CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0' /> <meta http-equiv='X-UA-Compatible' content='IE=edge' /> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <title>404 - Page not found - NAS</title> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <meta name="robots" content="follow, noindex"> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.google.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link href='https://fonts.gstatic.com' crossorigin rel='preconnect' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="NAS » Feed" href="https://www.nasonline.org/feed/" /> <link rel="preload" href="http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/fonts/fontawesome/5.15.4/webfonts/fa-solid-900.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/fonts/fontawesome/5.15.4/webfonts/fa-regular-400.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/fonts/fontawesome/5.15.4/webfonts/fa-brands-400.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='http://www.nasonline.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-theme-inline-css'> .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-audio{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-code{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;padding:.8em 1em}.wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:#ffffffa6}:root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme :root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote{border-bottom:4px solid;border-top:4px solid;color:currentColor;margin-bottom:1.75em}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer,.wp-block-pullquote__citation{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-right){border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-center){border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote:where(.is-style-plain){border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{word-break:normal}.wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video{margin:0 0 1em}:root :where(.wp-block-template-part.has-background){margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='wpseopress-local-business-style-inline-css'> span.wp-block-wpseopress-local-business-field{margin-right:8px} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--fl-heading-text: #000000;--wp--preset--color--fl-body-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-body-text: #4d596a;--wp--preset--color--fl-accent: #732375;--wp--preset--color--fl-accent-hover: #000000;--wp--preset--color--fl-topbar-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-topbar-text: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-topbar-link: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-topbar-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-header-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-header-text: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-header-link: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-header-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-nav-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-nav-link: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-nav-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-content-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-widgets-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-widgets-text: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-widgets-link: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-widgets-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-text: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-link: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='PDA Multisite-css' href='http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/plugins/pda-multisite/admin/css/pda-multisite-admin.css?ver=1.1.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-5-css' href='http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/fonts/fontawesome/5.15.4/css/all.min.css?ver=2.8.4.3' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-builder-layout-bundle-a061fa60f7c92be95b57ac64fa001da1-css' href='https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/a061fa60f7c92be95b57ac64fa001da1-layout-bundle.css?ver=2.8.4.3-1.4.11.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='yoko-sso-frontend-css' href='http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/plugins/yoko-core/yoko-sso-cp/assets/css/frontend.css?ver=1.0.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='linearicons-css' href='http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-nas-child/assets/fonts/linearicons/style.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='jquery-magnificpopup-css' href='http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/css/jquery.magnificpopup.min.css?ver=2.8.4.3' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='base-css' href='http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/themes/bb-theme/css/base.min.css?ver=1.7.16' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-automator-skin-css' href='https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-theme/skin-6735e0fa8d777.css?ver=1.7.16' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-child-theme-looks-css' href='http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-nas-child/assets/css/elements.css?ver=1729856483' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-child-theme-utility-css' href='http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-nas-child/assets/css/utility.css?ver=1729856483' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-child-theme-css' href='http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-nas-child/style.css?ver=1729856483' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-builder-google-fonts-3574da96de8ae865c1f0cfd25f669076-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans%3A300%2C400%2C700%7CJost%3A400&ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <script src="http://www.nasonline.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/plugins/pda-multisite/admin/js/pda-multisite-admin.js?ver=1.1.0" id="PDA Multisite-js"></script> <link rel="next" href="https://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/hofstadter-robert.pdf/page/2/"> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.nasonline.org/wp-json/" /><style id="y0x-cache-css">body:not(.fl-builder-edit) [class*="xsso-show-for-"]{display:none}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-administrator .xsso-show-for-administrator,body.logged-in.xsso-role-administrator .xsso-show-for-administrator{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-editor .xsso-show-for-editor,body.logged-in.xsso-role-editor .xsso-show-for-editor{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-author .xsso-show-for-author,body.logged-in.xsso-role-author .xsso-show-for-author{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-contributor .xsso-show-for-contributor,body.logged-in.xsso-role-contributor .xsso-show-for-contributor{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-subscriber .xsso-show-for-subscriber,body.logged-in.xsso-role-subscriber .xsso-show-for-subscriber{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-non-member .xsso-show-for-non-member,body.logged-in.xsso-role-non-member .xsso-show-for-non-member{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-active-member .xsso-show-for-active-member,body.logged-in.xsso-role-active-member .xsso-show-for-active-member{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-emeritus-member .xsso-show-for-emeritus-member,body.logged-in.xsso-role-emeritus-member .xsso-show-for-emeritus-member{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-international-member .xsso-show-for-international-member,body.logged-in.xsso-role-international-member .xsso-show-for-international-member{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-public-welfare-medalist .xsso-show-for-public-welfare-medalist,body.logged-in.xsso-role-public-welfare-medalist .xsso-show-for-public-welfare-medalist{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-member .xsso-show-for-member,body.logged-in.xsso-role-member .xsso-show-for-member{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-special-access .xsso-show-for-special-access,body.logged-in.xsso-role-special-access .xsso-show-for-special-access{display:block}body.sso-loading::after{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100vw;height:100vh;content:'';background-color:white;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/plugins/yok0x-sso/assets/img/loader.gif");background-size:150px 200px;z-index:9999}body:not(.logged-in) .xsso-container > span{display:none;opacity:0.000000001;transition:.1s opacity}body:not(.logged-in) .xsso-container > span:first-child{display:inline-block}body:not(.logged-in).xsso-logged-in .xsso-container .login-link{display:none}body:not(.logged-in).xsso-logged-in .xsso-container .logged-in-content{display:inline-block;opacity:1}body:not(.logged-in).xsso-logged-out .xsso-container .logged-in-content{display:none}body:not(.logged-in).xsso-logged-out .xsso-container .login-link{display:inline-block;opacity:1}</style><style>.breadcrumb {list-style:none;margin:0;padding-inline-start:0;}.breadcrumb li {margin:0;display:inline-block;position:relative;}.breadcrumb li::after{content:' / ';margin-left:5px;margin-right:5px;}.breadcrumb li:last-child::after{display:none}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cropped-favicon-nas-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cropped-favicon-nas-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cropped-favicon-nas-180x180.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cropped-favicon-nas-270x270.png" /> <style id="wp-custom-css"> .fl-page .display-none { display: none !important; } .filter-grid .filter .facetwp-type-date_range input.facetwp-date-max, .filter-grid .filter .facetwp-type-date_range input.facetwp-date-min { padding: 11px 30px 11px 12px; background-position: right 10px center; background-size: 20px; } @media screen and (max-width: 992px) and (min-width: 769px) { .filter-grid .filter .facetwp-type-date_range { flex-direction: column; } } @media screen and (max-width: 768px) { .filter-grid .filter .facetwp-type-date_range { gap: 5px; } } .filter-grid .filter .facetwp-type-date_range::before { width: 50px; } @media screen and (max-width: 768px) { .fdate-wrap.opened { left: 40px !important; } } .fl-module-fl-post-content ul { list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 16px; margin-left: 16px; } .fl-module-fl-post-content ul li { display: list-item; } .fl-module-fl-post-content ul > li::before { content: ""; } </style> <noscript><style>.perfmatters-lazy[data-src]{display:none !important;}</style></noscript><style>.perfmatters-lazy-youtube{position:relative;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:0;padding-bottom:56.23%;overflow:hidden}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube img{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:auto;margin:auto;border:none;cursor:pointer;transition:.5s all;-webkit-transition:.5s all;-moz-transition:.5s all}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube img:hover{-webkit-filter:brightness(75%)}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube .play{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;right:auto;width:68px;height:48px;margin-left:-34px;margin-top:-24px;background:url(http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/img/youtube.svg) no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:cover;pointer-events:none;filter:grayscale(1)}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube:hover .play{filter:grayscale(0)}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube iframe{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:99}</style><script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/7750e4f5a9.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script src="https://fuse.fusesearch.app/api/1/views/kmlslvpngpqcelvhdwvn.js?element_id=sjview_kmlslvpngpqcelvhdwvn"></script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5ZC4RW');</script>  <script> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:5040191,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); </script> <script> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:5040191,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); </script> </head> <body class="error404 fl-builder-2-8-4-3 fl-themer-1-4-11-2 fl-theme-1-7-16 fl-theme-builder-footer fl-theme-builder-footer-footer fl-theme-builder-404 fl-theme-builder-404-error-404 fl-theme-builder-header fl-theme-builder-header-header has-featured-image visible-banner fl-framework-base fl-preset-default fl-full-width fl-scroll-to-top fl-search-active" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5ZC4RW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script id="y0x-cache-buster">const y0xGated=false;const y0xLoggedIn=document.cookie.search("yok0x_sso_")!==-1;window.addEventListener('load',function(){var body=document.querySelector("body");if(y0xLoggedIn){if(y0xGated){var ssoCacheId="";try{ssoCacheId=document.cookie.split("; ").filter(function(ck){return ck.search("yok0x_sso_")===0})[0].split("=")[1].substr(-10)}catch(error){console.log(error)} if(document.location.search&&document.location.search.search("yokoSso")===-1){body.classList.add('sso-loading');setTimeout(function(){document.location.href=document.location.href+"&yokoSso="+ssoCacheId},200)}else if(!document.location.search){body.classList.add('sso-loading');setTimeout(function(){document.location.href=document.location.href+"?yokoSso="+ssoCacheId},200)}} body.classList.add("xsso-logged-in")}else{body.classList.add("xsso-logged-out")}},false)</script><a aria-label="Skip to content" class="fl-screen-reader-text" href="#fl-main-content">Skip to content</a><div class="fl-page"> <header class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-1995 fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="1995" data-type="header" data-sticky="1" data-sticky-on="all" data-sticky-breakpoint="medium" data-shrink="0" data-overlay="0" data-overlay-bg="transparent" data-shrink-image-height="50px" role="banner" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-dkb4ehxmwyvc fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center fl-visible-desktop fl-visible-large header" data-node="dkb4ehxmwyvc"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-med4sunxbczo fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="med4sunxbczo"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-lat9by6s3mxk fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width fl-col-has-cols fl-visible-desktop fl-visible-large header-topbar" data-node="lat9by6s3mxk"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-vaysmzldeo71 fl-col-group-nested" data-node="vaysmzldeo71"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-o28ct75i63nm fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width logo-col" data-node="o28ct75i63nm"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-s2bf1e43ioj6" data-node="s2bf1e43ioj6"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-left" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-svg"> <a href="https://www.nasonline.org" target="_self" itemprop="url"> <img decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-2005 size-full" src="https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/nas-logo.svg" alt="National Academy of Sciences logo" itemprop="image" height="54" width="298" title="nas-logo" data-no-lazy="1" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-cik6ejruvlb9 fl-col-bg-color content-col" data-node="cik6ejruvlb9"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-box fl-node-ti4y7baemx69" data-node="ti4y7baemx69"> <div class="fl-module fl-module-box fl-node-02txoqkcwa9y" data-node="02txoqkcwa9y"> <div class="fl-module fl-module-icon-group fl-node-qfaw7ispzo21" data-node="qfaw7ispzo21"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-icon-group"> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/theNASciences" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Facebook</span> </a> </span> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://twitter.com/theNASciences" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Twitter</span> </a> </span> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://instagram.com/thenasciences" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-instagram" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Instagram</span> </a> </span> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/theNASciences" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Youtube</span> </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-tiewkj93q06v" data-node="tiewkj93q06v"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu fl-menu-accordion-collapse fl-menu-search-enabled"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-topbar-navigation" class="menu fl-menu-accordion fl-toggle-arrows"><li id="menu-item-29486" class="show-logged-in menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a>Members’ Center</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-29545" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-user-is-restricted restricted-content"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/members-center/">Members’ Center</a></li> <li id="menu-item-30561" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-user-is-restricted restricted-content"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/members-center/leadership-and-governance/">Leadership and Governance</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29487" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-user-is-restricted restricted-content"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/members-center/class-officers-and-section-chairs/">Class and Section Leadership</a></li> <li id="menu-item-269171" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-user-is-restricted restricted-content"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/members-center/meetings/">Meetings Calendar</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29489" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-user-is-restricted restricted-content"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/members-center/election/">Nomination and Election</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29727" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-user-is-restricted restricted-content"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/members-center/opportunities-for-service/">Opportunities for Service</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29490" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-user-is-restricted restricted-content"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/members-center/pnas/">PNAS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29491" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-user-is-restricted restricted-content"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/members-center/pnas-nexus/">PNAS Nexus</a></li> <li id="menu-item-30021" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/members-center/biographical-memoirs-2/">Biographical Memoirs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-270125" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/members-center/manage-my-account/">Manage My Account</a></li> <li id="menu-item-123186" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-user-is-restricted restricted-content"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/members-center/contact-staff/">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-3796" class="button ghost-button menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/">Member Directory</a></li><li id="menu-item-30681" class="button show-logged-out menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"><span class="xsso-container"><span class="login-link"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/sso/login/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fpublications%2Fbiographical-memoirs%2Fmemoir-pdfs%2Fhofstadter-robert.pdf" class="intent-login">Log In</a> </span><span class="logged-in-content"></span></span></li><li id="menu-item-30680" class="button show-logged-in menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"></li><li class='menu-item fl-menu-search-item'><div class="fl-search-form fl-search-form-button fl-search-button-reveal fl-search-button-center fl-search-form-width-full" > <div class="fl-search-form-wrap"> <div class="fl-search-form-fields"> <div class="fl-search-form-input-wrap"> <form role="search" aria-label="Search form" method="get" action="https://www.nasonline.org/"> <div class="fl-form-field"> <input type="search" aria-label="Search input" class="fl-search-text" placeholder="Search..." value="" name="s" /> </div> </form> </div> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-center fl-button-has-icon"> <a href="#" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <i class="fl-button-icon fl-button-icon-before fas fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="fl-button-text"><span class="sr-only">Search</span></span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-angovjrpc18k" data-node="angovjrpc18k"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-nas63ij0hvd8 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols header-navigation" data-node="nas63ij0hvd8"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-ahicgm1y4ndw fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="ahicgm1y4ndw"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-5c3mzyro9ndi fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width logo-col" data-node="5c3mzyro9ndi"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-arwi5zlxfsne" data-node="arwi5zlxfsne"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu fl-menu-responsive-toggle-medium-mobile"> <button class="fl-menu-mobile-toggle hamburger" aria-label="Menu"><span class="fl-menu-icon svg-container"><svg version="1.1" class="hamburger-menu" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 512 512"> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-top" width="512" height="102"/> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-middle" y="205" width="512" height="102"/> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-bottom" y="410" width="512" height="102"/> </svg> </span></button> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-main-navigation" class="menu fl-menu-horizontal fl-toggle-arrows"><li id="menu-item-1940" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/">About the NAS</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-99090" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/">About the NAS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6095" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/history/">History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6096" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/leadership/">Leadership</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-29204" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/leadership/governing-documents/">Governing Documents</a></li></ul></li> <li id="menu-item-6097" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/organization/">Organization</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6098" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/locations/">Locations</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-29205" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/locations/the-einstein-memorial/">The Einstein Memorial</a></li></ul></li> <li id="menu-item-6099" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6100" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/faq/">FAQs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6101" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-1941" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/">Membership</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-99156" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/">Membership</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6102" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/membership-overview/">Membership Overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3795" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/">Member Directory</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6103" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/code-of-conduct/">Code of Conduct</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-1942" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/">Programs</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-99157" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/">Programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1959" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/event-calendar/">Events Calendar</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6104" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/annual-meeting/">Annual Meeting</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6105" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/scientific-meetings/">Scientific Meetings</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-29208" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/scientific-meetings/frontiers-of-science/">Frontiers of Science</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29209" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/scientific-meetings/international-forums/">International Forums</a></li></ul></li> <li id="menu-item-6106" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/public-engagement/">Public Engagement</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-29375" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.cpnas.org/">Cultural Programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29211" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/public-engagement/distinctive-voices/">Distinctive Voices</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29376" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://labx.org/">LabX</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29377" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="http://scienceandentertainmentexchange.org/">The Science & Entertainment Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li id="menu-item-6107" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/science-society/">Science & Society</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-29378" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work">National Academies Studies & Reports</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29298" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/chr/committee-on-human-rights">Committee on Human Rights</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29380" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/cisac/committee-on-international-security-and-arms-control">Committee on International Security & Arms Control</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29381" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/cosempup/committee-on-science-engineering-medicine-and-public-policy">Committee on Science, Engineering, Medicine, and Public Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29382" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/cwsem/committee-on-women-in-science-engineering-and-medicine">Committee on Women in Science, Engineering and Medicine</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29383" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/guirr/government-university-industry-research-roundtable">Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable</a></li></ul></li> <li id="menu-item-270129" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/October-2024-Policy-Statement-on-Objectivity-Independence-and-Excellence.pdf">Statement on Objectivity, Independence, and Excellence</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-1943" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/awards/">Awards</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-99158" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/awards/">Awards</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6108" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/awards/how-to-nominate/">How to Nominate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29343" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/awards/awards/">All Awards</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6109" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/awards/connect-with-awards/">Connect with Awards</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-1944" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/news-info/">News</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-99159" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/news-info/">News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1967" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/news-info/newsroom/">Newsroom</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-1945" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/publications/">Publications</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-99160" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/publications/">Publications</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28926" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.pnas.org/">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28907" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus?login=false">PNAS Nexus</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28927" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://issues.org/">Issues in Science and Technology</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6114" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/">Biographical Memoirs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28928" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/">National Academies Press</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-1946" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/support-our-work/">Support Our Work</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-98273" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/support-our-work/">Support Our Work</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6116" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/support-our-work/giving-opportunities/">Giving Opportunities</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6117" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nasonline.org/support-our-work/planned-giving/">Planned Giving</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6119" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/support-our-work/giving-societies/">Giving Societies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6118" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/support-our-work/ways-to-give/">Ways to Give</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29384" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://host.nxt.blackbaud.com/donor-form/?svcid=renxt&formId=deabd257-00e8-419b-a0af-fdd2ea727e7f&envid=p-3XL0v2OPQUO6JUZl5_HKFQ&zone=usa">Make a Gift Online</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-28899" class="button hide-desktop ghost-button menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/">Member Directory</a></li><li id="menu-item-28896" class="button hide-desktop show-logged-in menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-user-is-restricted restricted-content"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/members-center/">Members’ Center</a></li><li id="menu-item-89052" class="hide-desktop button show-logged-out menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"><span class="xsso-container"><span class="login-link"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/sso/login/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fpublications%2Fbiographical-memoirs%2Fmemoir-pdfs%2Fhofstadter-robert.pdf" class="intent-login">Log In</a> </span><span class="logged-in-content"></span></span></li><li id="menu-item-30678" class="button hide-desktop show-logged-in menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-ub8ksait7o3c fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center fl-visible-medium fl-visible-mobile header" data-node="ub8ksait7o3c"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-xilsmeh05ptz" data-node="xilsmeh05ptz"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-a3bnvpeqlti7 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols header-navigation" data-node="a3bnvpeqlti7"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-k51tlifxvya6 fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="k51tlifxvya6"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-ob35qzwti12y fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width content-col" data-node="ob35qzwti12y"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-xa3oqsjwr7l9" data-node="xa3oqsjwr7l9"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-left" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-svg"> <a href="https://www.nasonline.org" target="_self" itemprop="url"> <img decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-2005 size-full" src="https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/nas-logo.svg" alt="National Academy of Sciences logo" itemprop="image" height="54" width="298" title="nas-logo" data-no-lazy="1" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-j9e0x5fba4r3 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width logo-col" data-node="j9e0x5fba4r3"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-bl6jdpukfwh4" data-node="bl6jdpukfwh4"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu fl-menu-responsive-toggle-always"> <button class="fl-menu-mobile-toggle hamburger" aria-label="Menu"><span class="fl-menu-icon svg-container"><svg version="1.1" class="hamburger-menu" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 512 512"> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-top" width="512" height="102"/> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-middle" y="205" width="512" height="102"/> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-bottom" y="410" width="512" height="102"/> </svg> </span></button> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-main-navigation-1" class="menu fl-menu-horizontal fl-toggle-arrows"><li id="menu-item-1940" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/">About the NAS</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-99090" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/">About the NAS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6095" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/history/">History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6096" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/leadership/">Leadership</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-29204" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/leadership/governing-documents/">Governing Documents</a></li></ul></li> <li id="menu-item-6097" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/organization/">Organization</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6098" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/locations/">Locations</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-29205" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/locations/the-einstein-memorial/">The Einstein Memorial</a></li></ul></li> <li id="menu-item-6099" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6100" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/faq/">FAQs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6101" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-1941" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/">Membership</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-99156" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/">Membership</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6102" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/membership-overview/">Membership Overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3795" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/">Member Directory</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6103" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/code-of-conduct/">Code of Conduct</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-1942" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/">Programs</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-99157" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/">Programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1959" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/event-calendar/">Events Calendar</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6104" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/annual-meeting/">Annual Meeting</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6105" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/scientific-meetings/">Scientific Meetings</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-29208" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/scientific-meetings/frontiers-of-science/">Frontiers of Science</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29209" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/scientific-meetings/international-forums/">International Forums</a></li></ul></li> <li id="menu-item-6106" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/public-engagement/">Public Engagement</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-29375" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.cpnas.org/">Cultural Programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29211" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/public-engagement/distinctive-voices/">Distinctive Voices</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29376" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://labx.org/">LabX</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29377" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="http://scienceandentertainmentexchange.org/">The Science & Entertainment Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li id="menu-item-6107" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/science-society/">Science & Society</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-29378" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work">National Academies Studies & Reports</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29298" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/chr/committee-on-human-rights">Committee on Human Rights</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29380" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/cisac/committee-on-international-security-and-arms-control">Committee on International Security & Arms Control</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29381" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/cosempup/committee-on-science-engineering-medicine-and-public-policy">Committee on Science, Engineering, Medicine, and Public Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29382" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/cwsem/committee-on-women-in-science-engineering-and-medicine">Committee on Women in Science, Engineering and Medicine</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29383" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/guirr/government-university-industry-research-roundtable">Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable</a></li></ul></li> <li id="menu-item-270129" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/October-2024-Policy-Statement-on-Objectivity-Independence-and-Excellence.pdf">Statement on Objectivity, Independence, and Excellence</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-1943" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/awards/">Awards</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-99158" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/awards/">Awards</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6108" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/awards/how-to-nominate/">How to Nominate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29343" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/awards/awards/">All Awards</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6109" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/awards/connect-with-awards/">Connect with Awards</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-1944" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/news-info/">News</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-99159" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/news-info/">News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1967" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/news-info/newsroom/">Newsroom</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-1945" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/publications/">Publications</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-99160" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/publications/">Publications</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28926" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.pnas.org/">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28907" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus?login=false">PNAS Nexus</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28927" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://issues.org/">Issues in Science and Technology</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6114" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/">Biographical Memoirs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28928" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/">National Academies Press</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-1946" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/support-our-work/">Support Our Work</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-98273" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/support-our-work/">Support Our Work</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6116" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/support-our-work/giving-opportunities/">Giving Opportunities</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6117" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nasonline.org/support-our-work/planned-giving/">Planned Giving</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6119" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/support-our-work/giving-societies/">Giving Societies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6118" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/support-our-work/ways-to-give/">Ways to Give</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29384" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://host.nxt.blackbaud.com/donor-form/?svcid=renxt&formId=deabd257-00e8-419b-a0af-fdd2ea727e7f&envid=p-3XL0v2OPQUO6JUZl5_HKFQ&zone=usa">Make a Gift Online</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-28899" class="button hide-desktop ghost-button menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/">Member Directory</a></li><li id="menu-item-28896" class="button hide-desktop show-logged-in menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-user-is-restricted restricted-content"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/members-center/">Members’ Center</a></li><li id="menu-item-89052" class="hide-desktop button show-logged-out menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"><span class="xsso-container"><span class="login-link"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/sso/login/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fpublications%2Fbiographical-memoirs%2Fmemoir-pdfs%2Fhofstadter-robert.pdf" class="intent-login">Log In</a> </span><span class="logged-in-content"></span></span></li><li id="menu-item-30678" class="button hide-desktop show-logged-in menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="fl-main-content" class="fl-page-content" itemprop="mainContentOfPage" role="main"> <div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-646 fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="646"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-616f53ca4ce52 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="616f53ca4ce52"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-616f53ca4e9b1" data-node="616f53ca4e9b1"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-616f53ca4ea54 fl-col-bg-color" data-node="616f53ca4ea54"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-616f53ca4cdac" data-node="616f53ca4cdac"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h1 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Hmm. Page not found. </span> </h1> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-616f53df46b0c max-800 larger" data-node="616f53df46b0c"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>We recently relaunched our website, so it's possible that this information has moved, or the URL has been updated.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-x281mfluqjkz" data-node="x281mfluqjkz"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.nasonline.org" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Go to Homepage</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-104 fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="104" data-type="footer" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPFooter"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-6168ab9d33be3 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center footer-main bg-main invert" data-node="6168ab9d33be3"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-7dipl6gca8bf fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center" data-node="7dipl6gca8bf"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-uy5mof17pjca fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-visible-medium fl-visible-mobile" data-node="uy5mof17pjca"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-xzkmqva83dh1" data-node="xzkmqva83dh1"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-left" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-svg"> <a href="https://www.nasonline.org" target="_self" itemprop="url"> <img decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-2006 size-full" src="https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/nas-logo-white.svg" alt="NAS logo white" itemprop="image" height="54" width="298" title="nas-logo-white" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-lbvhy01rsm78" data-node="lbvhy01rsm78"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-bsg193oqhlje fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols" data-node="bsg193oqhlje"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-ajr564tyx71v fl-col-group-nested" data-node="ajr564tyx71v"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-k8poy475612j fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width" data-node="k8poy475612j"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-6168ab9d33d7d footer-address" data-node="6168ab9d33d7d"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p><strong>National Academy of Sciences<br /> </strong></p> <p>500 Fifth Street, NW<br /> Washington, DC 20001</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-icon-group fl-node-9obiynrfstd5" data-node="9obiynrfstd5"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-icon-group"> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/theNASciences" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Facebook</span> </a> </span> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://twitter.com/theNASciences" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Twitter</span> </a> </span> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://instagram.com/thenasciences" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-instagram" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Instagram</span> </a> </span> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/theNASciences" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Youtube</span> </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-wl8i1dzatce4 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width" data-node="wl8i1dzatce4"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-6168ab9d33d81" data-node="6168ab9d33d81"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-footer-navigation-column-a" class="menu fl-menu-vertical fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-3757" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/news-info/">News</a></li><li id="menu-item-3794" class="show-logged-in menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/">Member Directory</a></li><li id="menu-item-89050" class="show-logged-out menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"><span class="xsso-container"><span class="login-link"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/sso/login/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fpublications%2Fbiographical-memoirs%2Fmemoir-pdfs%2Fhofstadter-robert.pdf" class="intent-login">Log In</a> </span><span class="logged-in-content"></span></span></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-7jorbi8wetsl fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width" data-node="7jorbi8wetsl"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-6168aba60fb50" data-node="6168aba60fb50"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-footer-navigation-column-b" class="menu fl-menu-vertical fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-1981" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/">About the NAS</a></li><li id="menu-item-1982" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/">Membership</a></li><li id="menu-item-1983" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/">Programs</a></li><li id="menu-item-1984" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/awards/">Awards</a></li><li id="menu-item-1985" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/publications/">Publications</a></li><li id="menu-item-1986" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/support-our-work/">Support Our Work</a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-i1sp8v57x6yz fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width" data-node="i1sp8v57x6yz"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-6168ab9d33d83" data-node="6168ab9d33d83"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-footer-navigation-column-c" class="menu fl-menu-vertical fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-6594" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/legal/terms">Terms of Use</a></li><li id="menu-item-30070" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nasonline.org/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li id="menu-item-1992" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.nasonline.org/accessibility-statement/">Accessibility</a></li><li id="menu-item-4466" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about#policies">Institutional Policies and Procedures</a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-j4enb80z6riv" data-node="j4enb80z6riv"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-572vdjgqk619 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols" data-node="572vdjgqk619"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-qo23zuf5mlxn fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center" data-node="qo23zuf5mlxn"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-r2vchszudxpw fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-visible-desktop fl-visible-large" data-node="r2vchszudxpw"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-bu0425mcvr18" data-node="bu0425mcvr18"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-left" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-svg"> <a href="https://www.nasonline.org" target="_self" itemprop="url"> <img decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-2006 size-full" src="https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/nas-logo-white.svg" alt="NAS logo white" itemprop="image" height="54" width="298" title="nas-logo-white" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-mluzcfn09yj3 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width" data-node="mluzcfn09yj3"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-zmb8hx6ysnok" data-node="zmb8hx6ysnok"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-right" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-png"> <a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" itemprop="url"> <img decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-3227 size-full" src="https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/na_nasem_logo_footer-1.png" alt="na_nasem_logo" itemprop="image" height="78" width="270" title="na_nasem_logo_footer 1" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-6tdvio5gf1pm fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center footer-sub bg-main invert" data-node="6tdvio5gf1pm"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-xgb8d9ye6win" data-node="xgb8d9ye6win"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-4ia63o7bcj58 fl-col-bg-color text-center" data-node="4ia63o7bcj58"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-i7br0epmg691" data-node="i7br0epmg691"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>Copyright © 2024 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <a href="#" role="button" id="fl-to-top"><span class="sr-only">Scroll To Top</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a><script src="http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.imagesloaded.min.js?ver=2.8.4.3" id="imagesloaded-js"></script> <script src="http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.ba-throttle-debounce.min.js?ver=2.8.4.3" id="jquery-throttle-js"></script> <script src="https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/1def651a803ce208bfc39fce9f399440-layout-bundle.js?ver=2.8.4.3-1.4.11.2" id="fl-builder-layout-bundle-1def651a803ce208bfc39fce9f399440-js"></script> <script src="http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/plugins/yoko-core/yoko-sso-cp/assets/js/app.js?ver=1.0.1" id="yoko-sso-frontend-js"></script> <script src="http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-nas-child/assets/js/mobile-search.js?ver=1.0.1" id="mobile_search-js"></script> <script id="gforms_recaptcha_recaptcha-js-extra"> var gforms_recaptcha_recaptcha_strings = {"site_key":"6LcmVh0qAAAAAIXNK05IHFNRVCHJX-aS_EF3MLUr","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.nasonline.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"ae6b028310"}; </script> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LcmVh0qAAAAAIXNK05IHFNRVCHJX-aS_EF3MLUr&ver=1.6.0" id="gforms_recaptcha_recaptcha-js"></script> <script id="gforms_recaptcha_recaptcha-js-after"> (function($){grecaptcha.ready(function(){$('.grecaptcha-badge').css('visibility','hidden');});})(jQuery); </script> <script id="perfmatters-lazy-load-js-before"> window.lazyLoadOptions={elements_selector:"img[data-src],.perfmatters-lazy,.perfmatters-lazy-css-bg",thresholds:"0px 0px",class_loading:"pmloading",class_loaded:"pmloaded",callback_loaded:function(element){if(element.tagName==="IFRAME"){if(element.classList.contains("pmloaded")){if(typeof window.jQuery!="undefined"){if(jQuery.fn.fitVids){jQuery(element).parent().fitVids()}}}}}};window.addEventListener("LazyLoad::Initialized",function(e){var lazyLoadInstance=e.detail.instance;var target=document.querySelector("body");var observer=new MutationObserver(function(mutations){lazyLoadInstance.update()});var config={childList:!0,subtree:!0};observer.observe(target,config);});function perfmattersLazyLoadYouTube(e){var t=document.createElement("iframe"),r="ID?";r+=0===e.dataset.query.length?"":e.dataset.query+"&",r+="autoplay=1",t.setAttribute("src",r.replace("ID",e.dataset.src)),t.setAttribute("frameborder","0"),t.setAttribute("allowfullscreen","1"),t.setAttribute("allow","accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture"),e.replaceChild(t,e.firstChild)} </script> <script async src="http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/js/lazyload.min.js?ver=2.3.4" id="perfmatters-lazy-load-js"></script> <script src="http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.magnificpopup.min.js?ver=2.8.4.3" id="jquery-magnificpopup-js"></script> <script src="http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.fitvids.min.js?ver=1.2" id="jquery-fitvids-js"></script> <script id="fl-automator-js-extra"> var themeopts = {"medium_breakpoint":"992","mobile_breakpoint":"768","scrollTopPosition":"800"}; </script> <script src="http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/themes/bb-theme/js/theme.min.js?ver=1.7.16" id="fl-automator-js"></script> <script src="http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-nas-child/assets/js/main.js?ver=1729856483" id="yoko-main-js"></script> <script async data-no-optimize="1" src="http://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/vendor/instant-page/pminstantpage.min.js?ver=2.3.4" id="perfmatters-instant-page-js"></script> <script id="y0x-sso-userdata" defer>jQuery(document).ready(function($){function setCookie(cname,cvalue,exhours=1){const d=new Date();d.setTime(d.getTime()+(exhours*60*60*1000));let expires="expires="+d.toUTCString();document.cookie=cname+"="+cvalue+";"+expires+";path=/"} const parseCookie=str=>str.split(';').map(v=>v.split('=')).reduce((acc,v)=>{if(v[0]&&v[1]){acc[decodeURIComponent(v[0].trim())]=decodeURIComponent(v[1].trim())} return acc},{});const decodeUrlString=(str)=>{return decodeURIComponent(str.replace(/\+/g,"%20"))} const cookies=parseCookie(document.cookie);if(typeof y0xLoggedIn!=='undefined'&&y0xLoggedIn){if(document.referrer.search('//'+location.host)===-1){try{$.ajax({url:'/wp-json/sso/v1/is-logged-in',success:function(serverLoggedIn){if(!serverLoggedIn){window.location.href=window.location.href+'?ssoLogout'}},cache:false})}catch(error){}} if(cookies["yok0x_sso_userdata"]){const userdata=cookies["yok0x_sso_userdata"].split('&').reduce(function(prev,cur){const data=cur.split('=');prev[data[0]]=data[1];return prev},{});for(var idx in userdata){if(userdata[idx]){const outputs=document.querySelectorAll('.sso-'+idx+'').forEach(function(output){output.setHTML(decodeUrlString(userdata[idx]))});if(idx==="roles"){let roles=userdata[idx].split(encodeURIComponent(',')),body=document.querySelector("body");for(var ridx in roles){if(roles[ridx]){body.classList.add('xsso-role-'+roles[ridx])}}}}}}} $('.intent-login').click(function(e){e.preventDefault();var ts=Date.now(),destination;if(this.tagName.toLowerCase()==='a'){destination=$(this).attr('href');if(destination.indexOf("?")===-1){destination=destination+"?ts="+ts}else{destination=destination+"&ts="+ts} window.location.href=destination} else if($(this).is('form')){var $form=$(this);$('<input>').attr({type:'hidden',name:'ts',value:ts}).appendTo($form);$form.submit()}})})</script>   </body> </html>