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aria-controls="toc-Territory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Territory subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dispossession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispossession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Dispossession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispossession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Population </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Population subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1790s–1860s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1790s–1860s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 1790s–1860s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1790s–1860s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1860s–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1860s–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 1860s–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1860s–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Native title </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artefacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artefacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Artefacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artefacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribal_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribal_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Tribal organisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribal_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rites_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rites_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Rites and mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rites_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Seasons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Cultural revival </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_revival-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural revival subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Organisations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Dance </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notable people </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable people subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jack_Buckskin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jack_Buckskin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Jack Buckskin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jack_Buckskin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uncle_Stevie_Goldsmith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncle_Stevie_Goldsmith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Uncle Stevie Goldsmith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncle_Stevie_Goldsmith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_notable_Kaurna_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Original inhabitants of the Adelaide area in South Australia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the state electoral district in South Australia, see <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Kaurna" title="Electoral district of Kaurna">Electoral district of Kaurna</a>. For the language of the Kaurna, see <a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna language</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Kaurna</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivaritji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ivaritji.jpg/220px-Ivaritji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ivaritji.jpg/330px-Ivaritji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ivaritji.jpg/440px-Ivaritji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="960" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Ivaritji" title="Ivaritji">Ivaritji</a>, a Kaurna elder and the last speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna language</a> (photographed 1928)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna language</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Kaurna people (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɡɑːrnə/</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɡ̊auɳa]</a>; also Coorna, Kaura, Gaurna and other variations) are a group of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal people</a> whose traditional lands include the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Plains" title="Adelaide Plains">Adelaide Plains</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>. They were known as the Adelaide tribe by the early settlers. Kaurna culture and <a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">language</a> were almost completely destroyed within a few decades of the <a href="/wiki/British_colonisation_of_South_Australia" title="British colonisation of South Australia">British colonisation of South Australia</a> in 1836. However, extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both language and culture. The phrase Kaurna meyunna means "Kaurna people". <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The early settlers of South Australia referred to the various indigenous tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Plains" title="Adelaide Plains">Adelaide Plains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fleurieu_Peninsula" title="Fleurieu Peninsula">Fleurieu Peninsula</a> as "Rapid Bay tribe", "the Encounter Bay tribe", "the Adelaide tribe", the Kouwandilla tribe, "the Wirra tribe", "the Noarlunga tribe" (the Ngurlonnga band) and the Willunga tribe (the Willangga band).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19845-1">[1]</a> The extended family groups of the Adelaide Plains, who spoke dialects of a common language, were named according to locality, such as Kawanda Meyunna (North men), Wirra Meyunna (Forest People), Pietta Meyunna (Murray River people), Wito Meyunna (Adelaide clan's former name), Tandanya (South Adelaide people), etc. – but they had no common name for themselves. The name Kaurna was not recorded until 1879, used by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_William_Howitt" title="Alfred William Howitt">Alfred William Howitt</a> in 1904,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201765-2">[2]</a> but not widely used until popularised by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Tindale" title="Norman Tindale">Norman B. Tindale</a> in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery20163-3">[3]</a> Most likely, it is an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> introduced from the <a href="/wiki/Ramindjeri" title="Ramindjeri">Ramindjeri</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri" title="Ngarrindjeri">Ngarrindjeri</a> word kornar meaning "men" or "people".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery20163-3">[3]</a> Kaurna meyunna, meaning Kaurna people,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETelferMalone2012-4">[4]</a> is often used in greetings and <a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_Country" title="Welcome to Country">Welcome to Country</a> or Acknowledgement of Country ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles_Stuart:_Kaurna-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECity_of_Adelaide2020-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna language</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna'war:a (Kaurna speech)</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974133-7">[7]</a> belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Thura-Yura_languages" title="Thura-Yura languages">Thura-Yura</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClendon20152-8">[8]</a> The first word lists taken down of the Kaurna language date to 1826.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201657-9">[9]</a> A knowledge of Kaurna language was keenly sought by many of the early settlers. <a href="/wiki/William_Williams_(brewer)" title="William Williams (brewer)">William Williams</a> and James Cronk were the first settlers to gain a working knowledge of the language, and to publish a Kaurna wordlist, which they did in 1840.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201661,_93-10">[10]</a> When <a href="/wiki/George_Gawler" title="George Gawler">George Gawler</a>, South Australia's third Governor, arrived in October 1838, he gave a speech to the local Indigenous population through a translator, <a href="/wiki/William_Wyatt_(settler)" title="William Wyatt (settler)">William Wyatt</a> (later third interim <a href="/wiki/Protector_of_Aborigines" title="Protector of Aborigines">Protector of Aborigines</a>), assisted by Williams and Cronk. Gawler actively encouraged the settlers to learn Kaurna, and advocated using the Kaurna names for geographic landmarks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201664–65-11">[11]</a> In October 1838 two German <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">missionaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Teichelmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Teichelmann">Christian Teichelmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clamor_Sch%C3%BCrmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Clamor Schürmann">Clamor Schürmann</a>, arrived on the same ship as Gawler in 1838, and immediately set about learning and documenting the language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201665-12">[12]</a> In December 1839, they opened a school at <a href="/wiki/Piltawodli" class="mw-redirect" title="Piltawodli">Piltawodli</a> (in the west <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Park_Lands" title="Adelaide Park Lands">Park Lands</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/River_Torrens" title="River Torrens">River Torrens</a>) where the children were taught to read and write in Kaurna. Schurmann and Teichelmann (and later <a href="/wiki/German_Australians#German_missionaries" title="German Australians">Samuel Klose</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014-13">[13]</a>) translated the Ten Commandments and a number of German hymns into Kaurna, with Schürmann attempting to 'Christianize' and 'civilize' the people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201666–68,_86-14">[14]</a> Although they never achieved their goal of translating the entire Bible, their recorded vocabulary of over 2,000 words was the largest wordlist registered by that time, and pivotal in the modern revival of the language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201686-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territory">Territory</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Territory">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaurnaland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kaurnaland.png/250px-Kaurnaland.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kaurnaland.png/375px-Kaurnaland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Kaurnaland.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Approximate extent of Kaurna territory, based on the description by Amery (2000)</figcaption></figure> Kaurna territory extended from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Jervis_(headland)" title="Cape Jervis (headland)">Cape Jervis</a> at the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Fleurieu_Peninsula" title="Fleurieu Peninsula">Fleurieu Peninsula</a> to <a href="/wiki/Port_Wakefield,_South_Australia" title="Port Wakefield, South Australia">Port Wakefield</a> on the eastern shore of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_St_Vincent" title="Gulf St Vincent">Gulf St Vincent</a>, and as far north as <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Brook,_South_Australia" title="Crystal Brook, South Australia">Crystal Brook</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mid_North" title="Mid North">Mid North</a>. Tindale claimed <a href="/wiki/Clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Clans">clans</a> were found living in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Snowtown,_South_Australia" title="Snowtown, South Australia">Snowtown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blyth,_South_Australia" title="Blyth, South Australia">Blyth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoyleton,_South_Australia" title="Hoyleton, South Australia">Hoyleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamley_Bridge,_South_Australia" title="Hamley Bridge, South Australia">Hamley Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarendon,_South_Australia" title="Clarendon, South Australia">Clarendon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gawler,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gawler, South Australia">Gawler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myponga,_South_Australia" title="Myponga, South Australia">Myponga</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Stringy_bark" class="mw-redirect" title="Stringy bark">stringy bark</a> forests over the back of the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lofty_Ranges" title="Mount Lofty Ranges">Mount Lofty Ranges</a> have been claimed as a traditional boundary between Kaurna and <a href="/wiki/Peramangk" title="Peramangk">Peramangk</a> people. Tunkalilla Beach (keinari), 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Cape Jervis, is the traditional boundary with the <a href="/wiki/Ramindjeri" title="Ramindjeri">Ramindjeri</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This is the most widely cited alignment of Kaurna territorial boundaries. However, according to <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Berndt" title="Ronald Berndt">Ronald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Berndt" title="Catherine Berndt">Catherine Berndt</a> the neighbouring Ramindjeri tribe asserts a historical territory including the whole southern portion of the Fleurieu Peninsula and <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_Island" title="Kangaroo Island">Kangaroo Island</a>, extending as far north as <a href="/wiki/Port_Noarlunga,_South_Australia" title="Port Noarlunga, South Australia">Noarlunga</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery20164-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerndtBerndtStanton1993312-17">[17]</a> or even the <a href="/wiki/River_Torrens" title="River Torrens">River Torrens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatley2009-18">[18]</a> This overlaps with a significant portion of the territory claimed by both the Kaurna and the neighbouring Ngarrindjeri to the east. However, linguistic evidence suggests that the Aboriginal people encountered by <a href="/wiki/William_Light" title="William Light">Colonel Light</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Bay,_South_Australia" title="Rapid Bay, South Australia">Rapid Bay</a> in 1836 were Kaurna speakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery20165-19">[19]</a> The Berndts' ethnographic study, which was conducted in the 1930s, identified six Ngarrindjeri clans occupying the coast from Cape Jervis to a few kilometres south of Adelaide. The Berndts posited that the clans may have expanded along trade routes as the Kaurna were dispossessed by colonists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerndtBerndtStanton1993312-17">[17]</a> A main Kaurna presence was in <a href="/wiki/Tarndanyangga" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarndanyangga">Tarndanyangga</a> ("red kangaroo place") near the <a href="/wiki/River_Torrens" title="River Torrens">River Torrens</a> and the creeks that flowed into it, an area that became the site of the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre" title="Adelaide city centre">Adelaide city centre</a>. Kaurna people also resided in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Burnside,_South_Australia" title="Burnside, South Australia">Burnside</a>, and an early settler of the village of <a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_South_Australia" title="Beaumont, South Australia">Beaumont</a> described the local people thus: <blockquote>At every creek and gully you would see their <a href="/wiki/Humpy" title="Humpy">wurlies</a> and their fires at night ... often as many as 500 to 600 would be camped in various places ... some behind the Botanic Gardens on the banks of the river; some toward the Ranges; some on the <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_Gully,_South_Australia" title="Waterfall Gully, South Australia">Waterfall Gully</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarburton1981xv-20">[20]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispossession">Dispossession</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dispossession">edit</a>]</div> Although Governors Hindmarsh (1836–1838) and Gawler (1838–1841) had orders to extend the protection of British law to the people and their property, the colonists' interests came first; their policy of "civilising" and "protecting" the Indigenous people nonetheless assumed a peaceful transfer of land to the settlers. All land was offered up for sale and bought by settlers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201767-21">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> missionaries Christian Teichelmann and Clamor Schurmann studied Kaurna language and culture, and were able to inform the authorities of their exclusive ownership of land inherited through the paternal line. Gawler reserved several areas for the Kaurna people, but the settlers protested and these areas were subsequently sold or leased. Within ten years, all of the Kaurna and Ramindjeri lands were occupied by Europeans. Wild fauna disappeared as European garden practices were introduced and grazing animals destroyed the bulbs, lilies and tubers that the Kaurna had tended for food. Elders no longer had authority; their entire way of life had been undermined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201767-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1790s–1860s">1790s–1860s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1790s–1860s">edit</a>]</div> The Kaurna may have numbered several thousand before European contact, but were down to about 700 by the time of the formal establishment of the colony in 1836.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201766-22">[22]</a> Initially, contacts began with the arrival of sealers and whalers in the 1790s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201766-22">[22]</a> Sealers established themselves on Kangaroo Island as early as 1806, and raided the mainland for Kaurna women, both for the sexual opportunities and the workforce they could supply in skinning the sealers' prey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201657-9">[9]</a> Wary of Europeans from their experience with sealers, the Kaurna generally stayed aloof when the first colonists arrived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201659-23">[23]</a> The timing was important. Summer was a period when the Kaurna traditionally moved from the plains to the foothills, so that the initial settlement of the Adelaide area took place without any conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkin197932-24">[24]</a> The population again severely declined upon the arrival of Anglo-European colonial settlers with South Australia Governor Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Hindmarsh" title="John Hindmarsh">John Hindmarsh</a> as Commander-in-chief in December 1836 at <a href="/wiki/Holdfast_Bay" title="Holdfast Bay">Holdfast Bay</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Glenelg,_South_Australia" title="Glenelg, South Australia">Glenelg</a>). According to an entry in the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Register" title="South Australian Register">South Australian Register</a> (30 January 1842), the Kaurna population numbered around 650.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974-25">[25]</a> They had suffered a serious drop in numbers in the early 1830s (and possibly again in 1889)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201765-2">[2]</a> due to a <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> epidemic which is thought to have originated in the eastern states and spread along the <a href="/wiki/Murray_River" title="Murray River">Murray River</a> as Indigenous groups traded with each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201674-26">[26]</a> This devastated their lives in every way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201765-2">[2]</a> An outbreak of typhoid, due to pollution by Europeans of the <a href="/wiki/River_Torrens" title="River Torrens">River Torrens</a>, lead to many deaths and a rapid population decline, though accurate figures were not recorded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201674-26">[26]</a> Many contracted other diseases against which they lacked immunity, such as <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whooping_cough" title="Whooping cough">whooping cough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and influenza. The groups lost their identities as they merged with others, and the Kaurna and Ramindjeri people were reduced to very few.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201765,_66-27">[27]</a> In the 1840s, Murray River people invaded, stealing women and children, while the government suppressed the Kaurna attempts at self-defence. Some Kaurna moved north to join other tribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201768-28">[28]</a> The Colonisation Commissioners had promised to protect the Aboriginal people and their property as well as making provision for their subsistence, education and advancement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201765-2">[2]</a> with the post of <a href="/wiki/Protector_of_Aborigines" title="Protector of Aborigines">Protector of Aborigines</a> set up with this aim. <a href="/wiki/William_Wyatt_(settler)" title="William Wyatt (settler)">William Wyatt</a> was followed by the first official appointment in the role, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Moorhouse" title="Matthew Moorhouse">Matthew Moorhouse</a>, who held the post from 1839 to 1856. He reported in 1840 that many Kaurna were friendly and helpful, and that by 1840, about 150 spoke at least some English. Many Kaurna men, such as <a href="/wiki/Mullawirraburka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mullawirraburka">Mullawirraburka</a> ("King John") and <a href="/wiki/Kadlitpinna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadlitpinna">Kadlitpinna</a> ("Captain Jack") helped the police and new settlers, also sharing their language, culture and beliefs with the missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201768–69-29">[29]</a> An early settler in <a href="/wiki/Marryatville,_South_Australia" title="Marryatville, South Australia">Marryatville</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Brunskill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Brunskill (page does not exist)">George Brunskill</a>, reported that the "local Blacks" were harmless, did not steal, and returned borrowed items promptly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown198924–28-30">[30]</a> Much goodwill was shown on both sides, but as the settler numbers grew, their drunkenness, violence, exploitation and failure to practise the reciprocity expected in Aboriginal culture soured the relationships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201769-31">[31]</a> After a few incidents involving the executions of Aboriginal men after the murders of settlers, sometimes on flimsy evidence, and a blind eye turned to violence against Indigenous people, the situation escalated. The <a href="/wiki/Maria_massacre" title="Maria massacre">Maria massacre</a> of shipwrecked people on the <a href="/wiki/Coorong" class="mw-redirect" title="Coorong">Coorong</a> led to further violent clashes and harsh penalties were imposed to protect the settlers. Missionaries Teichelmann and Schurmann, Protector Moorhouse and Sub-Protector <a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Eyre" title="Edward John Eyre">Edward John Eyre</a> questioned the use of a foreign legal code against the Indigenous peoples, and Moorhouse complained of police hostility towards Aboriginal people, but Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Grey" title="George Grey">George Grey</a> stood firm, and <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> was applied even where there had been little previous contact with the settlers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201770–71-32">[32]</a> Moorhouse and Grey gave up trying to settle the local Aboriginal people as farmers, and discouraged settlement at <a href="/wiki/Pirltawardli" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirltawardli">Pirltawardli</a>. The 1847 Vagrancy Act restricted their free movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201771-33">[33]</a> Teichelmann tried to establish an Aboriginal mission settlement at <a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley,_South_Australia" title="Happy Valley, South Australia">Happy Valley</a>, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Adelaide, but he lacked the means to develop the property or make farming a viable option for the Kaurna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201773-34">[34]</a> Many Kaurna people worked for the settlers and were well thought of, but the work was seasonal and the rewards inadequate, and their tribal obligations were not understood by their employers. Grey started the use of <a href="/wiki/Rations" class="mw-redirect" title="Rations">rations</a> to maintain the peace and to persuade the people to send their children to school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201774–5-35">[35]</a> According to Moorhouse, "almost whole tribes" had disappeared by 1846,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201781-36">[36]</a> and by the 1850s, there were few remaining Kaurna in the Adelaide area. In 1850 the children (mostly from the Murray River area, but including a few Kaurna<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201777-37">[37]</a>) at the <a href="/wiki/Native_School,_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Native School, Adelaide">Native School</a> (which had been on Kintore Avenue since 1846) were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Poonindie" class="mw-redirect" title="Poonindie">Poonindie</a> Native Training Institution near <a href="/wiki/Port_Lincoln" title="Port Lincoln">Port Lincoln</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Eyre_Peninsula" title="Eyre Peninsula">Eyre Peninsula</a>, over 600 kilometres (370 mi) away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'BrienPaul2013-38">[38]</a> Moorhouse resigned as Protector in 1856, and in 1857 the position was abolished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGara201786-39">[39]</a> The Kaurna people had to accept colonial domination more quickly than in other regions, and they mostly chose to co-exist peacefully with the settlers. Most, however, resisted the "civilising" policies of the government and the Christian teachings of the missionaries. Being so small in number by the 1850s, some were absorbed into the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Narungga" title="Narungga">Narungga</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri" title="Ngarrindjeri">Ngarrindjeri</a> groups, and some married settlers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201765,_66-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1860s–present">1860s–present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1860s–present">edit</a>]</div> By 1860 the Kaurna were vastly outnumbered by the colonists, who numbered 117,727. Adults were also relocated from the city to places such as <a href="/wiki/Willunga,_South_Australia" title="Willunga, South Australia">Willunga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Point_McLeay" class="mw-redirect" title="Point McLeay">Point McLeay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Point_Pearce" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Pearce">Point Pearce</a> in the 1860s. In 1888 a German missionary reported that there was "scarcely one remaining".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201765,_66-27">[27]</a> Some of the Kaurna people settled at Point McLeay and Point Pearce married into local families, and full-blood Kaurna still lived at the missions and scattered in the settled districts in the late 19th century, despite the wide belief that the "Adelaide tribe" was extinct by the 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGara201786–87-40">[40]</a> Rations continued to be supplied in Adelaide and from ration depots in the country. Although the office of Protector was restored in 1861, the government did not play an active role in Aboriginal affairs, leaving their welfare to the missionaries. A Select Committee reported that the race was doomed to extinction. Some Aboriginal people (Kaurna and others) moved around and sometimes visited the city, camping in <a href="/wiki/Botanic_Park,_Adelaide" title="Botanic Park, Adelaide">Botanic Park</a>, then called the Police Paddocks. In 1874, 18 men and women were arrested and charged as "vagrants", and after a 14 days' imprisonment were sent back to <a href="/wiki/Goolwa,_South_Australia" title="Goolwa, South Australia">Goolwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milang,_South_Australia" title="Milang, South Australia">Milang</a>. Running battles between the police and similar groups continued for decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGara2017pp=86–87-41">[41]</a> History books about Adelaide have largely ignored the Aboriginal presence, and <a href="/wiki/Womadelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Womadelaide">Womadelaide</a> is held each year in Botanic Park without acknowledgement of the Aboriginal encampments 150 years ago on the same land. There is a tradition of performing <a href="/wiki/Corroboree" title="Corroboree">corroborees</a> and dances dating back to the 1840s, including the "Grand Corroboree" at the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Oval" title="Adelaide Oval">Adelaide Oval</a> in 1885 and corroborees at the beaches of <a href="/wiki/Glenelg,_South_Australia" title="Glenelg, South Australia">Glenelg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henley_Beach,_South_Australia" title="Henley Beach, South Australia">Henley Beach</a> around the turn of the century. This huge omission in the history books has been described as "strategic forgetting" by anthropologist <a href="/wiki/W._E._H._Stanner" class="mw-redirect" title="W. E. H. Stanner">W. E. H. Stanner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGara2017104–105-42">[42]</a> The last surviving person of full Kaurna descent, a woman called <a href="/wiki/Ivaritji" title="Ivaritji">Ivaritji</a> (Amelia Taylor or Amelia Savage<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGara199064-43">[43]</a>) died in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery20161-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[a]</a> Born in <a href="/wiki/Port_Adelaide" title="Port Adelaide">Port Adelaide</a> in the late 1840s, her name means "gentle, misty rain" in the Kaurna language. Her father, <a href="/wiki/Ityamai-itpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ityamai-itpina">Ityamai-itpina</a>, known as "Rodney", was one of the leaders of the Kaurna and prominent in the early settlers' accounts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGara199064-43">[43]</a> She was responsible for identifying locations of cultural significance in the city, such as the lake in the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Botanic_Garden" title="Adelaide Botanic Garden">Adelaide Botanic Garden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Square,_Adelaide" title="Victoria Square, Adelaide">Victoria Square/Tarndanyangga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whitmore_Square,_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitmore Square, Adelaide">Whitmore Square</a> has been given her name in honour of the prior occupation of the land by the Kaurna people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Native_title">Native title</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Native title">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia" title="Native title in Australia">Native title in Australia</a></div> Unlike the rest of Australia, South Australia was not considered to be <a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">terra nullius</a>. The enactment of the <a href="/wiki/South_Australia_Act_1834" title="South Australia Act 1834">South Australia Act 1834</a> which enabled the province of South Australia to be established, acknowledged Aboriginal ownership and stated that no actions could be undertaken that would "affect the rights of any Aboriginal natives of the said province to the actual occupation and enjoyment in their own persons or in the persons of their descendants of any land therein now actually occupied or enjoyed by such natives". Although the Act guaranteed land rights under force of law for the Indigenous inhabitants, it was ignored by the South Australian Company authorities and squatters, who interpreted the Act to mean "permanently occupied".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENgadjuri_Walpa_Juri_Lands_and_Heritage_Associationn.d.-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParliament_of_South_Australia2006-48">[47]</a> In 2000, a group called Kaurna Yerta Corporation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldfast_Bay2003-49">[48]</a> lodged a <a href="/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia" title="Native title in Australia">native title</a> claim on behalf of the Kaurna people. The claim covers over 8,000 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi) of land stretching from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Jervis" title="Cape Jervis">Cape Jervis</a> to <a href="/wiki/Port_Broughton" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Broughton">Port Broughton</a>, including the entire <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENNTT2000-50">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ramindjeri" title="Ramindjeri">Ramindjeri</a> people contested the southern portion of the original claim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatley2009-18">[18]</a> In March 2018 the determination was made and the Kaurna were officially recognised as the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_owners" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional owners">traditional owners</a> of the land from "Myponga to Lower Light". An <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_use_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous land use agreement">Indigenous land use agreement</a> for the area was finalised on 19 November 2018.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENNTT2018-51">[50]</a> The agreement was among the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="South Australian government">South Australian government</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian government">federal government</a> and the Kaurna people, with formal recognition coming after the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court</a> judgement, 18 years after lodgement. This was the first claim for a first land use agreement to be agreed to in any Australian capital city. The rights cover <a href="/wiki/Greater_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Adelaide">Adelaide's whole metropolitan area</a> and includes "17 parcels of undeveloped land not under freehold". Some of the land is <a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a>, some belongs to the state government and some is private land owned by corporations. Justice <a href="/wiki/Debra_Mortimer" title="Debra Mortimer">Debra Mortimer</a> said it would be "the first time in Australia that there [had] been a positive outcome within the area of (native title) determination".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2018-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2020-53">[52]</a> In 2009, a group called Encompass Technology<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEnewsmaker.com.au2009-54">[53]</a> wrote to the Governor of South Australia on behalf of the Kaurna people, asserting sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill,_South_Australia" title="Marble Hill, South Australia">Marble Hill ruins</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hills" title="Adelaide Hills">Adelaide Hills</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Warriparinga" title="Warriparinga">Warriparinga</a> Living Kaurna Cultural Centre in <a href="/wiki/Marion,_South_Australia" title="Marion, South Australia">Marion</a>, and claiming that they were owed nearly $50 million in rent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEnewsmaker.com.au2009-54">[53]</a> The South Australian Government rejected the claim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEABC_News2009-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> The Kaurna people were a <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> society, who changed their dwellings according to climatic conditions: in summer they would camp near the coastal springs fishing for <a href="/wiki/Argyrosomus_japonicus" title="Argyrosomus japonicus">mulloway</a>. With the onset of winter, they would retire to the woodlands, often using hollowed out fallen <a href="/wiki/Redgum" title="Redgum">redgums</a> along creeks, with bark extensions as shelters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale197471-56">[55]</a> Sudden downpours could quench their fires, the maintaining of which was old women's work, with deadly consequences. At times they would have to impose themselves on otherwise despised tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ngaiawang" title="Ngaiawang">Ngaiawang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nganguruku" class="mw-redirect" title="Nganguruku">Nganguruku</a> to trade goods like their cloaks, quartz flints and red ochre in order to obtain firesticks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale197473-57">[56]</a> Among their customs was the practice of <a href="/wiki/Fire-stick_farming" title="Fire-stick farming">fire-stick farming</a> (deliberately lit <a href="/wiki/Bushfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfires">bushfires</a> for hunting purposes) in the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hills" title="Adelaide Hills">Adelaide Hills</a>, which the early European settlers spotted before the Kaurna were displaced. These fires were part of a scrub clearing process to encourage grass growth for <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">kangaroo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchived_copy-58">[57]</a> This tradition led to conflict with the colonists as the fires tended to cause considerable damage to farmland. In an official report, Major <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Shuldham_O%27Halloran" title="Thomas Shuldham O'Halloran">Thomas O'Halloran</a> claimed the Kaurna also used this as a weapon against the colonists by lighting fires to deliberately destroy fences, survey pegs and to scatter livestock. Due to this regular burning by the time the first Europeans arrived, the foothills' original <a href="/wiki/Stringybark" title="Stringybark">stringybark</a> forests had been largely replaced with grassland. Since the late 1960s, restrictions on foothills subdivision and development have allowed regeneration of native trees and bush to a "natural" condition that would not have existed at the time of European occupation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithPateMartin2006-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artefacts">Artefacts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Artefacts">edit</a>]</div> Items of Kaurna material culture, such as traditional objects, spears, boomerangs and nets etc. are extremely rare. Interest in collecting and conserving Kaurna culture was not common until their display at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1889)" title="Exposition Universelle (1889)">1889 Paris Exhibition</a> spurred an interest in Indigenous culture, by which time the Kaurna traditional culture was no longer practised. Many hundreds of objects were sent to the Paris exhibition and these were never returned to Australia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Kaurna collection held by the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Museum" title="South Australian Museum">South Australian Museum</a> contains only 48 items.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] In September 2002, a <a href="/wiki/Warriparinga#Living_Kaurna_Cultural_Centre" title="Warriparinga">Living Kaurna Cultural Centre</a> was opened at <a href="/wiki/Warriparinga" title="Warriparinga">Warriparinga</a> in the southern suburbs area of Adelaide. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribal_organisation">Tribal organisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tribal organisation">edit</a>]</div> The Kaurna people lived in family groups called bands, who lived in defined territories called pangkarra which were "passed" from father to son upon his initiation. Pangkarra always had access to the coastline and ran extensively inland. The coastline was essential for seafood hunting and the inland territories provided food, clothing and protection for the people during bad weather. The pangkarra were also grouped into larger areas of land called yerta.<a href="#cite_note-60">[b]</a> As all the members of a band were related, marriage between a man and a woman within the same band was forbidden. Bands were <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrilocal_residence" title="Patrilocal residence">patrilocal</a>: a woman always lived with her husband's band following her marriage. Each band was also composed of two <a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">exogamous</a> <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">moieties</a>, the Karuru and Mattari, which traced their descent <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineally</a> to an ancestral <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totemic</a> being. All the children of a marriage would take their mother's moiety as children were considered to have "inherited" their "flesh and blood" from their mothers alone. Marriage within the same moiety was forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19843–5-61">[59]</a> Girls became marriageable at <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>, usually around 12 years of age. Conversely, men were only allowed to marry after the age of 25.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Sexual relations were relatively free and uninhibited, regardless of marital status. Kaurna ownership of property was communal; the reproductive organs were seen no differently from any other form of property, and thus <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> was practically ubiquitous. The visitation of men from distant tribes was seen as a good opportunity to enhance the <a href="/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">gene pool</a>. The practice of milla mangkondi or <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">wife stealing</a> was also common, for the same reason.<a href="#cite_note-63">[c]</a> Although this custom was hated by some victims, as <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriages</a> were the norm, some women saw it as an opportunity to choose their own partners and actively encouraged a preferred suitor; all Kaurna bands are said to have engaged in the practice regularly.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rites_and_mythology">Rites and mythology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rites and mythology">edit</a>]</div> Very little is known of Kaurna rites and mythology as colonial written records are fragmentary and rare. Physically, the Kaurna practised chest <a href="/wiki/Scarification" title="Scarification">scarification</a> and performed <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> as an initiatory <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite</a> and were the southernmost Indigenous language group to do so. <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_Gully,_South_Australia" title="Waterfall Gully, South Australia">Waterfall Gully</a> has been linked to initiation rites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19843-65">[62]</a> Historical accounts of Kaurna burial rites are unreliable as any gathering of Kaurna was thought to be for a funeral. As soon as a person died the body was wrapped in the clothes they had worn in life. The body was then placed on a wiralli (crossed sticks that form the radii of a circle) and an inquest was held to determine cause of death. The body was then buried. Children under four years were not buried for some months, but were wrapped and carried by their mothers during the day with the bundle being used as a pillow at night.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> Burial by bodies of water was common with the use of sandy beaches, sand dunes and banks of rivers. A large number of graves have been found on <a href="/wiki/Glenelg,_South_Australia" title="Glenelg, South Australia">Glenelg</a> beach and at <a href="/wiki/Port_Noarlunga,_South_Australia" title="Port Noarlunga, South Australia">Port Noarlunga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ross3-67">[64]</a> Similarly, an unusually complex burial at Kongaratti was found. The grave was rectangular and lined with <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a>, the base was also lined with slate which had been covered with a bed of grass. An elderly woman was lying on her side, draped in a fishing net and wrapped in a Kangaroo skin cloak. The grave was topped with a layer of grass covered by marine sponges.<a href="#cite_note-Ross3-67">[64]</a> Similar to a <a href="/wiki/Peramangk" title="Peramangk">Peramangk</a> dreamtime legend, the Kaurna regard the 35 miles from the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lofty_Ranges" title="Mount Lofty Ranges">Mount Lofty Ranges</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nuriootpa,_South_Australia" title="Nuriootpa, South Australia">Nuriootpa</a> as the body of a giant called Nganno (often pronounced Nunoo) who was killed there after attacking their tribe. The peaks of the Mount Lofty Ranges and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bonython" title="Mount Bonython">Mount Bonython</a> are jureidla (conserved in the <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a> <a href="/wiki/Uraidla" class="mw-redirect" title="Uraidla">Uraidla</a>), namely his "two ears".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale197464-68">[65]</a> There are other traditional stories connected to the two peaks Mt Lofty and Mt Bonython, one story concerning two men and another referring to the two moiety groups of the Kaurna.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> The general theme of these stories surrounding the two peaks is the importance of community and the notion of unselfishness as a practice which supports community. A legend recounted variously by <a href="/wiki/David_Unaipon" title="David Unaipon">Unaipon</a> and Milerum concerns a culture hero called <a href="/wiki/Tjilbruke" title="Tjilbruke">Tjilbruke</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale19875–13-70">[67]</a> has topographical features that locate it in Kaurna territory. In Tindale's version Tjilbruke is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Glossy_ibis" title="Glossy ibis">glossy ibis</a>; the name actually refers to the <a href="/wiki/Blue_crane" title="Blue crane">blue crane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery2016115-71">[68]</a> The "Tjilbruke Dreaming Tracks" have been mapped from the <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Park,_South_Australia" title="Bedford Park, South Australia">Bedford Park</a> area (<a href="/wiki/Warriparinga" title="Warriparinga">Warriparinga</a>), down the <a href="/wiki/Fleurieu_Peninsula" title="Fleurieu Peninsula">Fleurieu Peninsula</a>, and efforts have been made to preserve and commemorate it where possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEkaurnaculture-72">[69]</a> Munaitjerlo is an ancestral being who created the Moon and stars before himself becoming the Sun. The word Munaitjerlo was believed by Teichelmann to also refer to the Kaurna <a href="/wiki/Dreamtime" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamtime">Dreamtime</a> itself. The mythology of the Mura-Muras, ancestral beings who created landscape features and introduced laws and initiation, can be found in southwest <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Ranges" title="Flinders Ranges">Flinders Ranges</a> through to <a href="/wiki/Eyre_Peninsula" title="Eyre Peninsula">Eyre Peninsula</a> in South Australia. As it is known that the Kaurna shared a common Dreaming with these peoples it is likely they shared the Mura-Muras as well. By way of contrast, the travels of <a href="/wiki/Tjilbruke" title="Tjilbruke">Tjilbruke</a> are well known from <a href="/wiki/Norman_Tindale" title="Norman Tindale">Norman Tindale</a>'s research.<a href="#cite_note-Ross3-67">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasons">Seasons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Seasons">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_seasons" title="Indigenous Australian seasons">Indigenous Australian seasons</a></div> The Kaurna seasonal calendar is divided into four seasons, roughly equivalent to summer, autumn, winter and spring:<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> <ul><li>Warltati, the hot season, from January to March (warlta = hot, heat and warmth)</li> <li>Parnati, the windy season, from April to June (waitpi = windy)</li> <li>Kudlila, the wet season, from July to September (kudlinthi = to wash the earth)</li> <li>Wirltutu, the mild warm season, October to December (indicated by the position of wirltu, the eagle's foot constellation, or <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Cross">Southern Cross</a>, in the sky)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_revival">Cultural revival</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cultural revival">edit</a>]</div> From the 1970s onwards, a number of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian_elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian elder">elders</a> and community leaders led a cultural revival, and were responsible for introducing Kaurna perspectives into the SA education curriculum, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Tjilbruke_Dreaming_Track" class="mw-redirect" title="Tjilbruke Dreaming Track">Tjilbruke Dreaming Track</a> and other initiatives. These people included <a href="/wiki/Lewis_O%27Brien_(Kaurna_elder)" title="Lewis O'Brien (Kaurna elder)">Lewis O'Brien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Elphick" title="Gladys Elphick">Gladys Elphick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Rigney" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice Rigney">Alitya (Alice) Rigney</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgina_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgina Williams (page does not exist)">Georgina Williams</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Museum" title="South Australian Museum">South Australian Museum</a>. Much of its Aboriginal Studies curriculum is based on The Kaurna People (1989).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEED.oSA1989-74">[71]</a> Many Kaurna people grew up in <a href="/wiki/Bukkiyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukkiyana">Bukkiyana</a> (Point Pearce mission) and <a href="/wiki/Raukkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Raukkan">Raukkan</a> (Macleay mission) and experienced some aspects of <a href="/wiki/Narungga" title="Narungga">Narungga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri" title="Ngarrindjeri">Ngarrindjeri</a> culture, and gradually started reclaiming Kaurna skills and Dreaming stories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201612–14-75">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisations">Organisations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Organisations">edit</a>]</div> The Kaurna Aboriginal Community and Heritage Association (KACHA) is recognised as the representative body for all Kaurna people. Starting life as the <a href="/wiki/Tjilbruke" title="Tjilbruke">Tjilbruke Track Committee</a> based at the South Australian Museum, it was renamed as the Kaurna Heritage Committee before growing into KACHA, which encompasses broader issues than <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a> concerns, including rebuilding the language and culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201612–14-75">[72]</a> The Kaurna Yerta Aboriginal Corporation represents Kaurna people, and was involved in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Wangayarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangayarta">Wangayarta</a> memorial park and burial site in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dance">edit</a>]</div> There are at least two groups of Kaurna traditional dancers in South Australia: <ul><li>Taikurtinna (meaning "family") group established by <a href="#Uncle_Stevie_Goldsmith">Uncle Stevie Goldsmith</a><a href="#cite_note-willis-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-sant2017-78">[75]</a> and since his death led by his son Jamie<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-azsg-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-jgtakurtinna-81">[78]</a></li> <li>Kuma Karro ("One Blood"), established in 2008 by <a href="#Jack_Buckskin">Jack Buckskin</a><a href="#cite_note-unimelb-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-aoty-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-willis-77">[74]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kaurna_place_names">Kaurna place names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kaurna place names">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language#Kaurna_place_names" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna language § Kaurna place names</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onkaparinga_Estuary_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Onkaparinga_Estuary_2.jpg/250px-Onkaparinga_Estuary_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Onkaparinga_Estuary_2.jpg/375px-Onkaparinga_Estuary_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Onkaparinga_Estuary_2.jpg/500px-Onkaparinga_Estuary_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>The name of the <a href="/wiki/Onkaparinga_River" title="Onkaparinga River">Onkaparinga River</a> (pictured) is derived from the Kaurna language.</figcaption></figure> Many places around Adelaide and the Fleurieu Peninsula have names either directly or partially derived from Kaurna place names, such as <a href="/wiki/Cowandilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowandilla">Cowandilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldinga,_South_Australia" title="Aldinga, South Australia">Aldinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Morialta" title="Electoral district of Morialta">Morialta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munno_Para" class="mw-redirect" title="Munno Para">Munno Para</a>. Some were the names of the Kaurna bands who lived there. There are also a few Kaurna names hybridised with European words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmeryBuckskin2009-84">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide City Council">Adelaide City Council</a> began the process of <a href="/wiki/Dual_naming" title="Dual naming">dual naming</a> all of the city squares, each of the parks making up the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_park_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide park lands">parklands</a> which surround the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre" title="Adelaide city centre">Adelaide city centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Adelaide" title="North Adelaide">North Adelaide</a>, and other sites of significance to the Kaurna people in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlacenaming_initiatives-85">[82]</a> The naming process, which assigned an extra name in the Kaurna language to each place, was mostly completed in 2003,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlacename_meanings-86">[83]</a> and the renaming of 39 sites finalised and endorsed by the council in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaurna_place_naming-87">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_names">Alternative names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Alternative names">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li>"Adelaide tribe"</li> <li>Coorna</li> <li>Jaitjawar:a ("our own language")</li> <li>Koornawarra</li> <li>Kurumidlanta (<a href="/wiki/Pangkala" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangkala">Pangkala</a> term, lit. "evil spirits")</li> <li>Medaindi (horde living near Glenelg), Medaindie</li> <li>Meljurna. ("quarrelsome men", likewise used of northern Kaurna hordes)</li> <li>Merelde (<a href="/wiki/Ramindjeri" title="Ramindjeri">Ramindjeri</a> term applied most frequently to the Peramangk but also to the Kaurna)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974-25">[25]</a></li> <li>Merildekald (<a href="/wiki/Tanganekald_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanganekald language">Tanganekald</a> term also loosely given to <a href="/wiki/Peramangk" title="Peramangk">Peramangk</a>)</li> <li>Meyu (meju = man)</li> <li>Midlanta (Pangkala <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> for the Kaurna)</li> <li>Milipitingara</li> <li>Nantuwara ("Kangaroo speakers", applied to northerly <a href="/wiki/Band_society" title="Band society">hordes</a>)</li> <li>Nantuwaru</li> <li>Nganawara</li> <li>Padnaindi (horde name), Padnayndie</li> <li>Wakanuwan (<a href="/wiki/Jarildekald_people" title="Jarildekald people">Jarildekald</a> term for Kaurna and also other tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Ngaiawang" title="Ngaiawang">Ngaiawang</a>)</li> <li>Warra (means "speech", a name for language), Warrah, Karnuwarra ("hills language", a northern dialect, presumably that of Port Wakefield)</li> <li>Widninga (<a href="/wiki/Ngadjuri" title="Ngadjuri">Ngadjuri</a> term applied to Kaurna of <a href="/wiki/Port_Wakefield,_South_Australia" title="Port Wakefield, South Australia">Port Wakefield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buckland_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckland Park">Buckland Park</a>)</li> <li>Winaini (horde north of <a href="/wiki/Gawler,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gawler, South Australia">Gawler</a>)</li> <li>Winnaynie</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repatriation_of_remains">Repatriation of remains</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Repatriation of remains">edit</a>]</div> On 1 August 2019, the remains of 11 Kaurna people were laid to rest at a ceremony led by elder Jeffrey Newchurch at <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Park,_South_Australia" title="Kingston Park, South Australia">Kingston Park Coastal Reserve</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>. John Carty, Head of Humanities at the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Museum" title="South Australian Museum">South Australian Museum</a>, said that the museum was "passionate" about working with the Kaurna people to <a href="/wiki/Repatriation_and_reburial_of_human_remains" title="Repatriation and reburial of human remains">repatriate their ancestors</a>, and would also be helping to educate the community about what it means to Aboriginal people. The Museum continues to receive further remains of Aboriginal people from overseas museums, in addition to the large amount of remains it already has. While many of these ancestral remains may be returned to Country by their families, who many of these people were is unknown. Due to the large number of remains which continues to grow and that many are unknown, a way to return these ancestors to Country, such as a memorial park, needed to be found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2019-88">[85]</a> In 2021, a new 2 ha (4.9-acre) <a href="/wiki/Burial_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial site">burial site</a> was built in the cemetery to accommodate the repatriated remains of Kaurna people, called <a href="/wiki/Wangayarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangayarta">Wangayarta</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Evanston_South" title="Evanston South">Evanston South</a>. It was designed by a group that included <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal elder">elders</a> Uncle Jeffrey Newchurch, Aunty Heather Agius, <a href="/wiki/Moogy_Sumner" title="Moogy Sumner">Uncle Major "Moogy" Sumner</a>, and many others, and was supported by the Kaurna Yerta Aboriginal Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> The memorial site is in the shape of the Kaurna shield, to protect the ancestors now buried there.<a href="#cite_note-mullins-90">[87]</a> In November 2021, the South Australian Museum apologised to the Kaurna people for having held 4,600 Aboriginal remains over the past 165 years, and buried the first 100 remains of their ancestors at the site.<a href="#cite_note-mullins-90">[87]</a> A second round of burials took place in June 2022.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jack_Buckskin">Jack Buckskin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Jack Buckskin">edit</a>]</div> Jack Kanya Kudnuitya Buckskin (born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1986<a href="#cite_note-willis-77">[74]</a>), a Kaurna/<a href="/wiki/Narungga" title="Narungga">Narungga</a> man<a href="#cite_note-aso-92">[89]</a> also known as Vincent Buckskin, who was <a href="/wiki/Australian_of_the_Year" title="Australian of the Year">Young South Australian of the Year</a> in 2011, is a teacher of Kaurna language and culture.<a href="#cite_note-aoty-83">[80]</a> The impetus for his work stems from when he was just 19, and having become the second in his family to have finished Year 12, and started at university, received the news that his sister Mary, who had moved to <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>, had committed suicide. Uncle Stevie Goldsmith (see below) invited him to join the Taikurtinna dance group to lift his spirits, and he first danced in public at <a href="/wiki/Festival_Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival Plaza">Festival Plaza</a>, featuring in a <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> film called <a href="/wiki/Love_Story_2050" title="Love Story 2050">Love Story 2050</a>.<a href="#cite_note-willis-77">[74]</a> He has since established his own traditional dance group, Kuma Karro ("One Blood") in 2008, which has performed nationally and internationally,<a href="#cite_note-unimelb-82">[79]</a> and has taught dance at <a href="/wiki/Kaurna_Plains_School" title="Kaurna Plains School">Kaurna Plains School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aoty-83">[80]</a> Kuma Kaaru has since evolved into a hub for many local Aboriginal cultural services,<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> employing 12 people who aim to teach both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people about the language, culture diversity of Aboriginal peoples. They work with schools, the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Music_Awards" title="South Australian Music Awards">South Australian Music Awards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Swans" title="Sydney Swans">Sydney Swans</a>, and many others.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> Buckskin has taught Kaurna language at <a href="/wiki/Warriparinga" title="Warriparinga">Warriparinga</a> through the School of Languages; at <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_High_School_(South_Australia)" title="Salisbury High School (South Australia)">Salisbury High School</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kaurna_Plains_School" title="Kaurna Plains School">Kaurna Plains School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Fevre_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Fevre High School">Le Fevre High School</a>; and at <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_High_School" title="Adelaide High School">Adelaide High School</a>. He works with <a href="/wiki/Rob_Amery" title="Rob Amery">Rob Amery</a> on language revival at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a><a href="#cite_note-unimelb-82">[79]</a> A documentary directed by <a href="/wiki/Dylan_River" title="Dylan River">Dylan River</a> and Glynn McDonald, portraying Buckskin's engagement with his language and culture, titled Buckskin, was released in 2013<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> and is available on <a href="/wiki/SBS_on_Demand" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS on Demand">SBS on Demand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Port_Adelaide_Enfield" title="City of Port Adelaide Enfield">City of Port Adelaide Enfield</a> honoured him with an award.<a href="#cite_note-unimelb-82">[79]</a> In 2020, he delivered the Kaurna Welcome to Country for the online theatre series, <a href="/wiki/Decameron_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Decameron 2.0">Decameron 2.0</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Australia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, and acted in a single-actor play by Alexis West in the series.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit">[update]</a> Buckskin works at <a href="/wiki/Tauondi_Aboriginal_College" title="Tauondi Aboriginal College">Tauondi Aboriginal College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Port_Adelaide" title="Port Adelaide">Port Adelaide</a> as a cultural adviser and mentor,<a href="#cite_note-aso-92">[89]</a> and is frequently called upon to perform <a href="/wiki/Welcomes_to_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Welcomes to Country">Welcomes to Country</a>. He and his partner Khesanh, whom he met while both were attending <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_High_School_(South_Australia)" title="Salisbury High School (South Australia)"> Salisbury High School</a>, have three children, who have learnt to speak Kaurna at home.<a href="#cite_note-willis-77">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uncle_Stevie_Goldsmith">Uncle Stevie Goldsmith</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Uncle Stevie Goldsmith">edit</a>]</div> Stephen "Gadlabarti" Goldsmith (died July 2017), known as Uncle Stevie, a Kaurna, <a href="/wiki/Narungga" title="Narungga">Narungga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri" title="Ngarrindjeri">Ngarrindjeri</a> man,<a href="#cite_note-womad2018-102">[99]</a> was a respected cultural adviser. He worked at the Kaurna <a href="/wiki/Language_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Language revival">language revival</a> centre at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaurna_Warra_Pintyanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi">Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi</a> (KWP), and advised the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Museum" title="South Australian Museum">South Australian Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_South_Australia" title="Art Gallery of South Australia">Art Gallery of South Australia</a>. Uncle Stevie established and danced with the Taikurtinna (meaning "family") group, and was an accomplished player of the <a href="/wiki/Yidaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Yidaki">yidaki</a>. He was frequently called upon to deliver <a href="/wiki/Welcomes_to_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Welcomes to Country">Welcomes to Country</a>, including at <a href="/wiki/WOMADelaide" title="WOMADelaide">WOMADelaide</a> and other <a href="/wiki/WOMAD" class="mw-redirect" title="WOMAD">WOMAD</a> festivals overseas.<a href="#cite_note-sant2017-78">[75]</a> He also acted on television and stage, including the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Festival" title="Adelaide Festival">Adelaide Festival</a> production of <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_River" title="The Secret River">The Secret River</a>, and appeared in many advertisements.<a href="#cite_note-azsg-80">[77]</a> Goldsmith was honoured at the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor of Adelaide">Lord Mayor of Adelaide</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NAIDOC_Awards" title="NAIDOC Awards">NAIDOC Awards</a>, and awarded Male Elder of the Year. He was a fan of the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Crows" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide Crows">Adelaide Crows</a> AFL team, and after his death, the team wore black armbands at the <a href="/wiki/Showdown_(AFL)" title="Showdown (AFL)">Showdown game</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sant2017-78">[75]</a> After his death, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Amery" title="Rob Amery">Rob Amery</a>, head of KWP, wrote on his staff web page: "This has been a great loss to the team who relied on Steve for so much - role model, mentor, Kurraka in the Pirltawardli Puppet Show, performer, editor, camera operator, cultural advisor, etc.".<a href="#cite_note-staffpage2023-103">[100]</a> In 2018, an award was created in his honour as part of the <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruby Awards">Ruby Awards</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Gadlabarti_Goldsmith_Memorial_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevie Gadlabarti Goldsmith Memorial Award">Stevie Gadlabarti Goldsmith Memorial Award</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Major Moogy Sumner won the inaugural award,<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_South_Australia" title="Art Gallery of South Australia">Art Gallery of South Australia</a> Indigenous art curator <a href="/wiki/Nici_Cumpston" title="Nici Cumpston">Nici Cumpston</a> won the award in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> "Uncle Stevie's Classroom" continues in KidZone at WOMADelaide.<a href="#cite_note-womad2018-102">[99]</a> "The Portrait of Stephen Goldsmith" is a mural <a href="/wiki/Wright_Street" title="Wright Street">Wright Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre" title="Adelaide city centre">Adelaide city centre</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy C">Jimmy C</a> (James Cochran) with Eizabeth Close, painted in 2018. Uncle Stevie's son Jamie is a well-known yidaki player and dancer with the Taikurtinna group, who has also been honoured by a mural painted by Jimmy C, in Frank's Lane.<a href="#cite_note-azsg-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-jgtakurtinna-81">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_notable_Kaurna_people">Other notable Kaurna people</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other notable Kaurna people">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Moogy_Sumner" title="Moogy Sumner">Uncle Major "Moogy" Sumner</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Australia">AM</a> is a widely respected <a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri" title="Ngarrindjeri">Ngarrindjeri</a> and Kaurna elder,<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> who mostly works to further Ngarrindjeri culture.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> Other notable Kaurna people include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Elphick" title="Gladys Elphick">Gladys Elphick</a> (1904–1988), founding president of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Aboriginal_Women_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Aboriginal Women of South Australia">Council of Aboriginal Women of South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivaritji" title="Ivaritji">Ivaritji</a> (c.1849–1929), probably the last person of full Kaurna ancestry, last known speaker of the Kaurna language before its revival</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_O%27Brien_(Kaurna_elder)" title="Lewis O'Brien (Kaurna elder)">Lewis O'Brien</a> (born 1930), elder and advocate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alitya_Rigney" title="Alitya Rigney">Alitya (Alice) Rigney</a> (1942–2017), scholar and linguist</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgina_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgina Williams (page does not exist)">Georgina Williams</a>, who did a lot of work for the <a href="/wiki/Tjilbruke_Dreaming_Track" class="mw-redirect" title="Tjilbruke Dreaming Track">Tjilbruke Dreaming Track</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> and who was a finalist in the 2021 <a href="/wiki/NAIDOC_Awards" title="NAIDOC Awards">NAIDOC Awards</a><a href="#cite_note-2021naidoc-113">[110]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Adelaide" title="History of Adelaide">History of Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Moorhouse" title="Matthew Moorhouse">Matthew Moorhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirltawardli" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirltawardli">Pirltawardli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjilbruke" title="Tjilbruke">Tjilbruke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warriparinga" title="Warriparinga">Warriparinga</a> – site of the Living Kaurna Cultural Centre</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Tindale incorrectly gives her date of death as 1931 (<a href="#CITEREFTindale1974">Tindale 1974</a>, pp. 133, 213), an error that has been propagated in other sources. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> yerta means ("earth, ground, soil, country"), and was regarded by Taplin as equivalent to the word ruwe in <a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri_language" title="Ngarrindjeri language">Ngarrindjeri</a>. The other Kaurna word pangkarra definitely implies land ownership (<a href="#CITEREFAmery2016">Amery 2016</a>, p. 116). </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Milla mangkondi. Milla: a noun denoting violence or force. Mangkondi: a verb meaning to touch or grab hold of a woman, more specifically a young woman. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19845-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss19845_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss1984">Ross 1984</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201765-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201765_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201765_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201765_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201765_2-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLockwood2017">Lockwood 2017</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery20163-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmery20163_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmery20163_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmery2016">Amery 2016</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETelferMalone2012-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelferMalone2012_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTelferMalone2012">Telfer & Malone 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles_Stuart:_Kaurna-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles_Stuart:_Kaurna_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharles_Stuart:_Kaurna">Charles Stuart: Kaurna</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECity_of_Adelaide2020-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECity_of_Adelaide2020_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCity_of_Adelaide2020">City of Adelaide 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974133-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974133_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTindale1974">Tindale 1974</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClendon20152-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClendon20152_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClendon2015">Clendon 2015</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201657-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmery201657_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmery201657_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmery2016">Amery 2016</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201661,_93-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmery201661,_93_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmery2016">Amery 2016</a>, pp. 61, 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201664–65-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmery201664–65_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmery2016">Amery 2016</a>, pp. 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201665-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmery201665_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmery2016">Amery 2016</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2014_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2014">Harris 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201666–68,_86-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmery201666–68,_86_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmery2016">Amery 2016</a>, pp. 66–68, 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201686-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmery201686_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmery2016">Amery 2016</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery20164-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmery20164_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmery2016">Amery 2016</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerndtBerndtStanton1993312-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerndtBerndtStanton1993312_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerndtBerndtStanton1993312_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerndtBerndtStanton1993">Berndt, Berndt & Stanton 1993</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatley2009-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatley2009_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatley2009_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheatley2009">Wheatley 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery20165-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmery20165_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmery2016">Amery 2016</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarburton1981xv-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarburton1981xv_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarburton1981">Warburton 1981</a>, p. xv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201767-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201767_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201767_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLockwood2017">Lockwood 2017</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201766-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201766_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201766_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLockwood2017">Lockwood 2017</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201659-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmery201659_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmery2016">Amery 2016</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkin197932-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkin197932_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkin1979">Jenkin 1979</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTindale1974">Tindale 1974</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery201674-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmery201674_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmery201674_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmery2016">Amery 2016</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201765,_66-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201765,_66_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201765,_66_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201765,_66_27-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLockwood2017">Lockwood 2017</a>, pp. 65, 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201768-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201768_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLockwood2017">Lockwood 2017</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201768–69-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201768–69_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLockwood2017">Lockwood 2017</a>, pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown198924–28-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown198924–28_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1989">Brown 1989</a>, pp. 24–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201769-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201769_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLockwood2017">Lockwood 2017</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201770–71-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201770–71_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLockwood2017">Lockwood 2017</a>, pp. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201771-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201771_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLockwood2017">Lockwood 2017</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201773-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201773_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLockwood2017">Lockwood 2017</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201774–5-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201774–5_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLockwood2017">Lockwood 2017</a>, pp. 74–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201781-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201781_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLockwood2017">Lockwood 2017</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood201777-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood201777_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLockwood2017">Lockwood 2017</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'BrienPaul2013-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'BrienPaul2013_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'BrienPaul2013">O'Brien & Paul 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGara201786-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGara201786_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGara2017">Gara 2017</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGara201786–87-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGara201786–87_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGara2017">Gara 2017</a>, pp. 86–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGara2017pp=86–87-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGara2017pp=86–87_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGara2017">Gara 2017</a>, pp. pp=86–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGara2017104–105-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGara2017104–105_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGara2017">Gara 2017</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGara199064-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGara199064_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGara199064_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGara1990">Gara 1990</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmery20161-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmery20161_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmery2016">Amery 2016</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitmore">Whitmore</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENgadjuri_Walpa_Juri_Lands_and_Heritage_Associationn.d.-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENgadjuri_Walpa_Juri_Lands_and_Heritage_Associationn.d._47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNgadjuri_Walpa_Juri_Lands_and_Heritage_Associationn.d.">Ngadjuri Walpa Juri Lands and Heritage Association n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParliament_of_South_Australia2006-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParliament_of_South_Australia2006_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParliament_of_South_Australia2006">Parliament of South Australia 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldfast_Bay2003-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldfast_Bay2003_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoldfast_Bay2003">Holdfast Bay 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENNTT2000-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENNTT2000_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNNTT2000">NNTT 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENNTT2018-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENNTT2018_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNNTT2018">NNTT 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2018-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2018_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2018">Richards 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2020-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2020_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2020">Richards 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEnewsmaker.com.au2009-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEnewsmaker.com.au2009_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEnewsmaker.com.au2009_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFnewsmaker.com.au2009">newsmaker.com.au 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEABC_News2009-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEABC_News2009_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFABC_News2009">ABC News 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale197471-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale197471_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTindale1974">Tindale 1974</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale197473-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale197473_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTindale1974">Tindale 1974</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchived_copy-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchived_copy_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArchived_copy">Archived copy</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithPateMartin2006-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithPateMartin2006_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmithPateMartin2006">Smith, Pate & Martin 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19843–5-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss19843–5_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss1984">Ross 1984</a>, pp. 3–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alrc.gov.au/publication/recognition-of-aboriginal-customary-laws-alrc-report-31/12-aboriginal-marriages-and-family-structures/marriage-in-traditional-aboriginal-societies/">"Marriage in 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Retrieved 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kaurna+Warra+Pintyanthi&rft.atitle=Adelaide+City+Council+Placenaming+Initiatives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaide.edu.au%2Fkwp%2Fplacenames%2Fcouncil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmery2016" class="citation book cs1">Amery, Rob (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au/press/system/files/2019-04/uap-kaurna-ebook.pdf">Warraparna Kaurna!: Reclaiming an Australian language</a> (PDF). University of Adelaide Press. pp. 12–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20851%2Fkaurna">10.20851/kaurna</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925261-25-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925261-25-7"><bdi>978-1-925261-25-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warraparna+Kaurna%21%3A+Reclaiming+an+Australian+language&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=University+of+Adelaide+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20851%2Fkaurna&rft.isbn=978-1-925261-25-7&rft.aulast=Amery&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaide.edu.au%2Fpress%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2F2019-04%2Fuap-kaurna-ebook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmeryBuckskin2009" class="citation book cs1">Amery, Rob; Buckskin, Vincent (Jack) Kanya (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p286811/pdf/ch101.pdf">"Chapter 10. Pinning down Kaurna names: Linguistic issues arising in the development of the Kaurna Placenames Database"</a> (PDF). In Hercus, Luise; Hodges, Flavia; Simpson, Jane (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.anu.edu.au?p=29191">The Land is a Map: Placenames of Indigenous Origin in Australia</a>. ANU Press. pp. 202–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-192153657-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-192153657-1"><bdi>978-192153657-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10.+Pinning+down+Kaurna+names%3A+Linguistic+issues+arising+in+the+development+of+the+Kaurna+Placenames+Database&rft.btitle=The+Land+is+a+Map%3A+Placenames+of+Indigenous+Origin+in+Australia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E202-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2009-03&rft.isbn=978-192153657-1&rft.aulast=Amery&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Buckskin%2C+Vincent+%28Jack%29+Kanya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp286811%2Fpdf%2Fch101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerndtBerndtStanton1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Murray_Berndt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Murray Berndt">Berndt, Ronald Murray</a>; <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Helen_Berndt" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Helen Berndt">Berndt, Catherine Helen</a>; Stanton, John E. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldthatwasyara0000bern">A World that was: The Yaraldi of the Murray River and the Lakes, South Australia</a>. University of British Columbia UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-774-80478-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-774-80478-3"><bdi>978-0-774-80478-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+that+was%3A+The+Yaraldi+of+the+Murray+River+and+the+Lakes%2C+South+Australia&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+UBC+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-774-80478-3&rft.aulast=Berndt&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Murray&rft.au=Berndt%2C+Catherine+Helen&rft.au=Stanton%2C+John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldthatwasyara0000bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1989" class="citation magazine cs1">Brown, Rosemary (March 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.burnsidehistory.org.au/wp-content/uploads/1989/12/Newsletter-1989-03-Volume-09-Number-1-Burnside-Historical-Society.pdf">"The Brunskills of Sandford"</a> (PDF). 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Vol. 9, no. 1. pp. 24–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsletter+of+the+Burnside+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Brunskills+of+Sandford&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1989-03&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.burnsidehistory.org.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F1989%2F12%2FNewsletter-1989-03-Volume-09-Number-1-Burnside-Historical-Society.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClendon2015" class="citation book cs1">Clendon, Mark (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kactCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Clamor Schürmann's Barngarla grammar: A commentary on the first section of a vocabulary of the Parnkalla language</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide_Press" title="University of Adelaide Press">University of Adelaide Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925-26111-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925-26111-0"><bdi>978-1-925-26111-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clamor+Sch%C3%BCrmann%27s+Barngarla+grammar%3A+A+commentary+on+the+first+section+of+a+vocabulary+of+the+Parnkalla+language&rft.pub=University+of+Adelaide+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-925-26111-0&rft.aulast=Clendon&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkactCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEacott2018" class="citation news cs1">Eacott, Alina (21 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-21/kaurna-people-granted-native-title-rights-adelaide-federal-court/9572090">"Kaurna people granted native title rights in Adelaide 18 years after claim"</a>. ABC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Kaurna+people+granted+native+title+rights+in+Adelaide+18+years+after+claim&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft.aulast=Eacott&rft.aufirst=Alina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2018-03-21%2Fkaurna-people-granted-native-title-rights-adelaide-federal-court%2F9572090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGara1990" class="citation journal cs1">Gara, Tom (December 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropologysocietysa.com/home/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Gara-1990a.pdf">"The Life of Ivaritji ('Princess Amelia') of the Adelaide tribe"</a> (PDF). Journal of the Anthropological Society of Adelaide. 28 (1): 64–105. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1034-4438">1034-4438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Anthropological+Society+of+Adelaide&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+Ivaritji+%28%27Princess+Amelia%27%29+of+the+Adelaide+tribe&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=1990-12&rft.issn=1034-4438&rft.aulast=Gara&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthropologysocietysa.com%2Fhome%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F08%2FGara-1990a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGara2017" class="citation book cs1">Gara, Tom (2017). "5. The Aboriginal Presence in Adelaide, 1860s–1960s". In Brock, Peggy; Gara, Tom (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wakefieldpress.com.au/product.php?productid=1385">Colonialism and its Aftermath: A history of Aboriginal South Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Press_(Australia)" title="Wakefield Press (Australia)">Wakefield Press</a>. pp. 86–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-174305499-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-174305499-4"><bdi>978-174305499-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.+The+Aboriginal+Presence+in+Adelaide%2C+1860s%E2%80%931960s&rft.btitle=Colonialism+and+its+Aftermath%3A+A+history+of+Aboriginal+South+Australia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.pub=Wakefield+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-174305499-4&rft.aulast=Gara&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wakefieldpress.com.au%2Fproduct.php%3Fproductid%3D1385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamacher2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hamacher, Duane W. (2015). "Identifying Seasonal Stars in Kaurna Astronomical Traditions". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Astronomical_History_and_Heritage" title="Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage">Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage</a>. 18 (1): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.01570">1504.01570</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JAHH...18...39H">2015JAHH...18...39H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3724%2FSP.J.1440-2807.2015.01.04">10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2015.01.04</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118805294">118805294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Astronomical+History+and+Heritage&rft.atitle=Identifying+Seasonal+Stars+in+Kaurna+Astronomical+Traditions&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1504.01570&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118805294%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3724%2FSP.J.1440-2807.2015.01.04&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015JAHH...18...39H&rft.aulast=Hamacher&rft.aufirst=Duane+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris2014" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Rhondda (6 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au:443/places/pirltawardli?hh=1&">"Pirltawadli"</a>. SA History Hub (1 June 2017 (updated spelling) ed.). History Trust of South Australia. Retrieved 7 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SA+History+Hub&rft.atitle=Pirltawadli&rft.date=2014-02-06&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Rhondda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au%3A443%2Fplaces%2Fpirltawardli%3Fhh%3D1%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"> Revised version of an entry first published in <a href="#CITEREFThe_Wakefield_Companion_to_South_Australian_History2001">The Wakefield Companion to South Australian History 2001</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHercusHodgesSimpson2009" class="citation book cs1">Hercus, Luise; Hodges, Flavia; Simpson, Jane, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.anu.edu.au?p=29191">The Land is a Map: Placenames of Indigenous Origin in Australia</a>. ANU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-192153657-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-192153657-1"><bdi>978-192153657-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+is+a+Map%3A+Placenames+of+Indigenous+Origin+in+Australia&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-192153657-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.anu.edu.au%3Fp%3D29191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenkin1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Jenkin" title="Graham Jenkin">Jenkin, Graham</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZN6eAAAAIAAJ">Conquest of the Ngarrindjeri</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Rigby</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-727-01112-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-727-01112-1"><bdi>978-0-727-01112-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquest+of+the+Ngarrindjeri&rft.pub=Rigby&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-727-01112-1&rft.aulast=Jenkin&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZN6eAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFnewsmaker.com.au2009" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsmaker.com.au/news/948">"Kaurna Declare Sovereignty and $47.5 Million Dollar Bill for Marble Hill at SA Governor's Open House Day"</a>. newsmaker.com.au. 24 April 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=newsmaker.com.au&rft.atitle=Kaurna+Declare+Sovereignty+and+%2447.5+Million+Dollar+Bill+for+Marble+Hill+at+SA+Governor%27s+Open+House+Day&rft.date=2009-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsmaker.com.au%2Fnews%2F948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Stuart:_Kaurna" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charlessturt.sa.gov.au/community/arts,-culture-and-history/kaurna-culture/kaurna-people">"Kaurna People"</a>. <a href="/wiki/City_of_Charles_Sturt" title="City of Charles Sturt">City of Charles Sturt</a>. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaurna+People&rft.pub=City+of+Charles+Sturt&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlessturt.sa.gov.au%2Fcommunity%2Farts%2C-culture-and-history%2Fkaurna-culture%2Fkaurna-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFED.oSA1989" class="citation book cs1">The Kaurna people: Aboriginal people of the Adelaide Plains: An Aboriginal studies course for secondary students in years 8-10. 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Retrieved 1 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Ancestral+remains+of+the+Kaurna+people+returned+to+country+from+UK+in+emotional+Adelaide+ceremony&rft.date=2019-08-01&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2019-08-01%2Fkaurna-old-people-returned-to-country-from-uk-in-ceremony%2F11373788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTelferMalone2012" class="citation report cs1">Telfer, Karl; Malone, Gavin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charlessturt.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/161280/City-of-Charles-Sturt,-Kaurna-Meyunna-Cultural-Mapping,-A-Peoples-Living-Cultural-Landscape.pdf">Kaurna Meyunna Cultural Mapping: A People's Living Cultural Landscape</a> (PDF) (Report). With assistance from Matthew Osborne and Tom Gara. <a href="/wiki/City_of_Charles_Sturt" title="City of Charles Sturt">City of Charles Sturt</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Kaurna+Meyunna+Cultural+Mapping%3A+A+People%27s+Living+Cultural+Landscape&rft.pub=City+of+Charles+Sturt&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Telfer&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Malone%2C+Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlessturt.sa.gov.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0018%2F161280%2FCity-of-Charles-Sturt%2C-Kaurna-Meyunna-Cultural-Mapping%2C-A-Peoples-Living-Cultural-Landscape.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTindale1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Tindale" title="Norman Tindale">Tindale, Norman Barnett</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstreams/accca907-ea47-4eb1-8217-aa5d3184e3a0/download">Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names</a>. <a href="/wiki/ANU_Press" title="ANU Press">Australian National University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6"><bdi>978-0-708-10741-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+Tribes+of+Australia%3A+Their+Terrain%2C+Environmental+Controls%2C+Distribution%2C+Limits%2C+and+Proper+Names&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-708-10741-6&rft.aulast=Tindale&rft.aufirst=Norman+Barnett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fbitstreams%2Faccca907-ea47-4eb1-8217-aa5d3184e3a0%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTindale1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Tindale" title="Norman Tindale">Tindale, Norman Barnett</a> (May 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/126684#page/9/mode/1up">"The wanderings of Tjirbruki: a tale of the Kaurna people of Adelaide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Museum" title="South Australian Museum">Records of the South Australian Museum</a>. 20: 5–13 – via <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">BHL</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+South+Australian+Museum&rft.atitle=The+wanderings+of+Tjirbruki%3A+a+tale+of+the+Kaurna+people+of+Adelaide&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=1987-05&rft.aulast=Tindale&rft.aufirst=Norman+Barnett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F126684%23page%2F9%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFkaurnaculture" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kaurnaculture.wordpress.com/tjilbruke-dreaming-tracks/">"Tjilbruke Dreaming Tracks"</a>. kaurnaculture. Retrieved 26 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kaurnaculture&rft.atitle=Tjilbruke+Dreaming+Tracks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkaurnaculture.wordpress.com%2Ftjilbruke-dreaming-tracks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTjirbuki2016" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/research-publ/7-01-07Tjirbuk.pdf">"'TJIRBUKI' or 'TJIRBUK' (Blowhole Beach)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Australia" title="University of South Australia">Kaurna Warrapintyandi The Southern Kaurna Place Names Project</a>. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27TJIRBUKI%27+or+%27TJIRBUK%27+%28Blowhole+Beach%29&rft.pub=Kaurna+Warrapintyandi+The+Southern+Kaurna+Place+Names+Project&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaide.edu.au%2Fkwp%2Fplacenames%2Fresearch-publ%2F7-01-07Tjirbuk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarburton1981" class="citation book cs1">Warburton, Elizabeth (1981). The paddocks beneath: a history of Burnside from the beginning. <a href="/wiki/City_of_Burnside" title="City of Burnside">City of Burnside</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/095938760-9" title="Special:BookSources/095938760-9"><bdi>095938760-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+paddocks+beneath%3A+a+history+of+Burnside+from+the+beginning&rft.pub=City+of+Burnside&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=095938760-9&rft.aulast=Warburton&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Adelaide2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/community/reconciliation/welcome-and-acknowledgement-of-country/">"Welcome and Acknowledgement of Country"</a>. <a href="/wiki/City_of_Adelaide" title="City of Adelaide">City of Adelaide</a>. 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+and+Acknowledgement+of+Country&rft.pub=City+of+Adelaide&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofadelaide.com.au%2Fcommunity%2Freconciliation%2Fwelcome-and-acknowledgement-of-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWheatley2009" class="citation news cs1">Wheatley, Kim (20 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,26375093-5006301,00.html">"Tribal War on Native Title"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)" title="The Advertiser (Adelaide)">The Advertiser</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Tribal+War+on+Native+Title&rft.date=2009-11-20&rft.aulast=Wheatley&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fadelaidenow%2Fstory%2F0%2C22606%2C26375093-5006301%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitmore" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au:443/places/whitmore-square?hh=1&">"Whitmore Square"</a>. SA History Hub. History Trust of South Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SA+History+Hub&rft.atitle=Whitmore+Square&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au%3A443%2Fplaces%2Fwhitmore-square%3Fhh%3D1%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurna&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.slsa.sa.gov.au/Aboriginal_peopleSA/Kaurna">"Aboriginal people of South Australia: Kaurna"</a>. State Library of South Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+people+of+South+Australia%3A+Kaurna&rft.pub=State+Library+of+South+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.slsa.sa.gov.au%2FAboriginal_peopleSA%2FKaurna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"> – Guide to online resources</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1">Curnow, Paul (11 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aboriginalastronomy.blogspot.com/2011/10/kaurna-night-skies-part-i.html">"Kaurna Night Skies (Part I)"</a>. Australian Indigenous Astronomy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Indigenous+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Kaurna+Night+Skies+%28Part+I%29&rft.date=2011-10-11&rft.aulast=Curnow&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faboriginalastronomy.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F10%2Fkaurna-night-skies-part-i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1">Curnow, Paul (20 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aboriginalastronomy.blogspot.com/2011/10/kaurna-night-skies-part-ii.html">"Kaurna Night Skies (Part II)"</a>. Australian Indigenous Astronomy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Indigenous+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Kaurna+Night+Skies+%28Part+II%29&rft.date=2011-10-20&rft.aulast=Curnow&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faboriginalastronomy.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F10%2Fkaurna-night-skies-part-ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/index/">"Home page: the Internet home of Kaurna Warra"</a>. Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kaurna+Warra+Pintyanthi&rft.atitle=Home+page%3A+the+Internet+home+of+Kaurna+Warra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaide.edu.au%2Fkwp%2Findex%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mobilelanguageteam.com.au/languages/kaurna">"Kaurna"</a>. Mobile Language Team. University of Adelaide.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mobile+Language+Team&rft.atitle=Kaurna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobilelanguageteam.com.au%2Flanguages%2Fkaurna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/iwk/calendars/kaurna.shtml">"Kaurna calendar"</a>. Indigenous Weather Knowledge. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indigenous+Weather+Knowledge&rft.atitle=Kaurna+calendar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fiwk%2Fcalendars%2Fkaurna.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurna" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aboriginal_South_Australians" title="Template talk:Aboriginal South Australians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aboriginal South Australians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aboriginal_peoples_of_South_Australia754" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples of South Australia">Aboriginal peoples of South Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha" title="Adnyamathanha">Adnyamathanha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antakirinja_people" title="Antakirinja people">Antakirinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabana_people" title="Arabana people">Arabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barngarla_people" title="Barngarla people">Barngarla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodaruwitj" title="Bodaruwitj">Bodaruwitj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungandidj_people" title="Bungandidj people">Bungandidj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhirari" title="Dhirari">Dhirari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyari" title="Diyari">Dieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarildekald_people" title="Jarildekald people">Jarildekald</a>, (including the <a href="/wiki/Mulbarapa" title="Mulbarapa">Mulbarapa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karangura" title="Karangura">Karangura</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaurna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokatha" title="Kokatha">Kokatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyani" title="Kuyani">Kuyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malyangapa" title="Malyangapa">Malyangapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maralinga_Tjarutja" title="Maralinga Tjarutja">Maralinga Tjarutja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardidjali" title="Mardidjali">Mardidjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meintangk_people" title="Meintangk people">Meintangk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirning" title="Mirning">Mirning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narungga" title="Narungga">Narungga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauo_people" title="Nauo people">Nauo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaanyatjarra" title="Ngaanyatjarra">Ngaanyatjarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngadjuri" title="Ngadjuri">Ngadjuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngayawang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngayawang">Ngayawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalia_(Western_Desert)" title="Ngalia (Western Desert)">Ngalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngameni" title="Ngameni">Ngameni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngangaruku" title="Ngangaruku">Ngangaruku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaralda" title="Ngaralda">Ngaralda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarkat" title="Ngarkat">Ngarkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri" title="Ngarrindjeri">Ngarrindjeri</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngawadj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngawadj">Ngawadj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngintait" title="Ngintait">Ngintait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngurunta" title="Ngurunta">Ngurunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukunu" title="Nukunu">Nukunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peramangk" title="Peramangk">Peramangk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilatapa" title="Pilatapa">Pilatapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara" title="Pitjantjatjara">Pitjantjatjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portaulun_people" title="Portaulun people">Portaulun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramindjeri" title="Ramindjeri">Ramindjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganekald_people" title="Tanganekald people">Tanganekald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangkaali" title="Thangkaali">Thangkaali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wailpi" title="Wailpi">Wailpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warki" title="Warki">Warki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_cultural_bloc" title="Western Desert cultural bloc">Western Desert people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirangu_people" title="Wirangu people">Wirangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wongkanguru" class="mw-redirect" title="Wongkanguru">Wongkanguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandruwandha_people" title="Yandruwandha people">Yandruwandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankunytjatjara" title="Yankunytjatjara">Yankunytjatjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yardliyawara" title="Yardliyawara">Yardliyawara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarluyandi" title="Yarluyandi">Yarluyandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawarrawarrka" title="Yawarrawarrka">Yawarrawarrka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yirawirung" class="mw-redirect" title="Yirawirung">Yirawirung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Pitjantjatjara_Yankunytjatjara" class="mw-redirect" title="Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara">APY Lands</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amata,_South_Australia" title="Amata, South Australia">Amaṯa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iltur" title="Iltur">Iltur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulkana" title="Indulkana">Indulkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalka,_South_Australia" title="Kalka, South Australia">Kalka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaltjiti" title="Kaltjiti">Kaltjiti</a> (Fregon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpi" title="Kanpi">Kaṉpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makiri,_South_Australia" title="Makiri, South Australia">Makiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimili,_South_Australia" title="Mimili, South Australia">Mimili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintabie,_South_Australia" title="Mintabie, South Australia">Mintabie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyapari" title="Nyapari">Nyapaṟi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipalyatjara,_South_Australia" title="Pipalyatjara, South Australia">Pipalyatjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukatja,_South_Australia" title="Pukatja, South Australia">Pukatja</a> (Ernabella)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umuwa,_South_Australia" title="Umuwa, South Australia">Umuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watarru" title="Watarru">Watarru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunyarinyi" title="Yunyarinyi">Yunyarinyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Akenta">Akenta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poonindie,_South_Australia" title="Poonindie, South Australia">Poonindie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport,_South_Australia" title="Davenport, South Australia">Davenport</a> (Umeewarra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Community_Council" title="Gerard Community Council">Gerard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koonibba" title="Koonibba">Koonibba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manunka" title="Manunka">Manunka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepabunna,_South_Australia" title="Nepabunna, South Australia">Nepabunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Valley,_South_Australia" title="Oak Valley, South Australia">Oak Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Pearce,_South_Australia" title="Point Pearce, South Australia">Point Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raukkan,_South_Australia" title="Raukkan, South Australia">Raukkan</a> (Point McLeay)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Reach,_South_Australia" title="Swan Reach, South Australia">Swan Reach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalata,_South_Australia" title="Yalata, South Australia">Yalata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colebrook_Home" title="Colebrook Home">Colebrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killalpaninna_Mission" title="Killalpaninna Mission">Killalpaninna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ooldea,_South_Australia" title="Ooldea, South Australia">Ooldea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Abdulla" title="Ian Abdulla">Ian Abdulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josie_Agius" title="Josie Agius">Josie Agius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Baker_(Australian_artist)" title="Jimmy Baker (Australian artist)">Jimmy Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maringka_Baker" title="Maringka Baker">Maringka Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltpalingada_Booboorowie" title="Poltpalingada Booboorowie">Poltpalingada Booboorowie</a> (Tom Walker)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Bray" title="Richie Bray">Richie Bray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Buckskin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Buckskin">Jack Buckskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Burgoyne" title="Iris Burgoyne">Iris Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Burgoyne" title="Peter Burgoyne">Peter Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Burgoyne" title="Shaun Burgoyne">Shaun Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Burton" title="Hector Burton">Hector Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Buzzacott" title="Kevin Buzzacott">Kevin Buzzacott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Cooper_(footballer)" title="Malcolm Cooper (footballer)">Malcolm Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Copley" title="Vince Copley">Vince Copley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyakul_Dawson" title="Nyakul Dawson">Nyakul Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadly_Nannas" title="Deadly Nannas">Deadly Nannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Elphick" title="Gladys Elphick">Gladys Elphick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Goldsmith" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevie Goldsmith">Stevie Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Goodes" title="Adam Goodes">Adam Goodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuppy_Ngintja_Goodwin" title="Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin">Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Graham" title="Cecil Graham">Cecil Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Graham_(footballer,_born_1958)" title="Colin Graham (footballer, born 1958)">Colin Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Graham_(footballer)" title="Michael Graham (footballer)">Michael Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hammond" title="Ruby Hammond">Ruby Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hunter" title="Ruby Hunter">Ruby Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivaritji" title="Ivaritji">Ivaritji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjungkara_Ken" title="Tjungkara Ken">Tjungkara Ken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudnarto" title="Kudnarto">Kudnarto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natascha_McNamara" title="Natascha McNamara">Natascha McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Mills" title="Patty Mills">Patty Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Muffler" title="Betty Muffler">Betty Muffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Nicholls" title="Douglas Nicholls">Douglas Nicholls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_O%27Brien_(Kaurna_elder)" title="Lewis O'Brien (Kaurna elder)">Lewis O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowitja_O%27Donoghue" title="Lowitja O'Donoghue">Lowitja O'Donoghue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Loughlin" title="Michael O'Loughlin">Michael O'Loughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alitya_Rigney" title="Alitya Rigney">Alitya Rigney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Rings" title="Frances Rings">Frances Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nura_Rupert" title="Nura Rupert">Nura Rupert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauto_Sansbury" title="Tauto Sansbury">Tauto Sansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Yaritja_Stevens" title="Eileen Yaritja Stevens">Eileen Yaritja Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moogy_Sumner" title="Moogy Sumner">Moogy Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Thomas" title="Faith Thomas">Faith Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Unaipon" title="David Unaipon">David Unaipon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Unaipon" title="James Unaipon">James Unaipon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Wanganeen" title="Gavin Wanganeen">Gavin Wanganeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Wanganeen" title="Natasha Wanganeen">Natasha Wanganeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Wikilyiri" title="Ginger Wikilyiri">Ginger Wikilyiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norah_Wilson" title="Norah Wilson">Norah Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Wingard" title="Chad Wingard">Chad Wingard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjayanka_Woods" title="Tjayanka Woods">Tjayanka Woods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Legal_Rights_Movement" title="Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement">Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Pitjantjatjara_Yankunytjatjara" class="mw-redirect" title="Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara">Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Schools" title="Anangu Schools">Aṉangu schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koonibba_Football_Club" title="Koonibba Football Club">Koonibba Football Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupa_Piti_Kungka_Tjuta" title="Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta">Kupa Piṯi Kungka Tjuṯa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maralinga_Tjarutja" title="Maralinga Tjarutja">Maralinga Tjarutja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunga_Court" title="Nunga Court">Nunga Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauondi_Aboriginal_College" title="Tauondi Aboriginal College">Tauondi Aboriginal College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aboriginal_schools_in_South_Australia" title="List of Aboriginal schools in South Australia">List of Aboriginal schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Religion</a> and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkaroo" title="Arkaroo">Arkaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a> (muda, mura-mura, tjukurrpa, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjilbruke" title="Tjilbruke">Tjilbruke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muldjewangk" title="Muldjewangk">Muldjewangk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngi%E1%B9%89%E1%B9%AFaka" title="Ngiṉṯaka">Ngiṉṯaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wati-kutjara" title="Wati-kutjara">Wati-kutjara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous protected areas:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watarru_Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Watarru Indigenous Protected Area">Watarru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Willoughby_Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Mount Willoughby Indigenous Protected Area">Mount Willoughby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-managed protected areas:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhilba_Guuranda-Innes_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhilba Guuranda-Innes National Park">Dhilba Guuranda-Innes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Price_Conservation_Park" title="Elliot Price Conservation Park">Elliot Price Conservation Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawler_Ranges_National_Park" title="Gawler Ranges National Park">Gawler Ranges National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kati_Thanda-Lake_Eyre_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park"> Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park (part)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanku-Breakaways_Conservation_Park" title="Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park">Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Gairdner_National_Park" title="Lake Gairdner National Park">Lake Gairdner National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikara%E2%80%93Flinders_Ranges_National_Park" title="Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park">Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innamincka_Regional_Reserve" title="Innamincka Regional Reserve">Innamincka Regional Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkumba-Coongie_Lakes_National_Park" title="Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park">Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamungari_Conservation_Park" title="Mamungari Conservation Park">Mamungari Conservation Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaut_Ngaut_Conservation_Park" title="Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park">Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Wilderness_Protection_Area" title="Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area">Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Regional_Reserve" title="Nullarbor Regional Reserve">Nullarbor Regional Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pureba_Conservation_Park" title="Pureba Conservation Park">Pureba Conservation Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strzelecki_Regional_Reserve" title="Strzelecki Regional Reserve">Strzelecki Regional Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulkathunha-Gammon_Ranges_National_Park" title="Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park">Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapma_Thura%E2%80%93Southern_Flinders_Ranges_National_Park" title="Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park">Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabma_Kadarbu_Mound_Springs_Conservation_Park" title="Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park">Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witjira_National_Park" title="Witjira National Park">Witjira National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumbarra_Conservation_Park" title="Yumbarra Conservation Park">Yumbarra Conservation Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha_language" title="Adnyamathanha language">Adnyamathanha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antakarinya_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Antakarinya dialect">Antakirinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabana_language" title="Arabana language">Arabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barngarla_language" title="Barngarla language">Barngarla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyari_language" title="Diyari language">Dieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narungga_language" title="Narungga language">Narungga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngadjuri_language" title="Ngadjuri language">Ngadjuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngamini_language" title="Ngamini language">Ngamini (Yarluyandi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri_language" title="Ngarrindjeri language">Ngarrindjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paakantyi_(Darling_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paakantyi (Darling language)">Paakantyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangganguru_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangganguru dialect">Wangkangurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_language" title="Western Desert language">Western Desert language</a> (dialects: <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yankunytjatjara_dialect" title="Yankunytjatjara dialect">Yankunytjatjara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirangu_language" title="Wirangu language">Wirangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandruwandha_language" title="Yandruwandha language">Yandruwandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarli_language" title="Yarli language">Yarli (Malyangapa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuyu_language" title="Yuyu language">Yuyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language groups:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Murray_languages" title="Lower Murray languages">Lower Murray languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thura-Yura_languages" title="Thura-Yura languages">Thura-Yura languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Sign languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Words:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%89angu" title="Aṉangu">Aṉangu (Western Desert language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunga" title="Nunga">Nunga (Aboriginal English)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Heritage_Act_1988" title="Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988">Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Lands_Trust_Act_1966" title="Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966">Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Witnesses_Act" title="Aboriginal Witnesses Act">Aboriginal Witnesses Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Pitjantjatjara_Yankunytjatjara_Land_Rights_Act_1981" title="Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981">Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laws_concerning_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of laws concerning Indigenous Australians">Laws concerning Indigenous Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent_establishing_the_Province_of_South_Australia" title="Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia">Letters Patent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_native_title_claims_in_South_Australia" title="List of native title claims in South Australia">List of native title claims in South Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_reserve" title="Aboriginal reserve">Aboriginal reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aborigines%27_Friends%27_Association" title="Aborigines' Friends' Association">Aborigines' Friends' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Protection_Board" title="Aboriginal Protection Board">Aborigines Protection Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Range_Station_massacre" title="Avenue Range Station massacre">Avenue Range Station massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_colonisation_of_South_Australia" title="British colonisation of South Australia">British colonisation of South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nuclear_tests_at_Maralinga" title="British nuclear tests at Maralinga">British nuclear tests at Maralinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/McClelland_Royal_Commission" title="McClelland Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh_Island_Bridge_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy">Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh_Island_Royal_Commission" title="Hindmarsh Island Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Australia" title="History of South Australia">History of South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_massacre" title="Maria massacre">Maria massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Destitute_Asylum" title="Adelaide Destitute Asylum">Native School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protector_of_Aborigines" title="Protector of Aborigines">Protector of Aborigines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Aborigines_(1913)" title="Royal Commission on the Aborigines (1913)">Royal Commission on the Aborigines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Francis_House" title="St Francis House">St Francis House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bringing_Them_Home" title="Bringing Them Home">Federal Parliamentary inquiry</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Aborigines_Mission" title="United Aborigines Mission">United Aborigines Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bay_massacre" title="Waterloo Bay massacre">Waterloo Bay massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="font-weight: bold;"> <dl><dt>By state or territory</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_New_South_Wales" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples in New South Wales">New South Wales</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of Queensland">Queensland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians" title="Template:Aboriginal South Australians">South Australia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_Tasmania" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples in Tasmania">Tasmania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Victoria_(state)" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Western_Australia" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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