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aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simple_inflorescences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_inflorescences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Simple inflorescences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_inflorescences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indeterminate_or_racemose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indeterminate_or_racemose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Indeterminate or racemose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indeterminate_or_racemose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Determinate_or_cymose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Determinate_or_cymose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Determinate or cymose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Determinate_or_cymose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compound_inflorescences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_inflorescences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Compound inflorescences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_inflorescences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_and_patterning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_patterning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Development and patterning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_and_patterning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development and patterning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_and_patterning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Genetic basis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Environmental influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meristems_and_inflorescence_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meristems_and_inflorescence_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Meristems and inflorescence architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meristems_and_inflorescence_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Inflorescence</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نورة زهرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نورة زهرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescencia" title="Inflorescencia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Inflorescencia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescencia" title="Inflorescencia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inflorescencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="পুষ্পবিন্যাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পুষ্পবিন্যাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Суквецце – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Суквецце" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Съцветие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съцветие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvat" title="Cvat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cvat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infloresc%C3%A8ncia" title="Inflorescència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Inflorescència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Чечекушкăнь – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чечекушкăнь" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C4%9Btenstv%C3%AD" title="Květenství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Květenství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blomsterstand" title="Blomsterstand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blomsterstand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%BCtenstand" title="Blütenstand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blütenstand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95isik" title="Õisik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õisik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ταξιανθία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταξιανθία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescencia" title="Inflorescencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inflorescencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infloresko" title="Infloresko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Infloresko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infloreszentzia" title="Infloreszentzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Infloreszentzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D8%B0%DB%8C%D9%86_(%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="گل‌آذین (گیاه‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گل‌آذین (گیاه‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inflorescence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A1thra" title="Bláthra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bláthra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescencia" title="Inflorescencia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inflorescencia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%BD%83%EC%B0%A8%EB%A1%80" title="꽃차례 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="꽃차례" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%AC" title="Ծաղկաբույլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծաղկաբույլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="पुष्पक्रम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुष्पक्रम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kw%C4%9Btnistwo" title="Kwětnistwo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kwětnistwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvat" title="Cvat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cvat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infloresenco" title="Infloresenco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Infloresenco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunga_majemuk" title="Bunga majemuk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bunga majemuk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiorescenza" title="Infiorescenza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Infiorescenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%AA" title="תפרחת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תפרחת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembang_majemuk" title="Kembang majemuk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kembang majemuk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Гүлшоғыр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гүлшоғыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescentia" title="Inflorescentia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Inflorescentia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiedynas" title="Žiedynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žiedynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfiuresc%C3%A8nsa" title="Enfiurescènsa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Enfiurescènsa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%C3%A1gzat" title="Virágzat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Virágzat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Соцветие – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Соцветие" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vondrombony" title="Vondrombony – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vondrombony" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2" title="പൂങ്കുല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൂങ്കുല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="फुलोरा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फुलोरा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambak_bunga" title="Jambak bunga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jambak bunga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloeiwijze" title="Bloeiwijze – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bloeiwijze" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%BA%8F" title="花序 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="花序" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blomsterstand" title="Blomsterstand – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blomsterstand" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blomestand" title="Blomestand – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blomestand" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%CA%BBpgul" title="Toʻpgul – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toʻpgul" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwiatostan" title="Kwiatostan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwiatostan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infloresc%C3%AAncia" title="Inflorescência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inflorescência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Inflorescență – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inflorescență" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuktu-tuktu" title="Tuktu-tuktu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tuktu-tuktu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Соцветие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Соцветие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85-%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Дьукаах-сибэкки – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьукаах-сибэкки" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Inflorescence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAkvetie" title="Súkvetie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Súkvetie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socvetje" title="Socvetje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Socvetje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Цваст – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цваст" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvast" title="Cvast – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cvast" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukinto" title="Kukinto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kukinto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blomst%C3%A4llning" title="Blomställning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blomställning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பூந்துணர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" 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title="پھولداری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پھولداری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%BA%8F" title="花序 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="花序" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%BA%8F" title="花序 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="花序" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%BA%8F" title="花序 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="花序" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Botanical term for a cluster of flowers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Inflorescent" redirects here. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Inflorescent_(album)" title="Inflorescent (album)"><i>Inflorescent</i> (album)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Inflorescence" title="Special:EditPage/Inflorescence">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Inflorescence%22">"Inflorescence"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Inflorescence%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Inflorescence%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Inflorescence%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Inflorescence%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Inflorescence%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aloe_hereroensis_Auob_C15.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Aloe_hereroensis_Auob_C15.JPG/220px-Aloe_hereroensis_Auob_C15.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Aloe_hereroensis_Auob_C15.JPG/330px-Aloe_hereroensis_Auob_C15.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Aloe_hereroensis_Auob_C15.JPG/440px-Aloe_hereroensis_Auob_C15.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Aloe_hereroensis" title="Aloe hereroensis">Aloe hereroensis</a></i>, showing inflorescence with branched <a href="/wiki/Peduncle_(botany)" title="Peduncle (botany)">peduncle</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amorphophallus_at_Fairchild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Amorphophallus_at_Fairchild.jpg/220px-Amorphophallus_at_Fairchild.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Amorphophallus_at_Fairchild.jpg/330px-Amorphophallus_at_Fairchild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Amorphophallus_at_Fairchild.jpg/440px-Amorphophallus_at_Fairchild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Amorphophallus_titanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphophallus titanum">Amorphophallus titanum</a></i> has the world's largest unbranched inflorescence. Photo of the plant in bloom in 2000 at <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Tropical_Botanic_Garden" title="Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden">Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, Florida, US</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, an <b>inflorescence</b> is a group or cluster of <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> arranged on a <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a> that is composed of a main <a href="/wiki/Branch" title="Branch">branch</a> or a system of branches.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a main axis (<a href="/wiki/Peduncle_(botany)" title="Peduncle (botany)">peduncle</a>) and by the timing of its flowering (determinate and indeterminate).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">Morphologically</a>, an inflorescence is the modified part of the <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoot</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">seed plants</a> where flowers are formed on the axis of a plant. The modifications can involve the length and the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Internode_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internode (botany)">internodes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Phyllotaxis" title="Phyllotaxis">phyllotaxis</a>, as well as variations in the proportions, compressions, swellings, <a href="/wiki/Adnation" title="Adnation">adnations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connation" title="Connation">connations</a> and reduction of main and secondary axes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One can also define an inflorescence as the reproductive portion of a plant that bears a cluster of flowers in a specific pattern.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_characteristics">General characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflorescence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inflorescences are described by many different characteristics including how the flowers are arranged on the peduncle, the blooming order of the flowers, and how different clusters of flowers are grouped within it. These terms are general representations as plants in nature can have a combination of types. Because flowers facilitate <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">plant reproduction</a>, inflorescence characteristics are largely a result of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stem holding the whole inflorescence is called a <a href="/wiki/Peduncle_(botany)" title="Peduncle (botany)">peduncle</a>. The main axis (also referred to as major stem) above the peduncle bearing the flowers or secondary branches is called the <a href="/wiki/Rachis" title="Rachis">rachis</a>. The stalk of each flower in the inflorescence is called a <a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">pedicel</a>. A flower that is not part of an inflorescence is called a solitary flower and its stalk is also referred to as a peduncle. Any flower in an inflorescence may be referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">floret</a>, especially when the individual flowers are particularly small and borne in a tight cluster, such as in a <a href="/wiki/Pseudanthium" title="Pseudanthium">pseudanthium</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruiting</a> stage of an inflorescence is known as an <a href="/wiki/Infructescence" title="Infructescence">infructescence</a>. Inflorescences may be simple (single) or complex (<a href="/wiki/Panicle" title="Panicle">panicle</a>). The rachis may be one of several types, including single, composite, umbel, spike or <a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">raceme</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In some species the flowers develop directly from the main stem or woody trunk, rather than from the plant's main shoot. This is called <a href="/wiki/Cauliflory" title="Cauliflory">cauliflory</a> and is found across a number of plant families.<sup id="cite_ref-PlantNETC2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlantNETC2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extreme version of this is <a href="/wiki/Cauliflory" title="Cauliflory">flagelliflory</a> where long, whip-like branches grow from the main trunk to the ground and even below it. Inflorescences form directly on these branches.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernanda_Martínez-Velarde_et_al20232_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernanda_Martínez-Velarde_et_al20232-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminal_flower">Terminal flower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflorescence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminal flower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plant organs can grow according to two different schemes, namely <a href="/wiki/Monopodial" title="Monopodial">monopodial</a> or <b><a href="/wiki/Racemose" class="mw-redirect" title="Racemose">racemose</a></b> and <a href="/wiki/Sympodial" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympodial">sympodial</a> or <b>cymose</b>. In inflorescences these two different growth patterns are called <a href="/wiki/Indeterminate_growth" title="Indeterminate growth">indeterminate</a> and determinate respectively, and indicate whether a terminal flower is formed and where flowering starts within the inflorescence. </p> <ul><li><b>Indeterminate inflorescence</b>: <a href="/wiki/Monopodial" title="Monopodial">Monopodial</a> (racemose) growth. The terminal bud keeps growing and forming lateral flowers. A terminal flower is never formed.</li> <li><b>Determinate inflorescence</b>: <a href="/wiki/Sympodial" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympodial">Sympodial</a> (cymose) growth. The terminal bud forms a terminal flower and then dies out. Other flowers then grow from lateral buds.</li></ul> <p>Indeterminate and determinate inflorescences are sometimes referred to as <b>open</b> and <b>closed</b> inflorescences respectively. The indeterminate patterning of flowers is derived from determinate flowers. It is suggested that indeterminate flowers have a common mechanism that prevents terminal flower growth. Based on phylogenetic analyses, this mechanism arose independently multiple times in different species.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an <b>indeterminate inflorescence</b> there is no true terminal flower and the stem usually has a rudimentary end. In many cases the last true flower formed by the terminal bud (<b>subterminal</b> flower) straightens up, appearing to be a terminal flower. Often a vestige of the terminal bud may be noticed higher on the stem. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Offener_Bl%C3%BCtenstand_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indeterminate inflorescence with a perfect acropetal maturation"><img alt="Indeterminate inflorescence with a perfect acropetal maturation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Offener_Bl%C3%BCtenstand_%28inflorescence%29.svg/60px-Offener_Bl%C3%BCtenstand_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Offener_Bl%C3%BCtenstand_%28inflorescence%29.svg/120px-Offener_Bl%C3%BCtenstand_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="763" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indeterminate inflorescence with a perfect acropetal maturation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Offener_Bl%C3%BCtenstand_(inflorescence)_m_K.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indeterminate inflorescence with an acropetal maturation and lateral flower buds"><img alt="Indeterminate inflorescence with an acropetal maturation and lateral flower buds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Offener_Bl%C3%BCtenstand_%28inflorescence%29_m_K.svg/60px-Offener_Bl%C3%BCtenstand_%28inflorescence%29_m_K.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Offener_Bl%C3%BCtenstand_%28inflorescence%29_m_K.svg/120px-Offener_Bl%C3%BCtenstand_%28inflorescence%29_m_K.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="763" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indeterminate inflorescence with an acropetal maturation and lateral flower buds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudoterminalbluete_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indeterminate inflorescence with the subterminal flower to simulate the terminal one (vestige present)"><img alt="Indeterminate inflorescence with the subterminal flower to simulate the terminal one (vestige present)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pseudoterminalbluete_%28inflorescence%29.svg/48px-Pseudoterminalbluete_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pseudoterminalbluete_%28inflorescence%29.svg/72px-Pseudoterminalbluete_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pseudoterminalbluete_%28inflorescence%29.svg/96px-Pseudoterminalbluete_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indeterminate inflorescence with the subterminal flower to simulate the terminal one (vestige present)</div> </li> </ul> <p>In <b>determinate inflorescences</b> the terminal flower is usually the first to mature (precursive development), while the others tend to mature starting from the base of the stem. This pattern is called <b>acropetal</b> maturation. When flowers start to mature from the top of the stem, maturation is <b>basipetal</b>, whereas when the central mature first, maturation is <b>divergent</b>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akropetale_Effloration_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Determinate inflorescence with acropetal maturation"><img alt="Determinate inflorescence with acropetal maturation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Akropetale_Effloration_%28inflorescence%29.svg/44px-Akropetale_Effloration_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Akropetale_Effloration_%28inflorescence%29.svg/66px-Akropetale_Effloration_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Akropetale_Effloration_%28inflorescence%29.svg/88px-Akropetale_Effloration_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Determinate inflorescence with acropetal maturation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basipetale_effloration_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Determinate inflorescence with basipetal maturation"><img alt="Determinate inflorescence with basipetal maturation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Basipetale_effloration_%28inflorescence%29.svg/44px-Basipetale_effloration_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Basipetale_effloration_%28inflorescence%29.svg/66px-Basipetale_effloration_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Basipetale_effloration_%28inflorescence%29.svg/88px-Basipetale_effloration_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Determinate inflorescence with basipetal maturation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Divergente_effloration_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Determinate inflorescence with divergent maturation"><img alt="Determinate inflorescence with divergent maturation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Divergente_effloration_%28inflorescence%29.svg/60px-Divergente_effloration_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Divergente_effloration_%28inflorescence%29.svg/120px-Divergente_effloration_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="743" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Determinate inflorescence with divergent maturation</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phyllotaxis">Phyllotaxis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflorescence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phyllotaxis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>, flowers can be arranged on the stem according to many different patterns. See '<a href="/wiki/Phyllotaxis" title="Phyllotaxis">Phyllotaxis</a>' for in-depth descriptions. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inflorescences_Raceme_Kwiatostan_Grono.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alternate flowers"><img alt="Alternate flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Inflorescences_Raceme_Kwiatostan_Grono.svg/57px-Inflorescences_Raceme_Kwiatostan_Grono.svg.png" decoding="async" width="57" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Inflorescences_Raceme_Kwiatostan_Grono.svg/85px-Inflorescences_Raceme_Kwiatostan_Grono.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Inflorescences_Raceme_Kwiatostan_Grono.svg/114px-Inflorescences_Raceme_Kwiatostan_Grono.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alternate flowers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Traube_dekussiert_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Opposite flowers"><img alt="Opposite flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Traube_dekussiert_%28inflorescence%29.svg/57px-Traube_dekussiert_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="57" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Traube_dekussiert_%28inflorescence%29.svg/85px-Traube_dekussiert_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Traube_dekussiert_%28inflorescence%29.svg/114px-Traube_dekussiert_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Opposite flowers</div> </li> </ul> <p>Similarly arrangement of leaf in bud is called Ptyxis. </p><p>When a single or a cluster of flower(s) is located at the axil of a bract, the location of the bract in relation to the stem holding the flower(s) is indicated by the use of different terms and may be a useful diagnostic indicator. </p><p>Typical placement of bracts include: </p> <ul><li>Some plants have bracts that subtend the inflorescence, where the flowers are on branched stalks; the bracts are not connected to the stalks holding the flowers, but are <a href="/wiki/Adnation" title="Adnation">adnate</a> or attached to the main stem (Adnate describes the fusing together of different unrelated parts. When the parts fused together are the same, they are connately joined.)</li> <li>Other plants have the bracts subtend the <a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">pedicel</a> or peduncle of single flowers.</li></ul> <p>Metatopic placement of bracts include: </p> <ul><li>When the bract is attached to the stem holding the flower (the pedicel or peduncle), it is said to be <b>recaulescent</b>; sometimes these bracts or bracteoles are highly modified and appear to be appendages of the flower calyx. Recaulescences is the fusion of the subtending leaf with the stem holding the bud or the bud itself,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus the leaf or bract is adnate to the stem of flower.</li> <li>When the formation of the bud is shifted up the stem distinctly above the subtending leaf, it is described as <b>concaulescent</b>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bluete_und_Tragblatt_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flower and subtending bract"><img alt="Flower and subtending bract" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bluete_und_Tragblatt_%28inflorescence%29.svg/107px-Bluete_und_Tragblatt_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bluete_und_Tragblatt_%28inflorescence%29.svg/160px-Bluete_und_Tragblatt_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bluete_und_Tragblatt_%28inflorescence%29.svg/213px-Bluete_und_Tragblatt_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flower and subtending bract</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%BCrkenbund_dunkel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lilium martagon (flower and subtending bract)"><img alt="Lilium martagon (flower and subtending bract)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/T%C3%BCrkenbund_dunkel.jpg/120px-T%C3%BCrkenbund_dunkel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/T%C3%BCrkenbund_dunkel.jpg/250px-T%C3%BCrkenbund_dunkel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_martagon" title="Lilium martagon">Lilium martagon</a></i> (flower and subtending bract)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Konkauleszenz_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Concaulescence"><img alt="Concaulescence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Konkauleszenz_%28inflorescence%29.svg/120px-Konkauleszenz_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Konkauleszenz_%28inflorescence%29.svg/250px-Konkauleszenz_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Concaulescence</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomato_scanned.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Solanum lycopersicum (concaulescence)"><img alt="Solanum lycopersicum (concaulescence)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tomato_scanned.jpg/120px-Tomato_scanned.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tomato_scanned.jpg/250px-Tomato_scanned.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="916" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">Solanum lycopersicum</a></i> (concaulescence)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rekauleszenz_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Recaulescence"><img alt="Recaulescence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rekauleszenz_%28inflorescence%29.svg/107px-Rekauleszenz_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rekauleszenz_%28inflorescence%29.svg/160px-Rekauleszenz_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rekauleszenz_%28inflorescence%29.svg/213px-Rekauleszenz_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Recaulescence</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilia_platyphyllos_Owoce_lipy_656.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tilia cordata (recaulescence)"><img alt="Tilia cordata (recaulescence)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tilia_platyphyllos_Owoce_lipy_656.jpg/120px-Tilia_platyphyllos_Owoce_lipy_656.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tilia_platyphyllos_Owoce_lipy_656.jpg/180px-Tilia_platyphyllos_Owoce_lipy_656.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tilia_platyphyllos_Owoce_lipy_656.jpg/240px-Tilia_platyphyllos_Owoce_lipy_656.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2838" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Tilia_cordata" title="Tilia cordata">Tilia cordata</a></i> (recaulescence)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflorescence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no general consensus in defining the different inflorescences. The following is based on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Focko_Weberling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Focko Weberling (page does not exist)">Focko Weberling</a>'s <i>Morphologie der Blüten und der Blütenstände</i> (Stuttgart, 1981). The main groups of inflorescences are distinguished by branching. Within these groups, the most important characteristics are the intersection of the axes and different variations of the model. They may contain many flowers (<b>pluriflor</b>) or a few (<b>pauciflor</b>). Inflorescences can be <b>simple</b> or <b>compound</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_inflorescences">Simple inflorescences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflorescence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Simple inflorescences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunflower_macro_wide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sunflower_macro_wide.jpg/220px-Sunflower_macro_wide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sunflower_macro_wide.jpg/330px-Sunflower_macro_wide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sunflower_macro_wide.jpg/440px-Sunflower_macro_wide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Inflorescence of sessile disc florets forming the <a href="/wiki/Head_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Head (botany)">capitulum</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indeterminate_or_racemose">Indeterminate or racemose</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflorescence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Indeterminate or racemose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indeterminate simple inflorescences are generally called <b>racemose</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>. The main kind of racemose inflorescence is the <b>raceme</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>, from classical Latin <i>racemus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cluster_of_grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster of grapes">cluster of grapes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other kind of racemose inflorescences can all be derived from this one by dilation, compression, swelling or reduction of the different axes. Some passage forms between the obvious ones are commonly admitted. </p> <ul><li>A <b><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">raceme</a></b> is an unbranched, <a href="/wiki/Indeterminate_growth" title="Indeterminate growth">indeterminate</a> inflorescence with pedicellate (having short floral stalks) flowers along the axis.</li> <li>A <b><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">spike</a></b> is a type of raceme with flowers that do not have a pedicel.</li> <li>A racemose <b><a href="/wiki/Corymb" title="Corymb">corymb</a></b> is an unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence that is flat-topped or convex due to their outer pedicels which are progressively longer than inner ones.</li> <li>An <b><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">umbel</a></b> is a type of raceme with a short axis and multiple floral pedicels of equal length that appear to arise from a common point. It is characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Umbelliferae" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbelliferae">Umbelliferae</a>.</li> <li>A <b><a href="/wiki/Spadix_(botany)" title="Spadix (botany)">spadix</a></b> is a spike of flowers densely arranged around it, enclosed or accompanied by a highly specialised bract called a <b><a href="/wiki/Spadix_(botany)" title="Spadix (botany)">spathe</a></b>. It is characteristic of the family <a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a>.</li> <li>A <b><a href="/wiki/Pseudanthium" title="Pseudanthium">flower head</a></b> or <b>capitulum</b> is a very contracted raceme in which the single sessile flowers share are borne on an enlarged stem. It is characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Dipsacaceae" title="Dipsacaceae">Dipsacaceae</a>.</li> <li>A <b><a href="/wiki/Catkin" title="Catkin">catkin</a></b> or <b>ament</b> is a scaly, generally drooping spike or raceme. Cymose or other complex inflorescences that are superficially similar are also generally called thus.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Traube_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raceme"><img alt="Raceme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Traube_%28inflorescence%29.svg/60px-Traube_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Traube_%28inflorescence%29.svg/89px-Traube_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Traube_%28inflorescence%29.svg/119px-Traube_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="662" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Epilobe_feuilles_etroites_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Epilobium angustifolium"><img alt="Epilobium angustifolium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Epilobe_feuilles_etroites_01.jpg/120px-Epilobe_feuilles_etroites_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Epilobe_feuilles_etroites_01.jpg/250px-Epilobe_feuilles_etroites_01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Epilobium_angustifolium" class="mw-redirect" title="Epilobium angustifolium">Epilobium angustifolium</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inflorescences_Spike_Kwiatostan_K%C5%82os.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spike"><img alt="Spike" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Inflorescences_Spike_Kwiatostan_K%C5%82os.svg/24px-Inflorescences_Spike_Kwiatostan_K%C5%82os.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Inflorescences_Spike_Kwiatostan_K%C5%82os.svg/36px-Inflorescences_Spike_Kwiatostan_K%C5%82os.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Inflorescences_Spike_Kwiatostan_K%C5%82os.svg/48px-Inflorescences_Spike_Kwiatostan_K%C5%82os.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spike</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plantagomedia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Plantago media (spike)"><img alt="Plantago media (spike)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Plantagomedia.JPG/120px-Plantagomedia.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Plantagomedia.JPG/250px-Plantagomedia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Plantago_media" title="Plantago media">Plantago media</a></i> (spike)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schirmtraube_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Racemose corymb"><img alt="Racemose corymb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Schirmtraube_%28inflorescence%29.svg/120px-Schirmtraube_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Schirmtraube_%28inflorescence%29.svg/250px-Schirmtraube_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Racemose <a href="/wiki/Corymb" title="Corymb">corymb</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schleifenblume06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iberis umbellata (racemose corymb)"><img alt="Iberis umbellata (racemose corymb)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Schleifenblume06.jpg/120px-Schleifenblume06.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Schleifenblume06.jpg/180px-Schleifenblume06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Schleifenblume06.jpg/240px-Schleifenblume06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Iberis_umbellata" title="Iberis umbellata">Iberis umbellata</a></i> (racemose corymb)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_Baldach.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Umbel"><img alt="Umbel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_Baldach.svg/120px-Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_Baldach.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_Baldach.svg/180px-Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_Baldach.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_Baldach.svg/240px-Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_Baldach.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrantia_minor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Astrantia minor (umbel)"><img alt="Astrantia minor (umbel)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Astrantia_minor.jpg/120px-Astrantia_minor.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Astrantia_minor.jpg/250px-Astrantia_minor.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Astrantia_minor" title="Astrantia minor">Astrantia minor</a></i> (umbel)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolben_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spadix"><img alt="Spadix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kolben_%28inflorescence%29.svg/37px-Kolben_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kolben_%28inflorescence%29.svg/55px-Kolben_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kolben_%28inflorescence%29.svg/73px-Kolben_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="651" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Spadix_(botany)" title="Spadix (botany)">Spadix</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arum_maculatum.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arum maculatum (spadix)"><img alt="Arum maculatum (spadix)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Arum_maculatum.jpeg/120px-Arum_maculatum.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Arum_maculatum.jpeg/250px-Arum_maculatum.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Arum_maculatum" title="Arum maculatum">Arum maculatum</a></i> (spadix)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koepfchen_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Head (round)"><img alt="Head (round)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Koepfchen_%28inflorescence%29.svg/86px-Koepfchen_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Koepfchen_%28inflorescence%29.svg/129px-Koepfchen_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Koepfchen_%28inflorescence%29.svg/173px-Koepfchen_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pseudanthium" title="Pseudanthium">Head</a> (round)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fleur_9_-_VTdJ.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dipsacus fullonum (head)"><img alt="Dipsacus fullonum (head)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fleur_9_-_VTdJ.JPG/90px-Fleur_9_-_VTdJ.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fleur_9_-_VTdJ.JPG/135px-Fleur_9_-_VTdJ.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fleur_9_-_VTdJ.JPG/180px-Fleur_9_-_VTdJ.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Dipsacus_fullonum" title="Dipsacus fullonum">Dipsacus fullonum</a></i> (head)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%A4tzchen_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Catkin (racemose or spicate)"><img alt="Catkin (racemose or spicate)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/K%C3%A4tzchen_%28inflorescence%29.svg/120px-K%C3%A4tzchen_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="63" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/K%C3%A4tzchen_%28inflorescence%29.svg/126px-K%C3%A4tzchen_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Catkin" title="Catkin">Catkin</a> (racemose or spicate)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alnus_incana_rugosa_catkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alnus incana (ament)"><img alt="Alnus incana (ament)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alnus_incana_rugosa_catkin.jpg/120px-Alnus_incana_rugosa_catkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alnus_incana_rugosa_catkin.jpg/250px-Alnus_incana_rugosa_catkin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Alnus_incana" title="Alnus incana">Alnus incana</a></i> (ament)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Determinate_or_cymose">Determinate or cymose</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflorescence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Determinate or cymose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="cyme"></span><span class="anchor" id="cymose"></span> Determinate simple inflorescences are generally called <b>cymose</b>. The main kind of cymose inflorescence is the <b>cyme</b> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>), from the Latin <i>cyma</i> in the sense 'cabbage sprout', from Greek <i>kuma</i> 'anything swollen').<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cymes are further divided according to this scheme: </p> <ul><li>Only one secondary axis: <b>monochasium</b> <ul><li>Secondary buds always develop on the same side of the stem: <b>helicoid cyme</b> or <b>bostryx</b> <ul><li>The successive pedicels are aligned on the same plane: <b>drepanium</b></li></ul></li> <li>Secondary buds develop alternately on the stem : <b>scorpioid cyme</b> <ul><li>The successive pedicels are arranged in a sort of spiral: <b>cincinnus</b> (characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Boraginaceae" title="Boraginaceae">Boraginaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commelinaceae" title="Commelinaceae">Commelinaceae</a>)</li> <li>The successive pedicels follow a zig-zag path on the same plane: <b>rhipidium</b> (many <a href="/wiki/Iridaceae" title="Iridaceae">Iridaceae</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Two secondary axes: <b>dichasial cyme</b> <ul><li>Secondary axis still dichasial: <b>dichasium</b> (characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Caryophyllaceae" title="Caryophyllaceae">Caryophyllaceae</a>)</li> <li>Secondary axis monochasia: <b>double scorpioid cyme</b> or <b>double helicoid cyme</b></li></ul></li> <li>More than two secondary axes: <b>pleiochasium</b></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monochasium(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple dichasium"><img alt="Simple dichasium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Monochasium%28inflorescence%29.svg/112px-Monochasium%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Monochasium%28inflorescence%29.svg/168px-Monochasium%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Monochasium%28inflorescence%29.svg/224px-Monochasium%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Simple dichasium</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doppelwickel_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Double cyme"><img alt="Double cyme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Doppelwickel_%28inflorescence%29.svg/119px-Doppelwickel_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Doppelwickel_%28inflorescence%29.svg/178px-Doppelwickel_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Doppelwickel_%28inflorescence%29.svg/238px-Doppelwickel_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Double cyme</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doppelschraubel_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Double cyme"><img alt="Double cyme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Doppelschraubel_%28inflorescence%29.svg/120px-Doppelschraubel_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Doppelschraubel_%28inflorescence%29.svg/250px-Doppelschraubel_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="434" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Double cyme</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schroef_(bloeiwijze).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bostryx (lateral and top view)"><img alt="Bostryx (lateral and top view)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Schroef_%28bloeiwijze%29.jpg/69px-Schroef_%28bloeiwijze%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Schroef_%28bloeiwijze%29.jpg/104px-Schroef_%28bloeiwijze%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Schroef_%28bloeiwijze%29.jpg/138px-Schroef_%28bloeiwijze%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="2281" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bostryx (lateral and top view)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_John%27s_wort_flowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hypericum perforatum (bostryx)"><img alt="Hypericum perforatum (bostryx)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saint_John%27s_wort_flowers.jpg/120px-Saint_John%27s_wort_flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saint_John%27s_wort_flowers.jpg/180px-Saint_John%27s_wort_flowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saint_John%27s_wort_flowers.jpg/240px-Saint_John%27s_wort_flowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">Hypericum perforatum</a></i> (bostryx)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikkel_(bloeiwijze).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drepanium (lateral and top view)"><img alt="Drepanium (lateral and top view)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sikkel_%28bloeiwijze%29.jpg/120px-Sikkel_%28bloeiwijze%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sikkel_%28bloeiwijze%29.jpg/180px-Sikkel_%28bloeiwijze%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sikkel_%28bloeiwijze%29.jpg/240px-Sikkel_%28bloeiwijze%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="1160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drepanium (lateral and top view)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gladiolus_imbricatus_a1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gladiolus imbricatus (drepanium)"><img alt="Gladiolus imbricatus (drepanium)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gladiolus_imbricatus_a1.jpg/120px-Gladiolus_imbricatus_a1.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gladiolus_imbricatus_a1.jpg/250px-Gladiolus_imbricatus_a1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Gladiolus_imbricatus" title="Gladiolus imbricatus">Gladiolus imbricatus</a></i> (drepanium)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schicht.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cincinnus (lateral and top view)"><img alt="Cincinnus (lateral and top view)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Schicht.jpg/120px-Schicht.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Schicht.jpg/250px-Schicht.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1457" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cincinnus (lateral and top view)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symphytum_officinale_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Symphytum officinale (cincinnus)"><img alt="Symphytum officinale (cincinnus)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Symphytum_officinale_02.jpg/120px-Symphytum_officinale_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Symphytum_officinale_02.jpg/180px-Symphytum_officinale_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Symphytum_officinale_02.jpg/240px-Symphytum_officinale_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Symphytum_officinale" title="Symphytum officinale">Symphytum officinale</a></i> (cincinnus)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waaier_(bloeiwijze).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhipidium (lateral and top view)"><img alt="Rhipidium (lateral and top view)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Waaier_%28bloeiwijze%29.jpg/120px-Waaier_%28bloeiwijze%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Waaier_%28bloeiwijze%29.jpg/250px-Waaier_%28bloeiwijze%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="1858" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rhipidium (lateral and top view)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canna_Endeavour_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canna sp. (rhipidium)"><img alt="Canna sp. (rhipidium)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Canna_Endeavour_01.jpg/95px-Canna_Endeavour_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Canna_Endeavour_01.jpg/143px-Canna_Endeavour_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Canna_Endeavour_01.jpg/191px-Canna_Endeavour_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Canna_(plant)" title="Canna (plant)">Canna</a> sp.</i> (rhipidium)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dichasium_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dichasium"><img alt="Dichasium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Dichasium_%28inflorescence%29.svg/120px-Dichasium_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Dichasium_%28inflorescence%29.svg/180px-Dichasium_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Dichasium_%28inflorescence%29.svg/240px-Dichasium_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dichasium</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dichasium_(top_view)_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dichasium, top view"><img alt="Dichasium, top view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dichasium_%28top_view%29_%28inflorescence%29.svg/120px-Dichasium_%28top_view%29_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dichasium_%28top_view%29_%28inflorescence%29.svg/180px-Dichasium_%28top_view%29_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dichasium_%28top_view%29_%28inflorescence%29.svg/240px-Dichasium_%28top_view%29_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dichasium, top view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2006-10-22Silene_dioica07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silene dioica (dichasium)"><img alt="Silene dioica (dichasium)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2006-10-22Silene_dioica07.jpg/120px-2006-10-22Silene_dioica07.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2006-10-22Silene_dioica07.jpg/250px-2006-10-22Silene_dioica07.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="1612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Silene_dioica" title="Silene dioica">Silene dioica</a></i> (dichasium)</div> </li> </ul> <p>A cyme can also be so compressed that it looks like an umbel. Strictly speaking this kind of inflorescence could be called <b>umbelliform cyme</b>, although it is normally called simply 'umbel'. </p><p>Another kind of definite simple inflorescence is the raceme-like cyme or <b>botryoid</b>; that is as a raceme with a terminal flower and is usually improperly called 'raceme'. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_Baldach.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Umbelliform cyme"><img alt="Umbelliform cyme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_Baldach.svg/120px-Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_Baldach.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_Baldach.svg/180px-Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_Baldach.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_Baldach.svg/240px-Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_Baldach.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Umbelliform cyme</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiore_di_geranio.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pelargonium zonale (umbelliform cyme)"><img alt="Pelargonium zonale (umbelliform cyme)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fiore_di_geranio.JPG/120px-Fiore_di_geranio.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fiore_di_geranio.JPG/250px-Fiore_di_geranio.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Pelargonium_zonale" title="Pelargonium zonale">Pelargonium zonale</a></i> (umbelliform cyme)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Botryoid_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Botryoid"><img alt="Botryoid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Botryoid_%28inflorescence%29.svg/60px-Botryoid_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="56" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Botryoid_%28inflorescence%29.svg/120px-Botryoid_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="999" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Botryoid</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berberis_vernae_MS_4426.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Berberis vernae (botryoid)"><img alt="Berberis vernae (botryoid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Berberis_vernae_MS_4426.jpg/120px-Berberis_vernae_MS_4426.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Berberis_vernae_MS_4426.jpg/250px-Berberis_vernae_MS_4426.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Berberis vernae</i> (botryoid)</div> </li> </ul> <p>A reduced raceme or cyme that grows in the <a href="/wiki/Axil" class="mw-redirect" title="Axil">axil</a> of a bract is called a <b>fascicle</b>. A <b>verticillaster</b> is a fascicle with the structure of a dichasium; it is common among the <a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a>. Many verticillasters with reduced bracts can form a spicate (spike-like) inflorescence that is commonly called a <b>spike</b>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gentiana_lutea1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gentiana lutea (fascicles)"><img alt="Gentiana lutea (fascicles)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gentiana_lutea1.JPG/120px-Gentiana_lutea1.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gentiana_lutea1.JPG/250px-Gentiana_lutea1.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Gentiana_lutea" title="Gentiana lutea">Gentiana lutea</a></i> (fascicles)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamium_orvala3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lamium orvala (verticillaster)"><img alt="Lamium orvala (verticillaster)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Lamium_orvala3.jpg/90px-Lamium_orvala3.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Lamium_orvala3.jpg/135px-Lamium_orvala3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Lamium_orvala3.jpg/180px-Lamium_orvala3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Lamium_orvala" title="Lamium orvala">Lamium orvala</a></i> (verticillaster)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mentha_longifolia_2005.08.02_09.53.56.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mentha longifolia ('spike')"><img alt="Mentha longifolia ('spike')" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mentha_longifolia_2005.08.02_09.53.56.jpg/90px-Mentha_longifolia_2005.08.02_09.53.56.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mentha_longifolia_2005.08.02_09.53.56.jpg/135px-Mentha_longifolia_2005.08.02_09.53.56.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mentha_longifolia_2005.08.02_09.53.56.jpg/180px-Mentha_longifolia_2005.08.02_09.53.56.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Mentha_longifolia" title="Mentha longifolia">Mentha longifolia</a></i> ('spike')</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compound_inflorescences">Compound inflorescences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflorescence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Compound inflorescences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simple inflorescences are the basis for compound inflorescences or <b>synflorescences</b>. The single flowers are there replaced by a simple inflorescence, which can be both a racemose or a cymose one. Compound inflorescences are composed of branched stems and can involve complicated arrangements that are difficult to trace back to the main branch. </p><p>A kind of compound inflorescence is the <b>double inflorescence</b>, in which the basic structure is repeated in the place of single florets. For example, a double raceme is a raceme in which the single flowers are replaced by other simple racemes; the same structure can be repeated to form triple or more complex structures. </p><p>Compound raceme inflorescences can either end with a final raceme (<b>homoeothetic</b>), or not (<b>heterothetic</b>). A compound raceme is often called a <b>panicle</b>. This definition is very different from that given by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Focko_Weberling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Focko Weberling (page does not exist)">Weberling</a>. </p><p>Compound umbels are umbels in which the single flowers are replaced by many smaller umbels called <b>umbellets</b>. The stem attaching the side umbellets to the main stem is called a <b>ray</b>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doppeltraube_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Homeothetic compound raceme"><img alt="Homeothetic compound raceme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Doppeltraube_%28inflorescence%29.svg/60px-Doppeltraube_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Doppeltraube_%28inflorescence%29.svg/120px-Doppeltraube_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Homeothetic compound raceme</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Melilotus_officinalis01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Melilotus officinalis (homoeothetic compound raceme)"><img alt="Melilotus officinalis (homoeothetic compound raceme)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Melilotus_officinalis01.jpg/70px-Melilotus_officinalis01.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Melilotus_officinalis01.jpg/105px-Melilotus_officinalis01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Melilotus_officinalis01.jpg/140px-Melilotus_officinalis01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="1976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Melilotus_officinalis" title="Melilotus officinalis">Melilotus officinalis</a></i> (homoeothetic compound raceme)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doppeltraube_2_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heterothetic compound raceme"><img alt="Heterothetic compound raceme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Doppeltraube_2_%28inflorescence%29.svg/48px-Doppeltraube_2_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Doppeltraube_2_%28inflorescence%29.svg/72px-Doppeltraube_2_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Doppeltraube_2_%28inflorescence%29.svg/96px-Doppeltraube_2_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="686" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heterothetic compound raceme</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebe_albicans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Veronica albicans (heterothetic compound raceme)"><img alt="Veronica albicans (heterothetic compound raceme)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hebe_albicans.jpg/120px-Hebe_albicans.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hebe_albicans.jpg/180px-Hebe_albicans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hebe_albicans.jpg/240px-Hebe_albicans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Veronica_albicans" title="Veronica albicans">Veronica albicans</a></i> (heterothetic compound raceme)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inflorescences_Muktispike_Kwiatostan_K%C5%82osZ%C5%82o%C5%BCony.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Compound spike"><img alt="Compound spike" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Inflorescences_Muktispike_Kwiatostan_K%C5%82osZ%C5%82o%C5%BCony.svg/72px-Inflorescences_Muktispike_Kwiatostan_K%C5%82osZ%C5%82o%C5%BCony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Inflorescences_Muktispike_Kwiatostan_K%C5%82osZ%C5%82o%C5%BCony.svg/108px-Inflorescences_Muktispike_Kwiatostan_K%C5%82osZ%C5%82o%C5%BCony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Inflorescences_Muktispike_Kwiatostan_K%C5%82osZ%C5%82o%C5%BCony.svg/145px-Inflorescences_Muktispike_Kwiatostan_K%C5%82osZ%C5%82o%C5%BCony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Compound spike</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lolium_multiflorum_detail.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lolium temulentum (compound spike)"><img alt="Lolium temulentum (compound spike)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lolium_multiflorum_detail.jpeg/90px-Lolium_multiflorum_detail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lolium_multiflorum_detail.jpeg/135px-Lolium_multiflorum_detail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lolium_multiflorum_detail.jpeg/180px-Lolium_multiflorum_detail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Lolium_temulentum" title="Lolium temulentum">Lolium temulentum</a></i> (compound spike)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doppelkoepfchen_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Compound capitulum"><img alt="Compound capitulum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Doppelkoepfchen_%28inflorescence%29.svg/86px-Doppelkoepfchen_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Doppelkoepfchen_%28inflorescence%29.svg/129px-Doppelkoepfchen_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Doppelkoepfchen_%28inflorescence%29.svg/172px-Doppelkoepfchen_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Compound capitulum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Echinops_Ain_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Echinops ritro (compound capitulum)"><img alt="Echinops ritro (compound capitulum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Echinops_Ain_France.jpg/120px-Echinops_Ain_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Echinops_Ain_France.jpg/180px-Echinops_Ain_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Echinops_Ain_France.jpg/240px-Echinops_Ain_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Echinops_ritro" title="Echinops ritro">Echinops ritro</a></i> (compound capitulum)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_BaldachZ%C5%82o%C5%BCony.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Compound (double) umbel"><img alt="Compound (double) umbel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_BaldachZ%C5%82o%C5%BCony.svg/120px-Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_BaldachZ%C5%82o%C5%BCony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_BaldachZ%C5%82o%C5%BCony.svg/180px-Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_BaldachZ%C5%82o%C5%BCony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_BaldachZ%C5%82o%C5%BCony.svg/240px-Inflorescences_Umbel_Kwiatostan_BaldachZ%C5%82o%C5%BCony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Compound (double) umbel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laserpitium_latifolium2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laserpitium latifolium (double umbel)"><img alt="Laserpitium latifolium (double umbel)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Laserpitium_latifolium2.jpg/120px-Laserpitium_latifolium2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Laserpitium_latifolium2.jpg/180px-Laserpitium_latifolium2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Laserpitium_latifolium2.jpg/240px-Laserpitium_latifolium2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Laserpitium_latifolium" title="Laserpitium latifolium">Laserpitium latifolium</a></i> (double umbel)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dreifachdolde_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Compound (triple) umbel"><img alt="Compound (triple) umbel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dreifachdolde_%28inflorescence%29.svg/120px-Dreifachdolde_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dreifachdolde_%28inflorescence%29.svg/180px-Dreifachdolde_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dreifachdolde_%28inflorescence%29.svg/240px-Dreifachdolde_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Compound (triple) umbel</div> </li> </ul> <p>The most common kind of definite compound inflorescence is the <b>panicle</b> (of Webeling, or 'panicle-like cyme'). A panicle is a definite inflorescence that is increasingly more strongly and irregularly branched from the top to the bottom and where each branching has a terminal flower. </p><p>The so-called cymose <b>corymb</b> is similar to a racemose corymb but has a panicle-like structure. Another type of panicle is the <b>anthela</b>. An anthela is a cymose corymb with the lateral flowers higher than the central ones. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inflorescences_Panicle_Kwiatostan_Wiecha.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panicle"><img alt="Panicle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Inflorescences_Panicle_Kwiatostan_Wiecha.svg/120px-Inflorescences_Panicle_Kwiatostan_Wiecha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Inflorescences_Panicle_Kwiatostan_Wiecha.svg/250px-Inflorescences_Panicle_Kwiatostan_Wiecha.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Panicle" title="Panicle">Panicle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vitis vinifera (panicle)"><img alt="Vitis vinifera (panicle)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg/85px-Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg/128px-Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg/170px-Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="2329" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> (panicle)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schirmrispe_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cymose corymb"><img alt="Cymose corymb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Schirmrispe_%28inflorescence%29.svg/120px-Schirmrispe_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Schirmrispe_%28inflorescence%29.svg/250px-Schirmrispe_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cymose <a href="/wiki/Corymb" title="Corymb">corymb</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sambucus_nigra_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sambucus nigra (cymose corymb)"><img alt="Sambucus nigra (cymose corymb)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sambucus_nigra_003.jpg/120px-Sambucus_nigra_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sambucus_nigra_003.jpg/250px-Sambucus_nigra_003.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Sambucus_nigra" title="Sambucus nigra">Sambucus nigra</a></i> (cymose corymb)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spirre_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anthela"><img alt="Anthela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Spirre_%28inflorescence%29.svg/98px-Spirre_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Spirre_%28inflorescence%29.svg/147px-Spirre_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Spirre_%28inflorescence%29.svg/196px-Spirre_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="589" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anthela</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Juncus_inflexus.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juncus inflexus (anthela)"><img alt="Juncus inflexus (anthela)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Juncus_inflexus.jpeg/120px-Juncus_inflexus.jpeg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Juncus_inflexus.jpeg/250px-Juncus_inflexus.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Juncus_inflexus" title="Juncus inflexus">Juncus inflexus</a></i> (anthela)</div> </li> </ul> <p>A raceme in which the single flowers are replaced by cymes is called a (indefinite) <b>thyrse</b>. The secondary cymes can be of any of the different types of dichasia and monochasia. A botryoid in which the single flowers are replaced by cymes is a <b>definite thyrse</b> or <b>thyrsoid</b>. Thyrses are often confusingly called <b>panicles</b>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hom%C3%B6okladische_Thyrse_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thyrse"><img alt="Thyrse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hom%C3%B6okladische_Thyrse_%28inflorescence%29.svg/37px-Hom%C3%B6okladische_Thyrse_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hom%C3%B6okladische_Thyrse_%28inflorescence%29.svg/56px-Hom%C3%B6okladische_Thyrse_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hom%C3%B6okladische_Thyrse_%28inflorescence%29.svg/75px-Hom%C3%B6okladische_Thyrse_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thyrse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aesculus_hippocastanum_flori.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aesculus hippocastanum"><img alt="Aesculus hippocastanum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aesculus_hippocastanum_flori.jpg/120px-Aesculus_hippocastanum_flori.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aesculus_hippocastanum_flori.jpg/250px-Aesculus_hippocastanum_flori.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Aesculus_hippocastanum" title="Aesculus hippocastanum">Aesculus hippocastanum</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dichasialer_zymus_(inflorescence).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thyrsoid"><img alt="Thyrsoid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Dichasialer_zymus_%28inflorescence%29.svg/61px-Dichasialer_zymus_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="61" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Dichasialer_zymus_%28inflorescence%29.svg/92px-Dichasialer_zymus_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Dichasialer_zymus_%28inflorescence%29.svg/122px-Dichasialer_zymus_%28inflorescence%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="706" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thyrsoid</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syringa11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Syringa vulgaris"><img alt="Syringa vulgaris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Syringa11.jpg/120px-Syringa11.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Syringa11.jpg/250px-Syringa11.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Syringa_vulgaris" title="Syringa vulgaris">Syringa vulgaris</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <p>Other combinations are possible. For example, heads or umbels may be arranged in a corymb or a panicle. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achillea_(yarrow)_-_16.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Achillea sp. (heads in a corymb)"><img alt="Achillea sp. (heads in a corymb)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Achillea_%28yarrow%29_-_16.JPG/120px-Achillea_%28yarrow%29_-_16.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Achillea_%28yarrow%29_-_16.JPG/180px-Achillea_%28yarrow%29_-_16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Achillea_%28yarrow%29_-_16.JPG/240px-Achillea_%28yarrow%29_-_16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Achillea" title="Achillea">Achillea</a></i> sp. (heads in a corymb)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_010419-0021_Hedera_helix.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hedera helix (umbels in a panicle)"><img alt="Hedera helix (umbels in a panicle)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Starr_010419-0021_Hedera_helix.jpg/120px-Starr_010419-0021_Hedera_helix.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Starr_010419-0021_Hedera_helix.jpg/180px-Starr_010419-0021_Hedera_helix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Starr_010419-0021_Hedera_helix.jpg/240px-Starr_010419-0021_Hedera_helix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Hedera_helix" title="Hedera helix">Hedera helix</a></i> (umbels in a panicle)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflorescence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The family <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a> is characterised by a highly specialised head technically called a <b><a href="/wiki/Calathid" class="mw-redirect" title="Calathid">calathid</a></b> (but usually referred to as 'capitulum' or 'head'). The family <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> has a peculiar inflorescence of small spikes (<b><a href="/wiki/Spikelet" title="Spikelet">spikelets</a></b>) organised in panicles or spikes that are usually simply and improperly referred to as <b>spike</b> and <b>panicle</b>. The genus <i><a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Ficus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a>) has an inflorescence called a hypanthodium, which bears numerous flowers on the inside of a convex or involuted compound receptacle.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genus <i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia" title="Euphorbia">Euphorbia</a></i> has <b><a href="/wiki/Cyathium" title="Cyathium">cyathia</a></b> (sing. <i>cyathium</i>), usually organised in umbels. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamomile@original_size.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Matricaria chamomilla (calathid)"><img alt="Matricaria chamomilla (calathid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Chamomile%40original_size.jpg/120px-Chamomile%40original_size.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Chamomile%40original_size.jpg/180px-Chamomile%40original_size.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Chamomile%40original_size.jpg/240px-Chamomile%40original_size.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="1355" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Matricaria_chamomilla" title="Matricaria chamomilla">Matricaria chamomilla</a></i> (calathid)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_close-up.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Triticum aestivum (compound spikes, "spikes")"><img alt="Triticum aestivum (compound spikes, "spikes")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wheat_close-up.JPG/120px-Wheat_close-up.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wheat_close-up.JPG/250px-Wheat_close-up.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Triticum_aestivum" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum aestivum">Triticum aestivum</a></i> (compound spikes, "spikes")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lemont_rice.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oryza sativa (spikes in a panicle, "panicle")"><img alt="Oryza sativa (spikes in a panicle, "panicle")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lemont_rice.jpg/120px-Lemont_rice.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lemont_rice.jpg/180px-Lemont_rice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lemont_rice.jpg/240px-Lemont_rice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_sativa" title="Oryza sativa">Oryza sativa</a></i> (spikes in a panicle, "panicle")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Some_figs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ficus carica (hypanthodium)"><img alt="Ficus carica (hypanthodium)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Some_figs.jpg/120px-Some_figs.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Some_figs.jpg/180px-Some_figs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Some_figs.jpg/240px-Some_figs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Ficus_carica" class="mw-redirect" title="Ficus carica">Ficus carica</a></i> (hypanthodium)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Euphorbia_tridentata_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Euphorbia tridentata (cyathium)"><img alt="Euphorbia tridentata (cyathium)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Euphorbia_tridentata_ies.jpg/120px-Euphorbia_tridentata_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Euphorbia_tridentata_ies.jpg/180px-Euphorbia_tridentata_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Euphorbia_tridentata_ies.jpg/240px-Euphorbia_tridentata_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_tridentata" title="Euphorbia tridentata">Euphorbia tridentata</a></i> (cyathium)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Euphorbia_cyparissias_02_bgiu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Euphorbia cyparissias (cyathia in an umbel)"><img alt="Euphorbia cyparissias (cyathia in an umbel)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Euphorbia_cyparissias_02_bgiu.jpg/99px-Euphorbia_cyparissias_02_bgiu.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Euphorbia_cyparissias_02_bgiu.jpg/149px-Euphorbia_cyparissias_02_bgiu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Euphorbia_cyparissias_02_bgiu.jpg/198px-Euphorbia_cyparissias_02_bgiu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_cyparissias" title="Euphorbia cyparissias">Euphorbia cyparissias</a></i> (cyathia in an umbel)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coleus_inflorescence.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Coleus (false spike)"><img alt="Coleus (false spike)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coleus_inflorescence.JPG/120px-Coleus_inflorescence.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coleus_inflorescence.JPG/250px-Coleus_inflorescence.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Coleus" title="Coleus">Coleus</a></i> (false spike)</div> </li> </ul> <p>Some species have inflorescences reduced to <a href="/wiki/Pseudanthium" title="Pseudanthium">composite flowers or pseudanthia</a>, in which case it is difficult to differentiate between inflorescences and single flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_and_patterning">Development and patterning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflorescence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development and patterning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflorescence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genetic_basis">Genetic basis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflorescence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Genetic basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genes that shape inflorescence development have been studied at great length in <i><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis" title="Arabidopsis">Arabidopsis</a></i>. <i>LEAFY</i> (LFY) is a gene that promotes <a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">floral meristem</a> identity, regulating inflorescence development in <i>Arabidopsis.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any alterations in timing of LFY expression can cause formation of different inflorescences in the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genes similar in function to LFY include <i>APETALA1</i> (AP1). Mutations in LFY, AP1, and similar promoting genes can cause conversion of flowers into shoots.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to LEAFY, genes like <i>terminal flower</i> (TFL) support the activity of an inhibitor that prevents flowers from growing on the inflorescence apex (flower primordium initiation), maintaining inflorescence meristem identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both types of genes help shape flower development in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">ABC model of flower development</a>. Studies have been recently conducted or are ongoing for homologs of these genes in other flower species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_influences">Environmental influences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflorescence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Environmental influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inflorescence-feeding insect herbivores shape inflorescences by reducing lifetime fitness (how much flowering occurs), seed production by the inflorescences, and plant density, among other traits.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the absence of these herbivores, inflorescences usually produce more flower heads and seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperature can also variably shape inflorescence development. High temperatures can impair the proper development of flower buds or delay bud development in certain species, while in others an increase in temperature can hasten inflorescence development.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meristems_and_inflorescence_architecture">Meristems and inflorescence architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflorescence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Meristems and inflorescence architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The shift from the vegetative to reproductive phase of a flower involves the development of an inflorescence meristem that generates floral meristems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plant inflorescence architecture depends on which meristems becomes flowers and which become shoots.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, genes that regulate floral meristem identity play major roles in determining inflorescence architecture because their expression domain will direct where the plant's flowers are formed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a larger scale, inflorescence architecture affects quality and quantity of offspring from selfing and outcrossing, as the architecture can influence pollination success. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias">Asclepias</a></i> inflorescences have been shown to have an upper size limit, shaped by self-pollination levels due to crosses between inflorescences on the same plant or between flowers on the same inflorescence.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Aesculus_sylvatica" title="Aesculus sylvatica">Aesculus sylvatica</a></i>, it has been shown that the most common inflorescence sizes are correlated with the highest fruit production as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflorescence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guertin, P., Barnett, L., Denny, E.G., Schaffer, S.N. 2015. 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J. (1998-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2F49.318.101">"High temperature arrest of inflorescence development in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.)"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Botany</i>. <b>49</b> (318): <span class="nowrap">101–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2F49.318.101">10.1093/jxb/49.318.101</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0957">0022-0957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&rft.atitle=High+temperature+arrest+of+inflorescence+development+in+broccoli+%28Brassica+oleracea+var.+italica+L.%29&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=318&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjxb%2F49.318.101&rft.issn=0022-0957&rft.aulast=Bjorkman&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Pearson%2C+K.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjxb%252F49.318.101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInflorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBREWSTER1983" class="citation journal cs1">BREWSTER, J. 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(1998-02-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.biologists.org/content/125/4/733">"Genetic control of branching pattern and floral identity during Petunia inflorescence development"</a>. <i>Development</i>. <b>125</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">733–</span>742. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.125.4.733">10.1242/dev.125.4.733</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-1991">0950-1991</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9435293">9435293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Development&rft.atitle=Genetic+control+of+branching+pattern+and+floral+identity+during+Petunia+inflorescence+development&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E733-%3C%2Fspan%3E742&rft.date=1998-02-15&rft.issn=0950-1991&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9435293&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fdev.125.4.733&rft.aulast=Souer&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Krol%2C+A.+van+der&rft.au=Kloos%2C+D.&rft.au=Spelt%2C+C.&rft.au=Bliek%2C+M.&rft.au=Mol%2C+J.&rft.au=Koes%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdev.biologists.org%2Fcontent%2F125%2F4%2F733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInflorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenllochBerbelSerrano-MislataMadueno2007" class="citation journal cs1">Benlloch, R.; Berbel, A.; Serrano-Mislata, A.; Madueno, F. 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Flower Number, Arrangement, and Fruit-Set"</a>. <i>New Phytologist</i>. <b>85</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">119–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980NewPh..85..119W">1980NewPh..85..119W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.1980.tb04453.x">10.1111/j.1469-8137.1980.tb04453.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8137">1469-8137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=The+Reproductive+Biology+of+Asclepias+Tuberosa%3A+I.+Flower+Number%2C+Arrangement%2C+and+Fruit-Set&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=1980-05-01&rft.issn=1469-8137&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.1980.tb04453.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980NewPh..85..119W&rft.aulast=WYATT&rft.aufirst=ROBERT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1469-8137.1980.tb04453.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInflorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWyatt1982" class="citation journal cs1">Wyatt, Robert (1982-04-01). "Inflorescence Architecture: How Flower Number, Arrangement, and Phenology Affect Pollination and Fruit-Set". <i>American Journal of Botany</i>. <b>69</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">585–</span>594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1537-2197.1982.tb13295.x">10.1002/j.1537-2197.1982.tb13295.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-2197">1537-2197</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2443068">2443068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Inflorescence+Architecture%3A+How+Flower+Number%2C+Arrangement%2C+and+Phenology+Affect+Pollination+and+Fruit-Set&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E585-%3C%2Fspan%3E594&rft.date=1982-04-01&rft.issn=1537-2197&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2443068%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1537-2197.1982.tb13295.x&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInflorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflorescence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Focko Weberling: <i>Morphologie der Blüten und der Blütenstände; Zweiter Teil</i>. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1981</li> <li>Wilhelm Troll: <i>Die Infloreszenzen; Erster Band</i>. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1964</li> <li>Wilhelm Troll: <i>Die Infloreszenzen; Zweiter Band, Erster Teil</i>. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1969</li> <li>Wilhelm Troll: <i>Praktische Einführung in die Pflanzenmorphologie</i>. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1957</li> <li>Bernhard Kausmann: <i>Pflanzenanatomie</i>. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1963</li> <li>Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, Michael J. Donoghue: <i>Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach</i>, Sinauer Associates Inc. 2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Stevens" title="Peter F. Stevens">Stevens, P. F.</a> (2001 onwards). <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Website" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Website">Angiosperm Phylogeny Website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/">[1]</a>. Version 7, May 2006 [and more or less continuously updated since].</li> <li>Strasburger, Noll, Schenck, Schimper: Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen. 4. Auflage, Gustav Fischer, Jena 1900, p. 459</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miosjournal.org/journal/2011/06/Inflorescences.html">R J Ferry. Inflorescences and Their Names. The McAllen International Orchid Society Journal.Vol. 12(6), pp. 4-11 June 2011 </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914204057/http://miosjournal.org/journal/2011/06/Inflorescences.html">Archived</a> 14 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflorescence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_intelligence" title="Plant intelligence">Plant intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" 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title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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