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href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/communities-sociology/american-canadians'><span>American Canadians</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='arab-and-middle-east-canadians'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/communities-sociology/arab-and-middle-east-canadians'><span>Arab and Middle-East Canadians</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='asian-canadians'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/communities-sociology/asian-canadians'><span>Asian Canadians</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='black-and-african-canadians'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/communities-sociology/black-and-african-canadians'><span>Black and African Canadians</span></a></div></div><div 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href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/communities-sociology/francophones'><span>Francophones</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='historical-figures'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/communities-sociology/historical-figures'><span>Historical Figures</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='immigrants-and-refugees'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/communities-sociology/immigrants-and-refugees'><span>Immigrants and Refugees</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='indigenous-peoples'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/communities-sociology/indigenous-peoples'><span>Indigenous Peoples</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='lgbtq2s'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/communities-sociology/lgbtq2s'><span>LGBTQ2S</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='latin-american-canadians'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/communities-sociology/latin-american-canadians'><span>Latin American Canadians</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='leaders-activists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/communities-sociology/leaders-activists'><span>Leaders & Activists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='women'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/communities-sociology/women'><span>Women</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='education'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/education'><span>Education</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='archivists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/education/archivists'><span>Archivists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='curators'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/education/curators'><span>Curators</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='historians'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/education/historians'><span>Historians</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' 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href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/history-historical-figures'><span>History/Historical Figures</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='atlantic-canada'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/history-historical-figures/atlantic-canada'><span>Atlantic Canada</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='confederation'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/history-historical-figures/confederation'><span>Confederation</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='explorers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/history-historical-figures/explorers'><span>Explorers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='fur-trade'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/history-historical-figures/fur-trade'><span>Fur Trade</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='indigenous-people'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/history-historical-figures/indigenous-people'><span>Indigenous People</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='lower-canada'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/history-historical-figures/lower-canada'><span>Lower Canada</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='military'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/history-historical-figures/military'><span>Military</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='new-france'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/history-historical-figures/new-france'><span>New France</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='upper-canada'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/history-historical-figures/upper-canada'><span>Upper Canada</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='western-and-northwestern-canada'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/history-historical-figures/western-and-northwestern-canada'><span>Western and Northwestern Canada</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='women'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/history-historical-figures/women'><span>Women</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='military'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military'><span>Military</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='air-force'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/air-force'><span>Air Force</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='army'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/army'><span>Army</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-asian-canadians'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/mp-asian-canadians'><span>Asian Canadians</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='black-canadians'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/black-canadians'><span>Black Canadians</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='british-colonial-forces'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/british-colonial-forces'><span>British Colonial Forces</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='colonial'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/colonial'><span>Colonial</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='first-world-war'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/first-world-war'><span>First World War</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='indigenous-peoples'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/indigenous-peoples'><span>Indigenous Peoples</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='korean-war'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/korean-war'><span>Korean War</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='medical-personnel'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/medical-personnel'><span>Medical Personnel</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='navy'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/navy'><span>Navy</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='north-west-rebellion'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/north-west-rebellion'><span>North-West Rebellion</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='peacekeeping-and-the-united-nations'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/peacekeeping-and-the-united-nations'><span>Peacekeeping and the United Nations</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-prisoners-of-war'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/mp-prisoners-of-war'><span>Prisoners of War</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='second-world-war'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/second-world-war'><span>Second World War</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='south-african-war'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/south-african-war'><span>South African War</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='victoria-cross-recipients'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/victoria-cross-recipients'><span>Victoria Cross Recipients</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-war-brides'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/mp-war-brides'><span>War Brides</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='war-in-afghanistan'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/war-in-afghanistan'><span>War in Afghanistan</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='women'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/military/women'><span>Women</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='nature-geography'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/nature-geography'><span>Nature & Geography</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='biologists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/nature-geography/biologists'><span>Biologists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='chemists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/nature-geography/chemists'><span>Chemists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='earth-scientists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/nature-geography/earth-scientists'><span>Earth scientists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='environmentalists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/nature-geography/environmentalists'><span>Environmentalists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='explorers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/nature-geography/explorers'><span>Explorers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='geographers-cartographers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/nature-geography/geographers-cartographers'><span>Geographers & Cartographers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='physicists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/nature-geography/physicists'><span>Physicists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='zoologists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/nature-geography/zoologists'><span>Zoologists</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='politics-law'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law'><span>Politics & Law</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='civil-servants'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/civil-servants'><span>Civil Servants</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='commissioners'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/commissioners'><span>Commissioners</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='criminals-and-outlaws'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/criminals-and-outlaws'><span>Criminals and Outlaws</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='diplomats-ambassadors'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/diplomats-ambassadors'><span>Diplomats & Ambassadors</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='governor-generals'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/governor-generals'><span>Governor Generals</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='indigenous-people'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/indigenous-people'><span>Indigenous People</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='judges'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/judges'><span>Judges</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='labour-leaders'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/labour-leaders'><span>Labour Leaders</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='law-enforcement'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/law-enforcement'><span>Law Enforcement</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='lawyers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/lawyers'><span>Lawyers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='lieutenant-governors'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/lieutenant-governors'><span>Lieutenant-Governors</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='political-scientists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/political-scientists'><span>Political Scientists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='politicians'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/politicians'><span>Politicians</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='premiers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/premiers'><span>Premiers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='prime-ministers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/prime-ministers'><span>Prime Ministers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='rebels-and-resistance-leaders'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/rebels-and-resistance-leaders'><span>Rebels and Resistance Leaders</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='reformers-activists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/reformers-activists'><span>Reformers & Activists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='royals'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/royals'><span>Royals</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='senators'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/senators'><span>Senators</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='spies'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/spies'><span>Spies</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='women'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/women'><span>Women</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='wrongly-convicted'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/politics-law/wrongly-convicted'><span>Wrongly Convicted</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='science-technology'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology'><span>Science & Technology</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='architects-builders-planners'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/architects-builders-planners'><span>Architects, Builders & Planners</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='astronauts'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/astronauts'><span>Astronauts</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='aviators'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/aviators'><span>Aviators</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='biologists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/biologists'><span>Biologists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='chemists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/chemists'><span>Chemists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='computer-scientists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/computer-scientists'><span>Computer Scientists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='earth-scientists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/earth-scientists'><span>Earth scientists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='engineers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/engineers'><span>Engineers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='explorers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/explorers'><span>Explorers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='geographers-cartographers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/geographers-cartographers'><span>Geographers & Cartographers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='health-scientists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/health-scientists'><span>Health scientists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='healthcare-professionals'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/healthcare-professionals'><span>Healthcare professionals</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='historical-figures'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/historical-figures'><span>Historical figures</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='inventors-and-innovators'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/inventors-and-innovators'><span>Inventors and Innovators</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mathematicians'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/mathematicians'><span>Mathematicians</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='minorities-in-stem'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/minorities-in-stem'><span>Minorities in STEM</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='paleontologists-archaeologists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/paleontologists-archaeologists'><span>Paleontologists & Archaeologists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='physicists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/physicists'><span>Physicists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='reformers-activists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/reformers-activists'><span>Reformers & Activists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='social-scientists'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/social-scientists'><span>Social scientists</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='women-in-stem'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/science-technology/women-in-stem'><span>Women in STEM</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='sports-recreation'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/sports-recreation'><span>Sports & Recreation</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='athletes'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/sports-recreation/athletes'><span>Athletes</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='coaches-and-managers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/sports-recreation/coaches-and-managers'><span>Coaches and Managers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='competitors'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/sports-recreation/competitors'><span>Competitors</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='minorities'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/sports-recreation/minorities'><span>Minorities</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='women'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people/sports-recreation/women'><span>Women</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class='sb-cat-top sb-group' data-id='places'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places'><span>Places</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='arts-culture'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/arts-culture'><span>Arts & Culture</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='architecture'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/arts-culture/architecture'><span>Architecture</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='halls-theatres'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/arts-culture/halls-theatres'><span>Halls & Theatres</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='museums-galleries-archives'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/arts-culture/museums-galleries-archives'><span>Museums, Galleries & Archives</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='schools-institutions'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/arts-culture/schools-institutions'><span>Schools & Institutions</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='buildings-monuments'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments'><span>Buildings & Monuments</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='architectural-landmarks'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments/architectural-landmarks'><span>Architectural Landmarks</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='buildings'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments/buildings'><span>Buildings</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='cenotaphs'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments/cenotaphs'><span>Cenotaphs</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='hospitals'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments/hospitals'><span>Hospitals</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='memorials'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments/memorials'><span>Memorials</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='monuments'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments/monuments'><span>Monuments</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='province'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments/province'><span>Province</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='stadiums'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments/stadiums'><span>Stadiums</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='territory'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/buildings-monuments/territory'><span>Territory</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='cities-populated-places'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/cities-populated-places'><span>Cities & Populated Places</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='cities'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/cities-populated-places/cities'><span>Cities</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='districts-and-municipalities'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/cities-populated-places/districts-and-municipalities'><span>Districts and municipalities</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='indigenous-reserves-settlements'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/cities-populated-places/indigenous-reserves-settlements'><span>Indigenous Reserves & Settlements</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='neighbourhoods'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/cities-populated-places/neighbourhoods'><span>Neighbourhoods</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='towns'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/cities-populated-places/towns'><span>Towns</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='villages'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/cities-populated-places/villages'><span>Villages</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='geographical-features'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features'><span>Geographical features</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='boundaries-geographical-names'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/boundaries-geographical-names'><span>Boundaries & Geographical Names</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='capes-peninsulas'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/capes-peninsulas'><span>Capes & Peninsulas</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='coastal-regions'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/coastal-regions'><span>Coastal Regions</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='inland-waters'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/inland-waters'><span>Inland Waters</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='islands'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/islands'><span>Islands</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='lakes-reservoirs'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/lakes-reservoirs'><span>Lakes & Reservoirs</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='land-features'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/land-features'><span>Land Features</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='landforms'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/landforms'><span>Landforms</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mountains'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/mountains'><span>Mountains</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='oceans'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/oceans'><span>Oceans</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='passes-trails'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/passes-trails'><span>Passes & Trails</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='peninsulas'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/peninsulas'><span>Peninsulas</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='prairie'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/prairie'><span>Prairie</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='regions'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/regions'><span>Regions</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='rivers'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/rivers'><span>Rivers</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='valleys'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/valleys'><span>Valleys</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='waterfalls'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/geographical-features/waterfalls'><span>Waterfalls</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='historic-sites'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/historic-sites'><span>Historic sites</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='archeological-sites'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/historic-sites/archeological-sites'><span>Archeological sites</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='exploration'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/historic-sites/exploration'><span>Exploration</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='heritage-buildings'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/historic-sites/heritage-buildings'><span>Heritage buildings</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='national-historic-sites'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/historic-sites/national-historic-sites'><span>National historic sites</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='provincial-historic-sites'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/historic-sites/provincial-historic-sites'><span>Provincial historic sites</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='traditional-territories'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/historic-sites/traditional-territories'><span>Traditional Territories</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='unesco-world-heritage-sites'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/historic-sites/unesco-world-heritage-sites'><span>UNESCO World Heritage Sites</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='military'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/military'><span>Military</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='battlefields'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/military/battlefields'><span>Battlefields</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='canadian-forces-bases'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/military/canadian-forces-bases'><span>Canadian Forces Bases</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='memorials'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/military/memorials'><span>Memorials</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='monuments'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/military/monuments'><span>Monuments</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='parks-nature-reserves'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/parks-nature-reserves'><span>Parks & Nature Reserves</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='canals-waterways'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/parks-nature-reserves/canals-waterways'><span>Canals & Waterways</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='city-parks'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/parks-nature-reserves/city-parks'><span>City parks</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='national-parks'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/parks-nature-reserves/national-parks'><span>National parks</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='nature-reserves'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/parks-nature-reserves/nature-reserves'><span>Nature Reserves</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='provincial-parks'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/parks-nature-reserves/provincial-parks'><span>Provincial parks</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='unesco-world-biosphere-reserves'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/parks-nature-reserves/unesco-world-biosphere-reserves'><span>UNESCO World Biosphere Reserves</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='provinces-territories'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories'><span>Provinces & Territories</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='alberta'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/alberta'><span>Alberta</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='british-columbia'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/british-columbia'><span>British Columbia</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='manitoba'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/manitoba'><span>Manitoba</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='new-brunswick'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/new-brunswick'><span>New Brunswick</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='newfoundland-and-labrador'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/newfoundland-and-labrador'><span>Newfoundland and Labrador</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='northwest-territories'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/northwest-territories'><span>Northwest Territories</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='nova-scotia'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/nova-scotia'><span>Nova Scotia</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='nunavut'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/nunavut'><span>Nunavut</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='ontario'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/ontario'><span>Ontario</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='prince-edward-island'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/prince-edward-island'><span>Prince Edward Island</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='quebec'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/quebec'><span>Quebec</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='saskatchewan'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/saskatchewan'><span>Saskatchewan</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='yukon-territory'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/provinces-territories/yukon-territory'><span>Yukon Territory</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='transportation'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/transportation'><span>Transportation</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='airports'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/transportation/airports'><span>Airports</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='bridges'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/transportation/bridges'><span>Bridges</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='passes-trails'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/transportation/passes-trails'><span>Passes & Trails</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='railroad'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/transportation/railroad'><span>Railroad</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='roads-highways'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/transportation/roads-highways'><span>Roads & Highways</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='waterways-docks'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places/transportation/waterways-docks'><span>Waterways & Docks</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class='sb-cat-top sb-group' data-id='things'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things'><span>Things</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='arts-culture'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture'><span>Arts & Culture</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='architecture'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/architecture'><span>Architecture</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='awards'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/awards'><span>Awards</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='communications'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/communications'><span>Communications</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='culture'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/culture'><span>Culture</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='dance'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/dance'><span>Dance</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='entertainment'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/entertainment'><span>Entertainment</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='festivals'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/festivals'><span>Festivals</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='food'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/food'><span>Food</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='literature'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/literature'><span>Literature</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='music'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/music'><span>Music</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='organizations-movements'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/organizations-movements'><span>Organizations & Movements</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='performances'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/performances'><span>Performances</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='religion-philosophy'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/religion-philosophy'><span>Religion & Philosophy</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='visual-art'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/arts-culture/visual-art'><span>Visual Art</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='business-economics'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics'><span>Business & Economics</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='companies'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/companies'><span>Companies</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='economy'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/economy'><span>Economy</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='finance'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/finance'><span>Finance</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='industry'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/industry'><span>Industry</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='laws-programs'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/laws-programs'><span>Laws & Programs</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='money'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/money'><span>Money</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='policy'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/policy'><span>Policy</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='public-utility'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/public-utility'><span>Public Utility</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='taxation'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/taxation'><span>Taxation</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='trade'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/trade'><span>Trade</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='unions-labour'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/business-economics/unions-labour'><span>Unions & Labour</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='communities-sociology'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology'><span>Communities & Sociology</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='crime'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/crime'><span>Crime</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='demography'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/demography'><span>Demography</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='disasters'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/disasters'><span>Disasters</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='diverse-communities'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/diverse-communities'><span>Diverse Communities</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='holidays-commemoration'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/holidays-commemoration'><span>Holidays & Commemoration</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='immigration'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/immigration'><span>Immigration</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='languages'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/languages'><span>Languages</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='organizations-movements'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/organizations-movements'><span>Organizations & Movements</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='prejudice'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/prejudice'><span>Prejudice</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='protests'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/protests'><span>Protests</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='religion'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/religion'><span>Religion</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='royal-commissions'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/royal-commissions'><span>Royal Commissions</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='social-events'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/social-events'><span>Social Events</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='social-issues'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/social-issues'><span>Social Issues</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='social-laws-programs'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/social-laws-programs'><span>Social Laws & Programs</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='social-trends'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/social-trends'><span>Social Trends</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='sociology'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/sociology'><span>Sociology</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='unions-labour-organizations'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/unions-labour-organizations'><span>Unions & Labour Organizations</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='urban-affairs'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/communities-sociology/urban-affairs'><span>Urban Affairs</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='education'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/education'><span>Education</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='educational-institutions'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/education/educational-institutions'><span>Educational Institutions</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='interactive-resources'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/education/interactive-resources'><span>Interactive Resources</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='libraries-library-science'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/education/libraries-library-science'><span>Libraries & Library Science</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='music-education'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/education/music-education'><span>Music Education</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='primary-sources'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/education/primary-sources'><span>Primary Sources</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='teaching-and-learning'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/education/teaching-and-learning'><span>Teaching and Learning</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='types-of-education'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/education/types-of-education'><span>Types of Education</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='history'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history'><span>History</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='atlantic-canada'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/atlantic-canada'><span>Atlantic Canada</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='business'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/business'><span>Business</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='classics'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/classics'><span>Classics</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='colonies'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/colonies'><span>Colonies</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='commemorations'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/commemorations'><span>Commemorations</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='constitution'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/constitution'><span>Constitution</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='disasters'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/disasters'><span>Disasters</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='economic'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/economic'><span>Economic</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='exploration'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/exploration'><span>Exploration</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='firsts'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/firsts'><span>Firsts</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='folklore'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/folklore'><span>Folklore</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='historic-sites'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/historic-sites'><span>Historic Sites</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='historical-theses'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/historical-theses'><span>Historical Theses</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='industry'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/industry'><span>Industry</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='lower-canada'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/lower-canada'><span>Lower Canada</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='medals-emblems-heraldry'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/medals-emblems-heraldry'><span>Medals, Emblems & Heraldry</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='military'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/military'><span>Military</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='national'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/national'><span>National</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='new-france'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/new-france'><span>New France</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='politics'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/politics'><span>Politics</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='provincial'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/provincial'><span>Provincial</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='rebellions-riots'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/rebellions-riots'><span>Rebellions & Riots</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='regional'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/regional'><span>Regional</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='social-history'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/social-history'><span>Social History</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='territorial'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/territorial'><span>Territorial</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='treaties'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/treaties'><span>Treaties</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='upper-canada'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/upper-canada'><span>Upper Canada</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='western-and-northwestern-canada'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/history/western-and-northwestern-canada'><span>Western and Northwestern Canada</span></a></div></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-group' data-id='military'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military'><span>Military</span></a><button class=''><img alt='toggler-icon' src='/images/i-arrow-toggle.svg' class='accordion-toggler-icon' class='toggler-icon'>toggler</button></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-air-force'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-air-force'><span>Air Force</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-aircraft'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-aircraft'><span>Aircraft</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-armaments'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-armaments'><span>Armaments</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='armed-forces'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/armed-forces'><span>Armed Forces</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-armoured-vehicles'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-armoured-vehicles'><span>Armoured Vehicles</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-army'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-army'><span>Army</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='colonial'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/colonial'><span>Colonial</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='commemorations'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/commemorations'><span>Commemorations</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='defence'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/defence'><span>Defence</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-documents'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-documents'><span>Documents</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='forts'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/forts'><span>Forts</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='history'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/history'><span>History</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-medals-decorations'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-medals-decorations'><span>Medals & Decorations</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='military-engagements'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/military-engagements'><span>Military Engagements</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='mp-navy'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/mp-navy'><span>Navy</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='organizations-and-regiments'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/military/organizations-and-regiments'><span>Organizations and Regiments</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='peacekeeping'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a 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href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/nature-geography/mining-and-metallurgy'><span>Mining and Metallurgy</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='natural-resources'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/nature-geography/natural-resources'><span>Natural resources</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='plants'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/nature-geography/plants'><span>Plants</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='transportation'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things/nature-geography/transportation'><span>Transportation</span></a></div></div><div class='sb-subcat sb-subcat-last ' data-id='urban-affairs'><div class='sb-tab sb-tab--separator'><a 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selected>FILTER BY CONTENT TYPE</option> <option value="article">Articles</option> <option value="timeline">Timelines</option> <option value="collection">Collections</option> <option value="study-guide">Education Guides</option> <option value="quiz">Quizzes</option> <option value="primary-source">Primary Sources</option> <option value="memory-project">Memory Project Archive</option> <option value="video">Videos</option> <option value="podcast">Podcasts</option> </select> <div> <button class="b b-md b-invert" type="submit">Apply filters</button> </div> </div> </form> <div class="browse__results"> <ul class='browse__results__list'> <li class="result"> <div class="content"> <p class="result__type">Article</p> <h4 class="result__title"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/battle-of-passchendaele"> Canada and the Battle of Passchendaele </a> </h4> <p class="result__summary">The Battle of Passchendaele, also known as the Third Battle of Ypres, was fought during the First World War from 31 July to 10 November 1917. The battle took place on the Ypres salient on the Western Front, in Belgium, where German and Allied armies had been deadlocked for three years. On 31 July, the British began a new offensive, attempting to break through German lines by capturing a ridge near the ruined village of Passchendaele. After British, Australian and New Zealand troops launched failed assaults, the Canadian Corps joined the battle on 26 October. The Canadians captured the ridge on 6 November, despite heavy rain and shelling that turned the battlefield into a quagmire. Nearly 16,000 Canadians were killed or wounded. The Battle of Passchendaele did nothing to help the Allied effort and became a symbol of the senseless slaughter of the First World War.</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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A British invasion force led by General James Wolfe defeated French troops under the Marquis de Montcalm, leading to the surrender of Quebec to the British. Both commanding officers died from wounds sustained during the battle. The French never recaptured Quebec and effectively lost control of New France in 1760. At the end of the war in 1763 France surrendered many of its colonial possessions — including Canada — to the British. (This is the full-length entry about the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. For a plain-language summary, please see Battle of the Plains of Abraham (Plain-Language Summary).)</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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It was the first major battle fought by Canadian troops in the Great War. The battle took place on the Ypres salient on the Western Front, in Belgium, outside the city of Ypres (now known by its Flemish name, Ieper). The untested Canadians distinguished themselves as a determined fighting force, resisting the horror of the first large-scale poison gas attack in modern history. Canadian troops held a strategically critical section of the frontline until reinforcements could be brought in. More than 6,500 Canadians were killed, wounded or captured in the Second Battle of Ypres.</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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It is located 80 km northwest of Toronto, and was named after Sir Frederick Borden, Laurier's militia minister (1896-1911).</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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As one of Canada's busiest operational bases, it is economically important to the adjacent town of Petawawa and nearby Pembroke.</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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A portion of the forest is leased to the federal government for the Shilo military reserve. The base is part of Land Force Western Area (LFWA), which was established in 1991, with its headquarters in Edmonton.</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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Begun in 1929 on 384 ha of flat farmland adjacent to the town of Trenton.</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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Soldiers and airmen began to arrive in the early 1950s, shortly after the Cold War began, and remained until 1993, after it ended. In total, more than 100,000 Canadian military personnel served in France and West Germany in that period.</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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During the Cold War, HMCS (later CFS) Shelburne played an important role in antisubmarine warfare, part of the SOSUS/IUSS network of passive sonar stations that identified and tracked Soviet submarines. CFS Shelburne was decommissioned in 1995.</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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Operation Jubilee was the first Canadian Army engagement in the European theatre of the war, designed to test the Allies' ability to launch amphibious assaults against Adolf Hitler's "Fortress Europe." The raid was a disaster: More than 900 Canadian soldiers were killed, and thousands more were wounded and taken prisoner. Despite the bloodshed, the raid provided valuable lessons for subsequent Allied amphibious assaults on Africa, Italy and Normandy.</p> </div> <div class="image-container"> <script> Sfdump = window.Sfdump || (function (doc) { doc.documentElement.classList.add('sf-js-enabled'); var rxEsc = /([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\/\\])/g, idRx = /\bsf-dump-\d+-ref[012]\w+\b/, keyHint = 0 <= navigator.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf('MAC') ? 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