CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135824e49f0fdea',cH: 'D_5kDQeZhNjo01Xm8.6q6UCAtnXJpbuHWwo0Es8JU3M-1739792493-1.2.1.1-ZMPAfv8WntvgSm.TTjomlYsW304HXNhgsM3yut8Jt42_f8xH6r0b578bJgbE_uNU',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=flea%20and%20great%20gerbil%20population%20structure&__cf_chl_tk=t7kGkt5.JacQK0MNST8mTQsta2DSWUGxEl3qluxfqVg-1739792493-1.0.1.1-u1_sLvla8qJUex384FI_pEHaq2pfNu8d4iMyg5trshU",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739792493',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=flea%20and%20great%20gerbil%20population%20structure&__cf_chl_f_tk=t7kGkt5.JacQK0MNST8mTQsta2DSWUGxEl3qluxfqVg-1739792493-1.0.1.1-u1_sLvla8qJUex384FI_pEHaq2pfNu8d4iMyg5trshU",md: "CpF.M.Sm_U7Bdvs3VG7_yfUWgfo_JNgsim2VojwPBE8-1739792493-1.2.1.1-P17LrJWAwIG2CSqWgrATJ0ejimGPHHpafi0R6Ti9Yk9avLarpVMHrFyPk36f9ntMYhzSgRXqN1IQt7KX2ndjpzYop9bfP0s_JTRO.Jalm_Jla63A39PIN0nfhI3oISNHsRxbNK_sG606ahx6gCDfZ1ovbelH4erOYZBQ68Lt9_.5fUmzPAMgLligTHdqPbr1Y0_1Tf3RFpDbDwZq0umI5Bu4zu5RNETStrH_RYM4hneD1kWRJ0vvoHb9H.3z27CzkGWYIL2hmodUjpx7Av5iRw4Nki6GfdDcwKZYdtXp7Kl.0TMm6LD03_Ael5rZPa4L7GgG4.RqolklG_izCFcN.iqfQZ6zdkGvBzt4pmceTfCzn4b7Wsdok77DwnLg14UTnpUVKBllMifdJ453kjlkNnul_iSlwoJJKlhG4bqEXGu4Aa78gLf_Mu26PjiuwtimVVxSixkeqUO1MvDOCpW1bO98v982Bt8S7Y96.89PkUjQ5KCErKYlNawZpx6.H2O8GyCSgCnj9qdmikH.s.Tf63wD9s9pVLMIG_KsrBbHs.6s.vSFEbpkSpgEIDwEKtUkWAwj8vcb9FdXol7xx9kRd3VSRG2lGKv.dicTXKaDi0advtfBBHPnpBNvM63quvW0At7CBIYprWgF9T.eYQFxVV76gwXNIc4bTrhS7J._eThw3BiaJq5_aZ_Q_b2oR.uL4moqH5qAPY6zrvFPvpwyfBt8sygjxKzjHA6hNZkuBZ_7Up24OfIzOwhC12sDMFaDeaO8mKVKnyqOGC9Sj5PD6HlrtXiMY9IxLkh87W96FLr0bemQvjT48k0Bd_vV2YOtBc0hKe1bR4CfS9qohK0sT7WVsqUaNEwvR0bF6R7FuGo_2Reje1hwIQShW3Q7NzeM9sg4YwB_WgcO83yYYz0fgXKp.4xA8i69m3Ff5RrR1Ieg6Vl.KUvN6nl5xK52AL1PgE5C7t_zu6vt4NQs0s_0FaiOQbG2FF18blbb39qCoYWJRQZg5w1MsALSaq2N5PwX8d1SIT6C0JSz.hKxZTIdQeOTHlEEn0Gp757wdEEpEceDHDfa4hCutMApsEr1LUo_iDAhZ4EBVSa7M18X_uHS_v9DD65d904vxEdzKhmqakFS0EIBStS_8cgFDv_f7lTZYiLYc.4E96R8Ogv6EWs9SGyxvxZe4U8W1Y0sePnaUzEaqwhxeduZSu4dGeQBr4pXh9r98CJJNlt.QVWmowovJ.N8i0u7Brs8h6YbtVc3Em44Ds7SdUoJVKceQ8Cg6x1PsJ1n0HR8e4TmbAyzJEmtZpKripi.j.mFbCk9vzeIM_NxMJKix.XdNIhzwyyX2wdJ2H_jB5LGmckZW9CVMxsDgB6Va4cb3imSrzGMcswvzaKrRF.f65lc0FPR2lDS5gd.o0Gsqc8bf96EdxLEb8bXjKH23O_99nSD74sS5mgLJWuAAMuQNBsIUKtjzWu_SVUtn5XJMfAnZos.CrOHI8_Rmx128r5QP8RdUjQUOoWZg6Dp9FziRsZWbh7lMOdXQkDOevhfpDR2nPqWMCOVX9ulxpZDRAUT.lFcpS3pqtY6Wa2erMejl8xBU1m9PrEzi_TOz3Ot2OtTTGFqsASaAtc64tOgtOTX_1auTfvQ_OiunXb_eseL.5MfIetvGMqOCS_BcsrM8kY8Rf0hUW8wZH_anLtKfYQv6LAYPgRLXRUdZeCNfY_79NPafZf__xAcjsmfqbEIqb1dxCPbplDiocpn44CbT5.PKktxJAjG0ovrBRfmnK7aj1oNO6DNfcsGeP_ZSYIWgixg1f6_.J7HIFgs3pKokv7kRBK_ggJfyXv2HX2dWPYsvYcldtfRRgyXXj5QXaLLyZNrcFIi7jr9qOx0O4EFJKhDhHuEiTEXfVh.7Gi7ACZ_Z6Gp5jom8JvaCmA7V6CTkse5wQydv6mg3Q8UPJkjcBbxlbv7neSfFFZj_KujSNbhbIfpkS4royrfTfUzAK24KVEC2hfr3fjCybsJfJJERKrlAec_38iTPh5eJ73sbqVfz.12tRykO_JETuWc",mdrd: "5r02.RqTJbvKr5jlmoHcQ1mI3M6KvaUhihTeVaF329c-1739792493-1.2.1.1-YitrS1iKbE1QOqdVjlhIeQH.H9Y_xTa9GidV4Jrx1Qn3yG60lCu0F3htT7tG210N1QSQm1WhBD7I9EjolHN.nkkNC7uQphXRxETH1Tb8506oPpJhhlgrAsAlW2HoWFGE14fRCtN6GWC3rWRL_zwGRY9fgZk60saU9ckINCSAG3Dxf3nDLtj3mWDv6nVlSwYpyiYFmIcz3t.j.DpierC.84.y7v5khLFlvuCLAdcPonQk9EH1kq4.Nyu2nE7BJqLuMZD2HQ6d1.WUqfqJKFbzVBO5AW9SOhwa21AyvERrVcefVhzFqeXTaQT9qSlb5vkYGLc4yIyPcxZ.mMzgkkuzf0iX8eHY5t9q7EuKlZ8sXYhUiCpq2xqfxarMbS94QMCDsP.8u0yqmlM3aipS6dJYuUcxCGAV6XQa8WVgJkxiWcy8YP_t_gQMEaEUMo.wIcQUP2ke4lkAo4HwnB8LCasP6q4KinKRa5VtalkwJPInLRkYr321s2kS8uisxXydjsyH6wxW.jq108zXx8ruWaSvsw6oVLxWGCc6YkC2TjZyfhyKHgkpr_42_Vl29aWm.9LAg_5bxwg7XLso2OsBnZYUIGyTkhISy0IbRjGFMdJgatl3XwogA3ICyAdBZ.7QENzz6OD3kH4mf5St0D_lQLvqan3nlkP67yCv51jlFMOnV0ym9eEoeClW3jVqPISLNH1_D_ip59guGXDanGxbOH1IwWbl0aPK2ZBkVh.PaIaVT6S0zfkMoYp_I4urMvieX5d9sW2bBDFfl35kafi1PG1QQ.D44Z6YzLvNgij5mknT7R3PADtXHjwS75hozyrZRDE8phc0T5jNwmIYzElKRbsgPD2DnyD2W2xbrqbp.S8A5OVYSNEM9iptfGYb4EB01ptEbus.r23tbzvMAZdNkH4._yJ4mijxf4h9EHDUcJqr5XI1S8x.sI2HHe9ufeWmVggMwysxaC52Y3yg7qpOPDtg0vEVpoQZCx66MWS2ypos7783BlGhKykvZHbt9aF0z19adQabkcctaVT9kdt.QmJuycQMwaCSvWZ76LuEXX4AYPzc1a0x3xK1Bt3zjXHpTY3Ik9TLGQ1__mxjGEfjgCJv5O9tXdEXqrbRp4tvZouAWv77N2deZMqlc7z0ALnE3zvz7ZjkMn5_TGNDQdm0br85.ppBK5a0jozRVVNw1CVKJfJYWu91KofW7NbNuzac.HkEnLnzhKVv5e0pB08aDN7Nu0wx7WUUocbSc7H2SjNwQ2UT8xVxsLE0JjDfvCaf7goo1O8xVPpewYiWp30Ts548wdzR7dQpkifAdZ1uHsgHnt5BlcbV26IfO2tamcY1urhuOUPgi1vKNHLsAH1UUzN00xy7LtAJxD.KIybNhI7hFwy5W4Sqpv5MIG6L6Bw20SzuN4mgjzG69BMmn4.Qo7ssu7nDVsfp1_thPhHmAtR8Wv_Cm8PQzKnoogkyRnkHsSBTrM_Jb2_k4umFIPHwqxR68Dt_sKVE4QBy_MCJFrWRrN7OPbMosFdq.rMruUGnKZnZU1Xenn_OBG1mCyLmKBnDstzKO5htDyjmxlX_L4QIthA.vQv6k4atZ6E24E1ekmKd1gU9eC84VmvRgogb31Qz5UWvqquUQzY4koZcR4kmw_3emfsTaqmHrbYZQR.fc8W8MN.dVcn_HyzEteFgBCLQrCij5z9kJy2AE0HHkj50Hj2A2EXkwJvWCvsfPKA6ujOvssPnHLXJhyliAsjW0UJPsSvOdxoIgOXxVVPT7ZhayYZ4l0XTf_ETufLduUxOcsYdFNCXwYpO5rGI9tllBDuWLdaLVPKz0E9eHt2ZBAAZ7AIKYmhk2xwAL4EWdA.jfTI_hTKgVxcgMmCKwQOdAI6feoXlFr4gQvktoIGg0H_5s8qgTMZm_dLh_h2fmC09JuCSznGlDiuVK01M3wcLBCNsO289fJz6FCrooFqiDhZBFnAqTpyzp74A3lLFebkx.F2W6NgaCrJ35lahYid35rAmPQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135824e49f0fdea';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=flea%20and%20great%20gerbil%20population%20structure&__cf_chl_rt_tk=t7kGkt5.JacQK0MNST8mTQsta2DSWUGxEl3qluxfqVg-1739792493-1.0.1.1-u1_sLvla8qJUex384FI_pEHaq2pfNu8d4iMyg5trshU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>