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density</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: edge density"> <meta name="keywords" content="edge density"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="edge density"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 4260</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: edge density</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4260</span> The Need for Multi-Edge Strategies and Solutions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hugh%20Taylor">Hugh Taylor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Industry analysts project that edge computing will be generating tens of billions in revenue in coming years. It’s not clear, however, if this will actually happen, and who, if anyone, will make it happen. Edge computing is seen as a critical success factor in industries ranging from telecom, enterprise IT and co-location. However, will any of these industries actually step up to make edge computing into a viable technology business? This paper looks at why the edge seems to be in a chasm, on the edge of realization, so to speak, but failing to coalesce into a coherent technology category like the cloud—and how the segment’s divergent industry players can come together to build a viable business at the edge. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20computing" title="edge computing">edge computing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-edge%20strategies" title=" multi-edge strategies"> multi-edge strategies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20data%20centers" title=" edge data centers"> edge data centers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20cloud" title=" edge cloud"> edge cloud</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154144/the-need-for-multi-edge-strategies-and-solutions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154144.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4259</span> Effective Method of Paneling for Source/Vortex/Doublet Panel Methods Using Conformal Mapping</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20C.%20R.%20Perera">K. C. R. Perera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20M.%20Hapuwatte"> B. M. Hapuwatte </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents an effective method to divide panels for mesh-less methods of source, vortex and doublet panel methods. In this research study the physical domain of air-foils were transformed into computational domain of a circle using conformal mapping technique of Joukowsky transformation. Then the circle is divided into panels of equal length and the co-ordinates were remapped into physical domain of the air-foil. With this method the leading edge and the trailing edge of the air-foil is panelled with a high density of panels and the rest of the body is panelled with low density of panels. The high density of panels in the leading edge and the trailing edge will increase the accuracy of the solutions obtained from panel methods where the fluid flow at the leading and trailing edges are complex. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conformal%20mapping" title="conformal mapping">conformal mapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joukowsky%20transformation" title=" Joukowsky transformation"> Joukowsky transformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20domain" title=" physical domain"> physical domain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20domain" title=" computational domain"> computational domain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5481/effective-method-of-paneling-for-sourcevortexdoublet-panel-methods-using-conformal-mapping" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5481.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4258</span> Bio-Heat Transfer in Various Transcutaneous Stimulation Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trevor%20E.%20Davis">Trevor E. Davis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isaac%20Cassar"> Isaac Cassar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Kai%20Lo"> Yi-Kai Lo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wentai%20Liu"> Wentai Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study models the use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on skin with a disk electrode in order to simulate tissue damage. The current density distribution above a disk electrode is known to be a dynamic and non-uniform quantity that is intensified at the edges of the disk. The non-uniformity is subject to change through using various electrode geometries or stimulation methods. One of these methods known as edge-retarded stimulation has shown to reduce this edge enhancement. Though progress has been made in modeling the behavior of a disk electrode, little has been done to test the validity of these models in simulating the actual heat transfer from the electrode. This simulation uses finite element software to couple the injection of current from a disk electrode to heat transfer described by the Pennesbioheat transfer equation. An example application of this model is studying an experimental form of stimulation, known as edge-retarded stimulation. The edge-retarded stimulation method will reduce the current density at the edges of the electrode. It is hypothesized that reducing the current density edge enhancement effect will, in turn, reduce temperature change and tissue damage at the edges of these electrodes. This study tests this hypothesis as a demonstration of the capabilities of this model. The edge-retarded stimulation proved to be safer after this simulation. It is shown that temperature change and the fraction of tissue necrosis is much greater in the square wave stimulation. These results bring implications for changes of procedures in transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation as well. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioheat%20transfer" title="bioheat transfer">bioheat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrode" title=" electrode"> electrode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neuroprosthetics" title=" neuroprosthetics"> neuroprosthetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TENS" title=" TENS"> TENS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transcutaneous%20stimulation" title=" transcutaneous stimulation"> transcutaneous stimulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14551/bio-heat-transfer-in-various-transcutaneous-stimulation-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14551.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4257</span> An investigation of Leading Edge and Trailing Edge Corrugation for Low Reynolds Number Application</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Hassan%20Raza%20Shah">Syed Hassan Raza Shah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Mohammad%20Ali"> Mohammad Mohammad Ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The flow over a smoothly profiled airfoil at a low Reynolds number is highly susceptible to separate even at a very low angle of attack. An investigation was made to study the effect of leading-edge and trailing-edge corrugation with the spanwise change in the ridges resulted due to the change in the chord length for an infinite wing. The wind tunnel results using NACA0018 wings revealed that leading and trailing edge corrugation did not have any benefit in terms of aerodynamic efficiency or delayed stall. The leading edge and trailing edge corrugation didn't change the lift curve slope, with the leading edge corrugation wing stalling first in the range of Reynolds number of 50,000 to 125,000. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leading%20and%20trailing%20edge%20corrugations" title="leading and trailing edge corrugations">leading and trailing edge corrugations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20reynolds%20number" title=" low reynolds number"> low reynolds number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wind%20tunnel%20testing" title=" wind tunnel testing"> wind tunnel testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NACA0018" title=" NACA0018"> NACA0018</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141121/an-investigation-of-leading-edge-and-trailing-edge-corrugation-for-low-reynolds-number-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141121.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4256</span> A Novel Combination Method for Computing the Importance Map of Image</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Absetan">Ahmad Absetan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahdi%20Nooshyar"> Mahdi Nooshyar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The importance map is an image-based measure and is a core part of the resizing algorithm. Importance measures include image gradients, saliency and entropy, as well as high level cues such as face detectors, motion detectors and more. In this work we proposed a new method to calculate the importance map, the importance map is generated automatically using a novel combination of image edge density and Harel saliency measurement. Experiments of different type images demonstrate that our method effectively detects prominent areas can be used in image resizing applications to aware important areas while preserving image quality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=content-aware%20image%20resizing" title="content-aware image resizing">content-aware image resizing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20saliency" title=" visual saliency"> visual saliency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20density" title=" edge density"> edge density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20warping" title=" image warping"> image warping</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35692/a-novel-combination-method-for-computing-the-importance-map-of-image" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35692.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">582</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4255</span> Measurement of VIP Edge Conduction Using Vacuum Guarded Hot Plate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bongsu%20Choi">Bongsu Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tae-Ho%20Song"> Tae-Ho Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Vacuum insulation panel (VIP) is a promising thermal insulator for buildings, refrigerator, LNG carrier and so on. In general, it has the thermal conductivity of 2~4 mW/m•K. However, this thermal conductivity is that measured at the center of VIP. The total effective thermal conductivity of VIP is larger than this value due to the edge conduction through the envelope. In this paper, the edge conduction of VIP is examined theoretically, numerically and experimentally. To confirm the existence of the edge conduction, numerical analysis is performed for simple two-dimensional VIP model and a theoretical model is proposed to calculate the edge conductivity. Also, the edge conductivity is measured using the vacuum guarded hot plate and the experiment is validated against numerical analysis. The results show that the edge conductivity is dependent on the width of panel and thickness of Al-foil. To reduce the edge conduction, it is recommended that the VIP should be made as big as possible or made of thin Al film envelope. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=envelope" title="envelope">envelope</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20conduction" title=" edge conduction"> edge conduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20conductivity" title=" thermal conductivity"> thermal conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20insulation%20panel" title=" vacuum insulation panel"> vacuum insulation panel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19366/measurement-of-vip-edge-conduction-using-vacuum-guarded-hot-plate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19366.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">405</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4254</span> Effect of Machining Induced Microstructure Changes on the Edge Formability of Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=James%20S.%20Kwame">James S. Kwame</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Yakushina"> E. Yakushina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Blackwell"> P. Blackwell</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The challenges in forming titanium alloys at room temperature are well researched and are linked both to the limitations imposed by the basic crystal structure and their ability to form texture during plastic deformation. One major issue of concern for the sheet forming of titanium alloys is their high sensitivity to surface inhomogeneity. Various machining processes are utilised in preparing sheet hole edges for edge flanging applications. However, the response of edge forming tendencies of titanium to different edge surface finishes is not well investigated. The hole expansion test is used in this project to elucidate the impact of abrasive water jet (AWJ) and electro-discharge machining (EDM) cutting techniques on the edge formability of CP-Ti (Grade 2) and Ti-3Al-2.5V alloys at room temperature. The results show that the quality of the edge surface finish has a major effect on the edge formability of the materials. The work also found that the variations in the edge forming performance are mainly the result of the influence of machining induced edge surface defects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=titanium%20alloys" title="titanium alloys">titanium alloys</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hole%20expansion%20test" title=" hole expansion test"> hole expansion test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20formability" title=" edge formability"> edge formability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-conventional%20machining" title=" non-conventional machining"> non-conventional machining</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110917/effect-of-machining-induced-microstructure-changes-on-the-edge-formability-of-titanium-alloys-at-room-temperature" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110917.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4253</span> An Algorithm to Find Fractional Edge Domination Number and Upper Fractional Edge Domination Number of an Intuitionistic Fuzzy Graph</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karunambigai%20Mevani%20Govindasamy">Karunambigai Mevani Govindasamy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sathishkumar%20Ayyappan"> Sathishkumar Ayyappan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we formulate the algorithm to find out the dominating function parameters of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Graphs(IFG). The methodology we adopted here is converting any physical problem into an IFG, and that has been transformed into Intuitionistic Fuzzy Matrix. Using Linear Program Solver software (LiPS), we found the defined parameters for the given IFG. We obtained these parameters for a path and cycle IFG. This study can be extended to other varieties of IFG. In particular, we obtain the definition of edge dominating function, minimal edge dominating function, fractional edge domination number (γ_if^') and upper fractional edge domination number (Γ_if^') of an intuitionistic fuzzy graph. Also, we formulated an algorithm which is appropriate to work on LiPS to find fractional edge domination number and upper fractional edge domination number of an IFG. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractional%20edge%20domination%20number" title="fractional edge domination number">fractional edge domination number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intuitionistic%20fuzzy%20cycle" title=" intuitionistic fuzzy cycle"> intuitionistic fuzzy cycle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intuitionistic%20fuzzy%20graph" title=" intuitionistic fuzzy graph"> intuitionistic fuzzy graph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intuitionistic%20fuzzy%20path" title=" intuitionistic fuzzy path"> intuitionistic fuzzy path</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112004/an-algorithm-to-find-fractional-edge-domination-number-and-upper-fractional-edge-domination-number-of-an-intuitionistic-fuzzy-graph" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112004.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">174</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4252</span> Investigation Edge Coverage of Automotive Electrocoats Filled by Nano Silica Particles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marzieh%20Bakhtiary%20Noodeh">Marzieh Bakhtiary Noodeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahla%20Zabet"> Mahla Zabet</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Attempts have been carried out to enhance the anticorrosion properties as well as edge coverage of an automotive electrocoating using the nano silica particles. To this end, the automotive electrocoating was reinforced with the nano silica particles at various weight fractions. The electrocoats were applied on the surface of punched edge followed by curing at 160⁰C for 20 min. The effects of nano silica particles on the rheological properties, influencing edge coverage were studied by a RMS (Rheometric Mechanical Spectrometer) technique. The anticorrosion properties were studied by a salt-spray test. The results obtained revealed that nano silica particles can significantly enhance the edge coverage by increasing minimum melt viscosity of electrocoats. It was shown that using 4 wt% nano silica particles, both anticorrosion properties and edge coverage of the electrocoats were significantly improved. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano%20silica" title="nano silica">nano silica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrocoat" title=" electrocoat"> electrocoat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20coverage" title=" edge coverage"> edge coverage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anticorrosion" title=" anticorrosion"> anticorrosion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24511/investigation-edge-coverage-of-automotive-electrocoats-filled-by-nano-silica-particles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24511.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">307</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4251</span> Multiscale Edge Detection Based on Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Enqing%20Chen">Enqing Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianbo%20Wang"> Jianbo Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is well known that the wavelet transform provides a very effective framework for multiscale edges analysis. However, wavelets are not very effective in representing images containing distributed discontinuities such as edges. In this paper, we propose a novel multiscale edge detection method in nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) domain, which is based on the dominant multiscale, multidirection edge expression and outstanding edge location of NSCT. Through real images experiments, simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is better than other edge detection methods based on Canny operator, wavelet and contourlet. Additionally, the proposed method also works well for noisy images. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20detection" title="edge detection">edge detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NSCT" title=" NSCT"> NSCT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shift%20invariant" title=" shift invariant"> shift invariant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modulus%20maxima" title=" modulus maxima"> modulus maxima</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9528/multiscale-edge-detection-based-on-nonsubsampled-contourlet-transform" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9528.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">488</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4250</span> Detecting the Edge of Multiple Images in Parallel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prakash%20K.%20Aithal">Prakash K. Aithal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20Dinesh%20Acharya"> U. Dinesh Acharya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajesh%20Gopakumar"> Rajesh Gopakumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Edge is variation of brightness in an image. Edge detection is useful in many application areas such as finding forests, rivers from a satellite image, detecting broken bone in a medical image etc. The paper discusses about finding edge of multiple aerial images in parallel .The proposed work tested on 38 images 37 colored and one monochrome image. The time taken to process N images in parallel is equivalent to time taken to process 1 image in sequential. The proposed method achieves pixel level parallelism as well as image level parallelism. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20detection" title="edge detection">edge detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multicore" title=" multicore"> multicore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gpu" title=" gpu"> gpu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=opencl" title=" opencl"> opencl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mpi" title=" mpi"> mpi</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30818/detecting-the-edge-of-multiple-images-in-parallel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30818.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">478</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4249</span> Generator Subgraphs of the Wheel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neil%20M.%20Mame">Neil M. Mame</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We consider only finite graphs without loops nor multiple edges. Let G be a graph with E(G) = {e1, e2, …., em}. The edge space of G, denoted by ε(G), is a vector space over the field Z2. The elements of ε(G) are all the subsets of E(G). Vector addition is defined as X+Y = X Δ Y, the symmetric difference of sets X and Y, for X, Y ∈ ε(G). Scalar multiplication is defined as 1.X =X and 0.X = Ø for X ∈ ε(G). The set S ⊆ ε(G) is called a generating set if every element ε(G) is a linear combination of the elements of S. For a non-empty set X ∈ ε(G), the smallest subgraph with edge set X is called edge-induced subgraph of G, denoted by G[X]. The set EH(G) = { A ∈ ε(G) : G[A] ≅ H } denotes the uniform set of H with respect to G and εH(G) denotes the subspace of ε(G) generated by EH(G). If εH(G) is generating set, then we call H a generator subgraph of G. This paper gives the characterization for the generator subgraphs of the wheel that contain cycles and gives the necessary conditions for the acyclic generator subgraphs of the wheel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20space" title="edge space">edge space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge-induced%20subgraph" title=" edge-induced subgraph"> edge-induced subgraph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generator%20subgraph" title=" generator subgraph"> generator subgraph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wheel" title=" wheel"> wheel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28953/generator-subgraphs-of-the-wheel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28953.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">464</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4248</span> An Empirical Investigation of the Challenges of Secure Edge Computing Adoption in Organizations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hailye%20Tekleselassie">Hailye Tekleselassie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Edge computing is a spread computing outline that transports initiative applications closer to data sources such as IoT devices or local edge servers, and possible happenstances would skull the action of new technologies. However, this investigation was attained to investigation the consciousness of technology and communications organization workers and computer users who support the service cloud. Surveys were used to achieve these objectives. Surveys were intended to attain these aims, and it is the functional using survey. Enquiries about confidence are also a key question. Problems like data privacy, integrity, and availability are the factors affecting the company’s acceptance of the service cloud. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IoT" title="IoT">IoT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data" title=" data"> data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security" title=" security"> security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20computing" title=" edge computing"> edge computing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143031/an-empirical-investigation-of-the-challenges-of-secure-edge-computing-adoption-in-organizations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4247</span> Using Machine Learning to Monitor the Condition of the Cutting Edge during Milling Hardened Steel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pawel%20Twardowski">Pawel Twardowski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maciej%20Tabaszewski"> Maciej Tabaszewski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jakub%20Czy%C5%BCycki"> Jakub Czyżycki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main goal of the work was to use machine learning to predict cutting-edge wear. The research was carried out while milling hardened steel with sintered carbide cutters at various cutting speeds. During the tests, cutting-edge wear was measured, and vibration acceleration signals were also measured. Appropriate measures were determined from the vibration signals and served as input data in the machine-learning process. Two approaches were used in this work. The first one involved a two-state classification of the cutting edge - suitable and unfit for further work. In the second approach, prediction of the cutting-edge state based on vibration signals was used. The obtained research results show that the appropriate use of machine learning algorithms gives excellent results related to monitoring cutting edge during the process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milling%20of%20hardened%20steel" title="milling of hardened steel">milling of hardened steel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tool%20wear" title=" tool wear"> tool wear</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vibrations" title=" vibrations"> vibrations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185240/using-machine-learning-to-monitor-the-condition-of-the-cutting-edge-during-milling-hardened-steel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185240.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">59</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4246</span> Subjective Evaluation of Mathematical Morphology Edge Detection on Computed Tomography (CT) Images</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emhimed%20Saffor">Emhimed Saffor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, the problem of edge detection in digital images is considered. Three methods of edge detection based on mathematical morphology algorithm were applied on two sets (Brain and Chest) CT images. 3x3 filter for first method, 5x5 filter for second method and 7x7 filter for third method under MATLAB programming environment. The results of the above-mentioned methods are subjectively evaluated. The results show these methods are more efficient and satiable for medical images, and they can be used for different other applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CT%20images" title="CT images">CT images</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matlab" title=" Matlab"> Matlab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20images" title=" medical images"> medical images</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20detection" title=" edge detection "> edge detection </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44926/subjective-evaluation-of-mathematical-morphology-edge-detection-on-computed-tomography-ct-images" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44926.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">338</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4245</span> Designing Directed Network with Optimal Controllability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liang%20Bai">Liang Bai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yandong%20Xiao"> Yandong Xiao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haorang%20Wang"> Haorang Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Songyang%20Lao"> Songyang Lao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The directedness of links is crucial to determine the controllability in complex networks. Even the edge directions can determine the controllability of complex networks. Obviously, for a given network, we wish to design its edge directions that make this network approach the optimal controllability. In this work, we firstly introduce two methods to enhance network by assigning edge directions. However, these two methods could not completely mitigate the negative effects of inaccessibility and dilations. Thus, to approach the optimal network controllability, the edge directions must mitigate the negative effects of inaccessibility and dilations as much as possible. Finally, we propose the edge direction for optimal controllability. The optimal method has been found to be successfully useful on real-world and synthetic networks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex%20network" title="complex network">complex network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamics" title=" dynamics"> dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=network%20control" title=" network control"> network control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103008/designing-directed-network-with-optimal-controllability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103008.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">185</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4244</span> Dynamic Stability of Axially Moving Viscoelastic Plates under Nonuniform in-Plane Edge Excitations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20H.%20Young">T. H. Young</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20J.%20Huang"> S. J. Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20S.%20Chiu"> Y. S. Chiu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates the parametric stability of an axially moving web subjected to nonuniform in-plane edge excitations on two opposite, simply-supported edges. The web is modeled as a viscoelastic plate whose constitutive relation obeys the Kelvin-Voigt model, and the in-plane edge excitations are expressed as the sum of a static tension and a periodical perturbation. Due to the in-plane edge excitations, the moving plate may bring about parametric instability under certain situations. First, the in-plane stresses of the plate due to the nonuniform edge excitations are determined by solving the in-plane forced vibration problem. Then, the dependence on the spatial coordinates in the equation of transverse motion is eliminated by the generalized Galerkin method, which results in a set of discretized system equations in time. Finally, the method of multiple scales is utilized to solve the set of system equations analytically if the periodical perturbation of the in-plane edge excitations is much smaller as compared with the static tension of the plate, from which the stability boundaries of the moving plate are obtained. Numerical results reveal that only combination resonances of the summed-type appear under the in-plane edge excitations considered in this work. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=axially%20moving%20viscoelastic%20plate" title="axially moving viscoelastic plate">axially moving viscoelastic plate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-plane%20periodic%20excitation" title=" in-plane periodic excitation"> in-plane periodic excitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonuniformly%20distributed%20edge%20tension" title=" nonuniformly distributed edge tension"> nonuniformly distributed edge tension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20stability" title=" dynamic stability"> dynamic stability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26548/dynamic-stability-of-axially-moving-viscoelastic-plates-under-nonuniform-in-plane-edge-excitations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26548.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">322</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4243</span> Manufacturing of Vacuum Glazing with Metal Edge Seal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Won%20Kyeong%20Kang">Won Kyeong Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tae-Ho%20Song"> Tae-Ho Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Vacuum glazing (VG) is a super insulator, which is able to greatly improve the energy efficiency of building. However, a significant amount of heat loss occurs through the welded edge of conventional VG. The joining method should be improved for further application and commercialization. For this purpose VG with metal edge seal is conceived. In this paper, the feasibility of joining stainless steel and soda lime glass using glass solder is assessed numerically and experimentally. In the case of very thin stainless steel, partial joining with glass is identified, which need further improvement for practical application. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VG" title="VG">VG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metal%20edge%20seal" title=" metal edge seal"> metal edge seal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20glazing" title=" vacuum glazing"> vacuum glazing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manufacturing" title=" manufacturing"> manufacturing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=" title=""></a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19368/manufacturing-of-vacuum-glazing-with-metal-edge-seal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19368.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">605</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4242</span> LaPEA: Language for Preprocessing of Edge Applications in Smart Factory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masaki%20Sakai">Masaki Sakai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tsuyoshi%20Nakajima"> Tsuyoshi Nakajima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazuya%20Takahashi"> Kazuya Takahashi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to improve the productivity of a factory, it is often the case to create an inference model by collecting and analyzing operational data off-line and then to develop an edge application (EAP) that evaluates the quality of the products or diagnoses machine faults in real-time. To accelerate this development cycle, an edge application framework for the smart factory is proposed, which enables to create and modify EAPs based on prepared inference models. In the framework, the preprocessing component is the key part to make it work. This paper proposes a language for preprocessing of edge applications, called LaPEA, which can flexibly process several sensor data from machines into explanatory variables for an inference model, and proves that it meets the requirements for the preprocessing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20application%20framework" title="edge application framework">edge application framework</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edgecross" title=" edgecross"> edgecross</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preprocessing%20language" title=" preprocessing language"> preprocessing language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20factory" title=" smart factory"> smart factory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142882/lapea-language-for-preprocessing-of-edge-applications-in-smart-factory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142882.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4241</span> Experimental Investigation on Noise from Rod-Airfoil with Leading Edge Serrations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siti%20Ruhliah%20Lizarose%20Samion">Siti Ruhliah Lizarose Samion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Sukri%20Mat%20Ali"> Mohamed Sukri Mat Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Con%20Doolan"> Con Doolan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present work is an experimental investigation of adapting a passive treatment leading edge serrations over a rod-airfoil flow-induced noise generation. The leading edge serrations are bio-inspired from a barn-owl silent flight. The rod-airfoil configuration is a benchmark configuration taken to investigate airfoil-turbulence interaction noise (ATIN). Location of serrations placed and the wideness of serrations are the two parameters taken in this study. The ATIN is reduced up to 3.5 dB for a wide leading serrations case. A correlation is found between the wideness of serrations and the noise reduction mechanism of the airfoil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerodynamic%20noise" title="aerodynamic noise">aerodynamic noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leading%20edge%20serrations" title=" leading edge serrations"> leading edge serrations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rod-airfoil" title=" rod-airfoil"> rod-airfoil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experiment" title=" experiment"> experiment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84951/experimental-investigation-on-noise-from-rod-airfoil-with-leading-edge-serrations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84951.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">353</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4240</span> Comparative Analysis of Edge Detection Techniques for Extracting Characters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rana%20Gill">Rana Gill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chandandeep%20Kaur"> Chandandeep Kaur </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Segmentation of images can be implemented using different fundamental algorithms like edge detection (discontinuity based segmentation), region growing (similarity based segmentation), iterative thresholding method. A comprehensive literature review relevant to the study gives description of different techniques for vehicle number plate detection and edge detection techniques widely used on different types of images. This research work is based on edge detection techniques and calculating threshold on the basis of five edge operators. Five operators used are Prewitt, Roberts, Sobel, LoG and Canny. Segmentation of characters present in different type of images like vehicle number plate, name plate of house and characters on different sign boards are selected as a case study in this work. The proposed methodology has seven stages. The proposed system has been implemented using MATLAB R2010a. Comparison of all the five operators has been done on the basis of their performance. From the results it is found that Canny operators produce best results among the used operators and performance of different edge operators in decreasing order is: Canny>Log>Sobel>Prewitt>Roberts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=segmentation" title="segmentation">segmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20detection" title=" edge detection"> edge detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text" title=" text"> text</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extracting%20characters" title=" extracting characters"> extracting characters</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9054/comparative-analysis-of-edge-detection-techniques-for-extracting-characters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9054.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">426</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4239</span> 3D Numerical Studies on Jets Acoustic Characteristics of Chevron Nozzles for Aerospace Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Kanmaniraja">R. Kanmaniraja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Freshipali"> R. Freshipali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Abdullah"> J. Abdullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Niranjan"> K. Niranjan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Balasubramani"> K. Balasubramani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20R.%20Sanal%20Kumar"> V. R. Sanal Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present environmental issues have made aircraft jet noise reduction a crucial problem in aero-acoustics research. Acoustic studies reveal that addition of chevrons to the nozzle reduces the sound pressure level reasonably with acceptable reduction in performance. In this paper comprehensive numerical studies on acoustic characteristics of different types of chevron nozzles have been carried out with non-reacting flows for the shape optimization of chevrons in supersonic nozzles for aerospace applications. The numerical studies have been carried out using a validated steady 3D density based, k-ε turbulence model. In this paper chevron with sharp edge, flat edge, round edge and U-type edge are selected for the jet acoustic characterization of supersonic nozzles. We observed that compared to the base model a case with round-shaped chevron nozzle could reduce 4.13% acoustic level with 0.6% thrust loss. We concluded that the prudent selection of the chevron shape will enable an appreciable reduction of the aircraft jet noise without compromising its overall performance. It is evident from the present numerical simulations that k-ε model can predict reasonably well the acoustic level of chevron supersonic nozzles for its shape optimization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supersonic%20nozzle" title="supersonic nozzle">supersonic nozzle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chevron" title=" Chevron"> Chevron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acoustic%20level" title=" acoustic level"> acoustic level</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shape%20optimization%20of%20Chevron%20nozzles" title=" shape optimization of Chevron nozzles"> shape optimization of Chevron nozzles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jet%20noise%20suppression" title=" jet noise suppression"> jet noise suppression</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15252/3d-numerical-studies-on-jets-acoustic-characteristics-of-chevron-nozzles-for-aerospace-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15252.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">516</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4238</span> Prediction of Trailing-Edge Noise under Adverse-Pressure Gradient Effect</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li%20Chen">Li Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For an aerofoil or hydrofoil in high Reynolds number flows, broadband noise is generated efficiently as the result of the turbulence convecting over the trailing edge. This noise can be related to the surface pressure fluctuations, which can be predicted by either CFD or empirical models. However, in reality, the aerofoil or hydrofoil often operates at an angle of attack. Under this situation, the flow is subjected to an Adverse-Pressure-Gradient (APG), and as a result, a flow separation may occur. This study is to assess trailing-edge noise models for such flows. In the present work, the trailing-edge noise from a 2D airfoil at 6 degree of angle of attach is investigated. Under this condition, the flow is experiencing a strong APG, and the flow separation occurs. The flow over the airfoil with a chord of 300 mm, equivalent to a Reynold Number 4x10⁵, is simulated using RANS with the SST k-ɛ turbulent model. The predicted surface pressure fluctuations are compared with the published experimental data and empirical models, and show a good agreement with the experimental data. The effect of the APG on the trailing edge noise is discussed, and the associated trailing edge noise is calculated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aero-acoustics" title="aero-acoustics">aero-acoustics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adverse-pressure%20gradient" title=" adverse-pressure gradient"> adverse-pressure gradient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20fluid%20dynamics" title=" computational fluid dynamics"> computational fluid dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trailing-edge%20noise" title=" trailing-edge noise"> trailing-edge noise</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65472/prediction-of-trailing-edge-noise-under-adverse-pressure-gradient-effect" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65472.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">336</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4237</span> Theoretical Study of Flexible Edge Seals for Vacuum Glazing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farid%20Arya">Farid Arya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trevor%20Hyde"> Trevor Hyde</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of vacuum glazing represents a significant advancement in the area of low heat loss glazing systems with the potential to substantially reduce building heating and cooling loads. Vacuum glazing consists of two or more glass panes hermetically sealed together around the edge with a vacuum gap between the panes. To avoid the glass panes from collapsing and touching each other under the influence of atmospheric pressure an array of support pillars is provided between the glass panes. A high level of thermal insulation is achieved by evacuating the spaces between the glass panes to a very low pressure which greatly reduces conduction and convection within the space; therefore heat transfer through this kind of glazing is significantly lower when compared with conventional insulating glazing. However, vacuum glazing is subject to inherent stresses due to atmospheric pressure and temperature differentials which can lead to fracture of the glass panes and failure of the edge seal. A flexible edge seal has been proposed to minimise the impact of these issues. In this paper, vacuum glazing system with rigid and flexible edge seals is theoretically studied and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexible%20edge%20seal" title="flexible edge seal">flexible edge seal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress" title=" stress"> stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=support%20pillar" title=" support pillar"> support pillar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20glazing" title=" vacuum glazing"> vacuum glazing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72593/theoretical-study-of-flexible-edge-seals-for-vacuum-glazing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72593.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">234</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4236</span> Extraction of Road Edge Lines from High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images Based on Energy Function and Snake Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zuoji%20Huang">Zuoji Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haiming%20Qian"> Haiming Qian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chunlin%20Wang"> Chunlin Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jinyan%20Sun"> Jinyan Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nan%20Xu"> Nan Xu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, the strategy to extract double road edge lines from acquired road stripe image was explored. The workflow is as follows: the road stripes are acquired by probabilistic boosting tree algorithm and morphological algorithm immediately, and road centerlines are detected by thinning algorithm, so the initial road edge lines can be acquired along the road centerlines. Then we refine the results with big variation of local curvature of centerlines. Specifically, the energy function of edge line is constructed by gradient feature and spectral information, and Dijkstra algorithm is used to optimize the initial road edge lines. The Snake model is constructed to solve the fracture problem of intersection, and the discrete dynamic programming algorithm is used to solve the model. After that, we could get the final road network. Experiment results show that the strategy proposed in this paper can be used to extract the continuous and smooth road edge lines from high-resolution remote sensing images with an accuracy of 88% in our study area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20edge%20lines%20extraction" title="road edge lines extraction">road edge lines extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20function" title=" energy function"> energy function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intersection%20fracture" title=" intersection fracture"> intersection fracture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Snake%20model" title=" Snake model"> Snake model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74167/extraction-of-road-edge-lines-from-high-resolution-remote-sensing-images-based-on-energy-function-and-snake-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74167.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">338</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4235</span> Evaluation of the Urban Landscape Structures and Dynamics of Hawassa City, Using Satellite Images and Spatial Metrics Approaches, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Berhanu%20Terfa">Berhanu Terfa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nengcheng%20C."> Nengcheng C.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study deals with the analysis of urban expansion and land transformation of Hawass City using remote sensing data and landscape metrics during last three decades (1987–2017). Remote sensing data from Various multi-temporal satellite images viz., TM (1987), TM (1995), ETM+ (2005) and OLI (2017) were used to examine the urban expansion, growth types, and spatial isolation within the urban landscape to develop an understanding the trends of built-up growth in Hawassa City, Ethiopia. Landscape metrics and built-up density were employed to analyze the pattern, process and overall growth status. The area under investigation was divided into concentric circles with a consecutive circle of 1 km incremental radius from the central pixel (Central Business District) for analysis. The result exhibited that the built-up area had increased by 541.32% between 1987 and 2017and an extension growth types (more than 67 %) was observed. The major growth took place in north-west direction followed by north direction in haphazard manner during 1987–1995 period, whereas predominant built-up development was observed in south and southwest direction during 1995–2017 period. Land scape metrics result revealed that the of urban patches density, total edge and edge density increased, while mean nearest neighbors’ distance decreased showing the tendency of sprawl. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landscape%20metrics" title="landscape metrics">landscape metrics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20patterns" title=" spatial patterns"> spatial patterns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title=" remote sensing"> remote sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-temporal" title=" multi-temporal"> multi-temporal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20sprawl" title=" urban sprawl"> urban sprawl</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91602/evaluation-of-the-urban-landscape-structures-and-dynamics-of-hawassa-city-using-satellite-images-and-spatial-metrics-approaches-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91602.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">286</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4234</span> Sub-Pixel Mapping Based on New Mixed Interpolation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeyu%20Zhou">Zeyu Zhou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaojun%20Bi"> Xiaojun Bi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the limited environmental parameters and the limited resolution of the sensor, the universal existence of the mixed pixels in the process of remote sensing images restricts the spatial resolution of the remote sensing images. Sub-pixel mapping technology can effectively improve the spatial resolution. As the bilinear interpolation algorithm inevitably produces the edge blur effect, which leads to the inaccurate sub-pixel mapping results. In order to avoid the edge blur effect that affects the sub-pixel mapping results in the interpolation process, this paper presents a new edge-directed interpolation algorithm which uses the covariance adaptive interpolation algorithm on the edge of the low-resolution image and uses bilinear interpolation algorithm in the low-resolution image smooth area. By using the edge-directed interpolation algorithm, the super-resolution of the image with low resolution is obtained, and we get the percentage of each sub-pixel under a certain type of high-resolution image. Then we rely on the probability value as a soft attribute estimate and carry out sub-pixel scale under the ‘hard classification’. Finally, we get the result of sub-pixel mapping. Through the experiment, we compare the algorithm and the bilinear algorithm given in this paper to the results of the sub-pixel mapping method. It is found that the sub-pixel mapping method based on the edge-directed interpolation algorithm has better edge effect and higher mapping accuracy. The results of the paper meet our original intention of the question. At the same time, the method does not require iterative computation and training of samples, making it easier to implement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing%20images" title="remote sensing images">remote sensing images</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-pixel%20mapping" title=" sub-pixel mapping"> sub-pixel mapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilinear%20interpolation" title=" bilinear interpolation"> bilinear interpolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge-directed%20interpolation" title=" edge-directed interpolation"> edge-directed interpolation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77883/sub-pixel-mapping-based-on-new-mixed-interpolation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77883.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">229</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4233</span> The Effect of Chisel Edge on Drilling-Induced Delamination</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parnian%20Kianfar">Parnian Kianfar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Navid%20Zarif%20Karimi"> Navid Zarif Karimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giangiacomo%20Minak"> Giangiacomo Minak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Drilling is one of the most important machining operations as numerous holes must be drilled in order to install mechanical fasteners for assembly in composite structures. Delamination is a major problem associated with the drilling of fiber reinforced composite materials, which degrades the mechanical properties of these materials. In drilling, delamination is initiated when the drilling force exceeds a threshold value, particularly at the critical entry and exit locations of the drill bit. The chisel edge of twist drill is a major contributor to the thrust force which is the primary cause of delamination. The main objective of this paper is to study the effect of chisel edge and pilot hole on thrust force and delamination during drilling of glass fiber reinforced composites. For this purpose, two sets of experiments, with and without pilot hole, were conducted with different drilling conditions. The results show a great reduction in the thrust force when a pilot hole is present which removes the chisel edge contribution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composites" title="composites">composites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chisel%20edge" title=" chisel edge"> chisel edge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drilling" title=" drilling"> drilling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delamination" title=" delamination"> delamination</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36250/the-effect-of-chisel-edge-on-drilling-induced-delamination" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36250.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">438</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4232</span> Stress Field Induced By an Interfacial Edge Dislocation in a Multi-Layered Medium</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aditya%20Khanna">Aditya Khanna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrei%20Kotousov"> Andrei Kotousov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A novel method is presented for obtaining the stress field induced by an edge dislocation in a multilayered composite. To demonstrate the applications of the obtained solution, we consider the problem of an interfacial crack in a periodically layered bimaterial medium. The crack is modeled as a continuous distribution of edge dislocations and the Distributed Dislocation Technique (DDT) is utilized to obtain numerical results for the energy release rate (ERR). The numerical results correspond well with previously published results and the comparison serves as a validation of the obtained dislocation solution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distributed%20dislocation%20technique" title="distributed dislocation technique">distributed dislocation technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20dislocation" title=" edge dislocation"> edge dislocation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elastic%20field" title=" elastic field"> elastic field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interfacial%20crack" title=" interfacial crack"> interfacial crack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-layered%20composite" title=" multi-layered composite"> multi-layered composite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31667/stress-field-induced-by-an-interfacial-edge-dislocation-in-a-multi-layered-medium" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31667.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">445</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4231</span> Effects of Using Gusset Plate Stiffeners on the Seismic Performance of Concentrically Braced Frame </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Mohebi">B. Mohebi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Asadi"> N. Asadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Kazemi"> F. Kazemi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Inelastic deformation of the brace in Special Concentrically Braced Frame (SCBF) creates inelastic damages on gusset plate connections such as buckling at edges. In this study, to improve the seismic performance of SCBFs connections, an analytical study was undertaken. To improve the gusset plate connection, this study proposes using &lrm;edge’s stiffeners in both sides of gusset plate.&lrm; For this purpose, in order to examine edge’s stiffeners effect on gusset plate connections, two groups of modeling with and without considering edge’s stiffener and different types of braces were modeled using ABAQUS software. The results show that considering the edge’s stiffener reduces the equivalent plastic strain values at a connection region of gusset plate with beam and column, which can improve the seismic performance of gusset plate. Furthermore, considering the edge’s stiffeners significantly decreases the strain concentration at regions where gusset plates have been connected to beam and column. Moreover, considering 2t<sub>pl</sub> distance causes reduction in the plastic strain. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=special%20concentrically%20braced%20frame" title="special concentrically braced frame">special concentrically braced frame</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gusset%20plate" title=" gusset plate"> gusset plate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%27s%20stiffener" title=" edge's stiffener"> edge's stiffener</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20performance" title=" seismic performance"> seismic performance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115527/effects-of-using-gusset-plate-stiffeners-on-the-seismic-performance-of-concentrically-braced-frame" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115527.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20density&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20density&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20density&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20density&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20density&page=6">6</a></li> 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