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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18.5em;"> <tbody> <tr> <th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-image"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Smiling_Sun_English_Language.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Smiling_Sun_English_Language.svg/100px-Smiling_Sun_English_Language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Smiling_Sun_English_Language.svg/150px-Smiling_Sun_English_Language.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Smiling_Sun_English_Language.svg/200px-Smiling_Sun_English_Language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="sidebar-heading">By country</th> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Anti-nuclear_protests" title="Nuclear power in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_power_movement_in_Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Kazakhstan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koeberg_Alert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koeberg Alert">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_South_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Spain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Sweden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Switzerland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Nuclear power in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_chain_against_nuclear_plant_in_Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Human chain against nuclear plant in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United States">United States</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear protests in the United States">Protests</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="sidebar-heading">Lists</th> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_anti-nuclear_advocates_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of anti-nuclear advocates in the United States">Anti-nuclear advocates</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_organizations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear organizations">Anti-nuclear groups</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_protests?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear protests">Protests by country</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-navbar"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style> <div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Anti-nuclear_movement_sidebar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Anti-nuclear movement sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-nuclear_movement_sidebar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template talk:Anti-nuclear movement sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-nuclear_movement_sidebar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-nuclear movement sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The anti-nuclear movement in the United States consists of more than 80 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear">anti-nuclear</a> groups that oppose <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>, and/or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uranium_mining?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uranium mining">uranium mining</a>. These have included the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abalone_Alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abalone Alliance">Abalone Alliance</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clamshell_Alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clamshell Alliance">Clamshell Alliance</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Committee_for_Nuclear_Responsibility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Committee for Nuclear Responsibility">Committee for Nuclear Responsibility</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada Desert Experience">Nevada Desert Experience</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Information_and_Resource_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear Information and Resource Service">Nuclear Information and Resource Service</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physicians for Social Responsibility">Physicians for Social Responsibility</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plowshares_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Plowshares Movement">Plowshares Movement</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women_Strike_for_Peace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Women Strike for Peace">Women Strike for Peace</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a>. The anti-nuclear movement has delayed construction or halted commitments to build some new nuclear plants,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-protest-1">[1]</a> and has pressured the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> to enforce and strengthen the safety regulations for nuclear power plants.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_protests?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear protests">Anti-nuclear protests</a> reached a peak in the 1970s and 1980s and grew out of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Campaigns that captured national public attention involved the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calvert_Cliffs_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant">Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seabrook_Station_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant">Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant</a> (by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clamshell_Alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clamshell Alliance">Clamshell Alliance</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diablo_Canyon_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diablo Canyon Power Plant">Diablo Canyon Power Plant</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shoreham_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant">Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Mile_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Mile Island">Three Mile Island</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-protest-1">[1]</a> Beginning in the 1980s, many anti-nuclear power activists began shifting their interest, by joining the rapidly growing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Freeze_campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear Freeze campaign">Nuclear Freeze campaign</a>, and the primary concern about nuclear hazards in the US changed from the problems of nuclear power plants to the prospects of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_war?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear war">nuclear war</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ll2012-4">[4]</a> On June 3, 1981, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_House_Peace_Vigil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White House Peace Vigil">White House Peace Vigil</a> began and has continued day and night ever since, thanks to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Thomas_(activist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomas (activist)">William Thomas (activist)</a> and a small band of stalwart antinuclear activists who launched the "Proposition One Campaign for a Nuclear-Free Future"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> voter initiative in 1993 which led to a bill that has been introduced into the House of Representatives every session by Eleanor Holmes Norton. On June 12, 1982, one million people demonstrated in New York City's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> against nuclear weapons and for an end to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cold_war?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war">cold war</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arms_race?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arms race">arms race</a>. It was the largest anti-nuclear <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demonstration_(people)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">protest</a> and the largest political demonstration in American history.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Spirit_of_June_12-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-icanw.org-7">[7]</a> International Day of Nuclear Disarmament protests were held on June 20, 1983, at 50 sites across the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-books.google.com.au-8">[8]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nl.newsbank.com-9">[9]</a> There were many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada Desert Experience">Nevada Desert Experience</a> protests and peace camps at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a> during the 1980s and 1990s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-query.nytimes.com-10">[10]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-New_York_Times_1992-11">[11]</a> More recent campaigning by anti-nuclear groups has related to several nuclear power plants including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant">Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-monroenews.com-12">[12]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-michiganmessenger.com-13">[13]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Point_Energy_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Point Energy Center">Indian Point Energy Center</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bloomberg.com-14">[14]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oyster_Creek_Nuclear_Generating_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station">Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-examiner.gmnews.com-15">[15]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pilgrim_Nuclear_Generating_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station">Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pil-16">[16]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salem_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salem Nuclear Power Plant">Salem Nuclear Power Plant</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sal-17">[17]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-eleven-18">[18]</a> There have also been campaigns relating to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Y-12_National_Security_Complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Current_status" title="Y-12 National Security Complex">Y-12 Nuclear Weapons Plant</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-y-12-19">[19]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idaho_National_Laboratory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idaho National Laboratory">Idaho National Laboratory</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-yellow-20">[20]</a> Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository proposal,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-yucca-21">[21]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanford_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanford Site">Hanford Site</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nev-22">[22]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-law-23">[23]</a> and transportation of nuclear waste from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LANL-24">[24]</a> Some scientists and engineers have expressed reservations about nuclear power, including: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barry_Commoner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barry Commoner">Barry Commoner</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S._David_Freeman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="S. David Freeman">S. David Freeman</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Gofman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Gofman">John Gofman</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arnold_Gundersen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arnold Gundersen">Arnold Gundersen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_Z._Jacobson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark Z. Jacobson">Mark Z. Jacobson</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amory_Lovins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amory Lovins">Amory Lovins</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arjun_Makhijani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arjun Makhijani">Arjun Makhijani</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregory_Minor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregory Minor">Gregory Minor</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M.V._Ramana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="M.V. Ramana">M.V. Ramana</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Romm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Romm">Joseph Romm</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benjamin_K._Sovacool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benjamin K. Sovacool">Benjamin K. Sovacool</a>. Scientists who have opposed nuclear weapons include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_M._Doty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul M. Doty">Paul M. Doty</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linus_Pauling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eugene_Rabinowitch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eugene Rabinowitch">Eugene Rabinowitch</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M.V._Ramana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="M.V. Ramana">M.V. Ramana</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank_N._von_Hippel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank N. von Hippel">Frank N. von Hippel</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Emergence_of_the_movement">1 Emergence of the movement</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Emergence_of_the_anti-nuclear_weapons_movement">1.1 Emergence of the anti-nuclear weapons movement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Emergence_of_the_anti-nuclear_power_movement">1.2 Emergence of the anti-nuclear power movement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Emergence_of_the_anti-uranium_movement">1.3 Emergence of the anti-uranium movement</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Specific_groups">2 Specific groups</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Anti-nuclear_protests">3 Anti-nuclear protests</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#People_with_anti-nuclear_views">4 People with anti-nuclear views</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Al_Gore">4.1 Al Gore</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Amory_Lovins">4.2 Amory Lovins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Joseph_Romm">4.3 Joseph Romm</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Randall_Forsberg">4.4 Randall Forsberg</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Christopher_Flavin">4.5 Christopher Flavin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_people">4.6 Other people</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Criticism">5 Criticism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Recent_developments">6 Recent developments</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Post-Fukushima">6.1 Post-Fukushima</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliography">9 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Emergence_of_the_movement">Emergence of the movement</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Emergence of the movement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United States">Nuclear weapons and the United States</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Emergence_of_the_anti-nuclear_weapons_movement">Emergence of the anti-nuclear weapons movement</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Emergence of the anti-nuclear weapons movement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_nuclear_sites_map.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/US_nuclear_sites_map.svg/220px-US_nuclear_sites_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="580"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/US_nuclear_sites_map.svg/220px-US_nuclear_sites_map.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/US_nuclear_sites_map.svg/330px-US_nuclear_sites_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/US_nuclear_sites_map.svg/440px-US_nuclear_sites_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Map of major U.S. nuclear weapons infrastructure sites during the Cold War and into the present. Places with grayed-out names are no longer functioning and are in various stages of environmental remediation. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Women_Strike_for_Peace_NYWTS.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Women_Strike_for_Peace_NYWTS.jpg/220px-Women_Strike_for_Peace_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2903" data-file-height="3584"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 272px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Women_Strike_for_Peace_NYWTS.jpg/220px-Women_Strike_for_Peace_NYWTS.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="272" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Women_Strike_for_Peace_NYWTS.jpg/330px-Women_Strike_for_Peace_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Women_Strike_for_Peace_NYWTS.jpg/440px-Women_Strike_for_Peace_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women_Strike_for_Peace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Women Strike for Peace">Women Strike for Peace</a> during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> in 1962. </figcaption> </figure> On November 1, 1961, at the height of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cold_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, about 50,000 women brought together by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women_Strike_for_Peace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Women Strike for Peace">Women Strike for Peace</a> marched in 60 cities in the United States to demonstrate against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>. It was the largest national women's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peace_march?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace march">peace protest</a> of the 20th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dagmar2011-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Atomic_test_seen_from_Las_Vegas.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Atomic_test_seen_from_Las_Vegas.jpg/220px-Atomic_test_seen_from_Las_Vegas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="284"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Atomic_test_seen_from_Las_Vegas.jpg/220px-Atomic_test_seen_from_Las_Vegas.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Atomic_test_seen_from_Las_Vegas.jpg/330px-Atomic_test_seen_from_Las_Vegas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Atomic_test_seen_from_Las_Vegas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> This view of downtown <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Las_Vegas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> shows a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mushroom_cloud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mushroom cloud">mushroom cloud</a> in the background. Scenes such as this were typical during the 1950s. From 1951 to 1962 the government conducted 100 atmospheric tests at the nearby <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a>. </figcaption> </figure> The nuclear debate initially was about nuclear weapons policy, and began within the scientific community. Scientific concern about the adverse health effects arising from atmospheric <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear weapons testing">nuclear weapons testing</a> first emerged in 1954.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Professional associations such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federation_of_Atomic_Scientists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of Atomic Scientists">Federation of Atomic Scientists</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pugwash_Conference_on_Science_and_World_Affairs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs</a> were involved.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-jerry-27">[27]</a> The National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy was formed in November 1957, and surveys showed rising public uneasiness about the nuclear arms race—especially atmospheric nuclear weapons tests that sent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radioactive_fallout?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive fallout">radioactive fallout</a> around the globe.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 1962, Linus Pauling won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to stop the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons, and the "Ban the Bomb" movement spread throughout the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-jerry-27">[27]</a> Between 1945 and 1992, the United States maintained a program of vigorous nuclear weapons testing. A total of 1,054 nuclear tests and two nuclear attacks were conducted, with over 900 of them at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada Test Site">Test Site</a>, and ten on miscellaneous sites in the United States (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alaska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colorado?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mississippi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Mexico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Until November 1962, the vast majority of the U.S. tests were above-ground; after the acceptance of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial Test Ban Treaty">Partial Test Ban Treaty</a> all testing was relegated underground, in order to prevent the dispersion of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_fallout?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear fallout">nuclear fallout</a>. The U.S. program of atmospheric nuclear testing exposed some people to the hazards of fallout. Since the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1990, more than $1.38 billion in compensation has been approved. The money is going to people who took part in the tests, notably at the Nevada Test Site, and to others exposed to the radiation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-compo-30">[30]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Emergence_of_the_anti-nuclear_power_movement">Emergence of the anti-nuclear power movement</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Emergence of the anti-nuclear power movement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear power debate">Nuclear power debate</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg/220px-Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2930" data-file-height="1947"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg/220px-Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg/330px-Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg/440px-Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jimmy_Carter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> leaving <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Mile_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Mile Island">Three Mile Island</a> for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middletown,_Dauphin_County,_Pennsylvania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middletown, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania">Middletown, Pennsylvania</a>, April 1, 1979 </figcaption> </figure> Unexpectedly high costs in the nuclear weapons program, along with competition with the Soviet Union and a desire to spread democracy through the world, created "... pressure on federal officials to develop a civilian nuclear power industry that could help justify the government's considerable expenditures."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-jbs1996-32">[32]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1954?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1954">Atomic Energy Act of 1954</a> encouraged private corporations to build nuclear reactors and a significant learning phase followed with many early partial <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Core_meltdown?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Core meltdown">core meltdowns</a> and accidents at experimental reactors and research facilities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bks-33">[33]</a> This led to the introduction of the Price-Anderson Act in 1957, which was, "... an implicit admission that nuclear power provided risks that producers were unwilling to assume without federal backing."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bks-33">[33]</a> The Price-Anderson Act "... shields nuclear utilities, vendors and suppliers against liability claims in the event of a catastrophic accident by imposing an upper limit on private sector liability." Without such protection, private companies were unwilling to become involved. No other technology in the history of American industry has enjoyed such continuing blanket protection.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-jbs1996-32">[32]</a> The first U.S. reactor to face public opposition was Fermi 1 in 1957. It was built approximately 30 miles from Detroit and there was opposition from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Auto_Workers_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United Auto Workers Union">United Auto Workers Union</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Gas & Electric">Pacific Gas & Electric</a> planned to build the first commercially viable <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plant</a> in the US at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodega_Bay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodega Bay">Bodega Bay</a>, north of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Francisco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. The proposal was controversial and conflict with local citizens began in 1958.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-well-35">[35]</a> The proposed plant site was close to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Andreas_fault?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="San Andreas fault">San Andreas fault</a> and the region's environmentally sensitive fishing and dairy industries. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sierra_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a> became actively involved in the controversy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The conflict ended in 1964, with the forced abandonment of plans for the Bodega Bay power plant. Historian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Wellock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Wellock">Thomas Wellock</a> traces the birth of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement">anti-nuclear movement</a> in the United States to the controversy over Bodega Bay.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-well-35">[35]</a> Attempts to build a nuclear power plant in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malibu,_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malibu, California">Malibu</a> were similar to those at Bodega Bay and were also abandoned.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-well-35">[35]</a> A small military test reactor exploded at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SL-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SL-1">Stationary Low-Power Reactor Number One</a> in Idaho Falls in January 1961, causing 3 fatalities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> This was caused by a combination of dangerous reactor design plus either sabotage, operator error by experienced operators.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> A further partial meltdown at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Nuclear_Generating_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station">Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station</a> in Michigan in 1966.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bks-33">[33]</a> In his 1963 book Change, Hope and the Bomb, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_E._Lilienthal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David E. Lilienthal">David E. Lilienthal</a> criticized nuclear developments, particularly the nuclear industry's failure to address the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High-level radioactive waste management">nuclear waste</a> question. He argued that it would be "... particularly irresponsible to go ahead with the construction of full scale nuclear power plants without a safe method of nuclear waste disposal having been demonstrated." However, Lilienthal stopped short of a blanket rejection of nuclear power. His view was that a more cautious approach was necessary.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rudig-39">[39]</a> Samuel Walker, in his book <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Three_Mile_Island:_A_Nuclear_Crisis_in_Historical_Perspective&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective (page does not exist)">Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective</a>, explains that the growth of the nuclear industry in the U.S. occurred as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a> was being formed. Environmentalists saw the advantages of nuclear power in reducing air pollution, but became critical of nuclear technology on other grounds.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ten-40">[40]</a> The view that nuclear power was better for the environment than conventional fuels was partially undermined in the late 1960s when major controversy erupted over the effects of waste heat from nuclear plants on water quality. The nuclear industry "... gradually and reluctantly took action to reduce thermal pollution by building cooling towers or ponds for plants on inland waterways."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ten-40">[40]</a> Several scientists, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Gofman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Gofman">John Gofman</a> and Arthur Tamplin, challenged the prevailing view that the small amounts of radioactivity released by nuclear power plants during normal operation were not a problem. They argued "... that the routine releases were a severe threat to public health and could cause tens of thousands of deaths from cancer each year."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ten-40">[40]</a> Exchange of views about radiation risks caused uneasiness about nuclear power, especially among those unable to evaluate the conflicting claims.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ten-40">[40]</a> The large size of nuclear plants ordered during the late 1960s raised new safety questions and created fears of a severe reactor accident that would send large quantities of radioactivity into the environment. In the early 1970s, a highly contentious debate over the performance of emergency core cooling systems in nuclear plants, designed to prevent a core meltdown that could lead to the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_Syndrome_(nuclear_meltdown)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="China Syndrome (nuclear meltdown)">China syndrome</a>", received coverage in the popular media and technical journals.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-eleven-18">[18]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wrudig-41">[41]</a> The emergency core cooling systems controversy opened up whether the AECs first priority was promotion of the nuclear industry or protection of public health and safety.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-jb144-42">[42]</a> By the early 1970s, anti-nuclear activity had increased dramatically in conjunction with concerns about nuclear safety and criticisms of a policy-making process that allowed little voice for these concerns. Initially scattered and organized at the local level, opposition to nuclear power became a national movement by the mid-1970s when such groups as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sierra_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural Resources Defense Council">Natural Resources Defense Council</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critical_Mass_(Anti-nuclear_group)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical Mass (Anti-nuclear group)">Critical Mass</a> became involved.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sh96-43">[43]</a> With the rise of environmentalism in the 1970s, the anti-nuclear movement grew substantially:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-jb144-42">[42]</a> <blockquote> In 1975–76, ballot initiatives to control or halt the growth of nuclear power were introduced in eight western states. Although they enjoyed little success at the polls, the controls they sought to impose were sometimes adopted in part by state legislature, most notably in California. Interventions in plant licensing proceedings increased, often focusing on technical issues related to safety. This widespread popular ferment kept the issue before the public and contributed to growing public skepticism about nuclear power.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-jb144-42">[42]</a> </blockquote> Another major area of ongoing concern was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High-level radioactive waste management">nuclear waste management</a>. The absence of a working waste management facility became an important issue by the mid-1970s: <blockquote> In 1976, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_Energy_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California Energy Commission">California Energy Commission</a> announced that it would not approve any more nuclear plants unless the utilities could specify fuel and waste disposal costs, an impossible task without decision on reprocessing, spent fuel storage and waste disposal. By the late 1970s, over thirty states had passed legislation regulating various activities associated with nuclear waste.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> </blockquote> Many technologies and materials associated with the creation of a nuclear power program have a dual-use capability, in that they can be used to make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> if a country chooses to do so.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In 1975 over 2,000 prominent scientists signed a Declaration on Nuclear Power, prepared by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</a>, warning of the dangers of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a> and urging the President and Congress to suspend the exportation of nuclear power to other countries, and reduce domestic construction until major problems were resolved.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Theodore Taylor, a former nuclear weapons designer, explained, "... the ease with which nuclear bombs could be manufactured if fissionable material was available."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wrudig-41">[41]</a> In 1976, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_whistleblowers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear whistleblowers">four nuclear engineers</a> -<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GE_Three?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GE Three">three from GE</a> and one from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a>- resigned, stating that nuclear power was not as safe as their superiors were claiming.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mar-47">[47]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a> These men were engineers who had spent most of their working life building reactors, and their defection galvanized anti-nuclear groups across the country.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> They testified to the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy that: <blockquote> the cumulative effect of all design defects and deficiencies in the design, construction and operations of nuclear power plants makes a nuclear power plant accident, in our opinion, a certain event. The only question is when, and where.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mar-47">[47]</a> </blockquote> These issues, together with a series of other environmental, technical, and public health questions, made nuclear power the source of acute controversy. Public support, which was strong in the early 1960s, had been shaken. Forbes, in the September 1975 issue, reported that "the anti-nuclear coalition has been remarkably successful ... [and] has certainly slowed the expansion of nuclear power."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-eleven-18">[18]</a> By the mid-1970s anti-nuclear activism, fueled by dissenting experts, had moved beyond local protests and politics to gain a wider appeal and influence. Although it lacked a single coordinating organization, and did not have uniform goals, it emerged as a movement sharply focused on opposing nuclear power, and the movement's efforts gained a great deal of national attention.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-eleven-18">[18]</a> On March 28, 1979, equipment failures and operator error contributed to loss of coolant and a partial core meltdown at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant</a> in Pennsylvania. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Nuclear_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Nuclear Association">World Nuclear Association</a> has stated that cleanup of the damaged nuclear reactor system at TMI-2 took nearly 12 years and cost approximately US $973 million.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-world-51">[51]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benjamin_K._Sovacool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benjamin K. Sovacool">Benjamin K. Sovacool</a>, in his 2007 preliminary assessment of major energy accidents, estimated that the TMI accident caused a total of $2.4 billion in property damages.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident_health_effects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three Mile Island accident health effects">health effects of the Three Mile Island accident</a> are widely, but not universally, agreed to be very low level.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-world-51">[51]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mangano2004-53">[53]</a> The accident triggered protests around the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nuclear_Inc_p._95_&_97-54">[54]</a> The 1979 Three Mile Island accident inspired Perrow's book <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Normal_Accidents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Normal Accidents">Normal Accidents</a>, where a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_accident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear accident">nuclear accident</a> occurs, resulting from an unanticipated interaction of multiple failures in a complex system. TMI was an example of a normal accident because it was "... unexpected, incomprehensible, uncontrollable and unavoidable."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <blockquote> Perrow concluded that the failure at Three Mile Island was a consequence of the system's immense complexity. Such modern high-risk systems, he realized, were prone to failures however well they were managed. It was inevitable that they would eventually suffer what he termed a 'normal accident'. Therefore, he suggested, we might do better to contemplate a radical redesign, or if that was not possible, to abandon such technology entirely.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nature477-56">[56]</a> </blockquote> Nuclear power plants are a complex energy system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-stor-57">[57]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and opponents of nuclear power have criticized the sophistication and complexity of the technology. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helen_Caldicott?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helen Caldicott">Helen Caldicott</a> has said: "... in essence, a nuclear reactor is just a very sophisticated and dangerous way to boil water – analogous to cutting a pound of butter with a chain saw."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[59]</a> These critics of nuclear power advocate the use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energy_conservation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energy conservation">energy conservation</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Efficient_energy_use?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Efficient energy use">efficient energy use</a>, and appropriate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renewable_energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> technologies to create our energy future.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated1-60">[60]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amory_Lovins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amory Lovins">Amory Lovins</a>, from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Mountain Institute">Rocky Mountain Institute</a>, has argued that centralized electricity systems with giant power plants are becoming obsolete. In their place are emerging "distributed resources"—smaller, decentralized electricity supply sources (including efficiency) that are cheaper, cleaner, less risky, more flexible, and quicker to deploy. Such technologies are often called "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soft_energy_technologies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft energy technologies">soft energy technologies</a>" and Lovins viewed their impacts as more gentle, pleasant, and manageable than hard energy technologies such as nuclear power.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Nuclear energy systems have a long stay time. The completion of the sequence of activities related to one commercial nuclear power station, from the start of construction through the safe disposal of its last radioactive waste, may take 100–150 years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-stor-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Emergence_of_the_anti-uranium_movement">Emergence of the anti-uranium movement</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Emergence of the anti-uranium movement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uranium_mining_debate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uranium mining debate">Uranium mining debate</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uranium_mining_and_the_Navajo_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uranium mining and the Navajo people">Uranium mining and the Navajo people</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Church_Rock_uranium_mill_tailings_dam_breach.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Church_Rock_uranium_mill_tailings_dam_breach.jpeg/220px-Church_Rock_uranium_mill_tailings_dam_breach.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="338"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Church_Rock_uranium_mill_tailings_dam_breach.jpeg/220px-Church_Rock_uranium_mill_tailings_dam_breach.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Church_Rock_uranium_mill_tailings_dam_breach.jpeg/330px-Church_Rock_uranium_mill_tailings_dam_breach.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Church_Rock_uranium_mill_tailings_dam_breach.jpeg/440px-Church_Rock_uranium_mill_tailings_dam_breach.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The Church Rock uranium mill tailings dam breach. A 20-foot breach in the tailings dam formed around 5:30 am on the morning of July 16, 1979.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pasternak-62">[62]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Uranium mining is the process of extraction of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uranium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uranium">uranium</a> ore from the ground. A prominent use of uranium from mining is as fuel for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plants</a>. After mining uranium ores, they are normally processed by grinding the ore materials to a uniform particle size and then treating the ore to extract the uranium by chemical leaching. The milling process commonly yields dry powder-form material consisting of natural uranium, "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yellowcake?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yellowcake">yellowcake</a>", which is sold on the uranium market as U3O8, and uranium mining can use large amounts of water. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_Rock_uranium_mill_spill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church Rock uranium mill spill">Church Rock uranium mill spill</a> occurred in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Mexico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> on July 16, 1979, when United Nuclear Corporation's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_Rock,_New_Mexico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church Rock, New Mexico">Church Rock</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uranium_mining?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Heap_leaching" title="Uranium mining">uranium mill</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tailings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tailings">tailings</a> disposal pond breached its dam.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pasternak-62">[62]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-courier-63">[63]</a> Over 1,000 tons of solid <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radioactive_waste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radioactive waste">radioactive mill waste</a> and 93 million gallons of acidic, radioactive tailings solution flowed into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puerco_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puerco River">Puerco River</a>, and contaminants traveled 80 miles (130 km) downstream to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navajo_County,_Arizona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Navajo County, Arizona">Navajo County, Arizona</a> and onto the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navajo_Nation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pasternak-62">[62]</a> The accident released more radioactivity than the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a> that occurred four months earlier and was the largest release of radioactive material in U.S. history.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pasternak-62">[62]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-congress-64">[64]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bruggeetal-65">[65]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ee-66">[66]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groundwater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> near the spill was contaminated and the Puerco rendered unusable by local residents, who were not immediately aware of the toxic danger.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasternak2010150-67">[67]</a> Despite efforts made in cleaning up uranium sites, significant problems stemming from the legacy of uranium development still exist today on the Navajo Nation and in the states of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Hundreds of abandoned mines have not been cleaned up and present environmental and health risks in many communities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that there are 4000 mines with documented uranium production, and another 15,000 locations with uranium occurrences in 14 western states,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[69]</a> most found in the Four Corners area and Wyoming.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uranium_Mill_Tailings_Radiation_Control_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act">Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act</a> is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_environmental_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States environmental law">United States environmental law</a> that amended the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1954?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1954">Atomic Energy Act of 1954</a> and gave the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> the authority to establish health and environmental standards for the stabilization, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_remediation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environmental remediation">restoration</a>, and disposal of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radioactive_waste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radioactive waste">uranium mill waste</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EPASummary-71">[71]</a> Anti-uranium activists in the US include: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Banyacya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Banyacya">Thomas Banyacya</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Pino&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Manuel Pino (page does not exist)">Manuel Pino</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Floyd_Red_Crow_Westerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Floyd Red Crow Westerman">Floyd Red Crow Westerman</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Specific_groups">Specific groups</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Specific groups" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_anti-nuclear_groups_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-nuclear groups in the United States">List of anti-nuclear groups in the United States</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_nuclear_power_groups?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear power groups">List of nuclear power groups</a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_anti-nuclear_groups?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-nuclear groups">Anti-nuclear organizations</a> oppose nuclear power, nuclear weapons, and/or uranium mining. More than eighty anti-nuclear groups operate, or have operated, in the United States. These include: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abalone_Alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abalone Alliance">Abalone Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arms_Control_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arms Control Association">Arms Control Association</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bailly_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bailly Alliance (page does not exist)">Bailly Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beyond_Nuclear?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyond Nuclear">Beyond Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clamshell_Alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clamshell Alliance">Clamshell Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Committee_for_Nuclear_Responsibility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Committee for Nuclear Responsibility">Committee for Nuclear Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corporate_Accountability_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate Accountability International">Corporate Accountability International</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_for_a_Livable_World?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council for a Livable World">Council for a Livable World</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critical_Mass_(Anti-nuclear_group)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical Mass (Anti-nuclear group)">Critical Mass</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenpeace_USA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenpeace USA">Greenpeace USA</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_anti-nuclear_groups_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mothers_for_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-nuclear groups in the United States">Mothers for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musicians_United_for_Safe_Energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musicians United for Safe Energy">Musicians United for Safe Energy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=NAU_Against_Uranium&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="NAU Against Uranium (page does not exist)">NAU Against Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada Desert Experience">Nevada Desert Experience</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/No_Nukes_group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="No Nukes group">No Nukes group</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Age_Peace_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear Age Peace Foundation">Nuclear Age Peace Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Control_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear Control Institute">Nuclear Control Institute</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Information_and_Resource_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear Information and Resource Service">Nuclear Information and Resource Service</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peace_Action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peace Action">Peace Action</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physicians for Social Responsibility">Physicians for Social Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plowshares_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Plowshares Movement">Plowshares Movement</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_Citizen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public Citizen">Public Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Seneca_Women%27s_Encampment_for_a_Future_of_Peace_and_Justice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Seneca Women's Encampment for a Future of Peace and Justice">The Seneca Women's Encampment for a Future of Peace and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shad_Alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shad Alliance">Shad Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sierra_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_anti-nuclear_groups_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Three_Mile_Island_Alert" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-nuclear groups in the United States">Three Mile Island Alert</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women_Strike_for_Peace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Women Strike for Peace">Women Strike for Peace</a></li> </ul> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Nirs_logo.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Nirs_logo.gif" decoding="async" width="192" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="178"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 178px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Nirs_logo.gif" data-width="192" data-height="178" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Logo of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Information_and_Resource_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear Information and Resource Service">Nuclear Information and Resource Service</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Anti-nuclear_protest_at_the_NTS_3.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Anti-nuclear_protest_at_the_NTS_3.jpg/220px-Anti-nuclear_protest_at_the_NTS_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="360"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 281px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Anti-nuclear_protest_at_the_NTS_3.jpg/220px-Anti-nuclear_protest_at_the_NTS_3.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="281" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Anti-nuclear_protest_at_the_NTS_3.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Members of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada Desert Experience">Nevada Desert Experience</a> hold a prayer vigil during the Easter period of 1982 at the entrance to the Nevada Test Site. </figcaption> </figure> Some of the most influential groups in the anti-nuclear movement have had some members who were elite scientists, including Nobel Laureates <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linus_Pauling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a>. In the United States, these scientists have belonged primarily to three groups: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Committee_for_Nuclear_Responsibility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Committee for Nuclear Responsibility">Committee for Nuclear Responsibility</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Many American religious organizations have a long record of opposing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>. Rejecting the development and use of nuclear weapons is "... one of the most widely shared convictions across faith traditions".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-thistle-73">[73]</a> In the 1980s religious groups organized large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_protests?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear protests">anti-nuclear protests</a> involving hundreds of thousands of people, and specific groups involved included the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a>. The Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish communities published explicitly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear">anti-nuclear</a> statements, and in 2000 Muslims also began to take a stance against nuclear weaponry.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-thistle-73">[73]</a> The platform adopted by the delegates of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green Party (United States)</a> at their annual Green Congress May 26–28, 2000, reflecting the majority views of the membership, included the creation of self-reproducing, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renewable_energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> systems and use of federal investments, purchasing, mandates, and incentives to shut down nuclear power plants and phase out <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fossil_fuels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Recent campaigning by anti-nuclear groups has related to several nuclear power plants including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant">Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-monroenews.com-12">[12]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-michiganmessenger.com-13">[13]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Point_Energy_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Point Energy Center">Indian Point Energy Center</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bloomberg.com-14">[14]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oyster_Creek_Nuclear_Generating_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station">Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-examiner.gmnews.com-15">[15]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pilgrim_Nuclear_Generating_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station">Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pil-16">[16]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salem_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salem Nuclear Power Plant">Salem Nuclear Power Plant</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sal-17">[17]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-eleven-18">[18]</a> There have also been campaigns relating to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Y-12_National_Security_Complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Current_status" title="Y-12 National Security Complex">Y-12 Nuclear Weapons Plant</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-y-12-19">[19]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idaho_National_Laboratory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idaho National Laboratory">Idaho National Laboratory</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-yellow-20">[20]</a> proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-yucca-21">[21]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanford_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanford Site">Hanford Site</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nev-22">[22]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-law-23">[23]</a> and transportation of nuclear waste from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LANL-24">[24]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Anti-nuclear_protests">Anti-nuclear protests</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Anti-nuclear protests" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear protests in the United States">Anti-nuclear protests in the United States</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Anti-nuclear_protest,_USA,_1977_(1).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Anti-nuclear_protest%2C_USA%2C_1977_%281%29.jpg/220px-Anti-nuclear_protest%2C_USA%2C_1977_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3444" data-file-height="2373"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Anti-nuclear_protest%2C_USA%2C_1977_%281%29.jpg/220px-Anti-nuclear_protest%2C_USA%2C_1977_%281%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Anti-nuclear_protest%2C_USA%2C_1977_%281%29.jpg/330px-Anti-nuclear_protest%2C_USA%2C_1977_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Anti-nuclear_protest%2C_USA%2C_1977_%281%29.jpg/440px-Anti-nuclear_protest%2C_USA%2C_1977_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Anti-nuclear protest in Boston, 1977 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_USA.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_USA.jpg/220px-Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="584"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_USA.jpg/220px-Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_USA.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_USA.jpg/330px-Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_USA.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Anti-nuclear protest at Harrisburg in 1979, following the Three Mile Island accident </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:PeacePark.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PeacePark.jpg/220px-PeacePark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PeacePark.jpg/220px-PeacePark.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PeacePark.jpg/330px-PeacePark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PeacePark.jpg/440px-PeacePark.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_House_Peace_Vigil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White House Peace Vigil">White House Peace Vigil</a>, the longest running peace vigil in US history, started by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_(activist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a> in 1981. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg/220px-US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="435"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg/220px-US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg/330px-US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg/440px-US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945–2005. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Orepa-2011-y12-rally-tn3.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Orepa-2011-y12-rally-tn3.jpg/220px-Orepa-2011-y12-rally-tn3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1921" data-file-height="1757"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Orepa-2011-y12-rally-tn3.jpg/220px-Orepa-2011-y12-rally-tn3.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Orepa-2011-y12-rally-tn3.jpg/330px-Orepa-2011-y12-rally-tn3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Orepa-2011-y12-rally-tn3.jpg/440px-Orepa-2011-y12-rally-tn3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> April 2011 OREPA rally at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Y-12_National_Security_Complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Y-12 National Security Complex">Y-12 nuclear weapons plant</a> entrance </figcaption> </figure> On November 1, 1961, at the height of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cold_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, about 50,000 women brought together by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women_Strike_for_Peace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Women Strike for Peace">Women Strike for Peace</a> marched in 60 cities in the United States to demonstrate against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>. It was the largest national women's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peace_march?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace march">peace protest</a> of the 20th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dagmar2011-25">[25]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[75]</a> There were many anti-nuclear protests in the United States which captured national public attention during the 1970s and 1980s. These included the well-known <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clamshell_Alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clamshell Alliance">Clamshell Alliance</a> protests at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seabrook_Station_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant">Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abalone_Alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abalone Alliance">Abalone Alliance</a> protests at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diablo_Canyon_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant">Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant</a>, where thousands of protesters were arrested. Other large protests followed the 1979 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-protest-1">[1]</a> A large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear">anti-nuclear</a> demonstration was held in May 1979 in Washington, D.C., when 65,000 people including the Governor of California, attended a march and rally against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-books.google.com-76">[76]</a> In New York City on September 23, 1979, almost 200,000 people attended a protest against nuclear power.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Herman_B1-77">[77]</a> Anti-nuclear power protests preceded the shutdown of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shoreham_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant">Shoreham</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yankee_Rowe_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Plant">Yankee Rowe</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Millstone_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Millstone Nuclear Power Plant">Millstone I</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rancho_Seco_Nuclear_Generating_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station">Rancho Seco</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maine_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maine Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Maine Yankee</a>, and about a dozen other nuclear power plants.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dec-78">[78]</a> On June 3, 1981, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_(activist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a> launched the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_House_Peace_Vigil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White House Peace Vigil">White House Peace Vigil</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington,_D.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[79]</a> He was later joined on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vigil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vigil">vigil</a> by anti-nuclear activists <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concepcion_Picciotto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Concepcion Picciotto">Concepcion Picciotto</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ellen_Thomas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ellen Thomas">Ellen Benjamin</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jazeera-80">[80]</a> On June 6, 1982, a crowd of 85,000 gathers at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, CA for "Peace Sunday: We Have a Dream" a rally and concert in support of the United Nations Special Session on Nuclear Disarmament. Performers include Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, Stevie Wonder and Crosby, Stills & Nash. On June 12, 1982, one million people demonstrated in New York City's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> and for an end to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cold_war?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war">cold war</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arms_race?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arms race">arms race</a>. It was the largest anti-nuclear <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demonstration_(people)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">protest</a> and the largest political demonstration in American history.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Spirit_of_June_12-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-icanw.org-7">[7]</a> International Day of Nuclear Disarmament protests were held on June 20, 1983, at 50 sites across the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-books.google.com.au-8">[8]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nl.newsbank.com-9">[9]</a> In 1986, hundreds of people walked from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Los_Angeles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington,_D.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Peace_March_for_Global_Nuclear_Disarmament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament">Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-news.google.com-81">[81]</a> There were many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada Desert Experience">Nevada Desert Experience</a> protests and peace camps at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a> during the 1980s and 1990s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-query.nytimes.com-10">[10]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-New_York_Times_1992-11">[11]</a> In the 1980s, when fewer nuclear power plants remained in the construction and licensing pipeline, and interest in energy policy as a national issue declined, many anti-nuclear activists switched their focus to nuclear weapons and the arms race.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[82]</a> There has also been an institutionalization of the anti-nuclear movement,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bro-83">[83]</a> where the anti-nuclear movement carried its contests into less visible, and more specialized institutional areas, such as regulatory and licensing hearings, and legal challenges.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bro-83">[83]</a> At the state level, anti-nuclear groups were also successful in placing several anti-nuclear referendums on the ballot.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[84]</a> On May 1, 2005, 40,000 anti-nuclear/anti-war protesters marched past the United Nations in New York, 60 years after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-indymedia.us-85">[85]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Anti-Nuke_Protests_in_New_York-86">[86]</a> This was the largest anti-nuclear rally in the U.S. for several decades.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lsw-87">[87]</a> In 2008, 2009, and 2010, there have been protests about, and campaigns against, several new nuclear reactor proposals in the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-indymedia.org.uk-88">[88]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[89]</a> There is an annual protest against U.S. nuclear weapons research at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> in California and in the 2007 protest, 64 people were arrested.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[90]</a> There have been a series of protests at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a> and in the April 2007 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada Desert Experience">Nevada Desert Experience</a> protest, 39 people were cited by police.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[91]</a> There have been anti-nuclear protests at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naval_Base_Kitsap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naval Base Kitsap">Naval Base Kitsap</a> for many years, and several in 2008.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Also in 2008 and 2009, there have been protests about several proposed nuclear reactors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Protest_against_nuclear_reactor-95">[95]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-indymedia.org.uk-88">[88]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="People_with_anti-nuclear_views">People with anti-nuclear views</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: People with anti-nuclear views" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Al_Gore">Al Gore</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Al Gore" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Former vice president <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al_Gore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> says he is not anti-nuclear, but has stated that the "... cost of the present generation of reactors is nearly prohibitive."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-fai-96">[96]</a> In his 2009 book, Our Choice, Gore argues that nuclear power was once "expected to provide virtually unlimited supplies of low-cost electricity", but the reality is that it has been "... an energy source in crisis for the last 30 years."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gor-97">[97]</a> Worldwide growth in nuclear power has slowed in recent years, with no new reactors and an "actual decline in global capacity and output in 2008." In the United States, "... no nuclear power plants ordered after 1972 have been built to completion."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gor-97">[97]</a> <blockquote> Of the 253 nuclear power reactors originally ordered in the United States from 1953 to 2008, 48 percent were canceled, 11 percent were prematurely shut down, 14 percent experienced at least a one-year-or-more outage, and 27 percent are operating without having a year-plus outage. Thus, only about one fourth of those ordered, or about half of those completed, are still operating and have proved relatively reliable.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[98]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Amory_Lovins">Amory Lovins</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Amory Lovins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In his 2005 book Winning the Oil Endgame, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amory_Lovins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amory Lovins">Amory Lovins</a> praises nuclear power engineers, but is critical of the nuclear industry: <blockquote> No vendor has made money selling power reactors. This is the greatest failure of any enterprise in the industrial history of the world. We don't mean that as a criticism of nuclear power's practitioners, on whose skill and devotion we all continue to depend; the impressive operational improvements in U.S. power reactors in recent years deserve great credit. It is simply how technologies and markets evolved, despite the best intentions and immense effort. In nuclear power's heydey, its proponents saw no competitors but central coal-fired power stations. Then, in quick succession, came end-use efficiency, combined-cycle plants, distributed generation (including versions that recovered valuable heat previously wasted), and competitive windpower. The range of competitors will only continue to expand more and their costs to fall faster than any nuclear technology can match.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </blockquote> In 1988, Lovins argued that improving energy efficiency can simultaneously ameliorate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenhouse_warming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse warming">greenhouse warming</a>, reduce <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acid_rain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, save money, and avoid the problems of nuclear power. Given the urgency of abating global warming, Lovins stated that we cannot afford to invest in nuclear power when those same dollars put into efficiency would displace far more <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In "Nuclear Power: Climate Fix or Folly," published in 2010, Lovins argued that expanded nuclear power "... does not represent a cost-effective solution to global warming and that investors would shun it were it not for generous government subsidies lubricated by intensive lobbying efforts."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Joseph_Romm">Joseph Romm</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Joseph Romm" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Romm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Romm">Joseph Romm</a> contends that nuclear power generates about 20 percent of all U.S. electricity, and is a low-carbon source of around-the-clock power, which has received renewed interest in recent years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rom-102">[102]</a> Yet, Romm says, nuclear power's "own myriad limitations will constrain its growth, especially in the near term", and the limitations include:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rom-102">[102]</a> <ul> <li>"Prohibitively high, and escalating, capital costs</li> <li>Production bottlenecks in key components needed to build plants</li> <li>Very long construction times</li> <li>Concerns about uranium supplies and importation issues</li> <li>Unresolved problems with availability and security of radioactive waste storage, which has a 100,000 year shelf life</li> <li>Large-scale water use and contamination amid shortages</li> <li>High electricity prices from new plants".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rom-102">[102]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Randall_Forsberg">Randall Forsberg</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Randall Forsberg" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Randall_Forsberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Randall Forsberg">Randall Forsberg</a> (née Watson, 1943–2007) became interested in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arms_control?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arms control">arms control</a> issues while working at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In 1974, she returned to the United States, and became a graduate student in international studies at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. In 1979, Forsberg wrote Call to Halt the Arms Race, which later was the manifesto of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Weapons_Freeze_Campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign">Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign</a>. The document advocated a bilateral halt to the testing, production, deployment and delivery of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-forsb-103">[103]</a> Forsberg was awarded a doctorate in 1980 and she started the Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies, which became an important resource for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peace_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear">anti-nuclear</a> weapons movement. In 1983 Forsberg was awarded a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MacArthur Foundation">MacArthur Foundation</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genius_grant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Genius grant">genius grant</a>. In 2005 she became Spitzer Professorship in Political Science at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_College_of_New_York?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a>, and died of cancer in 2007 when she was 64 years old.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-forsb-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Christopher_Flavin">Christopher Flavin</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Christopher Flavin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many advocates of nuclear power argue that, given the urgency of doing something about climate change quickly, it must be pursued. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_Flavin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christopher Flavin">Christopher Flavin</a>, however, contends that speedy implementation is not one of nuclear power's strong points:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-flavin-104">[104]</a> <blockquote> Planning, licensing, and constructing even a single nuclear plant typically takes a decade or more, and plants frequently fail to meet completion deadlines. Due to the dearth of orders in recent decades, the world currently has very limited capacity to manufacture many of the critical components of nuclear plants. Rebuilding that capacity will take a decade or more.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-flavin-104">[104]</a> </blockquote> Given the urgency of the climate problem, Flavin emphasizes the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renewable energy commercialization">rapid commercialization of renewable energy</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Efficient_energy_use?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Efficient energy use">efficient energy use</a>: <blockquote> Improved energy productivity and renewable energy are both available in abundance—and new policies and technologies are rapidly making them more economically competitive with fossil fuels. In combination, these energy options represent the most robust alternative to the current energy system, capable of providing the diverse array of energy services that a modern economy requires. Given the urgency of the climate problem, that is indeed convenient.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Other_people">Other people</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_anti-nuclear_advocates_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of anti-nuclear advocates in the United States">List of anti-nuclear advocates in the United States</a> </div> Selected other notable individuals who have expressed reservations about nuclear power, nuclear weapons, and/or uranium mining in the US include:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larry_Bogart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Larry Bogart">Larry Bogart</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helen_Caldicott?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helen Caldicott">Helen Caldicott</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barry_Commoner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barry Commoner">Barry Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frances_Crowe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frances Crowe">Frances Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carrie_Barefoot_Dickerson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carrie Barefoot Dickerson">Carrie Barefoot Dickerson</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_M._Doty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul M. Doty">Paul M. Doty</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jane_Fonda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Randall_Forsberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Randall Forsberg">Randall Forsberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Gunter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Gunter">Paul Gunter</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Hall_(New_York_politician)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Hall (New York politician)">John Hall</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jackie_Hudson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jackie Hudson">Jackie Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sam_Lovejoy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Lovejoy">Sam Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amory_Lovins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amory Lovins">Amory Lovins</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arjun_Makhijani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arjun Makhijani">Arjun Makhijani</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregory_Minor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregory Minor">Gregory Minor</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ralph_Nader?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linus_Pauling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eugene_Rabinowitch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eugene Rabinowitch">Eugene Rabinowitch</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bonnie Raitt">Bonnie Raitt</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Sheen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Sheen">Martin Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karen_Silkwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karen Silkwood">Karen Silkwood</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_(activist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louie_Vitale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Louie Vitale">Louie Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harvey_Wasserman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harvey Wasserman">Harvey Wasserman</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_pro-nuclear_environmentalists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pro-nuclear environmentalists">List of pro-nuclear environmentalists</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_nuclear_power_groups?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear power groups">List of nuclear power groups</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Nuclear_Environmentalist.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Stewart Brand wearing a shirt bearing the radioactive trefoil symbol with the caption "Rad."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuclear_Environmentalist.jpg/220px-Nuclear_Environmentalist.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2081" data-file-height="2442"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 258px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuclear_Environmentalist.jpg/220px-Nuclear_Environmentalist.jpg" data-alt="Stewart Brand wearing a shirt bearing the radioactive trefoil symbol with the caption "Rad."" data-width="220" data-height="258" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuclear_Environmentalist.jpg/330px-Nuclear_Environmentalist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuclear_Environmentalist.jpg/440px-Nuclear_Environmentalist.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Stewart Brand at a 2010 debate, "Does the world need nuclear energy?"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style> <table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-style" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </td> <td class="mbox-text">This section may require <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: poor referencing and sloppy referencing format; some newer scholarly sources and improved copyediting would also help. Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear protests in the United States">improve this section</a> if you can; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="User talk:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear protests in the United States (page does not exist)">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> In November 2009, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Washington_Post?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported that nuclear power is emerging as "... perhaps the world's most unlikely weapon against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_change?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, with the backing of even some green activists who once campaigned against it."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-fai-96">[96]</a> The article said that rather than deride the potential for nuclear power, some environmentalists are embracing it, and that presently there is only "muted opposition"—nothing like the protests and plant invasions that helped define the anti-nuclear movement in the United States during the 1970s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-fai-96">[96]</a> Patrick Moore, one of the initial founders of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenpeace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>, said in a 2008 interview that, "It wasn't until after I'd left Greenpeace and the climate change issue started coming to the forefront that I started rethinking energy policy in general and realized that I had been incorrect in my analysis of nuclear as being some kind of evil plot."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Bernard Cohen, Professor Emeritus of Physics at the University of Pittsburgh, calculates that nuclear power is many times safer than any other form of power generation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Critics of the movement point to independent studies showing the capital costs of renewable energy sources are higher than those from nuclear power.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Critics argue that the amount of waste generated by nuclear power is very small, as all the high-level nuclear waste from 50+ years of operation of the world's nuclear reactors would fit into a single football field to the depth of five feet.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Furthermore, U.S. coal power plants presently create nearly a million tons of low-level radioactive waste per day and therefore release more total radioactivity than the nation's nuclear plants,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[114]</a> due to the uranium and thorium found naturally within the coal. Nuclear proponents also point out that cost and the quantity of waste figures for the operation of nuclear power plants are commonly derived from nuclear reactors built using second generation designs, dating from the 1960s. Advanced reactor designs are estimated to be even cheaper to operate and generate less than 1% the amount of waste of current designs, like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Integral_Fast_Reactor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Integral Fast Reactor">Integral Fast Reactors</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pebble_Bed_Reactor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pebble Bed Reactor">Pebble Bed Reactors</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It is because of these facts that proponents argue that nuclear fission power is the safest means currently available to entirely replace the use of fossil fuels, and pro-nuclear environmentalists argue that a combination of both nuclear energy and renewable energy would be the fastest, safest, and cheapest way forward.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In 2007 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwyneth_Cravens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gwyneth Cravens">Gwyneth Cravens</a> outlined the message of her newest book, Power to Save the World: The Truth About Nuclear Energy. It argues for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> as a safe <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energy">energy</a> source and an essential preventive of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_warming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pandora%27s_Promise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pandora's Promise">Pandora's Promise</a> is a 2013 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Documentary_film?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a>, directed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Stone_(director)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Stone (director)">Robert Stone</a>. It presents an argument that nuclear energy, typically feared by environmentalists, is in fact the only feasible way of meeting humanity's growing need for energy while also addressing the serious problem of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_change?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. The movie features several notable individuals (some of whom were once vehemently opposed to nuclear power, but who now speak in support of it), including: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stewart_Brand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stewart Brand">Stewart Brand</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwyneth_Cravens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gwyneth Cravens">Gwyneth Cravens</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_Lynas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark Lynas">Mark Lynas</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Rhodes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Rhodes">Richard Rhodes</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Shellenberger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Shellenberger">Michael Shellenberger</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Vulcan-116">[116]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear">Anti-nuclear</a> advocate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helen_Caldicott?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helen Caldicott">Helen Caldicott</a> appears briefly.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WaPo-117">[117]</a> As of 2014, the U.S. nuclear industry has begun a new lobbying effort, hiring three former senators—<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evan_Bayh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evan Bayh">Evan Bayh</a>, a Democrat; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judd_Gregg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judd Gregg">Judd Gregg</a>, a Republican; and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spencer_Abraham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spencer Abraham">Spencer Abraham</a>, a Republican—as well as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_M._Daley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William M. Daley">William M. Daley</a>, a former staffer to President Obama. The initiative is called Nuclear Matters, and it has begun a newspaper advertising campaign.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Recent_developments">Recent developments</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Recent developments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:One_of_a_set_of_two_billboards_in_Davis,_California_advertising_its_nuclear-free_policy.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/One_of_a_set_of_two_billboards_in_Davis%2C_California_advertising_its_nuclear-free_policy.jpg/250px-One_of_a_set_of_two_billboards_in_Davis%2C_California_advertising_its_nuclear-free_policy.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="509"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/One_of_a_set_of_two_billboards_in_Davis%2C_California_advertising_its_nuclear-free_policy.jpg/250px-One_of_a_set_of_two_billboards_in_Davis%2C_California_advertising_its_nuclear-free_policy.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/One_of_a_set_of_two_billboards_in_Davis%2C_California_advertising_its_nuclear-free_policy.jpg/375px-One_of_a_set_of_two_billboards_in_Davis%2C_California_advertising_its_nuclear-free_policy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/One_of_a_set_of_two_billboards_in_Davis%2C_California_advertising_its_nuclear-free_policy.jpg/500px-One_of_a_set_of_two_billboards_in_Davis%2C_California_advertising_its_nuclear-free_policy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_prospective_nuclear_units_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prospective nuclear units in the United States">List of prospective nuclear units in the United States</a> </div> As of early 2010, anti-nuclear groups such as Physicians for Social Responsibility, NukeFree.org, and NIRS were actively fighting federal loan guarantees for new nuclear plant construction. In February 2010, several groups coordinated a national call-in day to Congress to attempt to stop $54 billion in federal loan guarantees for new nuclear plants. However, the first such loan guarantee of $8.3 billion was offered to Southern Company that same month.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In January 2010, about 175 anti-nuclear activists participated in a 126-mile walk in an effort to block the re-licensing of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In February 2010, numerous anti-nuclear activists and private citizens gathered in Montpelier, to be at hand as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vermont_Senate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vermont Senate">Vermont Senate</a> voted 26 to 4 against the "Public Good" certificate needed for continued operation of Vermont Yankee past 2012.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In April 2010 a dozen environmental groups (including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a>, South Carolina's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sierra_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_anti-nuclear_groups_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nuclear_Watch_South" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-nuclear groups in the United States">Nuclear Watch South</a>, the Southern Alliance for Clean Energy, Georgia Women's Action for New Directions) stated that the proposed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AP1000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AP1000">AP1000</a> reactor containment design is "... inherently less safe than current reactors."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pavey-122">[122]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arnold_Gundersen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arnold Gundersen">Arnold Gundersen</a>, a nuclear engineer, authored a 32-page report arguing that the new AP1000 reactors will be vulnerable to leaks caused by corrosion holes. There are plans to construct the Westinghouse AP1000 reactors at seven sites across the southeast, including Plant Vogtle in Burke County, Georgia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pavey-122">[122]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mlw-123">[123]</a> In October 2010, Michael Mariotte, executive director of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Information_and_Resource_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear Information and Resource Service">Nuclear Information and Resource Service</a> anti-nuclear group, predicted that the U.S. nuclear industry will not experience a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_renaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear renaissance">nuclear renaissance</a>, for the most simple of reasons: "nuclear reactors make no economic sense". The economic slump has driven down electricity demand and the price of competing energy sources, and Congress has failed to pass climate change legislation, making nuclear economics very difficult.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Governor-elect <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Shumlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Shumlin">Peter Shumlin</a> is a prominent opponent of the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant and two days after Shumlin was elected in November 2010, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Entergy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Entergy">Entergy</a> put the plant up for sale.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NYT02-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Post-Fukushima">Post-Fukushima</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Post-Fukushima" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe.jpg/220px-Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="916"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe.jpg/220px-Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe.jpg/330px-Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe.jpg/440px-Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Following the 2011 Japanese <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima nuclear disaster">Fukushima nuclear disaster</a>, authorities shut down the nation's 54 nuclear power plants. As of 2013, the Fukushima site remains <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radiation_effects_from_Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation effects from Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">highly radioactive</a>, with some 160,000 evacuees still living in temporary housing, and some land will be unfarmable for centuries. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fukushima_disaster_cleanup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima disaster cleanup">difficult cleanup job</a> will take 40 or more years, and cost tens of billions of dollars.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[127]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011_Japanese_nuclear_accidents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Japanese nuclear accidents">2011 Japanese nuclear accidents</a>, activists who were involved in the movement's emergence (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graham_Nash?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graham Nash">Graham Nash</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Gunter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Gunter">Paul Gunter</a>), suggest that Japan's nuclear crisis may rekindle an anti-nuclear protest movement in the United States. The aim, they say, is "... not just to block the Obama administration's push for new nuclear construction, but to convince Americans that existing plants pose dangers."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In March 2011, 600 people gathered for a weekend protest outside the Vermont Yankee plant. The demonstration was held to show support for the thousands of Japanese people who are endangered by possible radiation from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In April 2011, Rochelle Becker, executive director of the Alliance for Nuclear Responsibility said that the United States should review its nuclear accident liability limits, in the light of the economic impacts of the Fukushima disaster.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The New England region has a long history of anti-nuclear activism and 75 people held a State House rally on April 6, 2011, to "protest the region's aging nuclear plants and the increasing stockpile of radioactive spent fuel rods at them."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-regainsvoice-131">[131]</a> The protest was held shortly before a State House hearing where legislators were scheduled to hear representatives of the region's three nuclear plants – Pilgrim in Plymouth, Vermont Yankee in Vernon, and Seabrook in New Hampshire—talk about the safety of their reactors in the light of the Japanese nuclear crisis. Vermont Yankee and Pilgrim have reactor designs similar to the crippled Japanese nuclear plants.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-regainsvoice-131">[131]</a> As of April 2011, a total of 45 groups and individuals from across the nation are formally asking the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to immediately suspend all licensing and other activities at 21 proposed nuclear reactor projects in 15 states until the NRC completes a thorough post-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima I nuclear accidents">Fukushima reactor crisis</a> examination. The petitioners also are asking the NRC to supplement its own investigation by establishing an independent commission comparable to that set up in the wake of the serious, though less severe, 1979 Three Mile Island accident. The petitioners include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_Citizen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public Citizen">Public Citizen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Alliance_for_Clean_Energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Alliance for Clean Energy">Southern Alliance for Clean Energy</a>, and San Luis Obispo <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_groups_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mothers_for_Peace" title="Anti-nuclear groups in the United States">Mothers for Peace</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Thirty two years after the No Nukes concert in New York, on August 7, 2011, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musicians_United_for_Safe_Energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musicians United for Safe Energy">Musicians United for Safe Energy</a> benefit concert was held Mountain View, California, to raise money for MUSE and for Japanese tsunami/nuclear disaster relief. The show was powered off-grid and artists included Jackson Browne, Bonnie Raitt, John Hall, Graham Nash, David Crosby, Stephen Stills, Kitaro, Jason Mraz, Sweet Honey and the Rock, the Doobie Brothers, Tom Morello, and Jonathan Wilson. In February 2012, the United States <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> approved the construction of two additional reactors at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogtle_Electric_Generating_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogtle Electric Generating Plant">Vogtle Electric Generating Plant</a>, the first reactors to be approved in over 30 years since the Three Mile Island accident,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-yah12-135">[135]</a> but NRC Chairman <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregory_Jaczko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregory Jaczko">Gregory Jaczko</a> cast a dissenting vote citing safety concerns stemming from Japan's 2011 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima nuclear disaster">Fukushima nuclear disaster</a>, and saying "I cannot support issuing this license as if Fukushima never happened".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[136]</a> One week after Southern received the license to begin major construction on the two new reactors, a dozen environmental and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear">anti-nuclear</a> groups are suing to stop the Plant Vogtle expansion project, saying "public safety and environmental problems since Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor accident have not been taken into account".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The nuclear reactors to be built at Vogtle are new <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AP1000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AP1000">AP1000</a> third generation reactors, which are said to have safety improvements over older power reactors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-yah12-135">[135]</a> However, John Ma, a senior structural engineer at the NRC, is concerned that some parts of the AP1000 steel skin are so brittle that the "impact energy" from a plane strike or storm driven projectile could shatter the wall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bs11-138">[138]</a> Edwin Lyman, a senior staff scientist at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</a>, is concerned about the strength of the steel containment vessel and the concrete shield building around the AP1000.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bs11-138">[138]</a> Arnold Gundersen, a nuclear engineer commissioned by several anti-nuclear groups, released a report which explored a hazard associated with the possible rusting through of the steel liner of the containment structure.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mlw-123">[123]</a> In March 2012, activists protested at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station">San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station</a> to mark the one-year anniversary of the nuclear meltdowns in Fukushima, Japan. Around 200 people rallied in San Onofre State Beach to listen to several speakers, including two Japanese residents who lived through the Fukushima meltdowns. Residents Organizing for Safe Environment and several other anti-nuclear energy organizations, organized the event and about 100 activists came in from San Diego.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-139">[139]</a> As of March 2012, 23 aging nuclear power plants continue to operate, including some similar in design to those that melted down in Fukushima, such as Vermont Yankee, and Indian Point 2 just 24 miles north of New York City. Vermont Yankee has reached the end of its projected lifetime operation but, despite strong local opposition, the NRC favored extending its license; however, on August 27, 2013, Entergy (VT Yankee's owner) announced it was decommissioning the plant and that "The station is expected to cease power production after its current fuel cycle and move to safe shutdown in the fourth quarter of 2014." <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-d.o.2013-140">[140]</a> On March 22, 2012, "more than 1,000 people marched to the plant in protest, and about 130 engaging in civil disobedience were arrested".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nancy2012-141">[141]</a> According to a 2012 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pew_Research_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> poll, 44 percent of Americans favor and 49 percent oppose the promotion of increased use of nuclear power, while 69 percent favor increasing federal funding for research on wind power, solar power, and hydrogen energy technology.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nancy2012-141">[141]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pewpoll2012-142">[142]</a> In 2013, four aging, uncompetitive, reactors were permanently closed: San Onofre 2 and 3 in California, Crystal River 3 in Florida, and Kewaunee in Wisconsin.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mw11111-144">[144]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vermont_Yankee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermont Yankee">Vermont Yankee</a> will close in 2014. New York State is seeking to close <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Point_Energy_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Point Energy Center">Indian Point Energy Center</a>, in Buchanan, 30 miles from New York City.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mw11111-144">[144]</a> With reference to the pro-nuclear film <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pandora%27s_Promise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pandora's Promise">Pandora's Promise</a>, economics professor, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Quiggin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Quiggin">John Quiggin</a>, comments that it presents the environmental rationale for nuclear power, but that reviving nuclear power debates is a distraction, and the main problem with the nuclear option is that it is not economically viable. Quiggin says that we need more <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Efficient_energy_use?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Efficient energy use">efficient energy use</a> and more <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renewable energy commercialization">renewable energy commercialization</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145">[145]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/42px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/56px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 28px;" 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incident</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in California">Anti-nuclear movement in California</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_New_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear movement in New England">Anti-nuclear movement in New England</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High-level radioactive waste management">High-level radioactive waste management</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_articles_associated_with_nuclear_issues_in_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of articles associated with nuclear issues in California">List of articles associated with nuclear issues in California</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lists_of_nuclear_disasters_and_radioactive_incidents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents">Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/No_Nukes_(album)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="No Nukes (album)">No Nukes (album)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/No_Nukes_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="No Nukes (film)">No Nukes (film)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_accidents_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear accidents in the United States">Nuclear accidents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear energy policy">Nuclear energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear power debate">Nuclear power debate</a></li> </ul></td> <td style="width:1200px; text-align:left;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear power in the United States">Nuclear power in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear power phase-out">Nuclear power phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_whistleblowers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear whistleblowers">Nuclear whistleblowers</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_safety_in_the_U.S.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear safety in the U.S.">Nuclear safety in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_debate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear weapons debate">Nuclear weapons debate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renewable energy in the United States">Renewable energy in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trojan_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trojan Nuclear Power Plant">Trojan Nuclear Power Plant</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uranium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uranium_mining_debate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uranium mining debate">Uranium mining debate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uranium_mining_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uranium mining in the United States">Uranium mining in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uranium_mining_and_the_Navajo_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uranium mining and the Navajo people">Uranium mining and the Navajo people</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-protest-1">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-protest_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-protest_1-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-protest_1-2">c</a> Giugni, Marco (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DKn6YhNtyVigC%26pg%3DPA44">Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements</a> p. 44.</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> Jerry Brown and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rinaldo_Brutoco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rinaldo Brutoco">Rinaldo Brutoco</a> (1997). Profiles in Power: The Anti-nuclear movement and the Dawn of the Solar Age, p. 198.</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> Herbert P. Kitschelt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.marcuse.org/harold/hmimages/seabrook/861KitscheltAntiNuclear4Democracies.pdf">Political Opportunity and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies</a> British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1986, p. 62.</li> <li id="cite_note-ll2012-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ll2012_4-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Lynch2012" class="citation web cs1">Lisa Lynch (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/974944/1/BeRadiatedFINAL.pdf">"'We don't wanna be radiated:' Documentary Film and the Evolving Rhetoric of Nuclear Energy Activism"</a> (PDF). American Literature Ecocriticism Issue.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Literature+Ecocriticism+Issue&rft.atitle=%27We+don%27t+wanna+be+radiated%3A%27+Documentary+Film+and+the+Evolving+Rhetoric+of+Nuclear+Energy+Activism&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Lisa+Lynch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.library.concordia.ca%2F974944%2F1%2FBeRadiatedFINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3ATrackinfo%2FAnti-nuclear+protests+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.prop1.org">[1]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-The_Spirit_of_June_12-6">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_Spirit_of_June_12_6-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_Spirit_of_June_12_6-1">b</a> Jonathan Schell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.thenation.com/article/spirit-june-12">The Spirit of June 12</a> The Nation, July 2, 2007.</li> <li id="cite_note-icanw.org-7">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-icanw.org_7-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-icanw.org_7-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.icanw.org/1982">1982 – a million people march in New York City</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616175116/http://www.icanw.org/1982">Archived</a> June 16, 2010, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com.au-8">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-books.google.com.au_8-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-books.google.com.au_8-1">b</a> Harvey Klehr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D8YSmiFins9sC%26pg%3DPA150%26lpg%3DPA150%26dq%3D%2522june%2B20,%2B1983%2522%2Bprotest%2Banti-nuclear%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DrIXe1KWZB5%26sig%3DcH-oXz1TBZPBth6uhi7FLK2NaYY%26hl%3Den%26ei%3D2F6RS_STD8qLkAXrpqmcDQ%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D4%26ved%3D0CBQQ6AEwAw%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522june%252020%252C%25201983%2522%2520protest%2520anti-nuclear%26f%3Dfalse">Far Left of Center: The American Radical Left Today</a> Transaction Publishers, 1988, p. 150.</li> <li id="cite_note-nl.newsbank.com-9">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nl.newsbank.com_9-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nl.newsbank.com_9-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product%3DMH%26s_site%3Dmiami%26p_multi%3DMH%26p_theme%3Drealcities%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D0EB35CC6CE191FBE%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date:D%26s_trackval%3DGooglePM">1,400 Anti-nuclear protesters arrested</a> Miami Herald, June 21, 1983.</li> <li id="cite_note-query.nytimes.com-10">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-query.nytimes.com_10-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-query.nytimes.com_10-1">b</a> Robert Lindsey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/06/us/438-protesters-are-arrested-at-nevada-nuclear-test-site.html">438 Protesters are Arrested at Nevada Nuclear Test Site</a> The New York Times, February 6, 1987.</li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times_1992-11">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-New_York_Times_1992_11-0">a</a> <a 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Monroe News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monroe+News&rft.atitle=Article+404+-+Monroe+News+-+Monroe%2C+Michigan+-+Monroe%2C+MI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monroenews.com%2Farticle%2F20090310%2FNEWS01%2F703109970%2F-1%2FNEWS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3ATrackinfo%2FAnti-nuclear+protests+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-michiganmessenger.com-13">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-michiganmessenger.com_13-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-michiganmessenger.com_13-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://michiganmessenger.com/14545/fermi-3-opposition-takes-legal-action-to-block-new-nuclear-reactor">Fermi 3 opposition takes legal action to block new nuclear reactor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330185512/http://michiganmessenger.com/14545/fermi-3-opposition-takes-legal-action-to-block-new-nuclear-reactor">Archived</a> March 30, 2010, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-bloomberg.com-14">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bloomberg.com_14-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bloomberg.com_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3Da.Y7MW1H7PTM">"404. Page Not Found - Bloomberg"</a>. Bloomberg.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=404.+Page+Not+Found+-+Bloomberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3Da.Y7MW1H7PTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3ATrackinfo%2FAnti-nuclear+protests+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Cite uses generic title (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:CS1_errors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#generic_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-examiner.gmnews.com-15">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-examiner.gmnews.com_15-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-examiner.gmnews.com_15-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://examiner.gmnews.com/news/2007/0628/Front_Page/016.html">Oyster Creek's time is up, residents tell board</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201124/http://examiner.gmnews.com/news/2007/0628/Front_Page/016.html">Archived</a> September 30, 2007, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Examiner, June 28, 2007.</li> <li id="cite_note-pil-16">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pil_16-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pil_16-1">b</a> Pilgrim Watch (undated). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pilgrimwatch.org/">Pilgrim Watch</a></li> <li id="cite_note-sal-17">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sal_17-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sal_17-1">b</a> Unplugsalem.org (undated). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.unplugsalem.org/">UNPLUG Salem</a></li> <li id="cite_note-eleven-18">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-eleven_18-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-eleven_18-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-eleven_18-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-eleven_18-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-eleven_18-4">e</a> Walker, J. Samuel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dtf0AfoynG-EC%26dq%3DThree%2BMile%2BIsland:%2BA%2BNuclear%2BCrisis%2Bin%2BHistorical%2BPerspective%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DOouUwdMQpH%26sig%3DGkKocK36A1bZhmqt_Nm4O6zWQKw%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DlFtKS7TIDY3U7AOKq_jXCw%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D2%26ved%3D0CBEQ6AEwAQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse">Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective</a> (Berkeley: University of California Press), pp. 10–11.</li> <li id="cite_note-y-12-19">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-y-12_19-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-y-12_19-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.stopthebombs.org/news/join-us-at-the-april-2010-action-event-to-stop-the-bombs">Stop the Bombs! April 2010 Action Event at Y-12 Nuclear Weapons Complex</a>,</li> <li id="cite_note-yellow-20">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-yellow_20-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-yellow_20-1">b</a> Keep Yellowstone Nuclear Free (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.yellowstonenuclearfree.com/about_us/">Keep Yellowstone Nuclear Free</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122092038/http://www.yellowstonenuclearfree.com/about_us/">Archived</a> November 22, 2009, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-yucca-21">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-yucca_21-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-yucca_21-1">b</a> Sierra Club. (undated). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sierraclub.org/nuclearwaste/yucca_factsheet.asp">Deadly Nuclear Waste Transport</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308152317/http://www.sierraclub.org/nuclearwaste/yucca_factsheet.asp">Archived</a> March 8, 2005, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-nev-22">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nev_22-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nev_22-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/10/us/22-arrested-in-nuclear-protest.html">22 Arrested in Nuclear Protest</a> The New York Times, August 10, 1989.</li> <li id="cite_note-law-23">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-law_23-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-law_23-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mindfully.org/Nucs/2003/Livermore-Lab-Protest11aug03.htm">Hundreds Protest at Livermore Lab</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117040235/http://www.mindfully.org/Nucs/2003/Livermore-Lab-Protest11aug03.htm">Archived</a> 2013-01-17 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The TriValley Herald, August 11, 2003.</li> <li id="cite_note-LANL-24">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-LANL_24-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-LANL_24-1">b</a> Concerned Citizens for Nuclear Safety (undated). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nuclearactive.org/CCNS/ccnsindex.html">About CCNS</a></li> <li id="cite_note-dagmar2011-25">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-dagmar2011_25-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-dagmar2011_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoo,_Elaine2011" class="citation news cs1">Woo, Elaine (January 30, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-dagmar-wilson-20110130,0,5499397.story">"Dagmar Wilson dies at 94; organizer of women's disarmament protesters"</a>. 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Los Angeles Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+peril+that+dwelt+among+the+Navajos&rft.date=2006-11-19&rft.aulast=Pasternak&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fnation%2Fla-na-navajo19nov19%2C0%2C1645689.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3ATrackinfo%2FAnti-nuclear+protests+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> U.S. EPA, Radiation Protection, "Uranium Mining Waste" 30 August 2012 Web.4 December 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.epa.gov/radiation/tenorm/uranium.html">http://www.epa.gov/radiation/tenorm/uranium.html</a></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> Uranium Mining and Extraction Processes in the United States Figure 2.1. Mines and Other Locations with Uranium in the Western U.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.epa.gov/radiation/docs/tenorm/402-r-08-005-voli/402-r-08-005-v1-ch2.pdf">http://www.epa.gov/radiation/docs/tenorm/402-r-08-005-voli/402-r-08-005-v1-ch2.pdf</a></li> <li id="cite_note-EPASummary-71"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EPASummary_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.epa.gov/radiation/laws/laws_sum.html%23umtrca">Laws We Use (Summaries):1978 – Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act(42 USC 2022 et seq.)</a>, EPA, retrieved December 16, 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laws+We+Use+%28Summaries%29%3A1978+%E2%80%93+Uranium+Mill+Tailings+Radiation+Control+Act%2842+USC+2022+et+seq.%29&rft.pub=EPA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fradiation%2Flaws%2Flaws_sum.html%23umtrca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3ATrackinfo%2FAnti-nuclear+protests+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">^</a> Jerome Price (1982). The Anti-nuclear Movement, Twayne Publishers, p. 65.</li> <li id="cite_note-thistle-73">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-thistle_73-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-thistle_73-1">b</a> Susan Brooks Thistlethwaite. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/religion/news/2010/04/12/7662/lets-take-religious-nuclear-opposition-to-the-next-level/">Let’s Take Religious Nuclear Opposition to the Next Level</a> Center for American Progress, April 12, 2010.</li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> Green Party USA (undated). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.greenparty.org/Platform.php">The Greens/Green Party USA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707101537/http://www.greenparty.org/Platform.php">Archived</a> 2016-07-07 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHevesi,_Dennis2011" class="citation news cs1">Hevesi, Dennis (January 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/us/24wilson.html">"Dagmar Wilson, Anti-Nuclear Leader, Dies at 94"</a>. 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Retrieved November 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Entergy+to+Close%2C+Decommission+Vermont+Yankee&rft.date=2013-08-27&rft.au=Media+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.entergy.com%2Fnews_room%2Fnewsrelease.aspx%3FNR_ID%3D2769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3ATrackinfo%2FAnti-nuclear+protests+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-nancy2012-141">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nancy2012_141-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nancy2012_141-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_Folbre2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nancy_Folbre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nancy Folbre">Nancy Folbre</a> (March 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/26/the-nurture-of-nuclear-power/">"The Nurture of Nuclear Power"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Nurture+of+Nuclear+Power&rft.date=2012-03-26&rft.au=Nancy+Folbre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomix.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F03%2F26%2Fthe-nurture-of-nuclear-power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3ATrackinfo%2FAnti-nuclear+protests+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-pewpoll2012-142"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pewpoll2012_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Pew_Research_Center_For_The_People_and_The_Press2012" class="citation web cs1">The Pew Research Center For The People and The Press (March 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.people-press.org/files/legacy-pdf/3-19-12%2520Energy%2520release.pdf">"As Gas Prices Pinch, Support for Oil and Gas Production Grows"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+Gas+Prices+Pinch%2C+Support+for+Oil+and+Gas+Production+Grows&rft.date=2012-03-19&rft.au=The+Pew+Research+Center+For+The+People+and+The+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people-press.org%2Ffiles%2Flegacy-pdf%2F3-19-12%2520Energy%2520release.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3ATrackinfo%2FAnti-nuclear+protests+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Cooper2013" class="citation web cs1">Mark Cooper (18 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.thebulletin.org/nuclear-aging-not-so-graceful">"Nuclear aging: Not so graceful"</a>. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Nuclear+aging%3A+Not+so+graceful&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft.au=Mark+Cooper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebulletin.org%2Fnuclear-aging-not-so-graceful&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3ATrackinfo%2FAnti-nuclear+protests+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-mw11111-144">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mw11111_144-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mw11111_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Wald2013" class="citation news cs1">Matthew Wald (June 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/15/business/energy-environment/aging-nuclear-plants-are-closing-but-for-economic-reasons.html?ref%3Dmatthewlwald">"Nuclear Plants, Old and Uncompetitive, Are Closing Earlier Than Expected"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Plants%2C+Old+and+Uncompetitive%2C+Are+Closing+Earlier+Than+Expected&rft.date=2013-06-14&rft.au=Matthew+Wald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2F15%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy-environment%2Faging-nuclear-plants-are-closing-but-for-economic-reasons.html%3Fref%3Dmatthewlwald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3ATrackinfo%2FAnti-nuclear+protests+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Quiggin2013" class="citation web cs1">John Quiggin (8 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/nov/08/reviving-nuclear-power-debates-is-a-distraction-we-need-to-use-less-energy">"Reviving nuclear power debates is a distraction. We need to use less energy"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Reviving+nuclear+power+debates+is+a+distraction.+We+need+to+use+less+energy&rft.date=2013-11-08&rft.au=John+Quiggin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2013%2Fnov%2F08%2Freviving-nuclear-power-debates-is-a-distraction-we-need-to-use-less-energy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3ATrackinfo%2FAnti-nuclear+protests+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_books_about_nuclear_issues?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of books about nuclear issues">List of books about nuclear issues</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_films_about_nuclear_issues?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of films about nuclear issues">List of films about nuclear issues</a> </div> <ul> <li>Aron, Joan (1998). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licensed_to_Kill%3F_The_Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission_and_the_Shoreham_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensed to Kill? The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Shoreham Power Plant">Licensed to Kill? The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Shoreham Power Plant</a>, University of Pittsburgh Press.</li> <li>Brown, Jerry and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rinaldo_Brutoco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rinaldo Brutoco">Rinaldo Brutoco</a> (1997). Profiles in Power: The Anti-nuclear Movement and the Dawn of the Solar Age, Twayne Publishers.</li> <li>Byrne, John and Steven M. Hoffman (1996). Governing the Atom: The Politics of Risk, Transaction Publishers.</li> <li>Clarfield, Gerald H. and William M. Wiecek (1984). Nuclear America: Military and Civilian Nuclear Power in the United States 1940–1980, Harper & Row.</li> <li>Cragin, Susan (2007). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Nebraska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear Nebraska">Nuclear Nebraska: The Remarkable Story of the Little County That Couldn't Be Bought</a>, AMACOM.</li> <li>Dickerson, Carrie B. and Patricia Lemon (1995). Black Fox: Aunt Carrie's War Against the Black Fox Nuclear Power Plant, Council Oak Publishing Company, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57178-009-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-57178-009-2">1-57178-009-2</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_L._Fradkin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip L. Fradkin">Fradkin, Philip L.</a> (2004). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fallout:_An_American_Nuclear_Tragedy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy">Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy</a>, University of Arizona Press.</li> <li>Giugni, Marco (2004). Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective, Rowman and Littlefield.</li> <li>Jasper, James M. (1997). The Art of Moral Protest: Culture, Biography, and Creativity in Social Movements, University of Chicago Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-39481-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-39481-6">0-226-39481-6</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amory_Lovins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amory Lovins">Lovins, Amory B.</a> and Price, John H. (1975). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-Nuclear_Futures:_The_Case_for_an_Ethical_Energy_Strategy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy">Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy</a>, Ballinger Publishing Company, 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88410-602-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-88410-602-0">0-88410-602-0</a></li> <li>McCafferty, David P. (1991). The Politics of Nuclear Power: A History of the Shoreham Power Plant, Kluwer.</li> <li>Miller, Byron A. (2000). Geography and Social Movements: Comparing Anti-nuclear Activism in the Boston Area, University of Minnesota Press.</li> <li>Natti, Susanna and Acker, Bonnie (1979). No Nukes: Everyone's Guide to Nuclear Power, South End Press.</li> <li>Ondaatje, Elizabeth H. (c1988). Trends in Antinuclear Protests in the United States, 1984–1987, Rand Corporation.</li> <li>Peterson, Christian (2003). Ronald Reagan and Antinuclear Movements in the United States and Western Europe, 1981–1987, Edwin Mellen Press.</li> <li>Polletta, Francesca (2002). Freedom Is an Endless Meeting: Democracy in American Social Movements, University of Chicago Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-67449-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-67449-5">0-226-67449-5</a></li> <li>Pope, Daniel (2008). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Implosions:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Washington_Public_Power_Supply_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Implosions: The Rise and Fall of the Washington Public Power Supply System">Nuclear Implosions: The Rise and Fall of the Washington Public Power Supply System</a>, Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Price, Jerome (1982). The Antinuclear Movement, Twayne Publishers.</li> <li>Smith, Jennifer (Editor), (2002). The Antinuclear Movement, Cengage Gale.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benjamin_K._Sovacool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benjamin K. Sovacool">Sovacool, Benjamin K.</a> (2011). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contesting_the_Future_of_Nuclear_Power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power">Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power</a>: A Critical Global Assessment of Atomic Energy, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Scientific?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>.</li> <li>Surbrug, Robert (2009). Beyond Vietnam: The Politics of Protest in Massachusetts, 1974–1990, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>.</li> <li>Walker, J. Samuel (2004). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Three_Mile_Island_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Three Mile Island (book) (page does not exist)">Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective</a>, University of California Press.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Wellock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Wellock">Wellock, Thomas R.</a> (1998). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critical_Masses:_Opposition_to_Nuclear_Power_in_California,_1958%E2%80%931978?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958–1978">Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958–1978</a>, The University of Wisconsin Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-15850-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-15850-0">0-299-15850-0</a></li> <li>Wills, John (2006). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conservation_Fallout:_Nuclear_Protest_at_Diablo_Canyon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation Fallout: Nuclear Protest at Diablo Canyon">Conservation Fallout: Nuclear Protest at Diablo Canyon</a>, University of Nevada Press.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=User:Trackinfo/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"> <div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Anti-nuclear_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Anti-nuclear movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-nuclear_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template talk:Anti-nuclear movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-nuclear_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-nuclear movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="Anti-nuclear_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a> </div></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protests and groups</th> <td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"> <div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_organizations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear organizations">Anti-nuclear organizations</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_anti%E2%80%93nuclear_power_groups?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of anti–nuclear power groups">Anti-nuclear power groups</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_protests?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear protests">Anti-nuclear protests</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenpeace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Association_of_Lawyers_against_Nuclear_Arms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Association of Lawyers against Nuclear Arms">International Association of Lawyers against Nuclear Arms</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Day_against_Nuclear_Tests?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Day against Nuclear Tests">International Day against Nuclear Tests</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mayors_for_Peace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mayors for Peace">Mayors for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Information_and_Resource_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear Information and Resource Service">Nuclear Information and Resource Service</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada Desert Experience">Nevada Desert Experience</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peace_Action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nuclear_Weapons_Freeze_Campaign" title="Peace Action">Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peace_Action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peace Action">Peace Action and SANE</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physicians for Social Responsibility">Physicians for Social Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pembina_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pembina Institute">Pembina Institute</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sortir_du_nucl%C3%A9aire_(France)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sortir du nucléaire (France)">Sortir du nucléaire</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Uranium_Hearing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Uranium Hearing">World Uranium Hearing</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th> <td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"> <div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Anti-nuclear_protests" title="Nuclear power in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_power_movement_in_Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Kazakhstan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koeberg_Alert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koeberg Alert">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_South_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Spain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Sweden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Switzerland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Post-Fukushima" title="Nuclear power in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_chain_against_nuclear_plant_in_Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Human chain against nuclear plant in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United States">United States</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th> <td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"> <div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tadatoshi_Akiba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tadatoshi Akiba">Tadatoshi Akiba</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daniel_Berrigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daniel Berrigan">Daniel Berrigan</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_Bigelow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert Bigelow">Albert Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helen_Caldicott?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helen Caldicott">Helen Caldicott</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_Cousins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman Cousins">Norman Cousins</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gordon_Edwards_(scientist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Edwards (scientist)">Gordon Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_Einstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Randall_Forsberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Randall Forsberg">Randall Forsberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Gofman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Gofman">John Gofman</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jim_Green_(activist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jim Green (activist)">Jim Green</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Gunter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Gunter">Paul Gunter</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_Hahn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobuto_Hosaka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobuto Hosaka">Nobuto Hosaka</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jackie_Hudson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jackie Hudson">Jackie Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kate_Hudson_(activist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kate Hudson (activist)">Kate Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ole_Kopreitan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ole Kopreitan">Ole Kopreitan</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Lange?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Lange">David Lange</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amory_Lovins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amory Lovins">Amory Lovins</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Lown?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard Lown">Bernard Lown</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caroline_Lucas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caroline Lucas">Caroline Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freda_Meissner-Blau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freda Meissner-Blau">Freda Meissner-Blau</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregory_Minor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregory Minor">Gregory Minor</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linus_Pauling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mike_Pentz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mike Pentz">Mike Pentz</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C._F._Powell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="C. F. Powell">C. F. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adi_Roche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adi Roche">Adi Roche</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bertrand_Russell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jens_Scheer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jens Scheer">Jens Scheer</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jonathan_Schell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jonathan Schell">Jonathan Schell</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_Weeramantry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christopher Weeramantry">Christopher Weeramantry</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th> <td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"> <div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_books_about_nuclear_issues?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of books about nuclear issues">Books about nuclear issues</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_films_about_nuclear_issues?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of films about nuclear issues">Films about nuclear issues</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_nuclear_holocaust_fiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of nuclear holocaust fiction">Nuclear holocaust fiction</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_in_popular_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear weapons in popular culture">Nuclear weapons in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Songs_about_nuclear_war_and_weapons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Songs about nuclear war and weapons">Songs about nuclear war and weapons</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th> <td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"> <div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-war_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bikini_Atoll?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defence_Secretariat_19?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Defence Secretariat 19">Defence Secretariat 19</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France and weapons of mass destruction">France and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_Manifesto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Göttingen Manifesto">Göttingen Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_anti-nuclear_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the anti-nuclear movement">History of the anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Advisory_opinion_on_the_Legality_of_the_Threat_or_Use_of_Nuclear_Weapons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons">Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lists_of_nuclear_disasters_and_radioactive_incidents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents">Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainau_Declaration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainau Declaration">Mainau Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear-Free_Future_Award?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear-Free Future Award">Nuclear-Free Future Award</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear-free_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear-free zone">Nuclear-free zone</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear power debate">Nuclear power debate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear power phase-out">Nuclear power phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear weapons convention">Nuclear weapons convention</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_debate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear weapons debate">Nuclear weapons debate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_peace_activists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of peace activists">Peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_Hahn_Peace_Medal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto Hahn Peace Medal">Otto Hahn Peace Medal</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peace_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peace_camp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peace camp">Peace camp</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Einstein_Manifesto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russell–Einstein Manifesto">Russell–Einstein Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smiling_Sun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smiling Sun">Smiling Sun</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Bomb_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Bomb (film)">The Bomb</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Anti-nuclear_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Anti-nuclear movement">Category</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"> <table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"> <div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:US_anti-nuclear_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:US anti-nuclear movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template_talk:US_anti-nuclear_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template talk:US anti-nuclear movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_anti-nuclear_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US anti-nuclear movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United States">Anti-nuclear movement in the United States</a> </div></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th> <td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"> <div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_groups_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear groups in the United States">Anti-nuclear groups in the US</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear movement in California">California movement</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Peace_March_for_Global_Nuclear_Disarmament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament">Great Peace March</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_history_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear history of the United States">Nuclear history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear power in the United States">Nuclear power in the US</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_cancelled_nuclear_reactors_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cancelled nuclear reactors in the United States">Canceled nuclear reactors in the US</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear weapons of the United States">Nuclear weapons and the US</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-nuclear protests in the United States">Protests in the US</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_anti-nuclear_advocates_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of anti-nuclear advocates in the United States">Anti-nuclear advocates in the US</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Organizations and groups </div></th> <td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"> <div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abalone_Alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abalone Alliance">Abalone Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alliance_for_Nuclear_Responsibility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alliance for Nuclear Responsibility">Alliance for Nuclear Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clamshell_Alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clamshell Alliance">Clamshell Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Committee_for_Nuclear_Responsibility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Committee for Nuclear Responsibility">Committee for Nuclear Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corporate_Accountability_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate Accountability International">Corporate Accountability International</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critical_Mass_Energy_Project?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Critical Mass Energy Project">Critical Mass Energy Project</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenpeace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace USA</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institute_for_Energy_and_Environmental_Research?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institute for Energy and Environmental Research">Institute for Energy and Environmental Research</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mothers_for_Peace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mothers for Peace">Mothers for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musicians_United_for_Safe_Energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musicians United for Safe Energy">Musicians United for Safe Energy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada Desert Experience">Nevada Desert Experience</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Control_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear Control Institute">Nuclear Control Institute</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Information_and_Resource_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear Information and Resource Service">Nuclear Information and Resource Service</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physicians for Social Responsibility">Physicians for Social Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plowshares_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plowshares movement">Plowshares movement</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ploughshares_Fund?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ploughshares Fund">Ploughshares Fund</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_Citizen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public Citizen">Public Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shad_Alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shad Alliance">Shad Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sierra_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Specific_groups" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United States">Three Mile Island Alert</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women_Strike_for_Peace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Women Strike for Peace">Women Strike for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kings_Bay_Plowshares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kings Bay Plowshares">Kings Bay Plowshares</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th> <td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"> <div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daniel_Berrigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daniel Berrigan">Daniel Berrigan</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_J._Bichsel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William J. Bichsel">William J. Bichsel</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bruce_G._Blair?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bruce G. Blair">Bruce G. Blair</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larry_Bogart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Larry Bogart">Larry Bogart</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helen_Caldicott?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helen Caldicott">Helen Caldicott</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barry_Commoner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barry Commoner">Barry Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_Cousins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman Cousins">Norman Cousins</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frances_Crowe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frances Crowe">Frances Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carrie_Barefoot_Dickerson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carrie Barefoot Dickerson">Carrie Barefoot Dickerson</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_M._Doty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul M. Doty">Paul M. Doty</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_T._Feld?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard T. Feld">Bernard T. Feld</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Randall_Forsberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Randall Forsberg">Randall Forsberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Gofman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Gofman">John Gofman</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Gunter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Gunter">Paul Gunter</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Hall_(New_York_politician)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Hall (New York politician)">John Hall</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jackie_Hudson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jackie Hudson">Jackie Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sam_Lovejoy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Lovejoy">Sam Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amory_Lovins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amory Lovins">Amory Lovins</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Lown?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard Lown">Bernard Lown</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arjun_Makhijani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arjun Makhijani">Arjun Makhijani</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregory_Minor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregory Minor">Gregory Minor</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ralph_Nader?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graham_Nash?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graham Nash">Graham Nash</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linus_Pauling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eugene_Rabinowitch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eugene Rabinowitch">Eugene Rabinowitch</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phil_Radford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phil Radford">Phil Radford</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bonnie Raitt">Bonnie Raitt</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carl_Sagan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Sheen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Sheen">Martin Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karen_Silkwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karen Silkwood">Karen Silkwood</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_(activist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Vitale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Vitale">Louis Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harvey_Wasserman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harvey Wasserman">Harvey Wasserman</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Main protest sites </div></th> <td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"> <div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_Fox_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black Fox Nuclear Power Plant">Black Fox</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodega_Bay_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodega Bay Nuclear Power Plant">Bodega Bay</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diablo_Canyon_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diablo Canyon Power Plant">Diablo Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Point_Energy_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Point Energy Center">Indian Point</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montague_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montague Nuclear Power Plant">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naval_Base_Kitsap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naval Base Kitsap">Naval Base Kitsap</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rancho_Seco_Nuclear_Generating_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station">Rancho Seco</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rocky_Flats_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rocky Flats Plant">Rocky Flats</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station">San Onofre</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seabrook_Station_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant">Seabrook</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shoreham_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant">Shoreham</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trojan_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trojan Nuclear Power Plant">Trojan</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Vermont Yankee</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_House_Peace_Vigil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White House Peace Vigil">White House Peace Vigil</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Y-12_National_Security_Complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Y-12 National Security Complex">Y-12 Weapons Plant</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yankee_Rowe_Nuclear_Power_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Station">Yankee Rowe</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_books_about_nuclear_issues?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of books about nuclear issues">Books</a></th> <td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"> <div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arjun_Makhijani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Publications" title="Arjun Makhijani">Carbon-Free and Nuclear-Free</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conservation_Fallout?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conservation Fallout">Conservation Fallout: Nuclear Protest at Diablo Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contesting_the_Future_of_Nuclear_Power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power">Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critical_Masses:_Opposition_to_Nuclear_Power_in_California,_1958%E2%80%931978?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958–1978">Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958–1978</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Cult_of_the_Atom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Cult of the Atom">The Cult of the Atom</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Doomsday_Machine_(book)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Doomsday Machine (book)">The Doomsday Machine (book)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fallout:_An_American_Nuclear_Tragedy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy">Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harvey_Wasserman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Killing_Our_Own_(1982)" title="Harvey Wasserman">Killing Our Own</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licensed_to_Kill%3F_The_Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission_and_the_Shoreham_Power_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensed to Kill? The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Shoreham Power Plant">Licensed to Kill? The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Shoreham Power Plant</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Making_a_Real_Killing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Making a Real Killing">Making a Real Killing: Rocky Flats and the Nuclear West</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Implosions:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Washington_Public_Power_Supply_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Implosions: The Rise and Fall of the Washington Public Power Supply System">Nuclear Implosions: The Rise and Fall of the Washington Public Power Supply System</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Politics_in_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear Politics in America">Nuclear Politics in America</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/We_Almost_Lost_Detroit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="We Almost Lost Detroit">We Almost Lost Detroit</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_films_about_nuclear_issues?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of films about nuclear issues">Films</a></th> <td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"> <div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atomic_Ed_and_the_Black_Hole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atomic Ed and the Black Hole">Atomic Ed and the Black Hole</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_China_Syndrome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The China Syndrome">The China Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Countdown_to_Zero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Countdown to Zero">Countdown to Zero</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dark_Circle_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dark Circle (film)">Dark Circle</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Tipping_Point?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear Tipping Point">Nuclear Tipping Point</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silkwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silkwood">Silkwood</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuclear_and_radioactive_disasters,_former_facilities,_tests_and_test_sites" style="padding:3px"> <table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"> <div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" 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meltdown">Nuclear meltdown accidents</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_military_nuclear_accidents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of military nuclear accidents">Military nuclear accidents</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents">Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_by_death_toll?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll">Nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_nuclear_and_radiation_fatalities_by_country?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of nuclear and radiation fatalities by country">Nuclear and radiation fatalities by country</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of nuclear weapons tests">Nuclear weapons tests</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_North_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chagai-I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chagai-I">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Testing_the_first_device" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nuclear_tests" title="Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_tests_in_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear weapons tests in Australia">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_nuclear_testing_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British nuclear testing in the United States">in the United States</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_nuclear_weapons_tests?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States nuclear weapons tests">United States</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_sunken_nuclear_submarines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of sunken nuclear submarines">Sunken nuclear submarines</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_orphan_source_incidents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of orphan source incidents">List of orphan source incidents</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_nuclear_power_accidents_by_country?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of nuclear power accidents by country">Nuclear power accidents by country</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual accidents and sites</th> <td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"> <div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul> <li>2019 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nyonoksa_radiation_accident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nyonoksa radiation accident">Nyonoksa radiation accident</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_accident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fukushima nuclear accident">Fukushima nuclear accident</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Instituto_Oncol%C3%B3gico_Nacional?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Accident" title="Instituto Oncológico Nacional">Instituto Oncológico Nacional#Accident</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1996_San_Juan_de_Dios_radiotherapy_accident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident">1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clinic_of_Zaragoza_radiotherapy_accident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident">Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia_accident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goiânia accident">Goiânia accident</a></li> <li>1986 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Effects_of_the_Chernobyl_disaster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Effects of the Chernobyl disaster">Effects</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Chernobyl-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Chernobyl-related articles">Related articles</a></li> </ul></li> <li>1985 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-431?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet submarine K-431">Chazhma Bay nuclear accident</a></li> <li>1985–1987 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Therac-25?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Therac-25">Therac-25</a> accident</li> <li>1982 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andreev_Bay_nuclear_accident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andreev Bay nuclear accident">Andreev Bay nuclear accident</a></li> <li>1980 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kramatorsk_radiological_accident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kramatorsk radiological accident">Kramatorsk radiological accident</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident_health_effects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three Mile Island accident health effects">Three Mile Island accident health effects</a></li> <li>1969 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucens_reactor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucens reactor">Lucens reactor</a></li> <li>1962 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johnston_Atoll?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#National_nuclear_weapon_test_site_1958-1963#Failures" title="Johnston Atoll"> Thor missile launch failures at Johnston Atoll</a> under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Fishbowl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Fishbowl">Operation Fishbowl</a></li> <li>1962 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li>1961 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-19?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nuclear_accident" title="Soviet submarine K-19">K-19 nuclear accident</a></li> <li>1961 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SL-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SL-1">SL-1</a> nuclear meltdown</li> <li>1957 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyshtym_disaster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kyshtym disaster">Kyshtym disaster</a></li> <li>1957 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Windscale_fire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Windscale fire">Windscale fire</a></li> <li>1957 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Plumbbob?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Plumbbob">Operation Plumbbob</a></li> <li>1954 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Totskoye_nuclear_exercise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Totskoye nuclear exercise">Totskoye nuclear exercise</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bikini_Atoll?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanford_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanford Site">Hanford Site</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radioactive_contamination_from_the_Rocky_Flats_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radioactive contamination from the Rocky Flats Plant">Rocky Flats Plant</a></li> <li>1945 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th> <td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"> 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-war_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bikini_Atoll?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_anti-nuclear_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the anti-nuclear movement">History of the anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Day_against_Nuclear_Tests?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Day against Nuclear Tests">International Day against Nuclear 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