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2000s Archives | HistoryNet

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tag-american-west tag-photography tag-pony-express tag-travel tag-wild-west-spring-2024 era-2000s topic-american-expansion topic-wild-west magazine-wild-west region-americas entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://www.historynet.com/pony-express-ride-will-grant/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <style> .image-13796819 { max-height: 100%; --left: 40.91%; --top: 52.46%; } </style> <img width="1200" height="900" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/pony-express-historic-trail-ww-spring-2024-scaled-1200x900.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image-large size-newspack-archive-image-large image-13796819 wp-post-image" alt="Pony Express National Historic Trail in Wyoming" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/pony-express-historic-trail-ww-spring-2024-scaled-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/pony-express-historic-trail-ww-spring-2024-scaled-800x600.jpg 800w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/pony-express-historic-trail-ww-spring-2024-scaled-400x300.jpg 400w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/pony-express-historic-trail-ww-spring-2024-scaled-200x150.jpg 200w" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/pony-express-ride-will-grant/" rel="bookmark">This Patient Rider Spent Months Retracing the Pony Express on Horseback</a></h2> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline"><span>by </span><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.historynet.com/author/will-grant/">Will Grant</a></span></span><span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/pony-express-ride-will-grant/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-04-11T09:08:00-04:00">4/11/2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-04-08T11:05:00-04:00">4/8/2024</time></a></span> </div><!-- .meta-info --> <div class="entry-content"> <p>In 2019 Will Grant embarked on a 142-day, 2,000-mile horseback journey from the Pony Express stables in St. Joseph, Mo., to trail’s end in Sacramento, Calif.</p> </div><!-- .entry-content --> </div><!-- .entry-container --> </article><!-- #post-${ID} --> <article id="post-13797288" class="post-13797288 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-weapons-gear-manuals tag-aerial-combat tag-aircraft tag-military-history tag-strategy-and-tactics event-afghanistan-war-u-s event-gulf-war event-iraq-war people-abraham-karem era-1900s era-2000s topic-aviation-spaceflight topic-battle-tactics topic-military-history topic-technology-weaponry magazine-military-history-mag region-middle-east entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://www.historynet.com/mq-1-predator-drone/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <style> .image-13797285 { max-height: 100%; --left: 78.01%; --top: 55.29%; } </style> <img width="800" height="600" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/mq-1-predator-drone-labeled-drawing-mh-spring-2024-800x600.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image image-13797285 wp-post-image" alt="Illustration of a MQ-1 Predator drone." decoding="async" srcset="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/mq-1-predator-drone-labeled-drawing-mh-spring-2024-800x600.jpg 800w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/mq-1-predator-drone-labeled-drawing-mh-spring-2024-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/mq-1-predator-drone-labeled-drawing-mh-spring-2024-400x300.jpg 400w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/mq-1-predator-drone-labeled-drawing-mh-spring-2024-200x150.jpg 200w" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/mq-1-predator-drone/" rel="bookmark">Even in the Headline-Grabbing World of Drones, the Predator Stands Out</a></h2> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline"><span>by </span><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.historynet.com/author/jon-guttman/">Jon Guttman</a></span></span><span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/mq-1-predator-drone/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-02-23T09:30:00-05:00">2/23/2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-02-20T10:22:27-05:00">2/20/2024</time></a></span> </div><!-- .meta-info --> </div><!-- .entry-container --> </article><!-- #post-${ID} --> <article id="post-13796288" class="post-13796288 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-interviews tag-cowboys tag-interview tag-music tag-musicians tag-wild-west-spring-2024 era-1900s era-2000s topic-entertainment-culture topic-wild-west magazine-wild-west region-americas entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://www.historynet.com/doug-green-interview/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <style> .image-13796286 { max-height: 100%; --left: 46.49%; --top: 19.82%; } </style> <img width="800" height="600" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/ranger-doug-green-ww-spring-2024-800x600.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image image-13796286 wp-post-image" alt="“Ranger Doug” Green" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/ranger-doug-green-ww-spring-2024-800x600.jpg 800w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/ranger-doug-green-ww-spring-2024-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/ranger-doug-green-ww-spring-2024-400x300.jpg 400w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/ranger-doug-green-ww-spring-2024-200x150.jpg 200w" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/doug-green-interview/" rel="bookmark">The Rootinest, Tootinest Cowboy Singer</a></h2> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline"><span>by </span><span class="author 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Aldrin Jr., lunar module pilot of the first lunar landing mission, poses for a photograph beside the deployed United States flag during an Apollo 11 extravehicular activity (EVA) on the lunar surface. 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He Never Forgot It.</a></h2> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline"><span>by </span><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.historynet.com/author/john-magnarelli/">John Magnarelli</a></span></span><span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/vietnam-sergeant-willie-johnson/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-01-12T12:37:50-05:00">1/12/2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-03-15T17:31:36-04:00">3/15/2024</time></a></span> </div><!-- .meta-info --> </div><!-- .entry-container --> </article><!-- #post-${ID} --> <nav class="navigation pagination" aria-label="Posts pagination"> <h2 class="screen-reader-text">Posts pagination</h2> <div class="nav-links"><span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current">1</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://www.historynet.com/era/2000s/page/2/">2</a> <a class="page-numbers" 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