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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Renaissance Leader</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Poykayil Sreekumara Gurudevan</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Kumaran<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1879-02-17</span>)</span>February 17, 1879<br /><a href="/wiki/Eraviperoor" title="Eraviperoor">Eraviperoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, present day <a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta_district" title="Pathanamthitta district">Pathanamthitta district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">June 29, 1939<span style="display:none">(1939-06-29)</span> (aged 60)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Renaissance leader, poet, Spiritual Emancipator</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Indian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Poetry, theology, activism</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">V.Janamma (Ammachi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Poykayil Sree Kumara Gurudevan</b> (17 February 1879, in <a href="/wiki/Eraviperoor" title="Eraviperoor">Eraviperoor</a> – 1939), known as <b>Poykayil Appachan</b> or <b>Poykayil Yohannan</b>, was a spiritual leader, poet, Dalit emancipator, renaissance leader and the founder of the socio-religious movement <a href="/wiki/Prathyaksha_Raksha_Daiva_Sabha" title="Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha">Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha</a> ("God's Society of Obvious Salvation").<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_work">Religious work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poykayil_Yohannan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Religious work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yohannan joined the <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma Church">Marthoma church</a>, a reformist sect among the Syrian Christians, but realised the church treated <a href="/wiki/Dalits" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalits">Dalits</a> as an inferior class, and so left it. He then joined a new sect called the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Brethren Movement">Brethren Mission</a> where he faced similar instances of caste based discrimination. Yohannan concluded that <a href="/wiki/Indian_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Christian">Indian Christian</a> communities continued to discriminate based on caste, and felt this defied the basic tenets of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Gladstone1984_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladstone1984-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1909, Yohannan left Christianity and started his own religious protest movement named <a href="/wiki/Prathyaksha_Raksha_Daiva_Sabha" title="Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha">Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha</a>. He was known as Poikayil Appachan or Kumara Gurudevan afterwards.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Johannan advocated spiritual liberation, and sought to empower and consolidate the Dalits, promoting a creed in which the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_castes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave castes (page does not exist)">dalit castes</a>" would be free of discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_as_a_legislator">Work as a legislator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poykayil_Yohannan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work as a legislator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Appachan was nominated twice, in 1921 and 1931, to the <a href="/wiki/Sree_Moolam_Popular_Assembly" title="Sree Moolam Popular Assembly">Sree Moolam Praja Sabha</a>, the legislative council of the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas(Organization)2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas(Organization)2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poykayil_Yohannan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Unknown Subjects: Songs of Poykayil Appachan</i>. Translated from Malayalam by A.S. Sekher</li> <li><i>Vadyakhoshangal Nadathunnavarum</i> and <i>Ente Vamshathepatti</i> were featured in the Dalit Poem Collection named Kathal — published by DC Books</li> <li>Poikayil Appachan's biography translated from Malayalam by Deepthy Krishna</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_representations">Media representations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poykayil_Yohannan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Media representations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Mannikkale Maanikkyam</i> - Drama by V. V. Santhakumar features Yohannan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poykayil_Yohannan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. T. Philip <i>The Mar Thoma Church and Kerala society</i> 1991 "One of the outcome was the booklet entitled Poikayil Yohannanum Veda vaipareethyavum (Poikayil Yohannan and antitheology). Yohannan is addressed as ' Appachan' by his followers."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gladstone1984-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gladstone1984_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ._W._Gladstone1984" class="citation book cs1">J. W. Gladstone (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HIY6AAAAMAAJ"><i>Protestant Christianity and people's movements in Kerala: a study of Christian mass movements in relation to neo-Hindu socio-religious movements in Kerala, 1850-1936</i></a>. Seminary Publications<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestant+Christianity+and+people%27s+movements+in+Kerala%3A+a+study+of+Christian+mass+movements+in+relation+to+neo-Hindu+socio-religious+movements+in+Kerala%2C+1850-1936&rft.pub=Seminary+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.au=J.+W.+Gladstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHIY6AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoykayil+Yohannan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poykayilyohannan.org/About%20Church.htm">Poikayil Johannan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501211233/http://www.poykayilyohannan.org/About%20Church.htm">Archived</a> 1 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas(Organization)2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas(Organization)2007_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Alex_ThomasI.S.P.C.K._(Organization)2007" class="citation book cs1">Dr. Alex Thomas; I.S.P.C.K. (Organization) (1 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bv7YAAAAMAAJ"><i>A history of the first cross-cultural mission of the Mar Thoma Church, 1910-2000</i></a>. ISPCK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7214-969-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7214-969-7"><bdi>978-81-7214-969-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+first+cross-cultural+mission+of+the+Mar+Thoma+Church%2C+1910-2000&rft.pub=ISPCK&rft.date=2007-08-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7214-969-7&rft.au=Dr.+Alex+Thomas&rft.au=I.S.P.C.K.+%28Organization%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbv7YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoykayil+Yohannan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poykayil_Yohannan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohan2013" class="citation book cs1">Mohan, P. Sanal (2013). "Religion, Social Space, and Identity: The Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha and the Making of Cultural Boundaries in Twentieth Century Kerala". In Channa, Subhadra Mitra; Mencher, Joan P. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tTAnAgAAQBAJ"><i>Life as a Dalit: Views from the Bottom on Caste in India</i></a>. SAGE Publications India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-13211-777-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-13211-777-3"><bdi>978-8-13211-777-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion%2C+Social+Space%2C+and+Identity%3A+The+Prathyaksha+Raksha+Daiva+Sabha+and+the+Making+of+Cultural+Boundaries+in+Twentieth+Century+Kerala&rft.btitle=Life+as+a+Dalit%3A+Views+from+the+Bottom+on+Caste+in+India&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications+India&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-8-13211-777-3&rft.aulast=Mohan&rft.aufirst=P.+Sanal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtTAnAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoykayil+Yohannan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>V. V. Swamy and E. V. Anil, "Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha - Orma, Pattu, Charithrarekhakal", Adiyardeepam Publications, 2010</li></ul> <ul><li>'Vyavastayude Nadapathakal', Society of PRDS Studies, Unseen letters, Slate Publications, 2017</li> <li>Raj,Anandu. “അനുയായികൾക്ക് ലഭിച്ച ഉറപ്പിൽ നിന്നാണ് അപ്പച്ചൻ ‌ദൈവമാകുന്നത്.” <i>Keraleeyam Online</i>, Feb. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.keraleeyammasika.com/poyikayil-appachan-kerala-dalit-prds-renaissance/">https://www.keraleeyammasika.com/poyikayil-appachan-kerala-dalit-prds-renaissance/</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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