores that can be extended or retracted (usually through the casing's tip) as needed. These casings can be reloaded with new cores (usually graphite) as the previous ones are exhausted. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_made_Iskusstvo_pencils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Soviet_made_Iskusstvo_pencils.jpg/220px-Soviet_made_Iskusstvo_pencils.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Soviet_made_Iskusstvo_pencils.jpg/330px-Soviet_made_Iskusstvo_pencils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Soviet_made_Iskusstvo_pencils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="211" /></a><figcaption>Old Soviet colored pencils with box (circa 1959)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camel_hair">Camel hair</h3></div> <p><i>Pencil</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>pincel</i>, from late <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">penicillus</i></span> a "little tail" (see <i>penis</i>; <i>pincellus</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originally referred to an artist's fine brush of camel hair, also used for writing before modern lead or chalk pencils.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the <a href="/wiki/Archetypal" class="mw-redirect" title="Archetypal">archetypal</a> pencil was an artist's brush, the <a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">stylus</a>, a thin metal stick used for scratching in <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wax_tablet" title="Wax tablet">wax tablets</a>, was used extensively by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">palm-leaf manuscripts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphite_deposit_discoveries">Graphite deposit discoveries</h3></div> <p>As a technique for drawing, the closest predecessor to the pencil was <a href="/wiki/Silverpoint" title="Silverpoint">silverpoint</a> or leadpoint until in 1565 (some sources say as early as 1500), a large deposit of <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> was discovered on the approach to <a href="/wiki/Grey_Knotts" title="Grey Knotts">Grey Knotts</a> from the hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Seathwaite,_Allerdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Seathwaite, Allerdale">Seathwaite</a> in <a href="/wiki/Borrowdale" title="Borrowdale">Borrowdale parish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbria,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbria, England">Cumbria</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-norgate_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norgate-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wainwright_western_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wainwright_western-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petroski-1990_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petroski-1990-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This particular deposit of graphite was extremely pure and solid, and it could easily be sawn into sticks. It remains the only large-scale deposit of graphite ever found in this solid form.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a> was in its infancy and the substance was thought to be a form of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Consequently, it was called <i>plumbago</i> (Latin for "lead <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the pencil core is still referred to as "lead", or "a lead", many people have the misconception that the graphite in the pencil is lead,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the black core of pencils is still referred to as <i>lead</i>, even though it never contained the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a> lead.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The words for pencil in German (<i>Bleistift</i>), Irish (<i>peann luaidhe</i>), Arabic (قلم رصاص <i>qalam raṣāṣ</i>), and some other languages literally mean <i>lead pen</i>. </p><p>The value of graphite would soon be realised to be enormous, mainly because it could be used to line the moulds for <a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">cannonballs</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a> were taken over by <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> and were guarded. When sufficient stores of graphite had been accumulated, the mines were flooded to prevent theft until more was required. </p><p>The usefulness of graphite for pencils was discovered as well, but graphite for pencils had to be smuggled. Because graphite is soft, it requires some form of <a href="/wiki/Encasement" title="Encasement">encasement</a>. Graphite sticks were initially wrapped in string or <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">sheepskin</a> for stability. England would enjoy a monopoly on the production of pencils until a method of reconstituting the graphite powder was found in 1662 in Germany. However, the distinctively square English pencils continued to be made with sticks cut from natural graphite into the 1860s. The town of <a href="/wiki/Keswick,_Cumbria" title="Keswick, Cumbria">Keswick</a>, near the original findings of block graphite, still manufactures pencils, the factory also being the location of the <a href="/wiki/Derwent_Pencil_Museum" title="Derwent Pencil Museum">Derwent Pencil Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meaning of "graphite writing implement" apparently evolved late in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood_encasement">Wood encasement</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palomino_Blackwing_602_pencils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/09/Palomino_Blackwing_602_pencils.jpg/220px-Palomino_Blackwing_602_pencils.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/09/Palomino_Blackwing_602_pencils.jpg/330px-Palomino_Blackwing_602_pencils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/09/Palomino_Blackwing_602_pencils.jpg/440px-Palomino_Blackwing_602_pencils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blackwing_602" title="Blackwing 602">Palomino Blackwing 602</a> pencils</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1560,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an Italian couple named Simonio and Lyndiana Bernacotti made what are likely the first blueprints for the modern, wood-encased <a href="/wiki/Carpentry_pencil" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpentry pencil">carpentry pencil</a>. Their version was a flat, oval, more compact type of pencil. Their concept involved the hollowing out of a stick of <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a> wood. Shortly thereafter, a superior technique was discovered: two wooden halves were carved, a graphite stick inserted, and the halves then glued together—essentially the same method in use to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphite_powder_and_clay">Graphite powder and clay</h3></div> <p>The first attempt to manufacture graphite sticks from powdered graphite was in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, Germany, in 1662. It used a mixture of graphite, <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English and German pencils were not available to the French during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>; France, under naval blockade imposed by Great Britain, was unable to import the pure graphite sticks from the British Grey Knotts mines – the only known source in the world. France was also unable to import the inferior German graphite pencil substitute. It took the efforts of an officer in <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a>'s army to change this. In 1795, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Jacques_Cont%C3%A9" title="Nicolas-Jacques Conté">Nicolas-Jacques Conté</a> discovered a method of mixing powdered graphite with <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> and forming the mixture into rods that were then fired in a <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kiln</a>. By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, the hardness of the graphite rod could also be varied. This method of manufacture, which had been earlier discovered by the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hardtmuth" title="Joseph Hardtmuth">Joseph Hardtmuth</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Koh-I-Noor_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koh-I-Noor (company)">Koh-I-Noor</a> in 1790, remains in use. In 1802, the production of graphite leads from graphite and clay was patented by the <a href="/wiki/Koh-I-Noor_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koh-I-Noor (company)">Koh-I-Noor</a> company in Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, pencils continued to be made from whole sawn graphite. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer">Henry Bessemer</a>'s first successful invention (1838) was a method of compressing graphite powder into solid graphite thus allowing the waste from sawing to be reused.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pencil,_perhaps_made_by_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Concord_Museum_-_Concord,_MA_-_DSC05641.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pencil%2C_perhaps_made_by_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Concord_Museum_-_Concord%2C_MA_-_DSC05641.JPG/220px-Pencil%2C_perhaps_made_by_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Concord_Museum_-_Concord%2C_MA_-_DSC05641.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pencil%2C_perhaps_made_by_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Concord_Museum_-_Concord%2C_MA_-_DSC05641.JPG/330px-Pencil%2C_perhaps_made_by_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Concord_Museum_-_Concord%2C_MA_-_DSC05641.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pencil%2C_perhaps_made_by_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Concord_Museum_-_Concord%2C_MA_-_DSC05641.JPG/440px-Pencil%2C_perhaps_made_by_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Concord_Museum_-_Concord%2C_MA_-_DSC05641.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4144" data-file-height="1621" /></a><figcaption>Pencil, perhaps made by Henry David Thoreau, in the <a href="/wiki/Concord_Museum" title="Concord Museum">Concord Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pencil_manufacture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pencil_manufacture.svg/220px-Pencil_manufacture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pencil_manufacture.svg/330px-Pencil_manufacture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pencil_manufacture.svg/440px-Pencil_manufacture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Pencil manufacturing. The top sequence shows the old method that required pieces of graphite to be cut to size; the lower sequence is the new, current method using rods of graphite and clay.</figcaption></figure> <p>American colonists imported pencils from Europe until after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> advertised pencils for sale in his <i><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Gazette">Pennsylvania Gazette</a></i> in 1729, and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> used a three-inch (7.5 cm) pencil when he surveyed the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> in 1762.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2017)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Munroe_(pencil_maker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Munroe (pencil maker) (page does not exist)">William Munroe</a>, a cabinetmaker in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord</a>, Massachusetts, made the first American <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> pencils in 1812. This was not the only pencil-making occurring in Concord. According to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petroski" title="Henry Petroski">Henry Petroski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendentalist">transcendentalist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> discovered how to make a good pencil out of inferior graphite using clay as the <a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">binder</a>; this invention was prompted by his father's pencil factory in Concord, which employed graphite found in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> in 1821 by Charles Dunbar.<sup id="cite_ref-Petroski-1990_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petroski-1990-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Munroe's method of making pencils was painstakingly slow, and in the neighbouring town of <a href="/wiki/Acton,_Massachusetts" title="Acton, Massachusetts">Acton</a>, a pencil mill owner named Ebenezer Wood set out to automate the process at his own <a href="/wiki/Nashoba_Brook_Pencil_Factory_Site" title="Nashoba Brook Pencil Factory Site">pencil mill located at Nashoba Brook</a>. He used the first circular saw in pencil production. He constructed the first of the hexagon- and octagon-shaped wooden casings. Ebenezer did not patent his invention and shared his techniques with anyone. One of those was <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Faber" title="Eberhard Faber">Eberhard Faber</a>, which built a <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Faber_Pencil_Factory" title="Eberhard Faber Pencil Factory">factory in New York</a> and became the leader in pencil production.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dixon_(inventor)" title="Joseph Dixon (inventor)">Joseph Dixon</a>, an inventor and entrepreneur involved with the <a href="/wiki/Tantiusques" title="Tantiusques">Tantiusques</a> graphite mine in <a href="/wiki/Sturbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Sturbridge, Massachusetts">Sturbridge</a>, Massachusetts, developed a means to <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produce</a> pencils. By 1870, The <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dixon_Crucible_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Dixon Crucible Company">Joseph Dixon Crucible Company</a> was the world's largest dealer and consumer of graphite and later became the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Dixon_Ticonderoga" title="Dixon Ticonderoga">Dixon Ticonderoga</a> pencil and art supplies company.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the nineteenth century, over 240,000 pencils were used each day in the US. The favoured timber for pencils was <a href="/wiki/Juniperus_virginiana" title="Juniperus virginiana">Red Cedar</a> as it was <a href="/wiki/Aroma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroma">aromatic</a> and did not splinter when sharpened. In the early twentieth century supplies of Red Cedar were dwindling so that pencil manufacturers were forced to recycle the wood from cedar fences and barns to maintain supply.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One effect of this was that "during World War II rotary pencil sharpeners were outlawed in Britain because they wasted so much scarce lead and wood, and pencils had to be sharpened in the more conservative manner – with knives."<sup id="cite_ref-Petroski_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petroski-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was soon discovered that <a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">incense cedar</a>, when dyed and perfumed to resemble Red Cedar, was a suitable alternative. Most pencils today are made from this timber, which is grown in managed forests. Over 14 billion pencils are manufactured worldwide annually.<sup id="cite_ref-Readers_Digest,_pencil_users_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Readers_Digest,_pencil_users-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less popular alternatives to cedar include <a href="/wiki/Basswood" class="mw-redirect" title="Basswood">basswood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Petroski_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petroski-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Southeast Asia, the wood <a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a> may be used to create pencils (though the use of this rainforest species is controversial).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmentalists prefer the use of <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Pulai</a> – another wood native to the region in pencil manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eraser_attachment">Eraser attachment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LipmanPencilEraserPatent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/LipmanPencilEraserPatent.jpg/220px-LipmanPencilEraserPatent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/LipmanPencilEraserPatent.jpg/330px-LipmanPencilEraserPatent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/LipmanPencilEraserPatent.jpg/440px-LipmanPencilEraserPatent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>Attached eraser on the left; Pencil lead on the right</figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 March 1858, <a href="/wiki/Hymen_Lipman" title="Hymen Lipman">Hymen Lipman</a> received the first <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> for attaching an <a href="/wiki/Eraser" title="Eraser">eraser</a> to the end of a pencil.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1862, Lipman sold his patent to Joseph Reckendorfer for $100,000, who went on to sue pencil manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Faber-Castell" title="Faber-Castell">Faber-Castell</a> for <a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement" title="Patent infringement">infringement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Reckendorfer v. Faber</i> (1875), the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> ruled against Reckendorfer, declaring the patent invalid.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extenders">Extenders</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pencil_extender" title="Pencil extender">Pencil extender</a></div> <p>Historian Henry Petroski notes that while ever more efficient means of mass production of pencils has driven the replacement cost of a pencil down, before this people would continue to use even the stub of a pencil. For those who did not feel comfortable using a stub, pencil extenders were sold. These devices function something like a <i>porte-crayon</i>...the pencil stub can be inserted into the end of a shaft...Extenders were especially common among engineers and draftsmen, whose favorite pencils were priced dearly. The use of an extender also has the advantage that the pencil does not appreciably change its heft as it wears down."<sup id="cite_ref-Petroski_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petroski-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists use extenders to maximize the use of their <a href="/wiki/Colored_pencil" title="Colored pencil">colored pencils</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_marking_material">By marking material</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Speciality_artists_pencils_051907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Speciality_artists_pencils_051907.jpg/220px-Speciality_artists_pencils_051907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Speciality_artists_pencils_051907.jpg/330px-Speciality_artists_pencils_051907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Speciality_artists_pencils_051907.jpg/440px-Speciality_artists_pencils_051907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Two solid, or "woodless", graphite pencils, two charcoal pencils, and two grease pencils</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colored-Pencils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Colored-Pencils.jpg/220px-Colored-Pencils.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Colored-Pencils.jpg/330px-Colored-Pencils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Colored-Pencils.jpg/440px-Colored-Pencils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Coloured pencils</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_promotional_pencils_(ubt).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/3_promotional_pencils_%28ubt%29.JPG/220px-3_promotional_pencils_%28ubt%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/3_promotional_pencils_%28ubt%29.JPG/330px-3_promotional_pencils_%28ubt%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/3_promotional_pencils_%28ubt%29.JPG/440px-3_promotional_pencils_%28ubt%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2829" data-file-height="1592" /></a><figcaption>Promotional pencils</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Graphite">Graphite</h4></div> <p>Graphite pencils are the most common types of pencil, and are encased in wood. They are made of a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> and their darkness varies from light grey to black. Their composition allows for the smoothest strokes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solid">Solid</h4></div> <p>Solid graphite pencils are solid sticks of graphite and clay composite (as found in a 'graphite pencil'), about the diameter of a common pencil, which have no casing other than a wrapper or label. They are often called "woodless" pencils. They are used primarily for art purposes as the lack of casing allows for covering larger spaces more easily, creating different effects, and providing greater economy as the entirety of the pencil is used. They are available in the same darkness range as wood-encased graphite pencils. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liquid">Liquid</h4></div> <p>Liquid graphite pencils are pencils that write like <a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">pens</a>. The technology was first invented in 1955 by <a href="/wiki/Scripto" title="Scripto">Scripto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parker_Pens" class="mw-redirect" title="Parker Pens">Parker Pens</a>. Scripto's liquid graphite formula came out about three months before Parker's liquid lead formula. To avoid a lengthy patent fight the two companies agreed to share their formulas.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charcoal">Charcoal</h4></div> <p>Charcoal pencils are made of <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> and provide fuller blacks than graphite pencils, but tend to smudge easily and are more abrasive than graphite. Sepia-toned and white pencils are also available for <a href="/wiki/Duotone" title="Duotone">duotone</a> techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carbon_pencils">Carbon pencils</h4></div> <p>Carbon pencils are generally made of a mixture of clay and <a href="/wiki/Lamp_black" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamp black">lamp black</a>, but are sometimes blended with charcoal or graphite depending on the darkness and manufacturer. They produce a fuller black than graphite pencils, are smoother than charcoal, and have minimal dust and smudging. They also blend very well, much like charcoal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colored">Colored</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Colored_pencil" title="Colored pencil">Colored pencils</a>, or pencil crayons, have wax-like cores with pigment and other fillers. Several colors are sometimes blended together.<sup id="cite_ref-wax_pencil_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wax_pencil-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grease">Grease</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Grease_pencil" title="Grease pencil">Grease pencils</a> can write on virtually any surface (including glass, plastic, metal and photographs). The most commonly found grease pencils are encased in paper (Berol and Sanford Peel-off), but they can also be encased in wood (Staedtler Omnichrom).<sup id="cite_ref-wax_pencil_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wax_pencil-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Watercolor">Watercolor</h4></div> <p>Watercolor pencils are designed for use with <a href="/wiki/Watercolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolor">watercolor</a> techniques. Their cores can be diluted by water. The pencils can be used by themselves for sharp, bold lines. Strokes made by the pencil can also be saturated with water and spread with brushes.<sup id="cite_ref-wax_pencil_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wax_pencil-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_use">By use</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carpentry">Carpentry</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carpenter%27s_pencil" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpenter's pencil">Carpenter's pencils</a> are pencils that have two main properties: their shape prevents them from rolling, and their graphite is strong.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest surviving pencil is a German carpenter's pencil dating from the 17th Century and now in the Faber-Castell collection.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copying">Copying</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Censored_mail_Spain_Australia_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Censored_mail_Spain_Australia_1943.jpg/220px-Censored_mail_Spain_Australia_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Censored_mail_Spain_Australia_1943.jpg/330px-Censored_mail_Spain_Australia_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Censored_mail_Spain_Australia_1943.jpg/440px-Censored_mail_Spain_Australia_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Obliteration by indelible pencil to censor mail in 1943</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Copying_pencil" title="Copying pencil">Copying pencils</a> (or indelible pencils) are graphite pencils with an added dye that creates an indelible mark. They were invented in the late 19th century for <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">press</a> copying and as a practical substitute for fountain pens. Their markings are often visually indistinguishable from those of standard graphite pencils, but when moistened their markings dissolve into a coloured ink, which is then pressed into another piece of paper. They were widely used until the mid-20th century when ball pens slowly replaced them. In Italy their use is still mandated by law for voting paper ballots in elections and referendums.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eyeliner">Eyeliner</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eye_liner" title="Eye liner">Eye liner</a> pencils are used for make-up. Unlike traditional copying pencils, eyeliner pencils usually contain non-toxic dyes.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Erasable_coloring">Erasable coloring</h4></div> <p>Unlike wax-based colored pencils, the erasable variants can be easily erased. Their main use is in sketching, where the objective is to create an outline using the same color that other media (such as wax pencils, or watercolor paints) would fill<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or when the objective is to scan the color sketch.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some animators prefer erasable color pencils as opposed to graphite pencils because they do not smudge as easily, and the different colors allow for better separation of objects in the sketch.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copy-editors find them useful too as markings stand out more than those of graphite, but can be erased. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-reproduction">Non-reproduction</h4></div> <p>Also known as <a href="/wiki/Non-photo_blue" title="Non-photo blue">non-photo blue</a> pencils, the non-reproducing types make marks that are not reproducible by photocopiers<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (examples include "Copy-not" by Sanford and "Mars Non-photo" by Staedtler) or by <a href="/wiki/Whiteprint" title="Whiteprint">whiteprint</a> copiers (such as "Mars Non-Print" by Staedtler). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stenography">Stenography</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">Stenographer</a>'s pencils, also known as a <b>steno pencil</b>, are expected to be very reliable, and their lead is break-proof. Nevertheless, steno pencils are sometimes sharpened at both ends to enhance reliability. They are round to avoid pressure pain during long texts.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Golf">Golf</h4></div> <p>Golf pencils are usually short (a common length is 9 cm or 3.5 in) and very cheap. They are also known as <b>library pencils</b>, as many libraries offer them as disposable writing instruments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_shape">By shape</h3></div> <ul><li>Triangular (more accurately a <a href="/wiki/Reuleaux_triangle" title="Reuleaux triangle">Reuleaux triangle</a>)</li> <li>Hexagonal</li> <li>Round</li> <li>Bendable (flexible plastic)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_size">By size</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Typical">Typical</h4></div> <p>A standard, hexagonal, "#2 pencil" is cut to a hexagonal height of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>6 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in), but the outer diameter is slightly larger (about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">7 mm or <span class="frac"><span class="num">9</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) A standard, "#2", hexagonal pencil is 19 cm (7.5 in) long. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biggest">Biggest</h4></div> <p>On 3 September 2007, <a href="/wiki/Ashrita_Furman" title="Ashrita Furman">Ashrita Furman</a> unveiled his giant US$20,000 pencil – 23 metres (76 ft) long, 8,200 kilograms (18,000 lb) with over 2,000 kilograms (4,500 lb) for the graphite centre – after three weeks of creation in August 2007 as a birthday gift for teacher <a href="/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Sri Chinmoy</a>. It is longer than the 20-metre (65 ft) pencil outside the Malaysia HQ of stationers Faber-Castell.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_manufacture">By manufacture</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mechanical">Mechanical</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg/220px-Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg/330px-Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg/440px-Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Lead for mechanical pencils</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biegsame_Bleistifte_(fcm).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Biegsame_Bleistifte_%28fcm%29.jpg/220px-Biegsame_Bleistifte_%28fcm%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Biegsame_Bleistifte_%28fcm%29.jpg/330px-Biegsame_Bleistifte_%28fcm%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Biegsame_Bleistifte_%28fcm%29.jpg/440px-Biegsame_Bleistifte_%28fcm%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Flexible pencils</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_pencil" title="Mechanical pencil">Mechanical pencils</a> use mechanical methods to push lead through a hole at the end. These can be divided into two groups: with propelling pencils an internal mechanism is employed to push the lead out from an internal compartment, while clutch pencils merely hold the lead in place (the lead is extended by releasing it and allowing some external force, usually gravity, to pull it out of the body). The erasers (sometimes replaced by a sharpener on pencils with larger lead sizes) are also removable (and thus replaceable), and usually cover a place to store replacement leads. Mechanical pencils are popular for their longevity and the fact that they may never need sharpening. Lead types are based on grade and size; with standard sizes being 2.00 mm (0.079 in), 1.40 mm (0.055 in), 1.00 mm (0.039 in), 0.70 mm (0.028 in), 0.50 mm (0.020 in), 0.35 mm (0.014 in), 0.25 mm (0.0098 in), 0.18 mm (0.0071 in), and 0.13 mm (0.0051 in) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=16778">ISO 9175-1</a>)—the 0.90 mm (0.035 in) size is available, but is not considered a standard ISO size.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pop_a_Point">Pop a Point</h4></div> <p>Pioneered by Taiwanese stationery manufacturer Bensia Pioneer Industrial Corporation in the early 1970s, Pop a Point Pencils are also known as <b>Bensia Pencils</b>, stackable pencils or non-sharpening pencils. It is a type of pencil where many short pencil tips are housed in a cartridge-style plastic holder. A blunt tip is removed by pulling it from the writing end of the body and re-inserting it into the open-ended bottom of the body, thereby pushing a new tip to the top. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plastic">Plastic</h4></div> <p>Invented by Harold Grossman<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the Empire Pencil Company in 1967, plastic pencils were subsequently improved upon by Arthur D. Little for Empire from 1969 through the early 1970s; the plastic pencil was commercialised by Empire as the "EPCON" Pencil. These pencils were co-extruded, extruding a plasticised graphite mix within a wood-composite core.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_aspects">Other aspects</h3></div> <ul><li>By factory state: sharpened, unsharpened</li> <li>By casing material: wood, paper, plastic</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/P%26P_Office_Waste_Paper_Processor" title="P&P Office Waste Paper Processor">P&P Office Waste Paper Processor</a> recycles paper into pencils<sup id="cite_ref-dynamic_inventions_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dynamic_inventions-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div> <p>Residual graphite from a pencil stick is not poisonous, and graphite is harmless if consumed. </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> has not been used for writing since antiquity, such as in Roman styli, <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a> from pencils was not uncommon. Until the middle of the 20th century the paint used for the outer coating could contain high concentrations of lead, and this could be ingested when the pencil was sucked or chewed.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2></div> <p>The lead of the pencil is a mix of finely ground <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> powders. Before the two substances are mixed, they are separately cleaned of foreign matter and dried in a manner that creates large square cakes. Once the cakes have fully dried, the graphite and the clay squares are mixed together using water. The amount of clay content added to the graphite depends on the intended <a href="#Grading_and_classification">pencil hardness</a> (lower proportions of clay makes the core softer),<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the amount of time spent on grinding the mixture determines the quality of the lead. The mixture is then shaped into long <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti" title="Spaghetti">spaghetti</a>-like strings, straightened, dried, cut, and then tempered in a <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kiln</a>. The resulting strings are dipped in oil or molten wax, which seeps into the tiny holes of the material and allows for the smooth writing ability of the pencil. A <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Incense-cedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Incense-cedar">incense-cedar</a> plank with several long parallel grooves is cut to fashion a "slat," and the graphite/clay strings are inserted into the grooves. Another grooved plank is glued on top, and the whole assembly is then cut into individual pencils, which are then varnished or painted. Many pencils feature an <a href="/wiki/Eraser" title="Eraser">eraser</a> on the top and so the process is usually still considered incomplete at this point. Each pencil has a shoulder cut on one end of the pencil to allow for a metal <a href="/wiki/Ferrule" title="Ferrule">ferrule</a> to be secured onto the wood. A rubber plug is then inserted into the ferrule for a functioning eraser on the end of the pencil.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grading_and_classification">Grading and classification</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TwoHBpencils2_and2_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/TwoHBpencils2_and2_5.jpg/220px-TwoHBpencils2_and2_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/TwoHBpencils2_and2_5.jpg/330px-TwoHBpencils2_and2_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/TwoHBpencils2_and2_5.jpg/440px-TwoHBpencils2_and2_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Two graphite pencils. Both are labelled "HB", but the numeric label differs between "2" and "2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PencilGradingChart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PencilGradingChart.png/220px-PencilGradingChart.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PencilGradingChart.png/330px-PencilGradingChart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/PencilGradingChart.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A grading chart ranging from 9B to 9H</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="#By_marking_material">Graphite pencils</a> are made of a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> and their darkness varies from black to light grey. A higher amount of clay added to the pencil makes it harder, leaving lighter marks.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a wide range of grades available, mainly for artists who are interested in creating a full range of tones from light grey to black. Engineers prefer harder pencils which allow for a greater control in the shape of the lead. </p><p>Manufacturers distinguish their pencils by grading them, but there is no common standard.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two pencils of the same grade but different manufacturers will not necessarily make a mark of identical tone nor have the same hardness.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most manufacturers, and almost all in Europe, designate their pencils with the letters <i>H</i> (commonly interpreted as "hardness") to <i>B</i> (commonly "blackness"), as well as <i>F</i> (usually taken to mean "fineness", although F pencils are no more fine or more easily sharpened than any other grade. Also referred as "firm" by many manufacturers<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The standard writing pencil is graded <i>HB</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This designation, in the form "H. B.", was in use at least as early as 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Softer or harder pencil grades were described by a sequence or successive Bs or Hs such as <i>BB</i> and <i>BBB</i> for successively softer leads, and <i>HH</i> and <i>HHH</i> for successively harder ones.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Koh-i-Noor_Hardtmuth" title="Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth">Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth</a> pencil manufacturers claim to have first used the HB designations, with <i>H</i> standing for Hardtmuth, <i>B</i> for the company's location of <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_Bud%C4%9Bjovice" title="České Budějovice">Budějovice</a>, and <i>F</i> for Franz Hardtmuth, who was responsible for technological improvements in pencil manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Yorker_April_28,_2016_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Yorker_April_28,_2016-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2021, a set of pencils ranging from a very soft, black-marking pencil to a very hard, light-marking pencil usually ranges from softest to hardest as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable float-right" style="text-align:center:"> <caption>Graphite pencil hardness grading and typical applications </caption> <tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe9"> <th colspan="3">Tone and grade designations </th> <th rowspan="2">Character </th> <th rowspan="2">Application examples </th></tr> <tr class="hintergrundfarbe9"> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">RUS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#000000;color:#FFFFFF">9B</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td rowspan="6" style="text-align:left;">extremely soft,<br />black </td> <td rowspan="6" style="text-align:left;">for artistic purposes: <ul><li>sketches</li> <li>studies</li> <li>drafts</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#111111; color:#FFFFFF;">8B</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#1a1a1a; color:#FFFFFF;">7B</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#222222; color:#FFFFFF;">6B</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#2a2a2a; color:#FFFFFF;">5B</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#333333; color:#FFFFFF;">4B</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#3a3a3a; color:#FFFFFF;">3B</td> <td>–</td> <td>3M </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:left;">soft </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>freehand drawing</li> <li>writing (restricted)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#444444; color:#FFFFFF;">2B</td> <td>#0</td> <td>2М </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#4a4a4a; color:#FFFFFF;">B</td> <td>#1</td> <td>M </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#555555; color:#00FF00;">HB</td> <td>#2</td> <td>TM </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;">medium </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a></li> <li>linear drawing</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#666666; color:#00FF00;">F</td> <td>#2½<sup>*</sup></td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#777777;">H</td> <td>#3</td> <td>T </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;">hard </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">technical drawing</a></li> <li>mathematical drawing</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#888888;">2H</td> <td>#4</td> <td>2T </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#999999;">3H</td> <td>–</td> <td>3T </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:left;">very hard </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>technical detailed plans</li> <li>graphical representations</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#aaaaaa;">4H</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#b7b7b7;">5H</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#bbbbbb;">6H</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td rowspan="4" style="text-align:left;">extremely hard,<br />light grey </td> <td rowspan="4" style="text-align:left;">for special purposes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylography" class="mw-redirect" title="Xylography">xylography</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#c7c7c7;">7H</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#cccccc;">8H</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dddddd;">9H</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><sup>*</sup>Also seen as 2<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">2</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">4</span></span>⁠</span>, 2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">4</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">8</span></span>⁠</span>, 2.5, 2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">5</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">10</span></span>⁠</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Koh-i-Noor_Hardtmuth" title="Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth">Koh-i-noor</a> offers twenty grades from 10H to 8B for its 1500 series.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uni-ball" title="Uni-ball">Mitsubishi Pencil</a> offers twenty-two grades from 10H to 10B for its Hi-uni range.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derwent produces twenty grades from 9H to 9B for its graphic pencils.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Staedtler" title="Staedtler">Staedtler</a> produces 24 from 10H to 12B for its Mars Lumograph pencils.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numbers as designation were first used by Conté and later by John Thoreau, father of <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>, in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Conté/Thoreau's equivalence table is widely accepted,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> not all manufacturers follow it; for example, Faber-Castell uses a different equivalence table in its <i>Grip 2001</i> pencils: 1 = 2B, 2 = B, 2½ = HB, 3 = H, 4 = 2H. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardness_test">Hardness test</h3></div> <p>Graded pencils can be used for a rapid test that provides relative ratings for a series of coated panels but cannot be used to compare the pencil hardness of different coatings. This test defines a "pencil hardness" of a coating as the grade of the hardest pencil that does not permanently mark the coating when pressed firmly against it at a 45 degree angle.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For standardized measurements, there are <a href="/wiki/Mohs_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs hardness">Mohs hardness</a> testing pencils on the market. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_colour_and_shape">External colour and shape</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number-2-pencil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Number-2-pencil.jpg/220px-Number-2-pencil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Number-2-pencil.jpg/330px-Number-2-pencil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Number-2-pencil.jpg/440px-Number-2-pencil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A typical yellow no. 2 pencil</figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of pencils made in the US are painted yellow.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petroski" title="Henry Petroski">Henry Petroski</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this tradition began in 1890 when the L. & C. Hardtmuth Company of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> introduced their <a href="/wiki/Koh-I-Noor_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koh-I-Noor (company)">Koh-I-Noor</a> brand, named after the <a href="/wiki/Koh-i-Noor" title="Koh-i-Noor">famous diamond</a>. It was intended to be the world's best and most expensive pencil, as the ends of the pencil was dipped in 14-carat gold,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at a time when most pencils were either painted in dark colours or not at all, the Koh-I-Noor was yellow. As well as simply being distinctive, the colour may have been inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Flags of Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian flag</a>; it was also suggestive of <a href="/wiki/The_Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="The Orient">the Orient</a> at a time when the best-quality graphite came from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. Other companies then copied the yellow colour so that their pencils would be associated with this high-quality brand, and chose brand names with explicit Oriental references, such as Mikado (renamed Mirado)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mongol.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all countries use yellow pencils. German and Brazilian pencils, for example, are often green, blue or black, based on the trademark colours of <a href="/wiki/Faber-Castell" title="Faber-Castell">Faber-Castell</a>, a major German stationery company which has plants in those countries. In southern European countries, pencils tend to be dark red or black with yellow lines, while in Australia, they are red with black bands at one end.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, the most common pencil colour scheme was dark red with black lines, and pencils with a large number of colour schemes are produced.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pencils are commonly round, <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal">hexagonal</a>, or sometimes <a href="/wiki/Reuleaux_triangle" title="Reuleaux triangle">triangular</a> in section. <a href="/wiki/Carpenter_pencil" title="Carpenter pencil">Carpenters' pencils</a> are typically oval or rectangular, so they cannot easily roll away during work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pencil" title="Special:EditPage/Pencil">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MEK_II-421.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/MEK_II-421.jpg/220px-MEK_II-421.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/MEK_II-421.jpg/330px-MEK_II-421.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/MEK_II-421.jpg/440px-MEK_II-421.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="3749" /></a><figcaption>A collection of pencils (12) by Bohemia Works <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> from the Ministry of Construction of the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">GDR</a> in the stock of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_Europ%C3%A4ischer_Kulturen" title="Museum Europäischer Kulturen">MEK</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Prominent global manufacturers of wood-cased (including wood-free) pencils: </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Manufacturer</th> <th>Country of origin</th> <th>Remark </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caran_d%27Ache_(company)" title="Caran d'Ache (company)">Caran d'Ache</a></td> <td>Switzerland</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>China First Pencil Co.</td> <td>China</td> <td>"Chung hwa" and "Great Wall" brands </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cretacolor" title="Cretacolor">Cretacolor</a> Bleistiftfabrik</td> <td>Austria</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Derwent_Cumberland_Pencil_Company" title="Derwent Cumberland Pencil Company">Derwent Cumberland Pencil Company</a></td> <td>UK</td> <td>Derwent brand </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dixon_Ticonderoga" title="Dixon Ticonderoga">Dixon Ticonderoga</a></td> <td>USA</td> <td>Dixon, Oriole, Ticonderoga brands (manufactured in Mexico, China) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Faber-Castell" title="Faber-Castell">Faber-Castell</a> AG</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>Plants in Germany, Indonesia, Costa Rica, Brazil, Malaysia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/F.I.L.A._(company)" title="F.I.L.A. (company)">FILA Group</a></td> <td>Italy</td> <td>Temagraph, Lyra, Dixon, Ticonderoga, DOMS brands </td></tr> <tr> <td>General Pencil Co.</td> <td>USA</td> <td>General's, Kimberly brands </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Pencils" title="Hindustan Pencils">Hindustan Pencils</a></td> <td>India</td> <td>Apsara, Nataraj brands </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koh-i-Noor_Hardtmuth" title="Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth">Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth</a></td> <td>Czech Republic</td> <td>Koh-i-Noor brand </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lyra Bleistift-Fabrik</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>Parent: FILA Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uni-ball" title="Uni-ball">Mitsubishi Pencil Company</a></td> <td>Japan</td> <td>Mitsu-Bishi, Uni brands </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newell_Brands" title="Newell Brands">Newell Brands</a></td> <td>US</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paper_Mate" title="Paper Mate">Paper Mate</a> brand </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palomino</td> <td>US</td> <td>Division of California Cedar Products </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Staedtler" title="Staedtler">Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co.</a></td> <td>Germany</td> <td>Staedtler brand </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tombow" title="Tombow">Tombow Pencil Co.</a></td> <td>Japan</td> <td>includes MONO brand </td></tr> <tr> <td>Viarco</td> <td>Portugal</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackwing_602" title="Blackwing 602">Blackwing 602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKEA_pencil" title="IKEA pencil">IKEA pencil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencil_drawing" title="Pencil drawing">Pencil drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbago_drawing" title="Plumbago drawing">Plumbago drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortillon" title="Tortillon">Tortillon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I,_Pencil" title="I, Pencil">I, Pencil</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pencil grades vary "depending upon the manufacturer, when the pencils are made, and the source of graphite and clay. One analyst found that graphitic carbon content, for example, to vary from about 30 to about 65 in a variety of different pencils bearing the same designation." <a href="#Petroski_1990">Petroski 1990</a>, p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is not related to the <a href="/wiki/Brinell_scale" title="Brinell scale">Brinell scale</a> hardness unit HB.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conté used integer numbers that started at 1, with higher numbers indicating softer leads, while Thoreau used higher numbers to designate harder leads (<a href="#Petroski_1990">Petroski 1990</a>, p. 157). It is believed that Thoreau developed independently his method of mixing clay and graphite, and his use of numbers to designate grades is evidence that he was at least aware of Conté methods and tried to reverse engineer them. Thoreau offered pencils graduated from 1 to 4 in the mid-1800s (<a href="#Petroski_1990">Petroski 1990</a>, p. 119), see also <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation episode cs1">John H. Lienhard (1989). "Thoreau's Pencils". <a href="/wiki/The_Engines_of_Our_Ingenuity" title="The Engines of Our Ingenuity"><i>The Engines of Our Ingenuity</i></a>. Episode 339. NPR. KUHF-FM Houston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi339.htm">Transcript</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Engines+of+Our+Ingenuity&rft.series=Episode+339&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span> uh.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This testing method is approved by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> as standard ISO 15184:1998 Paints and varnishes – Determination of film hardness by pencil test <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/55329.html?browse=tc">ISO.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026111219/https://www.iso.org/standard/55329.html?browse=tc">Archived</a> 26 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pra-world.com/technical/testingphysicalhardness.htm">pra-world.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929224302/http://www.pra-world.com/technical/testingphysicalhardness.htm">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for a description of the test. However, the hardness of pencils is not standardised. For this reason, the standard specifies various brands of pencils that are to be used in this test.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">75% of the 2.8 billion pencils made in the US are painted yellow (Steve Ritter "Pencils & Pencil Lead", <i>Chemical & Engineering News</i>, Volume 79, Number 42 page 35, 15 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/cen/whatstuff/stuff/7942sci4.html">Pubs.acs.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eagle Pencil Company applied for the trademark Mirado in 1947 (US Trademark 71515261). It is common belief that this was an attempt to disassociate the pencil brand from Japan, as one of the meanings of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Mikado</a> is emperor of Japan. <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Petroski_1990">Petroski</a> states that Eagle Pencil Company changed the name after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikado/Mirado pencils were originally made by Eagle Pencil Company – today <a href="/wiki/Berol" title="Berol">Berol</a> – but can also be found today under the trademark <a href="/wiki/Papermate" class="mw-redirect" title="Papermate">Papermate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanford_(writing_products)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanford (writing products)">Sanford</a> as Sanford owns Berol and the trademark Papermate <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brandnamepencils.com/brands/eagle/mikado174.shtml">Brandnamepencils.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929081527/http://www.brandnamepencils.com/brands/eagle/mikado174.shtml">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Mirado Pencil</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Originally made by <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Faber" title="Eberhard Faber">Eberhard Faber</a> the Mongol trademark is now owned by Sanford <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timberlines.blogspot.com/2005/08/mongolized.html">Timberlines.blogspot.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030943/http://timberlines.blogspot.com/2005/08/mongolized.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Timberlines Blog "Mongolized" 31 August 2005. Retrieved 23 August 2007.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"pencil, n". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></a> (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=pencil%2C+n&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UnpIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA419"><i>Notes and Queries</i></a>. 3. Vol. 12. Oxford University Press. 1868. p. 419. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117163455/https://books.google.com/books?id=UnpIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA419">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.series=3&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1868&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUnpIAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZumdahlZumdahl2008" class="citation book cs1">Zumdahl, Steven S. & Zumdahl, Susan A. (2008). "No lead pencils". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistrythediti00zumd"><i>Chemistry</i></a></span>. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistrythediti00zumd/page/n371">343</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-12532-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-12532-9"><bdi>978-0-547-12532-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=No+lead+pencils&rft.btitle=Chemistry&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-547-12532-9&rft.aulast=Zumdahl&rft.aufirst=Steven+S.&rft.au=Zumdahl%2C+Susan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistrythediti00zumd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-norgate-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-norgate_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorgateNorgate2008" class="citation web cs1">Norgate, Martin; Norgate, Jean (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geog.port.ac.uk/webmap/thelakes/html/lgaz/lk00976.htm">"Old Cumbria Gazetteer, black lead mine, Seathwaite"</a>. Portsmouth University: Geography Department. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107062352/http://www.geog.port.ac.uk/webmap/thelakes/html/lgaz/lk00976.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Cumbria+Gazetteer%2C+black+lead+mine%2C+Seathwaite&rft.place=Portsmouth+University&rft.pub=Geography+Department&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Norgate&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Norgate%2C+Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geog.port.ac.uk%2Fwebmap%2Fthelakes%2Fhtml%2Flgaz%2Flk00976.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wainwright_western-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wainwright_western_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainwright2005" class="citation book cs1">Wainwright, Alfred (2005). <i>A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, Western Fells</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Graphite+from+the+Plumbago+Mine%2C+Borrowdale%2C+England&rft.pub=Department+of+Physics+at+Michigan+Technological+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phy.mtu.edu%2F~jaszczak%2Fborrowdale.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petroski-1990-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petroski-1990_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petroski-1990_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Petroski,_1990">Petroski, 1990</a>, pp. 168, 358</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cumbria-industries.org.uk/wad.htm">"Lakeland's Mining Heritage"</a>. cumbria-industries.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080315083301/http://www.cumbria-industries.org.uk/wad.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lakeland%27s+Mining+Heritage&rft.pub=cumbria-industries.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cumbria-industries.org.uk%2Fwad.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/plumbago">"Definition of Plumbago"</a>. Answers.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813202330/http://www.answers.com/topic/plumbago">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Plumbago&rft.pub=Answers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Fplumbago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/plumbago">"Definition of Plumbago"</a>. Thefreedictionary.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Plumbago&rft.pub=Thefreedictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fplumbago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The big book of questions and answers</i>, Publications International LTD, (1989), p.189, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88176-670-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88176-670-4">0-88176-670-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/have-pencils-ever-contained-lead/">"Have pencils ever contained lead?"</a>. <i>BBC Science Focus Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ever+wondered+about+the+lead+in+pencils%3F&rft.date=2014-11-26&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Howard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fkidspost%2Fever-wondered-about-the-lead-in-pencils%2F2014%2F11%2F26%2Ff8b5869c-548a-11e4-809b-8cc0a295c773_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002817.htm">"Pencil swallowing: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>www.nlm.nih.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006022505/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002817.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nlm.nih.gov&rft.atitle=Pencil+swallowing%3A+MedlinePlus+Medical+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fmedlineplus%2Fency%2Farticle%2F002817.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umeshmadan.wordpress.com/tag/graphite-pencils/">"graphite pencils | The Weekend Historian"</a>. <i>umeshmadan.wordpress.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007164114/https://umeshmadan.wordpress.com/tag/graphite-pencils/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=umeshmadan.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=graphite+pencils+%7C+The+Weekend+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fumeshmadan.wordpress.com%2Ftag%2Fgraphite-pencils%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/metals/lead.html">"Lead Facts - Uses, Properties, Element Pb, Plumbing, Pipes, Weights"</a>. <i>www.sciencekids.co.nz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030075725/http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/metals/lead.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciencekids.co.nz&rft.atitle=Lead+Facts+-+Uses%2C+Properties%2C+Element+Pb%2C+Plumbing%2C+Pipes%2C+Weights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencekids.co.nz%2Fsciencefacts%2Fmetals%2Flead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pencilmuseum.co.uk/">"Keswick Pencil Museum"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keswick+Pencil+Museum&rft.pub=Pencilmuseum.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pencilmuseum.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harper, Douglas (27 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pencil&allowed_in_frame=0">"pencil"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120823161324/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pencil&allowed_in_frame=0">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Faber Castell Australia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pencilpages.com/gallery/oldest.htm">"Oldest Known Pencil in Existence"</a>. Pencilpages.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220153349/http://pencilpages.com/gallery/oldest.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oldest+Known+Pencil+in+Existence&rft.pub=Pencilpages.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pencilpages.com%2Fgallery%2Foldest.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121009001506/http://www.senato.it/istituzione/108452/152259/genpagspalla.htm">"L. 6 febbraio 1948, n. 29"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senato.it/istituzione/108452/152259/genpagspalla.htm">the original</a> on 9 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L.+6+febbraio+1948%2C+n.+29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senato.it%2Fistituzione%2F108452%2F152259%2Fgenpagspalla.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulta.com/gel-eyeliner-pencil?productId=xlsImpprod4370701">"Gel Eyeliner Pencil by ULTA"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117001354/http://www.ulta.com/gel-eyeliner-pencil?productId=xlsImpprod4370701">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gel+Eyeliner+Pencil+by+ULTA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulta.com%2Fgel-eyeliner-pencil%3FproductId%3DxlsImpprod4370701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130128105255/http://www.mccannas.com/sketch/supply.htm">"Art Supplies"</a>. Mccannas.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mccannas.com/sketch/supply.htm">the original</a> on 28 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art+Supplies&rft.pub=Mccannas.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mccannas.com%2Fsketch%2Fsupply.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalartsonline.co.uk/tutorials/index.cfm?FeatureID=1625">"Sketch to Paint in Photoshop"</a>. Digitalartsonline.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227140128/http://www.digitalartsonline.co.uk/tutorials/index.cfm?FeatureID=1625">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sketch+to+Paint+in+Photoshop&rft.pub=Digitalartsonline.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalartsonline.co.uk%2Ftutorials%2Findex.cfm%3FFeatureID%3D1625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070708213710/http://smacktalk.smackjeeves.com/03-paperpencilserasers">"Tools of the Trade Papers Pencils and Erases"</a>. smackjeeves.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smacktalk.smackjeeves.com/03-paperpencilserasers">the original</a> on 8 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tools+of+the+Trade+Papers+Pencils+and+Erases&rft.pub=smackjeeves.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmacktalk.smackjeeves.com%2F03-paperpencilserasers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524004821/http://www.epinions.com/review/Sanford_Col_erase_Copy_not_colored_pencil_20028_blue/content_285308063364">"Sanford Col-Erase Copy Not Pencils-You Can't Copy This Baby!"</a>. Epinions.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epinions.com/review/Sanford_Col_erase_Copy_not_colored_pencil_20028_blue/content_285308063364">the original</a> on 24 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanford+Col-Erase+Copy+Not+Pencils-You+Can%27t+Copy+This+Baby%21&rft.pub=Epinions.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epinions.com%2Freview%2FSanford_Col_erase_Copy_not_colored_pencil_20028_blue%2Fcontent_285308063364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728175447/http://www.penciltalk.org/2006/06/reporter-pencils">"Paper and Pencil Blog 'Reporter Pencils'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Penciltalk.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penciltalk.org/2006/06/reporter-pencils">the original</a> on 28 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paper+and+Pencil+Blog+%27Reporter+Pencils%27&rft.pub=Penciltalk.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penciltalk.org%2F2006%2F06%2Freporter-pencils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pencilpages.com/gallery/largest.htm">World's largest pencil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081229044243/http://www.pencilpages.com/gallery/largest.htm">Archived</a> 29 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Pencil Pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srichinmoybio.co.uk/news/ashrita-furman/worlds-largest-pencil-unveiled-in-new-york/">World's largest pencil unveiled in New York</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517160754/http://www.srichinmoybio.co.uk/news/ashrita-furman/worlds-largest-pencil-unveiled-in-new-york/">Archived</a> 17 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sri Chinmoy News.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metacafe.com/watch/835380/worlds_largest_pencil/">World's largest pencil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105115204/http://www.metacafe.com/watch/835380/worlds_largest_pencil/">Archived</a> 5 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (video). Metacafe.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grossman, Harold. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN/3360489">US Patent 3,360,489</a>, issued 26 December 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adlittlechronicles.blogspot.com/2008/07/epcon-plastic-pencil.html">The Epcon Plastic Pencil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708022148/http://adlittlechronicles.blogspot.com/2008/07/epcon-plastic-pencil.html">Archived</a> 8 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, adlittlechronicles.blogspot.com, for information about this invention.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dynamic_inventions-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dynamic_inventions_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140113141724/http://dynamicinventions.com/pp-office-waste-processor/">"P&P Office Waste Processor"</a>. Dynamic Inventions. 11 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dynamicinventions.com/pp-office-waste-processor/#">the original</a> on 13 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P%26P+Office+Waste+Processor&rft.pub=Dynamic+Inventions&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdynamicinventions.com%2Fpp-office-waste-processor%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_1QEAAAAMBAJ&q=life+Pencils%2C+paint+and+pottery+can+give+you+lead+poisoning&pg=PA46">"Pencils, paint and pottery can give you lead poisoning"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i>. Vol. 73, no. 1. 7 July 1972. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Pencils%2C+paint+and+pottery+can+give+you+lead+poisoning&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1972-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_1QEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dlife%2BPencils%252C%2Bpaint%2Band%2Bpottery%2Bcan%2Bgive%2Byou%2Blead%2Bpoisoning%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pencils.com/hb-graphite-grading-scale">"The HB Graphite Grading Scale"</a>. Pencils.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321203027/http://www.pencils.com/hb-graphite-grading-scale">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+HB+Graphite+Grading+Scale&rft.pub=Pencils.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pencils.com%2Fhb-graphite-grading-scale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Petroski_1990">Petroski 1990</a>, "Appendix A</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121070208/http://www.staedtler.com/upload/graphite_video_eng_16461.mpg">"Staedtler Pencil, video"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staedtler.com/upload/graphite_video_eng_16461.mpg">the original</a> on 21 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Staedtler+Pencil%2C+video&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staedtler.com%2Fupload%2Fgraphite_video_eng_16461.mpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span> Staedtler.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Petroski_1990">Petroski 1990</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517110307/http://www.pencils.co.uk/heritage.aspx?id=6&sid=1">"Derwent Manufacturing Process"</a>. Pencils.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pencils.co.uk/heritage.aspx?id=6&sid=1">the original</a> on 17 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Derwent+Manufacturing+Process&rft.pub=Pencils.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pencils.co.uk%2Fheritage.aspx%3Fid%3D6%26sid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pencils.com/hb-graphite-grading-scale">"Graphite Grading Scales Explained"</a>. 8 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170206105031/https://pencils.com/hb-graphite-grading-scale/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Graphite+Grading+Scales+Explained&rft.date=2014-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpencils.com%2Fhb-graphite-grading-scale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpuni.co.jp/museum/qa/mistery05.html">えんぴつのナゾを解く</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003141714/http://www.mpuni.co.jp/museum/qa/mistery05.html">Archived</a> 3 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Pencil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Pencil Company">Mitsubishi Pencil Company</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koh-i-noor.cz/en/history">"KOH-I-NOOR HARDTMUTH HISTORY"</a>. Koh-I-Noor Hardtmuth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KOH-I-NOOR+HARDTMUTH+HISTORY.&rft.pub=Koh-I-Noor+Hardtmuth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koh-i-noor.cz%2Fen%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faber-castell.com/-/media/Faber-Castell-new/PDF/en/Castell-9000-en.ashx">"Castell 9000 brochure"</a>. Faber-Castell<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Castell+9000+brochure&rft.pub=Faber-Castell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faber-castell.com%2F-%2Fmedia%2FFaber-Castell-new%2FPDF%2Fen%2FCastell-9000-en.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pencils.com/hb-graphite-grading-scale/">"Graphite Grading Scales Explained"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170206105031/https://pencils.com/hb-graphite-grading-scale/">Archived</a> 6 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Pencils.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStothard1823" class="citation book cs1">Stothard, Charles (1823). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aw1fAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22marked+H.+B.%22&pg=PA154"><i>Memoirs, Including Original Journals, Letters, Papers, and Antiquarian Tracts, of the Late Charles Alfred Stothard, F.S.A.</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(letter dated 1814)</span>. Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs%2C+Including+Original+Journals%2C+Letters%2C+Papers%2C+and+Antiquarian+Tracts%2C+of+the+Late+Charles+Alfred+Stothard%2C+F.S.A.&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Stothard&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daw1fAAAAcAAJ%26dq%3D%2522marked%2BH.%2BB.%2522%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Petroski_1990">Petroski 1990</a>, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koh-i-noor.cz/en/interesting-information-about-the-company">"Interesting information about the company"</a>. Koh-I-Noor Hardtmuth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013001501/http://www.koh-i-noor.cz/en/interesting-information-about-the-company">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interesting+information+about+the+company&rft.pub=Koh-I-Noor+Hardtmuth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koh-i-noor.cz%2Fen%2Finteresting-information-about-the-company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_Yorker_April_28,_2016-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_Yorker_April_28,_2016_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2016" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Norris_(copy_editor)" title="Mary Norris (copy editor)">Norris, Mary</a> (28 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thescene.com/watch/thenewyorker/comma-queen-on-impact">"Comma Queen: On "Impact"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Video)</span>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. Condé Nast. p. 2:35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605053709/https://thescene.com/watch/thenewyorker/comma-queen-on-impact">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Comma+Queen%3A+On+%22Impact%22&rft.pages=2%3A35&rft.date=2016-04-28&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthescene.com%2Fwatch%2Fthenewyorker%2Fcomma-queen-on-impact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071029104124/http://www.koh-i-noor.cz/main/main.php?pageid=3211&lang=4&=&filter=&cat=24&position=30">Koh-i-noor Catalog: Graphite Pencis</a>, koh-i-noor.cz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081106131833/http://www.mpuni.co.jp/product/category/pencil/uni/spec.html">コード表</a>, mpuni.co.jp (Japanese)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619105057/http://www.pencils.co.uk/products/derwent.aspx?sid=3&p=1">"Derwent Graphic"</a>. Pencils.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pencils.co.uk/products/derwent.aspx?sid=3&p=1">the original</a> on 19 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Derwent+Graphic&rft.pub=Pencils.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pencils.co.uk%2Fproducts%2Fderwent.aspx%3Fsid%3D3%26p%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.staedtler.com/uk/en/products/pencils-and-accessories/graphite-pencils/mars-lumograph-100-drawing-pencil-100-g24/">Staedtler Mars Lumograph Pencils</a> Staedtler.com. Retrieved 25 August 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons2000" class="citation journal cs1">Simmons, Mac (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pencilpages.com/articles/simmons.htm">"The Pencil Hardness Test"</a>. <i>Woodwork</i>: 76. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928042339/http://www.pencilpages.com/articles/simmons.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Woodwork&rft.atitle=The+Pencil+Hardness+Test&rft.pages=76&rft.date=2000-04&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Mac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pencilpages.com%2Farticles%2Fsimmons.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Petroski_1990">Petroski 1990</a>, pp. 162–163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2018" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Weaver, Caroline (3 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBf9pXOmpFw"><i>Why the pencil is perfect | Small Thing Big Idea, a TED series</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+the+pencil+is+perfect+%7C+Small+Thing+Big+Idea%2C+a+TED+series&rft.date=2018-11-03&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DIBf9pXOmpFw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pencilpages.com/gallery/eberhard-faber/mongol.htm">"Eberhard Faber Pencil Gallery"</a>. Pencilpages.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090408015423/http://www.pencilpages.com/gallery/eberhard-faber/mongol.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eberhard+Faber+Pencil+Gallery&rft.pub=Pencilpages.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pencilpages.com%2Fgallery%2Feberhard-faber%2Fmongol.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Shaughnessy2010" class="citation web cs1">O'Shaughnessy, Lynn (22 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-are-pencils-yellow/">"Why Are Pencils Yellow?"</a>. CBS News MoneyWatch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Are+Pencils+Yellow%3F&rft.pub=CBS+News+MoneyWatch&rft.date=2010-07-22&rft.aulast=O%27Shaughnessy&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fwhy-are-pencils-yellow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatabook" class="citation web cs1">Khatabook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://khatabook.com/blog/best-pencil-brands-in-india/">"List Of Top Rated Pencil Brands In India"</a>. <i>Khatabook</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khatabook&rft.atitle=List+Of+Top+Rated+Pencil+Brands+In+India&rft.au=Khatabook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkhatabook.com%2Fblog%2Fbest-pencil-brands-in-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Petroski_1990" class="citation book cs1">Petroski, Henry (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pencilhistoryofd00petr_0"><i>The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-57422-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-57422-2"><bdi>0-394-57422-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pencil%3A+A+History+of+Design+and+Circumstance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-394-57422-2&rft.aulast=Petroski&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpencilhistoryofd00petr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Petroski,_H._D._Thoreau" class="citation journal cs1">Petroski, Henry (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inventionandtech.com/content/h-d-thoreau-engineer-1">"H. D. Thoreau, Engineer"</a>. <i>American Heritage of Invention and Technology</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 8–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00382876-90-1-39">10.1215/00382876-90-1-39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-2876">0038-2876</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257782890">257782890</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage+of+Invention+and+Technology&rft.atitle=H.+D.+Thoreau%2C+Engineer.&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=8-16&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257782890%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0038-2876&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00382876-90-1-39&rft.aulast=Petroski&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inventionandtech.com%2Fcontent%2Fh-d-thoreau-engineer-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APencil" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Pencil</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pencil" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Pencil">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pencils" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Pencils">Media</a> from Commons</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZHp1fGdAWE"><span class="plainlinks">How A Pencil Is Made</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayneAnderson2018" class="citation news cs1">Payne, Christopher; Anderson, Sam (12 January 2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/12/magazine/inside-one-of-americas-last-pencil-factories.html?action=click&contentCollection=Politics&module=Trending&version=Full&region=Marginalia&pgtype=article">"Inside one of America's last pencil factories"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pens" title="Template:Pens"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/Dip_pen" title="Dip pen">Dip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen" title="Fountain pen">Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel_pen" title="Gel pen">Gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker_pen" title="Marker pen">Marker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marker_pen" title="Marker pen">dry erase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlighter" title="Highlighter">highlighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_marker" title="Paint marker">paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_marker" title="Permanent marker">permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UV_marker" title="UV marker">UV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalam" title="Qalam">Qalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">Quill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastrum" title="Rastrum">Rastrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_pen" title="Reed pen">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollerball_pen" title="Rollerball pen">Rollerball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_pen" title="Ruling pen">Ruling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pen" title="Skin pen">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">Stylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_pen" title="Technical pen">Technical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts and tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">Blotting paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desk_blotter" class="mw-redirect" title="Desk blotter">Ink blotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkwell" title="Inkwell">Inkwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nib_(pen)" title="Nib (pen)">Nib</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flex_nib" title="Flex nib">flex nib</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penknife" title="Penknife">Penknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pounce_(calligraphy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounce (calligraphy)">Pounce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">Inks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alizarine_ink" title="Alizarine ink">Alizarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen_ink" title="Fountain pen ink">Fountain pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_gall_ink" title="Iron gall ink">Iron gall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stark%27s_ink" title="Stark's ink">Stark's</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballpoint_pen_artwork" title="Ballpoint pen artwork">Ballpoint pen artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballpoint_pen_knife" title="Ballpoint pen knife">Ballpoint pen knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_banknote_detection_pen" title="Counterfeit banknote detection pen">Counterfeit banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pen_trade" title="Birmingham pen trade">Birmingham pen trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pen_Museum" title="Pen Museum">Pen Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_computing" title="Pen computing">Pen computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_gun" title="Pen gun">Pen gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmanship" title="Penmanship">Penmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_painting" title="Pen painting">Pen painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_spinning" title="Pen spinning">Pen spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retipping" title="Retipping">Retipping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inking_(comic_book_production)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inking (comic book production)">Inking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterer" title="Letterer">Lettering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pen_types,_brands_and_companies" title="List of pen types, brands and companies">List of types, brands and companies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pencil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_pencil" title="Mechanical pencil">Mechanical pencil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayam" title="Narayam">Narayam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1056841/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4121035-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85099376">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11966560s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11966560s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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