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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8" title="আকবৰৰ নৱৰত্ন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আকবৰৰ নৱৰত্ন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6)" title="নবরত্ন (সভাসদ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নবরত্ন (সভাসদ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ناواراتان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناواراتان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B" title="અકબરના નવરત્નો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અકબરના નવરત્નો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="अकबर के नवरत्न – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अकबर के नवरत्न" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE_(%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE)" title="നവരത്നങ്ങൾ (വ്യക്തികൾ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നവരത്നങ്ങൾ (വ്യക്തികൾ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Нава-ратна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нава-ратна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱱᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱱᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaratnas" title="Navaratnas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Navaratnas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="నవరత్నములు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నవరత్నములు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86" title="نورتن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نورتن" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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extraordinary people in certain kings' courts in India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Navaratna_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Navaratna (disambiguation)">Navaratna (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Nauratan</b>/<b>Navaratnas</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Dvigu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvigu">dvigu</a> <i>nava-ratna</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Sanskrit pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[nɐʋɐrɐt̪nɐ]</a></span>, <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> nine gems</span>) or <b>Nauratan</b> was a term applied to a group of nine extraordinary people in an emperor's court in India. The well-known Navaratnas include the ones in the courts of the legendary emperor <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya" title="Vikramaditya">Vikramaditya</a>, the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Mughal_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal empire">Mughal</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, and the 18th-century feudal lord <a href="/wiki/Raja_Krishnachandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Krishnachandra">Raja Krishnachandra</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vikramaditya's_Navaratnas"><span id="Vikramaditya.27s_Navaratnas"></span>Vikramaditya's Navaratnas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navaratnas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Vikramaditya's Navaratnas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya" title="Vikramaditya">Vikramaditya</a> was a legendary emperor, who ruled from <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>. According to folk tradition, his court had 9 famous scholars. The earliest source that mentions this legend is <i>Jyotirvid-abharana</i> (22.10), a treatise attributed to <a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a>. According to this text, the following 9 scholars (including Kalidasa himself) attended Vikramaditya's court:<sup id="cite_ref-MS_1974_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MS_1974-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Amarasimha" title="Amarasimha">Amarasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghatkharpar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghatkharpar (page does not exist)">Ghatkharpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kshapanaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kshapanaka (page does not exist)">Kshapanaka</a> (astrologer)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanku_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanku (architect) (page does not exist)">Shanku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varahamihira" class="mw-redirect" title="Varahamihira">Varahamihira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vararuchi" title="Vararuchi">Vararuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetala_Bhatta" title="Vetala Bhatta">Vetala-Bhatta</a></li></ol></div> <p>Another popular tradition mentions the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Brahmagupta" title="Brahmagupta">Brahmagupta</a> and the magician Vaitalik, instead of Ghatkharpar and Vetala-Bhatta, among the nine scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-GSS_Akbar_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSS_Akbar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, <i>Jyotirvid-abharana</i> is a literary forgery of a date later than Kalidasa,<sup id="cite_ref-MS_1974_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MS_1974-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was probably attributed to Kalidasa to popularize it.<sup id="cite_ref-AMS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vasudev_Vishnu_Mirashi" title="Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi">V. V. Mirashi</a> dates the work to 12th century, and points out that it could not have been composed by Kalidasa, because it contains grammatical faults.<sup id="cite_ref-VVM_1969_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VVM_1969-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars have variously dated the text to the 13th century (<a href="/wiki/Sudhakara_Dvivedi" title="Sudhakara Dvivedi">Sudhakara Dvivedi</a>), 16th century (<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Berriedale_Keith" title="Arthur Berriedale Keith">A.B. Keith</a>), and 18th century (<a href="/wiki/Johan_Hendrik_Caspar_Kern" title="Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern">H. Kern</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-AMS_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no mention of such "Navaratnas" in earlier literature. <a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Chandra_Sircar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinesh Chandra Sircar">D. C. Sircar</a> calls this tradition "absolutely worthless for historical purposes".<sup id="cite_ref-DCS_1969_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCS_1969-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no historical evidence to show that these nine scholars were contemporary figures or proteges of the same king.<sup id="cite_ref-VVM_1969_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VVM_1969-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KCJ_1972_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCJ_1972-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vararuchi is believed to have lived around 3rd or 4th century CE. The period of Kalidasa is debated, but most historians place him around 5th century CE. Varahamihira is known to have lived in 6th century CE. Dhanavantari was the author of a medical glossary (<a href="/wiki/Nighantu" title="Nighantu">Nighantu</a>); his period is uncertain. Amarasimha cannot be dated with certainty either, but his lexicon utilizes the works of Dhanavantari and Kalidasa; therefore, he cannot be dated to 1st century BCE, when the legendary Vikramaditya is said to have established the <a href="/wiki/Vikrama_Samvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikrama Samvat">Vikrama Samvat</a> in 57 BCE. Not much is known about Shanku, Vetalabhatta, Kshapanaka and Ghatakarpara. Some Jain writers identify <a href="/wiki/Siddhasena_Divakara" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhasena Divakara">Siddhasena Divakara</a> as Kshapanaka, but this claim is not accepted by historians.<sup id="cite_ref-DCS_1969_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCS_1969-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kalidasa is the only figure whose association with Vikramaditya is mentioned in works earlier than <i>Jyotirvidabharana</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rajashekhara_(Sanskrit_poet)" title="Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)">Rajasekhara</a>'s <i>Kāvyamimāṃsa</i> (10th century), <a href="/wiki/Bhoja" title="Bhoja">Bhoja</a>'s <i>Sringara Prakasa</i> (11th century) and <a href="/wiki/Kshemendra" title="Kshemendra">Kshemendra</a>'s <i>Auchitya-Vichara-Charcha</i> (11th century) mention that Vikramaditya sent Kalidasa as his ambassador to the Kuntala country (identified with present-day <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a>). The historicity of these legends is doubtful.<sup id="cite_ref-DCS_1969_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCS_1969-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Akbar's_Nauratan"><span id="Akbar.27s_Nauratan"></span>Akbar's Nauratan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navaratnas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Akbar's Nauratan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akbar,_Todarmal,_Tansen_and_Abul_Fazal,_Faizi_and_Abdur_Rahim_Khan-i-Khana_in_a_court_scene_(16th_Century_A.D.).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Akbar%2C_Todarmal%2C_Tansen_and_Abul_Fazal%2C_Faizi_and_Abdur_Rahim_Khan-i-Khana_in_a_court_scene_%2816th_Century_A.D.%29.jpg/520px-Akbar%2C_Todarmal%2C_Tansen_and_Abul_Fazal%2C_Faizi_and_Abdur_Rahim_Khan-i-Khana_in_a_court_scene_%2816th_Century_A.D.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="520" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Akbar%2C_Todarmal%2C_Tansen_and_Abul_Fazal%2C_Faizi_and_Abdur_Rahim_Khan-i-Khana_in_a_court_scene_%2816th_Century_A.D.%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>Some of the purported Navaratnas in Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar's</a> Court: <a href="/wiki/Tansen" title="Tansen">Tansen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Todar_Mal" title="Todar Mal">Todarmal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abul Fazal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faizi" title="Faizi">Faizi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahim_Khan-i-Khanan" title="Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan">Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khana</a> c.16th century</figcaption></figure> <p>According to popular tradition, the court of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> had nine intellectuals called the Navaratnas or the nine gems. As in Vikramaditya's case, this tradition has no historical basis. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Govind_Sakharam_Sardesai" title="Govind Sakharam Sardesai">G.S. Sardesai</a>, Hindu pandits in the court of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</a> - Jagannathrai or Kavindracharya - may have started this tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-GSS_Akbar_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSS_Akbar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since this tradition is historically inaccurate, the names of the nine gems varies between sources. Some of the names included in various lists include:<sup id="cite_ref-GSS_Akbar_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSS_Akbar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ML_Din_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ML_Din-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faizi" title="Faizi">Faizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todar_Mal" title="Todar Mal">Todar Mal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Singh_I" title="Man Singh I">Man Singh I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birbal" title="Birbal">Raja Birbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Do-Piyaza" title="Mulla Do-Piyaza">Mulla Do-Pyaza</a> (often depicted as mythical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tansen" title="Tansen">Tansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Humam" title="Hakim Humam">Hakim Humam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bairam_Khan" title="Bairam Khan">Bairam Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BDAbd_al-Qadir_Badayuni" title="ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni">ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni</a></li></ul></div> <p>For example, a painting kept at the Lala Sri Ramdas Library (Delhi) in the 1940s depicts the following people as the nine gems: Abdul Rahim, Todar Mal, Man Singh, Birbal, Miyan Kokultash, Hakim Humam, Abul Hasan, Abu'l-Fazl, and Faizi.<sup id="cite_ref-ML_Din_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ML_Din-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raja_Krishnachandra's_Nabaratnas"><span id="Raja_Krishnachandra.27s_Nabaratnas"></span>Raja Krishnachandra's Nabaratnas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navaratnas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Raja Krishnachandra's Nabaratnas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Raja_Krishnachandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Krishnachandra">Raja Krishnachandra</a> was a ruler of Bengal, who ruled over 1727 to 1772. According to legend, his court had 9 famous scholars, who are mentioned as ‘Nabaratnas’ (নবরত্ন). These included <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Bhar" title="Gopal Bhar">Gopal Bhar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bharatchandra_Ray" title="Bharatchandra Ray">Bharatchandra Raygunakor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sen_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Harding_220_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding_220-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baneshwar_Bidyalankar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baneshwar Bidyalankar (page does not exist)">Baneshwar Bidyalankar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnadhan_roy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krishnadhan roy (page does not exist)">Krishnadhan roy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rammohan_Goswami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rammohan Goswami (page does not exist)">Rammohan Goswami</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhusudan_Nyayalankar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhusudan Nyayalankar (page does not exist)">Madhusudan Nyayalankar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Tarka_Panchanan" title="Jagannath Tarka Panchanan">Jagannath Tarkapanchanan</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hariram_Tarkasiddhanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hariram Tarkasiddhanta (page does not exist)">Hariram Tarkasiddhanta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_groups">Similar groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navaratnas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Similar groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many famous emperors in India had courtiers labeled in similar ways. For example, the valuable members of the court of <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Deva_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna Deva Raya">Krishna Deva Raya</a> were termed <a href="/wiki/Astadiggajas" class="mw-redirect" title="Astadiggajas">Astadiggajas</a>, <i>the eight scholars.</i> <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_Sena" title="Lakshmana Sena">Lakshmana Sena</a> the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Sena_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sena Empire">Sena Empire</a> had <i>Pancharatnas</i> (meaning 5 gems who were Govardhana, Sarana, Jayadeva(author of Gita govinda), umapati, Dhoyi in his court. <a href="/wiki/Ashtapradhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtapradhan">Ashtapradhan</a> mandal was the title given to the council of <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj">Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navaratnas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MS_1974-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MS_1974_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MS_1974_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFM._Srinivasachariar1974" class="citation book cs1">M. Srinivasachariar (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA100"><i>History of Classical Sanskrit Literature</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">94–</span>111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120802841" title="Special:BookSources/9788120802841"><bdi>9788120802841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Classical+Sanskrit+Literature&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9788120802841&rft.au=M.+Srinivasachariar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4dVRvVyHaiQC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavaratnas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSS_Akbar-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GSS_Akbar_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSS_Akbar_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSS_Akbar_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG.S._Sardesai1943" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Govind_Sakharam_Sardesai" title="Govind Sakharam Sardesai">G.S. Sardesai</a> (1943). Ramananda Chatterjee; Kedar Nath Chatterji (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170937/page/n153/mode/1up?view=theater">"The Nine Gems of Akbar's Court"</a>. <i>The Modern Review</i>. <b>74</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>6): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Review&rft.atitle=The+Nine+Gems+of+Akbar%27s+Court&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.date=1943&rft.au=G.S.+Sardesai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.170937%2Fpage%2Fn153%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavaratnas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMS-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMS_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMS_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.M._Shastri1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Mitra_Shastri" title="Ajay Mitra Shastri">A.M. Shastri</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ"><i>Varāhamihira and His Times</i></a>. Kusumanjali. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28644897">28644897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Var%C4%81hamihira+and+His+Times&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Kusumanjali&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28644897&rft.au=A.M.+Shastri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMf0MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavaratnas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VVM_1969-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VVM_1969_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VVM_1969_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasudev_Vishnu_MirashiNarayan_Raghunath_Navlekar1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vasudev_Vishnu_Mirashi" title="Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi">Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi</a>; Narayan Raghunath Navlekar (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sueiThBrP4gC&pg=PA8"><i>Kalidasa: Date, Life And Works</i></a>. Popular. pp. <span class="nowrap">8–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-468-4"><bdi>978-81-7154-468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalidasa%3A+Date%2C+Life+And+Works&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=Popular&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-468-4&rft.au=Vasudev+Vishnu+Mirashi&rft.au=Narayan+Raghunath+Navlekar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsueiThBrP4gC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavaratnas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCS_1969-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCS_1969_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCS_1969_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCS_1969_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._C._Sircar1969" class="citation book cs1">D. C. Sircar (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617064610/http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in:8080/handle/2015/131352"><i>Ancient Malwa And The Vikramaditya Tradition</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal. pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8121503488" title="Special:BookSources/978-8121503488"><bdi>978-8121503488</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in:8080/handle/2015/131352">the original</a> on 17 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Malwa+And+The+Vikramaditya+Tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-8121503488&rft.au=D.+C.+Sircar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdli.serc.iisc.ernet.in%3A8080%2Fhandle%2F2015%2F131352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavaratnas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KCJ_1972-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KCJ_1972_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKailash_Chand_Jain1972" class="citation book cs1">Kailash Chand Jain (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA158"><i>Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">156–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0824-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0824-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0824-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malwa+Through+the+Ages%2C+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+1305+A.D&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0824-9&rft.au=Kailash+Chand+Jain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_3O7q7cU7k0C%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavaratnas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ML_Din-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ML_Din_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ML_Din_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakhanlal_Roychoudhury1941" class="citation book cs1">Makhanlal Roychoudhury (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp/page/n198/mode/1up"><i>The Din-I-Ilahi or The Religion of Akbar</i></a>. University of Calcutta. p. 137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Din-I-Ilahi+or+The+Religion+of+Akbar&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1941&rft.au=Makhanlal+Roychoudhury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiniilahiorthere031361mbp%2Fpage%2Fn198%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavaratnas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofbengal.com/rangan_datta/Shivniwas_Rangan_Datta.html">"www.historyofbengal.com: Shivniwas"</a>. <i>www.historyofbengal.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historyofbengal.com&rft.atitle=www.historyofbengal.com%3A+Shivniwas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofbengal.com%2Frangan_datta%2FShivniwas_Rangan_Datta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavaratnas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siegel, Lee (1987). <i>Laughing Matters: Comic Tradition in India</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-75691-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-75691-2">0-226-75691-2</a>. pp. 314-318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sen-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sen_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sen, Sukumar (1991, reprint 2007). <i>Bangala Sahityer Itihas</i>, Vol.II, <span class="languageicon">(in Bengali)</span>, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7215-025-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7215-025-3">81-7215-025-3</a>, pp.424-32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding_220-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harding_220_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding1998">Harding 1998</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHarding1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>, p.220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kothatobolarjonyei.blogspot.com/2017/05/noboratnsusmita.html">"kotha to bolar jonyei (কথা তো বলার জন্যেই): নবরত্ন -- সুস্মিতা"</a>. <i>kotha to bolar jonyei (কথা তো বলার জন্যেই)</i>. 1 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kotha+to+bolar+jonyei+%28%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%29&rft.atitle=kotha+to+bolar+jonyei+%28%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%29%3A+%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8+--+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkothatobolarjonyei.blogspot.com%2F2017%2F05%2Fnoboratnsusmita.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavaratnas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/may/engpdf/18-20.pdf">"The Five Jewels of Laxmana Sena"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Orissa Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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