REALM project - Research

<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html class=" no-js" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/oclc/clientlibs/oclc/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/oclc/clientlibs/oclc/jquery/oclc.min.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/apps/oclc/clientlibs/oclc/jquery-ui.min.css" type="text/css"> <script src="/apps/oclc/clientlibs/oclc/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/oclc/clientlibs/oclc/jquery/animation.min.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc.clientlibs/clientlibs/granite/jquery-ui.min.css" type="text/css"> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/clientlibs/granite/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/clientlibs/granite/utils.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/clientlibs/granite/jquery/granite.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/foundation/clientlibs/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/foundation/clientlibs/shared.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/clientlibs/granite/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/foundation/clientlibs/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/clientlibs/social/thirdparty/ckeditor.min.js"></script> <title>REALM project - Research | OCLC</title> <meta name="realm_content" content="Research" /> <meta name="description" content="Read the latest REALM research results centered on how long COVID-19 may survive on materials common to archives, libraries, and museums." />  <meta name="DC.Title" content="REALM project - Research | OCLC" /> <meta name="DCTERMS.Alternative" content="REALM project - Research | OCLC"> <meta name="DC.Subject" content="" /> <meta name="DC.Description" content="Read the latest REALM research results centered on how long COVID-19 may survive on materials common to archives, libraries, and museums."> <meta name="DC.Publisher" content="OCLC" /> <meta name="DC.Creator" content=""> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content=""/> <meta name="DCTERMS.Created" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CTDF" content="2023-3-9"> <meta name="DCTERMS.Issued" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CTDF" content="2023-3-9"> <meta name="DCTERMS.Modified" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CTDF" content="2023-3-9"> <meta name="DC.Language" content="en"> <meta name="DC.Modified" content="2023-3-9" /> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="https://policies.oclc.org/en/copyright.html" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="REALM project - Research | OCLC" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@OCLC" /> <meta name="twitter:domain" content="www.oclc.org" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Read the latest REALM research results centered on how long COVID-19 may survive on materials common to archives, libraries, and museums." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/news/releases/2020/realm_twitter.png" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/news/releases/2020/realm_twitter.png" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="OCLC" /> <meta property="og:title" content="REALM project - Research | OCLC" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research.html" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Read the latest REALM research results centered on how long COVID-19 may survive on materials common to archives, libraries, and museums." /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research.html"/> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research.html" hreflang="en"/>   <link rel="icon" href="/apps/settings/wcm/designs/oclc/images/favicon.ico" sizes="32x32"/> <link rel="icon" href="/apps/settings/wcm/designs/oclc/images/icon.svg" type="image/svg+xml"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/apps/settings/wcm/designs/oclc/images/apple-touch-icon.png"/> <script type="text/javascript"> if(typeof String.prototype.trim !== 'function') { String.prototype.trim = function() { return this.replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, ''); 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This disables all searchboxes //except the last one. coveo doesn't support instantiating multiple global //search boxes on the same page. $('body').find('.oclc-coveo-search:not(:last)').remove(); var searchResultsPage = $('#resultsPagePath').val(); var accessTokenVal = $('#accessToken').val(); var searchUrlVal = $('#searchUrl').val(); var searchWordVal = $('#searchWord').val(); document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() { Coveo.SearchEndpoint.endpoints["default"] = new Coveo.SearchEndpoint({ restUri: searchUrlVal, accessToken: accessTokenVal }); var root = Coveo.$$(document).find("#searchbox"); if ("" != searchResultsPage && null != searchResultsPage) { Coveo.initSearchbox(root, searchResultsPage, { Searchbox: { placeholder: searchWordVal } }); } }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="par parsys"><div class="parsyscolumncontrol section"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-default" id="realm-nav"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-default-c0"> <div class="col0 parsys"><div class="pills parbase section"> <ul id="pill-nav"> <li class="pill-nav-item"> <a class="pill-nav-link" href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/home.html" title="" rel="#">Home</a> </li> <li class="pill-nav-item"> <a class="pill-nav-link" href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/news.html" title="News" rel="#">News</a> </li> <li class="pill-nav-item"> <a class="pill-nav-active" href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research.html" title="" rel="#">Research</a> </li> <li class="pill-nav-item"> <a class="pill-nav-link" href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/resources.html" title="" rel="#">Resources</a> </li> <li class="pill-nav-item"> <a class="pill-nav-link" href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/faq.html" title="FAQ" rel="#">FAQ</a> </li> <li class="pill-nav-item"> <a class="pill-nav-link" href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/about.html" title="" rel="#">About</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="parsyscolumncontrol section"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-default" id="realm-childpg-hed"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-default-c0"> <div class="col0 parsys"><div class="parsyscolumncontrol section"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt0"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt0-c0"> <div class="col0 parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <div class="lockup"> <h1><span class="deck1">REALM</span> <span class="deck2">Project</span></h1> <p class="subhed">REopening<br /> Archives, Libraries,<br /> and Museums</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt0-c1"> <div class="col1 parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <h2>Research</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="text parbase section"> <p>The REALM project research includes two key components: reviews of the scientific literature and studies to provide information on how long the virus can survive on materials common to archives, libraries, and museums. Reviews of the scientific literature are designed to evaluate existing research about SARS-CoV-2  that may pertain to the materials, physical settings, and operations of these institutions. These areas of inquiry include how the virus is transmitted, how to mitigate its spread, and the impacts of vaccines and variants. </p> <hr /> </div> <div class="customjavascript section"> <style> caption {display: none;} #test-results span.link-btn-blue a {margin-bottom: 10px !important;} </style> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context":"https://schema.org/", "@type":"Dataset", "name":"REALM project research", "alternatename":["REopening Archives, Libraries, and Museums","REALM project"], "description":"<p>OCLC, the Institute of Museum and Library Services, and Battelle are conducting reviews of the published scientific research, curating evidence-based resources, and conducting laboratory testing on SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) to provide information that can inform operational considerations for libraries, archives, and museums (LAMs).</p><p>Reviews of the scientific literature are designed to evaluate existing research about SARS-CoV-2  that may pertain to the materials, physical settings, and operations of LAMs. This areas of inquiry include how the virus is transmitted, how to mitigate its spread, and the effectiveness of various disinfection and cleaning methods.</p><p>Battelle laboratory testing is investigating how long the virus may remain alive and infectious on various materials that are commonly used or found in LAMs.</p> <p>Illustrative examples from LAMs and information resources from subject matter experts and related fields are also being collected and reviewed on an ongoing basis.</p>", "url":"https://www.oclc.org/realm/research.html", "license" : "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/", "hasPart" : [ { "@type": "Dataset", "name": "Natural attenuation as a decontamination approach for SARS-CoV-2 on five library materials", "alternatename":["REALM test 1.1","REALM test 1.2"], "description": "<p>In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) and OCLC are working in partnership with Battelle to create and distribute science-based informationdesigned to reduce the risk of transmission of COVID-19 to staff and visitors who are engaging in the delivery or use of museum, library, and archival services. This REopening Archives, Libraries, and Museums (REALM) project is studying how long the SARS CoV-2 virus (the virus that causes COVID19) survives on common materials and methods to mitigate exposure.</p><p>Information from REALM project test results should not be construed as recommendations or guidelines. These findings contribute to the evolving scientific understanding regarding SARS-CoV-2, which still includes uncertainties about: how much virus is shed by an infected person through coughing, sneezing, talking, breathing, etc; how much virus is needed to infect someone; and the likelihood of a person becoming infected indirectly through contact with contaminated objects and surfaces (“fomites”).</p><p>As part of the project’s Phase 1 research, Battelle has conducted a natural attenuation study to provide information on how long some commonly circulated library materials would need to be considered for quarantined prior to being put back into public circulation. Testing was conducted by applying the virulent SARS-CoV-2 virus on five materials held at standard room temperature and humidity conditions. The materials tested include the following items, which were provided by Columbus Metropolitan Library:</p><ol><li>Hardback book cover (buckram cloth)</li><li>Paperback book cover</li><li>Plain paper pages inside a closed book</li><li>Plastic book covering (biaxially oriented polyester film)</li><li>DVD case</li></ol>", "license" : "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/", "distribution" : { "@type":"DataDownload", "encodingFormat":"CSV", "contentURL":"https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/realm/documents/test-1-1-data.xlsx" }, "creator":[ { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.oclc.org", "name":"OCLC" }, { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.imls.gov/", "name":"Institute of Museum and Library Services" }, { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.battelle.org/", "name":"Battelle" } ] }, { "@type": "Dataset", "name": "Natural attenuation as a decontamination approach for SARS-CoV-2 on five paper-based library and archives materials ", "alternatename":"REALM test 2", "description": "<p>In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) and OCLC are working in partnership with Battelle to create and distribute science-based information designed to reduce the risk of transmission of COVID-19 to staff and visitors who are engaging in the delivery or use of museum, library, and archival services. This REopening Archives, Libraries, and Museums (REALM) project is studying how long the SARS CoV-2 virus (the virus that causes COVID19) survives on common materials and methods to mitigate exposure.</p><p>Information from REALM project test results should not be construed as recommendations or guidelines. These findings contribute to the evolving scientific understanding regarding SARS-CoV-2, which still includes uncertainties about: how much virus is shed by an infected person through coughing, sneezing, talking, breathing, etc; how much virus is needed to infect someone; and the likelihood of a person becoming infected indirectly through contact with contaminated objects and surfaces (“fomites”).</p><p>As part of the project’s Phase 1 research, Battelle has conducted two natural attenuation studies to provide information on how long some commonly handled library materials would need to be considered for quarantine in order for the virus to be undetectable. The results of Test 1 were released on June 22, 2020; Test 2 began on June 23, 2020. The studies were conducted by applying the virulent SARS-CoV-2 virus on five materials held at standard room temperature and humidity conditions. The materials in Test 2 included the following five items, which were provided by the National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled, Library of Congress; Columbus Metropolitan Library; and the National Archives and Records Administration:</p><ol><li>Braille paper pages</li><li>Glossy book pages</li><li>Magazine pages</li><li>Children’s board book</li><li>Archival folders</li></ol><p>Samples from each item were inoculated and placed inside the closed book or magazine. The items were then configured to mimic common storage conditions such as stacked or shelved books, or a pile of folders or magazines.</p>", "license" : "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/", "distribution": { "encodingFormat":"CSV", "contentURL": "https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/realm/documents/test-2-data.xlsx" }, "creator":[ { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.oclc.org", "name":"OCLC" }, { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.imls.gov/", "name":"Institute of Museum and Library Services" }, { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.battelle.org/", "name":"Battelle" } ] }, { "@type": "Dataset", "name": "Natural attenuation as a decontamination approach for SARS-CoV-2 on five plastic-based materials", "alternatename":"REALM test 3", "description": "<p>In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) and OCLC are working in partnership with Battelle to distribute science-based information designed to help reduce the risk of transmission of COVID-19 to staff and visitors who are engaging in the delivery or use of archive, library, and museum services. This REopening Archives, Libraries, and Museums (REALM) project is studying how long the SARS CoV-2 virus (the virus that causes COVID-19) survives on common materials and methods to mitigate exposure.</p><p>Information from REALM project test results should not be construed as recommendations or guidelines. These findings contribute to the evolving scientific understanding regarding SARSCoV-2, which still includes uncertainties about: how much virus is shed by an infected person through coughing, sneezing, talking, breathing, etc; how much virus is needed to infect someone; and the likelihood of a person becoming infected indirectly through contact with contaminated objects and surfaces (“fomites”).</p><p>As part of the project’s Phase 1 research, Battelle has conducted three natural attenuation studies to provide information on how long some commonly handled library materials would need to be considered for quarantine prior to being put back into use. The results of Test 1 and Test 2 were released on June 22 and July 20, 2020, respectively; Test 3 began on July 10, 2020. The studies were conducted by applying the virulent SARS-CoV-2 virus on five materials held at standard room temperature (68°F to 75°F) and relative humidity conditions (30 to 50 percent). The materials in Test 3 include:</p><ol><li>Talking book, USB cassette</li><li>DVD</li><li>Storage bag</li><li>Storage container</li><li>Plexiglass</li></ol>", "license" : "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/", "distribution": { "encodingFormat":"CSV", "contentURL": "https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/realm/documents/test-3-data.xlsx" }, "creator":[ { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.oclc.org", "name":"OCLC" }, { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.imls.gov/", "name":"Institute of Museum and Library Services" }, { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.battelle.org/", "name":"Battelle" } ] }, { "@type": "Dataset", "name": "Natural attenuation as a decontamination approach for SARSCoV-2 on stacked library materials and expanded polyethylene foam", "alternatename":"REALM test 4", "description": "<p>In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) and OCLC are working in partnership with Battelle to distribute science-based information designed to help reduce the risk of transmission of COVID-19 to staff and visitors who are engaging in the delivery or use of archival, library, and museum services. This REopening Archives, Libraries, and Museums (REALM) project is studying how long the SARS CoV-2 virus (the virus that causes COVID-19) survives on common materials and methods to mitigate exposure.</p></p>Information from REALM project test results should not be construed as recommendations or guidelines. These findings contribute to the evolving scientific understanding regarding SARS-CoV-2, which still includes uncertainties about: how much virus is shed by an infected person through coughing, sneezing, talking, breathing, etc; how much virus is needed to infect someone; and the likelihood of a person becoming infected indirectly through contact with contaminated objects and surfaces (“fomites”).</p><p>As part of the project’s Phase 1 and 2 research, Battelle has conducted four natural attenuation studies to provide information on how long some materials commonly handled in archives, libraries, and museums would need to be considered for quarantine prior to being put back into use. The results of Tests 1 through 3 were released on June 22, July 20, and August 18, 2020, respectively; Test 4 began on July 31, 2020.</p><p>Each study has been conducted by applying the virulent SARS-CoV-2 virus on five materials held at standard room temperature (68°F to 75°F) and relative humidity conditions (30 to 50 percent). The materials in Test 4 included four items previously examined in Test 1, but for this test they were placed in a stacked configuration. This configuration resembles the common practice used by libraries when handling book returns. In addition, expanded polyethylene foam, a commonly used material in museum settings for storing and shipping displays, was placed in an unstacked configuration. All items tested are:</p><ol><li>Hardcover book cover</li><li>Softcover book cover<li><li>Plastic protective cover</li><li>DVD case</li><li>Expanded polyethylene foam</li></ol>", "license" : "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/", "distribution": { "encodingFormat":"CSV", "contentURL": "https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/realm/documents/test-4-data.xlsx" }, "creator":[ { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.oclc.org", "name":"OCLC" }, { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.imls.gov/", "name":"Institute of Museum and Library Services" }, { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.battelle.org/", "name":"Battelle" } ] }, { "@type": "Dataset", "name": "Natural attenuation as a decontamination approach for SARS-CoV-2 on textile materials", "alternatename":"REALM test 5", "description": "<p>In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) and OCLC are working in partnership with Battelle to distribute science-based information designed to help reduce the risk of transmission of COVID-19 to staff and visitors who are engaging in the delivery or use of archival, library, and museum services. As part of this research, the REopening Archives, Libraries, and Museums (REALM) project is studying how long the SARS CoV-2 virus (the virus that causes COVID-19) survives on common materials and methods to mitigate exposure. Information from REALM project test results should not be construed as recommendations or guidelines.</p><p>These findings contribute to the evolving scientific understanding regarding SARS-CoV-2, which still includes uncertainties about: how much virus is shed by an infected person through coughing, sneezing, talking, breathing, etc; how much virus is needed to infect someone; and the likelihood of a person becoming infected indirectly through contact with contaminated objects and surfaces (“fomites”).</p><p>During Phases 1 and 2, Battelle has conducted five laboratory studies to study natural attenuation as a decontamination approach for materials contaminated with SARS-CoV-2. The results of Tests 1 through 4 were released on June 22, July 20, August 18, September 3, 2020, respectively; Test 5 began on August 29, 2020.</p> <p>Each study has been conducted by applying the virulent SARS-CoV-2 virus on five materials held at standard room temperature (68°F to 75°F) and relative humidity conditions (30 to 50 percent). The materials in Test 5 included five commonly used textile items.</p><ol><li>Leather book cover</li><li>Syntheic leather</li><li>Polyolefin fabric</li><li>Cotton fabric</li><li>Nylon webbing</li></ol>", "license" : "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/", "distribution": { "encodingFormat":"CSV", "contentURL": "https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/realm/documents/test-5-data.xlsx" }, "creator":[ { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.oclc.org", "name":"OCLC" }, { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.imls.gov/", "name":"Institute of Museum and Library Services" }, { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.battelle.org/", "name":"Battelle" } ] }, { "@type": "Dataset", "name": "Natural attenuation as a decontamination approach for SARS-CoV-2 on building materials", "alternatename":"REALM test 6", "description": "<p>In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) and OCLC are working in partnership with Battelle to distribute science-based information designed to help reduce the risk of transmission of COVID-19 to staff and visitors who are engaging in the delivery or use of archival, library, and museum services. As part of this research, the REopening Archives, Libraries, and Museums (REALM) project is studying how long the SARS-CoV-2 virus (the virus that causes COVID-19) survives on common materials and methods to mitigate exposure. Information from REALM project test results should not be construed as recommendations or guidelines.</p><p>These findings contribute to the evolving scientific understanding regarding SARS-CoV-2, which still includes uncertainties about: how much virus is shed by an infected person through coughing, sneezing, talking, breathing, etc.; how much virus is needed to infect someone; and the likelihood of a person becoming infected indirectly through contact with contaminated objects and surfaces (“fomites”).</p> <p>During Phases 1 and 2, Battelle has conducted six laboratory studies to evaluate natural attenuation (i.e., inactivation) as a decontamination approach for materials contaminated with SARS-CoV-2. The results of Tests 1 through 5 were released on June 22; July 20; August 18; September 3; and October 14, 2020, respectively. Test 6 began on October 8, 2020.</p><p>Each study has been conducted by applying the virulent SARS-CoV-2 virus on five materials held at ambient room temperature (68°F to 75°F) and relative humidity conditions (30 to 50 percent). The materials in Test 6 included five commonly used building materials.</p><ol><li>Glass</li><li>Marble</li><li>Laminate</li><li>Brass</li><li>Powder-coated steel</li></ol>", "license" : "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/", "distribution": { "encodingFormat":"CSV", "contentURL": "https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/realm/documents/test-6-data.xlsx" }, "creator":[ { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.oclc.org", "name":"OCLC" }, { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.imls.gov/", "name":"Institute of Museum and Library Services" }, { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.battelle.org/", "name":"Battelle" } ] } ], "creator":[ { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.oclc.org", "name":"OCLC", "sameas":"https://ror.org/02nv42w72" }, { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.imls.gov/", "name":"Institute of Museum and Library Services", "sameas":"https://ror.org/030prv062" }, { "@type":"Organization", "url": "https://www.battelle.org/", "name":"Battelle", "sameas":"https://ror.org/01h5tnr73" } ] } } </script> </div> <div class="parsyscolumncontrol section"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-default" id="test-results"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-default-c0"> <div class="col0 parsys"><div class="parsyscolumncontrol section"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1-c0"> <div class="col0 parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <h2>Supporting documentation</h2> <p>All REALM project materials are published under a Creative Commons <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 license</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1-c1"> <div class="col1 parsys"><div class="highlightbox section">  <div class="hbox "> <div class="highlightbox parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <h3>Most recent update</h3> <h4><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research/research-briefing-20220707.html">Research briefing: Ventilation</a></h4> <p><span class="text-small">July 7, 2022</span></p> <p>This research briefing, prepared by researchers at Battelle, is intended to provide timely information about the latest research on the effects of ventilation on the spread of COVID-19, to libraries, archives, museums, and their stakeholders. This is a review of scientific literature published from 1 January 2022 through 27 May 2022.</p> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="showhide parbase section"> <div class="show-hide "> <h3 class="show-hide-trig show-hide-open" title="Past literature reviews and briefings">Past literature reviews and briefings</h3> <div class="show-hide-cont parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <h4><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research/research-briefing-20211216.html">Research briefing: Vaccines, variants and ventilation</a></h4> <p><span class="text-small">December 16, 2021</span></p> <p>This research briefing from Battelle covers research published through November 29, 2021, on COVID-19 vaccines, SARS-CoV-2 variants, and ventilation that may help inform local decision-making. </p> <h4><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research/research-briefing-20211118.html">Research briefing: Vaccines, variants and ventilation</a></h4> <p><span class="text-small">November 18, 2021</span></p> <p>This briefing covers research published through November 1, 2021, on COVID-19 vaccines, SARS-CoV-2 variants, and ventilation that may help inform local decision-making. </p> <h4><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research/research-briefing-20211014.html">Updated research briefing: Vaccines, variants and ventilation</a></h4> <p><span class="text-small">October 14, 2021</span></p> <p>This briefing covers research published through September 27, 2021, on COVID-19 vaccines, SARS-CoV-2 variants, and ventilation that may help inform local decision-making.</p> <h4><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research/research-briefing-20210902.html">Research briefing: Vaccines, variants and ventilation</a></h4> <p><span class="text-small">September 23, 2021</span></p> <p>This briefing covers research published through September 6, 2021, on COVID-19 vaccines, SARS-CoV-2 variants, and ventilation that may help inform local decision-making. </p> <h4><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research/research-briefing-20210902.html">Updated research briefing: Vaccines, variants and ventilation</a></h4> <p><span class="text-small">September 2, 2021</span></p> <p>This briefing covers research published through August 16, 2021, on COVID-19 vaccines, SARS-CoV-2 variants, and ventilation that may help inform local decision-making. </p> <h4><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research/research-briefing-20210812.html">August research briefing: Vaccines, variants and ventilation</a></h4> <p><span class="text-small">August 12, 2021</span></p> <p>This briefing covers research published through July 26, 2021, on COVID-19 vaccines, SARS-CoV-2 variants, and ventilation that may help inform local decision-making. </p> <h4><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research/research-briefing-20210722.html">Vaccines, variants and ventilation: research briefing</a></h4> <p><span class="text-small">July 22, 2021</span></p> <p>This briefing covers research published through July 5, 2021, on COVID-19 vaccines, SARS-CoV-2 variants, and ventilation that may help inform local decision making. </p> <p>See also: <a href="/content/dam/realm/documents/research-takeaways-20210722.pdf">Key takeaways from the research briefings</a> (visual aid)</p> <h4><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research/research-briefing-20210701.html"><strong>July updated research briefing: Vaccines, variants and ventilation</strong></a></h4> <p><span class="text-small">July 1, 2021</span></p> <p>This briefing covers research published through June 14, 2021, on COVID-19 vaccines, SARS-CoV-2 variants, and ventilation that may help inform local decision making. </p> <h4><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research/research-briefing-20210610.html"><strong>Updated research briefing: Vaccines, variants and ventilation</strong></a></h4> <p><span class="text-small">June 10, 2021</span></p> <p>This briefing covers research published through May 17, 2021, on COVID-19 vaccines, SARS-CoV-2 variants, and ventilation that may help inform local decision making. </p> <h4><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research/research-briefing-20210520.html"><strong>Research briefing: Vaccines, variants and ventilation</strong></a></h4> <p><span class="text-small">May 20, 2021</span></p> <p>This briefing covers research published through April 26, 2021, on COVID-19 vaccines, SARS-CoV-2 variants, and ventilation that may help inform local decision making. </p> <h4><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research/research-briefing-vaccines-variants-20210315.html">Research briefing: Vaccines and variants</a></h4> <p><span class="text-small">April 20, 2021</span></p> <p>This briefing covers research published through March 15, 2021 on COVID-19 vaccines and SARS-CoV-2 variants that may help inform local LAM decision making</p> <h4><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research/phase-3-systematic-literature-review.html">Systematic literature review: Phase 3</a></h4> <p><span class="text-small">March 5, 2021</span></p> <p>This third systematic literature review summarizes research published through November 2020 on how the SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads, its survival on materials and surfaces, and the effectiveness of various prevention and decontamination measures.</p> <p>See also: <a href="/content/dam/realm/documents/lit-review-phase3-takeaways.pdf">Key takeaways from Phase 2 and 3 literature reviews</a> (visual aid)</p> <h4><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research/phase-2-systematic-literature-review.html">Systematic literature review: Phase 2</a><em></em><br /> </h4> <p><span class="text-small">October 14, 2020</span></p> <p>This second systematic literature review summarizes research on SARS-CoV-2 published between mid-May and mid-August 2020 on how the virus spreads, the lifespan of of the virus on materials, and effectiveness of various prevention and decontamination measures. </p> <p>See also: <a href="/content/dam/realm/documents/lit-review-visual.pdf">Key takeaways from Phase 2 literature review</a> (visual aid)<br /> </p> <h4><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research/phase-1-systematic-literature-review.html">Systematic literature review: Phase 1</a></h4> <p><span class="text-small">June 17, 2020</span></p> <p>A detailed literature review exploring the scientific research on SARS-CoV-2 published through mid-May 2020.<br /> </p> <h4><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/news/20200603-preliminary-literature-review.html">Preliminary literature review: Phase 1</a></h4> <p><span class="text-small">June 3, 2020</span></p> <p>The information helps to set the context for the Battelle laboratory research conducted during Phases 1 and 2 of the REALM project.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="showhide parbase section"> <div class="show-hide "> <h3 class="show-hide-trig show-hide-closed" title="Test plan">Test plan</h3> <div class="show-hide-cont parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <h4><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/news/20200603-project-test-plan-literature-review-released.html">Test Plan for the Natural Attenuation of SARS-CoV-2 as a Decontamination Approach</a></h4> <p><span class="text-small">June 3, 2020</span></p> <p>Describes how the Battelle laboratory tested for the longevity of the COVID-19 virus on materials and how long it takes for the virus to naturally attenuate—essentially, how long the material needs to be left alone before the virus is undetectable.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="parsyscolumncontrol section"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-default" id="test-intro"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-default-c0"> <div class="col0 parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <h2>REALM test results</h2> <p>As part of the REALM research, Battelle conducted eight natural attenuation studies to provide information on how long the SARS-CoV-2 virus may survive on materials common to archives, libraries, and museums. Below are the results of tests completed between June 2020 and February 2021.</p> <ul style="font-size: 12.0px;"> <p><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/research/lab-testing.html"><strong>Explore a sortable table of complete research test results</strong></a> for the REALM project</p> <p><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/faq.html"><strong>Get answers to frequently asked questions</strong></a> about research results</p> <p><a href="https://vimeo.com/758841881/54a67809e0"><strong>REALM Battelle laboratory testing process video</strong></a> Watch this video from the REopening Archives, Libraries, and Museums (REALM) project to learn how Battelle scientists to tested how long the COVID-19 virus lived on materials common to archives, libraries, and museums in the first phase of REALM research.</p> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="parsyscolumncontrol section"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1" id="test01-results"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1-c0"> <div class="col0 parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <h2>Test 1 results<br /> </h2> <p><span class="text-small">22 June 2020</span></p> <p>Five items commonly found in public libraries, which are also in high circulation and expected to arrive back in public libraries in large volumes, were selected for Test 1. The materials were provided by Columbus Metropolitan Library.</p> <p><span class="link-btn-blue"><a href="/content/dam/WebJunction/Documents/webJunction/realm/test1-report.pdf">Download Test 1 results</a></span></p> <p><span class="text-small">Download <a href="/content/dam/realm/documents/test-1-1-data.xlsx">Test 1.1</a> and <a href="/content/dam/realm/documents/test-1-2-data.xlsx">Test 1.2</a> raw data.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1-c1"> <div class="col1 parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <table class="results" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <caption> Test 1 results </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col" class="item">Item</th> <th scope="col" class="material">Material</th> <th scope="col" class="conditions">Conditions</th> <th scope="col" class="result">Result</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Hardback book cover</td> <td>Buckram book cover</td> <td rowspan="5">Testing was conducted by applying the virulent SARS-CoV-2 virus on five materials held at standard room temperature and humidity conditions. Items were laid flat.</td> <td rowspan="5">Results show that the SARS-CoV-2 virus was not detectable on the materials after three days of quarantine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Softback book cover</td> <td>Trade paperback</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Plain paper pages inside a closed book</td> <td> --</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Plastic book covering</td> <td>Biaxially oriented polyester film</td> </tr> <tr> <td>DVD/CD case</td> <td>Polypropylene</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="parsyscolumncontrol section"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1" id="test02-results"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1-c0"> <div class="col0 parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <h2>Test 2 results</h2> <p><span class="text-small">20 July 2020</span></p> <p>Materials were provided by Columbus Metropolitan Library, the National Archives and Records Administration, and the National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled, Library of Congress.</p> <p><span class="link-btn-blue"><a href="/content/dam/WebJunction/Documents/webJunction/realm/test2-report.pdf">Download Test 2 results</a></span></p> <p><span class="text-small"><a href="/content/dam/realm/documents/test-2-data.xlsx">Download Test 2 raw data</a>.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1-c1"> <div class="col1 parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <table class="results" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col" class="item">Item</th> <th scope="col" class="material">Material</th> <th scope="col" class="conditions">Conditions</th> <th scope="col" class="result">Result</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Archival folders</td> <td>--</td> <td>Stacked</td> <td rowspan="5">Results show that after two days of quarantine, the virus was not detectable on the archival folders. After four days of quarantine, the virus was not detectable on the braille pages, glossy book pages, and board book. The magazine showed a trace amount of virus at four days. Day four was the final timepoint tested.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Glossy pages</td> <td>As found in coffee table books</td> <td>Stacked</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Children’s board book</td> <td>--</td> <td>Stacked, tested inside the book</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Braille paper</td> <td>--</td> <td>Stacked</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Magazine pages</td> <td>--</td> <td>Stacked</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="parsyscolumncontrol section"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1" id="test03-results"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1-c0"> <div class="col0 parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <h2>Test 3 results</h2> <p><span class="text-small">18 August 2020</span></p> <p>For Test 3, five plastic-based items were selected. The materials were provided by Columbus Metropolitan Library, the National Archives and Records Administration, and the National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled, Library of Congress.</p> <p><span class="link-btn-blue"><a href="/content/dam/WebJunction/Documents/webJunction/realm/test3-report.pdf">Download Test 3 results</a></span></p> <p><span class="text-small"><a href="/content/dam/realm/documents/test-3-data.xlsx">Download Test 3 raw data</a>.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1-c1"> <div class="col1 parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <table class="results" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col" class="item">Item</th> <th scope="col" class="material">Material</th> <th scope="col" class="conditions">Conditions</th> <th scope="col" class="result">Result</th> </tr> <tr> <td>DVD</td> <td>Polycarbonate</td> <td>Unstacked</td> <td rowspan="5">Results show that after five days of quarantine the virus was not detectable on the storage bag or the DVD. The storage container, plexiglass, and the USB cassette all showed recoverable virus at five days. Day five was the final timepoint tested.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Storage bag</td> <td>Flexible plastic: Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), recycling #4</td> <td>Unstacked</td> </tr> <tr> <td>USB cassette</td> <td>Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, specific blend</td> <td>Unstacked</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Storage container</td> <td>Rigid plastic: High-density polyethylene (HDPE), recycling #2</td> <td>Unstacked</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Plexiglass</td> <td>Acrylic display cases and partitions</td> <td>Unstacked</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="parsyscolumncontrol section"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1" id="test04-results"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1-c0"> <div class="col0 parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <p><a name="test4"></a></p> <h2>Test 4 results</h2> <p><span class="text-small">2 September 2020</span></p> <p>Four of the five items in Test 4 are similar book materials to Test 1, but in Test 4, these items were stacked to simulate their common storage configuration in bins and book drops and on shelves. The fifth item, expanded polyethylene foam, has not been tested previously and was done so in open-air conditions.</p> <p>A visual comparing the <a href="/content/dam/realm/documents/stacked-unstacked.pdf">stacked to unstacked materials</a> is available. </p> <p><span class="link-btn-blue"><a href="/content/dam/WebJunction/Documents/webJunction/realm/test4-report.pdf">Download Test 4 results</a></span></p> <p><span class="text-small"><a href="/content/dam/realm/documents/test-4-data.xlsx">Download Test 4 raw data</a>.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1-c1"> <div class="col1 parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <table class="results" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col" class="item">Item</th> <th scope="col" class="material">Material</th> <th scope="col" class="conditions">Conditions</th> <th scope="col" class="result">Result</th> </tr> <tr> <td>DVD/CD case</td> <td>Polypropylene</td> <td>Stacked</td> <td rowspan="5">Results show that after six days of quarantine the SARS-CoV-2 virus was still detected on all five materials tested. When compared to Test 1, which resulted in nondetectable virus after three days on an unstacked hardcover book, softcover book, plastic protective cover, and DVD case, the results of Test 4 highlight the effect of stacking and its ability to prolong the survivability of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hardcover book cover</td> <td>Buckram cloth</td> <td>Stacked</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Softcover book cover</td> <td>Trade paperback</td> <td>Stacked</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Plastic protective cover</td> <td>Biaxially oriented polyester film</td> <td>Stacked</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Expanded polyethylene foam</td> <td>1-inch thickness</td> <td>Unstacked, open air</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="parsyscolumncontrol section"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1" id="test05-results"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1-c0"> <div class="col0 parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <p><a name="test5"></a></p> <h2>Test 5 results</h2> <p><span class="text-small">14 October 2020</span></p> <p>For Test 5, four fabrics and leather—materials commonly used for bookbinding, upholstery, and crowd control—were selected. The materials were provided by the American Museum of National History, a private donation and through procurement from vendors. </p> <p><span class="link-btn-blue"><a href="/content/dam/WebJunction/Documents/webJunction/realm/test5-report.pdf">Download Test 5 results</a></span></p> <p><span class="text-small"><a href="/content/dam/realm/documents/test-5-data.xlsx">Download Test 5 raw data</a>.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1-c1"> <div class="col1 parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <table class="results" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col" class="item">Item</th> <th scope="col" class="material">Material</th> <th scope="col" class="conditions">Conditions</th> <th scope="col" class="result">Result</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Leather book cover</td> <td>Leather (circa 1861)</td> <td>Unstacked</td> <td rowspan="5">Results show that after eight days of quarantine, SARS-CoV-2 virus was still detected on leather and synthetic leather materials. For the polyolefin fabric and nylon webbing, only the amount of virus after the initial 1 hour of drying time could be measured. No data for the cotton fabric could be collected or reported.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Synthetic leather</td> <td>Expanded polyvinyl chloride (PVC)</td> <td>Unstacked</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Polyolefin fabric</td> <td>100% polyolefin</td> <td>Unstacked</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cotton fabric</td> <td>100% cotton</td> <td>Unstacked</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nylon webbing</td> <td>Nylon weave</td> <td>Unstacked</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="parsyscolumncontrol section"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1" id="test05-results"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1-c0"> <div class="col0 parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <p><a name="test6"></a></p> <h2>Test 6 results</h2> <p><span class="text-small">19 November 2020</span></p> <p>For Test 6, five materials commonly found in furnishings and exhibits of archives, libraries, and museums, were selected. The materials were provided by the National Park Service, Metropolitan New York Library Council, the Library of Congress and from vendors.</p> <p><span class="link-btn-blue"><a href="/content/dam/realm/documents/test6-report.pdf">Download Test 6 results</a></span></p> <p><span class="text-small"><a href="/content/dam/realm/documents/test-6-data.xlsx">Download Test 6 raw data</a>.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1-c1"> <div class="col1 parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <table class="results" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col" class="item">Item</th> <th scope="col" class="material">Material</th> <th scope="col" class="conditions">Usage</th> <th scope="col" class="result">Result</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Glass</td> <td>Glass</td> <td>Windows, doors, display cases</td> <td rowspan="5">Results show that after two days, SARS-CoV-2 virus was not detectable on the brass and marble. After six days, virus was not detected on the glass, laminate, and powder-coated steel.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Marble</td> <td>Danby marble</td> <td>Flooring, counters, columns</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Laminate</td> <td>Laminate with particle board backing</td> <td>Countertops</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Brass</td> <td>260 brass</td> <td>Fixtures, railings</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Powder-coated steel</td> <td>Powder-coated steel</td> <td>Lockers, shelving, book trucks, exhibit elements</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="parsyscolumncontrol section"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1" id="test05-results"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1-c0"> <div class="col0 parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <p><a name="test7-8"></a></p> <h2>Test 7 and 8 Results</h2> <p><span class="text-small">11 February 2021</span></p> <p>These tests compared the effect of colder and warmer temperatures on the attenuation rate of the virus on materials previously tested at ambient room temperatures.</p> <p><span class="link-btn-blue"><a href="/content/dam/realm/documents/test-7-8-report.pdf">Download Test 7-8 results</a></span></p> <p><span class="text-small"><a href="/content/dam/realm/documents/test-7-data.xlsx">Download Test 7 raw data</a>.</span></p> <p><span class="text-small"><a href="/content/dam/realm/documents/test-8-data.xlsx">Download Test 8 raw data</a>.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt1-c1"> <div class="col1 parsys"><div class="text parbase section"> <table class="results" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col" class="item">Item</th> <th scope="col" class="material">Material</th> <th scope="col" class="conditions">Conditions</th> <th scope="col" class="result">Result</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Hardcover book cover</td> <td>Buckram cloth</td> <td>Stacked</td> <td rowspan="4">Results show that attenuation rates for materials held at the colder temperature were significantly slower compared to the warmer and ambient temperatures.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Softcover book cover</td> <td>Coated paper</td> <td>Stacked</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Plastic protective cover</td> <td>Biaxially oriented polyester film</td> <td>Stacked</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Expanded polyethylene foam</td> <td>1-in. polyethylene foam</td> <td>Unstacked</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="purposestmt iparsys parsys"><div class="section"><div class="new"></div> </div><div class="iparys_inherited"><div class="purposestmt iparsys parsys"><div class="customjavascript section"> <div class="parsys_column cq-colctrl-lt6"><a href="https://www.oclc.org/realm/contact-us.html" class="feedback-anchor-text"><strong>Contact us</strong></a> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer> <div class="footer iparsys parsys"><div class="section"><div class="new"></div> </div><div class="iparys_inherited"><div class="footer iparsys 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