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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanseatic_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hanseatic League</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanseatic_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_Roman_Empire,_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth,_the_Swedish_and_Russian_Empires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Roman_Empire,_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth,_the_Swedish_and_Russian_Empires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Holy Roman Empire, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Swedish and Russian Empires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Roman_Empire,_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth,_the_Swedish_and_Russian_Empires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_Soviet_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_Soviet_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>World War II and Soviet era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_Soviet_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theatres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Theatres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mežaparks_Great_Bandstand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mežaparks_Great_Bandstand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Mežaparks Great Bandstand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mežaparks_Great_Bandstand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Choir_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Choir_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>World Choir Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Choir_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_Nouveau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_Nouveau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Art Nouveau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_Nouveau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports_clubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_clubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sports clubs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_clubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sports facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sports events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Public service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>The Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_capitals_of_the_Baltic_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_capitals_of_the_Baltic_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Other capitals of the Baltic states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_capitals_of_the_Baltic_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Riga</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 193 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-193" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">193 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AA%E1%8C%8B" title="ሪጋ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሪጋ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riika" title="Riika – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Riika" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A7" title="ريغا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريغا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ռիկա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռիկա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riqa" title="Riqa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Riqa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="ریقا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریقا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE" title="রিগা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রিগা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рыга – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рыга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рыга – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рыга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82" title="རི་ག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རི་ག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga_(ulohang_dakbayan_sa_Latwiya)" title="Riga (ulohang dakbayan sa Latwiya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Riga (ulohang dakbayan sa Latwiya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%DD%A3%D8%A7" title="ريݣا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ريݣا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ntsxaa_Biih_Y%C3%ADl%C4%AF%CC%81" title="Tóntsxaa Biih Yílį́ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tóntsxaa Biih Yílį́" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riia" title="Riia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%B1" title="Ρίγα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρίγα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Рига ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Рига ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigo" title="Rigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="ریگا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADge" title="Ríge – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríge" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABga" title="Rīga – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Rīga" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EA%B0%80" title="리가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%A1" title="Ռիգա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռիգա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="रीगा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रीगा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABga" title="Rīga – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rīga" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%C3%A6" title="Ригæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ригæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRiga" title="IRiga – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IRiga" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADga" title="Ríga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ríga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%D7%94" title="ריגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="რიგა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რიგა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABga" title="Rīga – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Rīga" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AEga" title="Rîga – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rîga" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiga" title="Reiga – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Reiga" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABga" title="Rīga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rīga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABga" title="Rīga – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rīga" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryga" title="Ryga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ryga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97" title="റിഗ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിഗ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="रिगा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रिगा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="რიგა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რიგა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="ريجا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريجا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="ریگا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ریگا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ရီဂါမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရီဂါမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AC" title="リガ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リガ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE" title="ਰੀਗਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੀਗਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="ریگا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریگا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AB%D8%A7" title="ریګا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ریګا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryga" title="Ryga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ryga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D2%91%D0%B0" title="Ріґа – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ріґа" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="ريگا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ريگا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryga" title="Ryga – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ryga" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="ڕیگا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕیگا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riika" title="Riika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Riika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="ரீகா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரீகா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="รีกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รีกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рига – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рига" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="ریگا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریگا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%89%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="رىگا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رىگا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig" title="Rig – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rig" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABga" title="Rīga – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Rīga" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riia" title="Riia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Riia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%8A%A0" title="里加 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="里加" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%8A%A0" title="里加 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="里加" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A2" title="ריגע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ריגע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%8A%A0" title="里加 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="里加" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABnga" title="Rīnga – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rīnga" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%8A%A0" title="里加 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="里加" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigah" title="Rigah – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Rigah" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Riga" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1773#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Riga&params=56_56_56_N_24_6_23_E_type:city(605273)_region:LV"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°56′56″N</span> <span class="longitude">24°6′23″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.94889°N 24.10639°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.94889; 24.10639</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and largest city of Latvia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Latvian capital. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Riga_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Riga (disambiguation)">Riga (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city and state city in Latvia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Riga</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">Rīga</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Latgalian-language text"><i lang="ltg">Reiga</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Livonian-language text"><i lang="liv">Rīgõ</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Capital city and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">state city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:114px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RigaSkyline_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/RigaSkyline_%28cropped%29.jpg/268px-RigaSkyline_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/RigaSkyline_%28cropped%29.jpg/402px-RigaSkyline_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/RigaSkyline_%28cropped%29.jpg/536px-RigaSkyline_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Skyline of Riga from Daugava</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div style="border:1;;height:114px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Riga_Vecr%C4%ABga_Town_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_Riga_Vecr%C4%ABga_Town_Hall.jpg/250px-Old_Riga_Vecr%C4%ABga_Town_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_Riga_Vecr%C4%ABga_Town_Hall.jpg/330px-Old_Riga_Vecr%C4%ABga_Town_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_Riga_Vecr%C4%ABga_Town_Hall.jpg/500px-Old_Riga_Vecr%C4%ABga_Town_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4503" data-file-height="2963" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Riga_City_Council" title="Riga City Council">Riga City Hall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div style="border:1;;height:114px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riga_Petrikirche_Blick_vom_Turm_zum_Dom_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Riga_Petrikirche_Blick_vom_Turm_zum_Dom_3.JPG/120px-Riga_Petrikirche_Blick_vom_Turm_zum_Dom_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Riga_Petrikirche_Blick_vom_Turm_zum_Dom_3.JPG/250px-Riga_Petrikirche_Blick_vom_Turm_zum_Dom_3.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3354" data-file-height="4287" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Riga_Cathedral" title="Riga Cathedral">Riga Cathedral</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:78px;max-width:78px"><div style="border:1;;height:101px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_the_Blackheads_in_Riga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/House_of_the_Blackheads_in_Riga.jpg/76px-House_of_the_Blackheads_in_Riga.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/House_of_the_Blackheads_in_Riga.jpg/114px-House_of_the_Blackheads_in_Riga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/House_of_the_Blackheads_in_Riga.jpg/152px-House_of_the_Blackheads_in_Riga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Blackheads_(Riga)" title="House of the Blackheads (Riga)">House of the Blackheads</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div style="border:1;;height:101px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opera_Nacional,_Riga,_Letonia,_2012-08-07,_DD_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Opera_Nacional%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_04.JPG/250px-Opera_Nacional%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="188" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Opera_Nacional%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_04.JPG/330px-Opera_Nacional%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Opera_Nacional%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_04.JPG/500px-Opera_Nacional%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5209" data-file-height="2817" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Opera" title="Latvian National Opera">Latvian National Opera</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div style="border:1;;height:107px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Bibliothek_Lettlands_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/National_Bibliothek_Lettlands_1.jpg/250px-National_Bibliothek_Lettlands_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/National_Bibliothek_Lettlands_1.jpg/330px-National_Bibliothek_Lettlands_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/National_Bibliothek_Lettlands_1.jpg/500px-National_Bibliothek_Lettlands_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Latvia" title="National Library of Latvia">National Library of Latvia</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:74px;max-width:74px"><div style="border:1;;height:107px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Immeuble_art_nouveau_(Riga)_(7582914046).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Immeuble_art_nouveau_%28Riga%29_%287582914046%29.jpg/72px-Immeuble_art_nouveau_%28Riga%29_%287582914046%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Immeuble_art_nouveau_%28Riga%29_%287582914046%29.jpg/108px-Immeuble_art_nouveau_%28Riga%29_%287582914046%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Immeuble_art_nouveau_%28Riga%29_%287582914046%29.jpg/144px-Immeuble_art_nouveau_%28Riga%29_%287582914046%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Street,_Riga" title="Albert Street, Riga">Albert Street</a> 8</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Riga.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Riga"><img alt="Flag of Riga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Riga.svg/120px-Flag_of_Riga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Riga.svg/250px-Flag_of_Riga.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Riga" title="Flag of Riga">Flag</a></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Riga_-_for_display.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Riga"><img alt="Coat of arms of Riga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Riga_-_for_display.svg/120px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Riga_-_for_display.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Riga_-_for_display.svg/250px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Riga_-_for_display.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="303" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Riga" title="Coat of arms of Riga">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_Riga.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Riga"><img alt="Official logo of Riga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/Logo_of_Riga.svg/100px-Logo_of_Riga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/Logo_of_Riga.svg/150px-Logo_of_Riga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/Logo_of_Riga.svg/200px-Logo_of_Riga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="134" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Brandmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandmark">Brandmark</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latvija_R%C4%ABga_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Riga highlighted in red inside of Latvia"><img alt="Riga highlighted in red inside of Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Latvija_R%C4%ABga_2021.svg/250px-Latvija_R%C4%ABga_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Latvija_R%C4%ABga_2021.svg/500px-Latvija_R%C4%ABga_2021.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="821" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Riga highlighted in red inside of Latvia</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Riga&params=56_56_56_N_24_6_23_E_type:city(605273)_region:LV"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°56′56″N</span> <span class="longitude">24°6′23″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.94889°N 24.10639°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.94889; 24.10639</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-council_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-council-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Riga_City_Council" title="Riga City Council">City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vilnis_%C4%B6irsis" title="Vilnis Ķirsis">Vilnis Ķirsis</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-6de27b9cf9641f275b401de22256a24052b7adaf-v18_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-6de27b9cf9641f275b401de22256a24052b7adaf-v18-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Capital city and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">state city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">304 km<sup>2</sup> (117 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">253.05 km<sup>2</sup> (97.70 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">50.95 km<sup>2</sup> (19.67 sq mi)  15.8%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,359 km<sup>2</sup> (1,297 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2024)<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-f8d5f4175a8f887f05e97da77c073e710dc7f7a3-v18_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-f8d5f4175a8f887f05e97da77c073e710dc7f7a3-v18-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Capital city and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">state city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">605,273</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,000/km<sup>2</sup> (5,200/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">917,351<sup id="cite_ref-FUA,Euro_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FUA,Euro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">870,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">260/km<sup>2</sup> (670/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Rigan (<i>Rīdzinieks</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Capital city and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">state city</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19,261,334,000 Euro (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">31,583 Euro (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (EET)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (EEST)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Latvia" title="Telephone numbers in Latvia">Calling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">66 and 67</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/City_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="City budget">City budget</a></th><td class="infobox-data">€1.26 billion<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.929<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <span style="color:#090">very high</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riga.lv/">riga.lv</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="300" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_b38a17e2541985cc3698f1d77e4c1eed86fba773"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Riga&revid=1282262854&groups=_b38a17e2541985cc3698f1d77e4c1eed86fba773" width="270" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Riga&revid=1282262854&groups=_b38a17e2541985cc3698f1d77e4c1eed86fba773 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vecr%C4%ABga" title="Vecrīga">Historic Centre of Riga</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">ii, i</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1997</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">UNESCO region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">Europe</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Riga</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5e\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Riga.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Riga.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Riga.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Riga.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Riga.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Vealhurl-Riga.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Riga.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">REE</span>-gə</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the capital, the <a href="/wiki/Primate_city" title="Primate city">primate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Latvia" title="List of cities and towns in Latvia">largest city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>. Home to 605,273 inhabitants, the city accounts for a third of Latvia's total population. The population of <a href="/wiki/Riga_Planning_Region" title="Riga Planning Region">Riga metropolitan area</a>, which stretches beyond the city limits, is estimated at 860,142 (as of 2023). The city lies on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Riga" title="Gulf of Riga">Gulf of Riga</a> at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Daugava_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daugava (river)">Daugava</a> river where it meets the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. Riga's territory covers 307.17 km<sup>2</sup> (118.60 sq mi) and lies 1–10 m (3–33 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a><sup id="cite_ref-RigaMunicipality_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RigaMunicipality-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a flat and sandy plain.<sup id="cite_ref-RigaMunicipality_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RigaMunicipality-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riga was founded in 1201, and is a former <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> member. Riga's historical centre is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>, noted for its <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riga was the <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> in 2014, along with <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a> in Sweden. Riga hosted the <a href="/wiki/2006_Riga_summit" title="2006 Riga summit">2006 NATO Summit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2003" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2003">Eurovision Song Contest 2003</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2013_World_Women%27s_Curling_Championship" title="2013 World Women's Curling Championship">2013 World Women's Curling Championship</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2006_IIHF_World_Championship" title="2006 IIHF World Championship">IIHF Men's World Ice Hockey Championships in 2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/2021_IIHF_World_Championship" title="2021 IIHF World Championship">2021</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2023_IIHF_World_Championship" title="2023 IIHF World Championship">2023</a>. It is home to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s office of <a href="/wiki/Body_of_European_Regulators_of_Electronic_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of European Regulators of Electronic Communications">European Regulators for Electronic Communications</a> (BEREC). In 2017, it was named as the <a href="/wiki/European_Region_of_Gastronomy" title="European Region of Gastronomy">European Region of Gastronomy</a>. </p><p>In 2019, Riga received over 1.4 million foreign visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Riga_International_Airport" title="Riga International Airport">Riga International Airport</a>, the largest and busiest airport in the Baltic States. Riga is a member of <a href="/wiki/Eurocities" title="Eurocities">Eurocities</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Baltic_Cities" title="Union of the Baltic Cities">Union of the Baltic Cities</a> (UBC),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Union of Capitals of the European Union (UCEU).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The precise origin of the name is unknown; however, there are numerous and speculative theories for the origin of the name <i>Riga</i>: </p> <ul><li>It is an adapted word, borrowing from the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <i>ringą</i> ('ring'), which refers to the looping shape of the ancient natural harbor formed by the tributary loop of the <a href="/wiki/Daugava" title="Daugava">Daugava River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CEROI_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEROI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BCelts_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCelts-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It could be derived from Riege, the German name for the River Rīdzene, a former tributary of the Daugava.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Riga" title="Albert of Riga">Bishop Albert</a> claimed credit from his campaign to conquer and convert the local populace, as coming from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rigata</i></span> ("irrigated"), symbolising an "irrigation of dry pagan souls by Christianity".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>However, the most reliably documented explanation is the affirmation by German historian Dionysius Fabricius (1610) that Riga's name comes from its already established role in trade:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Riga obtained its name from the buildings or warehouses found in great number along the banks of the Duna, which the Livs in their own language are accustomed to call Riae".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "j" in Latvian <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">rīja</i></span> hardened to a "g" in German. English geographer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Richard Hakluyt</a> (1589) corroborates this account, calling Riga as <i>Rie</i>, as pronounced in Old Latvian.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is further supported by the fact that Riga is called <i>Riia</i> in Estonian (a language closely related to <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Riga" title="History of Riga">History of Riga</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Riga" title="Timeline of Riga">Timeline of Riga</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:24em; ; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: #EBEBFF;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #EBEBFF;">Historical affiliations</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_State_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_State_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_State_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_State_of_the_Teutonic_Order.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">condominium</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Riga" title="Archbishopric of Riga">Archbishops of Riga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>) 1201–1561<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/40px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/60px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Imperial Free City</a> 1561–1582<br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/40px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/60px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland–Lithuania">Poland–Lithuania</a> 1582–1629</span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> 1629–1721<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> 1721–1917<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">German Empire</a> 1917–1918<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Republic of Latvia</a> 1918–1940<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian SSR</a> 1940–1941<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Nazi Germany</a> 1941–1944<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian SSR</a> 1944–1990<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Republic of Latvia</a> 1990–present </p> </blockquote> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The river <a href="/wiki/Daugava" title="Daugava">Daugava</a> has been a <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade route</a> since antiquity, part of the <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Vikings'</a> <a href="/wiki/Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" title="Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Dvina–Dnieper navigation route</a> to Byzantium.<sup id="cite_ref-BilmanisLIS_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BilmanisLIS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sheltered <a href="/wiki/Natural_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural harbour">natural harbor</a> 15 km (9.3 mi) upriver from the mouth of the Daugava—the site of today's Riga—has been recorded, as <i>Duna Urbs</i>, as early as the 2nd century.<sup id="cite_ref-BilmanisLIS_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BilmanisLIS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was settled by the <a href="/wiki/Livonians" title="Livonians">Livs</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_peoples" title="Baltic Finnic peoples">Finnic</a> tribe. Riga began to develop as a centre of <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking trade during the early Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BilmanisLIS_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BilmanisLIS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riga's inhabitants engaged mainly in fishing, <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>, and trading, later developing crafts, including bone, wood, amber, and iron.<sup id="cite_ref-BilmanisLIS_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BilmanisLIS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Chronicle_of_Henry" title="Livonian Chronicle of Henry">Livonian Chronicle of Henry</a></i> testifies to Riga having long been a trading centre by the 12th century, referring to it as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">portus antiquus</i></span> (ancient port), and describes dwellings and warehouses used to store mostly flax, and hides.<sup id="cite_ref-BilmanisLIS_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BilmanisLIS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German traders began visiting Riga, establishing a nearby outpost in 1158. </p><p>Along with German traders the monk <a href="/wiki/Saint_Meinhard" title="Saint Meinhard">Meinhard of Segeberg</a><sup id="cite_ref-EMA_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arrived to convert the Livonian pagans to Christianity. <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> had already arrived in Latvia more than a century earlier, and many Latvians had been baptized.<sup id="cite_ref-BilmanisLIS_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BilmanisLIS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EMA_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meinhard settled among the Livs, building a castle and church at Uexküll (now known as <a href="/wiki/Ik%C5%A1%C4%B7ile" title="Ikšķile">Ikšķile</a>), upstream from Riga, and established his bishopric there.<sup id="cite_ref-EMA_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Livs, however, continued to practice <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a> and Meinhard died in Uexküll in 1196, having failed in his mission.<sup id="cite_ref-Saga_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saga-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1198, the <a href="/wiki/Berthold_of_Hanover" title="Berthold of Hanover">Bishop Berthold</a> arrived with a contingent of <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">crusaders</a><sup id="cite_ref-Saga_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saga-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and commenced a campaign of forced <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BilmanisLIS_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BilmanisLIS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EMA_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berthold died soon afterwards and his forces were defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-Saga_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saga-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Church mobilized to avenge this defeat. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> issued a bull declaring a crusade against the <a href="/wiki/Livonians" title="Livonians">Livonians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saga_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saga-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Riga" title="Albert of Riga">Bishop Albert</a> was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Livonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Livonia">Bishop of Livonia</a> by his uncle <a href="/wiki/Hartwig_of_Uthlede" title="Hartwig of Uthlede">Hartwig of Uthlede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince-Archbishopric_of_Bremen" title="Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen">Prince-Archbishop of Bremen and Hamburg</a> in 1199. Albert landed in Riga in 1200<sup id="cite_ref-BilmanisLIS_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BilmanisLIS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saga_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saga-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 23 ships<sup id="cite_ref-CathE_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CathE-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 500 Westphalian crusaders.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1201, he transferred the seat of the Livonian bishopric from Uexküll to Riga, extorting agreement to do this from the elders of Riga by force.<sup id="cite_ref-BilmanisLIS_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BilmanisLIS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Bishop_Albert">Under Bishop Albert</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Under Bishop Albert"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:METTIG(1897)_p046_URKUNDE_VON_1226_DES_BISCHOFS_VON_MODENA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/METTIG%281897%29_p046_URKUNDE_VON_1226_DES_BISCHOFS_VON_MODENA.jpg/250px-METTIG%281897%29_p046_URKUNDE_VON_1226_DES_BISCHOFS_VON_MODENA.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/METTIG%281897%29_p046_URKUNDE_VON_1226_DES_BISCHOFS_VON_MODENA.jpg/330px-METTIG%281897%29_p046_URKUNDE_VON_1226_DES_BISCHOFS_VON_MODENA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/METTIG%281897%29_p046_URKUNDE_VON_1226_DES_BISCHOFS_VON_MODENA.jpg/500px-METTIG%281897%29_p046_URKUNDE_VON_1226_DES_BISCHOFS_VON_MODENA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2236" data-file-height="2901" /></a><figcaption>Document with the seals of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and the city of Riga, 1226</figcaption></figure> <p>The year 1201 also marked the first arrival of German merchants in Novgorod, via the Dvina.<sup id="cite_ref-PDIntBus_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDIntBus-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To defend territory<sup id="cite_ref-RRiga_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRiga-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and trade, Albert established the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Order of Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a> in 1202, which was open to nobles and merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-PDIntBus_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDIntBus-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Christianisation of the Livs continued. In 1207, Albert started to fortify the town.<sup id="cite_ref-PDIntBus_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDIntBus-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ORZarina_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORZarina-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia" title="Philip of Swabia">King Philip</a> invested Albert with Livonia as a fief<sup id="cite_ref-HistChristCh_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistChristCh-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and principality of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BilmanisLIS_27-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BilmanisLIS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To promote a permanent military presence, territorial ownership was divided between the Church and the <i>Order</i>, with the Church taking Riga and two-thirds of all lands conquered and granting the <i>Order</i> a third.<sup id="cite_ref-ACQRxlvi_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACQRxlvi-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until then, it had been customary for crusaders to serve for a year and then return home.<sup id="cite_ref-ACQRxlvi_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACQRxlvi-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albert had ensured Riga's commercial future by obtaining papal bulls which decreed that all German merchants had to carry on their Baltic trade through Riga.<sup id="cite_ref-ACQRxlvi_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACQRxlvi-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1211, Riga minted its first coinage,<sup id="cite_ref-BilmanisLIS_27-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BilmanisLIS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Albert laid the cornerstone for the <a href="/wiki/Riga_Cathedral" title="Riga Cathedral">Riga Dom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riga was not yet secure as an alliance of tribes failed to take Riga.<sup id="cite_ref-ACQRxlvi_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACQRxlvi-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1212, Albert led a campaign to compel <a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a> to grant German merchants free river passage.<sup id="cite_ref-PDIntBus_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDIntBus-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polotsk conceded Kukenois (<a href="/wiki/Koknese" title="Koknese">Koknese</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Jersika" title="Principality of Jersika">Jersika</a> to Albert, also ending the Livs' tribute to Polotsk.<sup id="cite_ref-MedChronV_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedChronV-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riga's merchant citizenry chafed and sought greater autonomy from the Church. In 1221, they acquired the right to independently self-administer Riga<sup id="cite_ref-RRiga_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRiga-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adopted a city constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-CTHW_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTHW-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That same year Albert was compelled to recognise Danish rule over lands they had conquered in Estonia and Livonia.<sup id="cite_ref-CCBF_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCBF-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert had sought the aid of <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_II_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar II of Denmark">King Valdemar of Denmark</a> to protect Riga and Livonian lands against Liv insurrection when reinforcements could not reach Riga. The Danes landed in Livonia, built a fortress at Reval (<a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>) and set about conquering Estonian and Livonian lands. The Germans attempted, but failed, to assassinate Valdemar.<sup id="cite_ref-EccRevLVI_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EccRevLVI-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert was able to reach an accommodation with them a year later, however, and in 1222 Valdemar returned all Livonian lands and possessions to Albert's control.<sup id="cite_ref-PandBC_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PandBC-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albert's difficulties with Riga's citizenry continued; with papal intervention, a settlement was reached in 1225 whereby they no longer had to pay tax to the Bishop of Riga,<sup id="cite_ref-LatEnc_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LatEnc-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Riga's citizens acquired the right to elect their magistrates and town councillors.<sup id="cite_ref-LatEnc_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LatEnc-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1226, Albert consecrated the Dom Cathedral,<sup id="cite_ref-BilmanisLIS_27-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BilmanisLIS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Cathedral,_Riga" title="St. James's Cathedral, Riga">St. James's Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BilmanisLIS_27-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BilmanisLIS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (now a cathedral) and founded a parochial school at the Church of St. George.<sup id="cite_ref-EMA_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1227, Albert conquered Oesel<sup id="cite_ref-FletcherCoEPC_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FletcherCoEPC-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the city of Riga concluded a treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Smolensk" title="Principality of Smolensk">Principality of Smolensk</a> giving Polotsk to Riga.<sup id="cite_ref-HfT1888_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HfT1888-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albert died in January 1229.<sup id="cite_ref-FonnesbergPaBC_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FonnesbergPaBC-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He failed in his aspiration to be anointed archbishop<sup id="cite_ref-HistChristCh_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistChristCh-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the German hegemony he established over the Livonia would last for seven centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-ACQRxlvi_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACQRxlvi-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hanseatic_League">Hanseatic League</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hanseatic League"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1282, Riga became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>. The Hansa was instrumental in giving Riga economic and political stability, thus providing the city with a strong foundation which endured the political conflagrations that were to come, down to modern times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_Roman_Empire,_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth,_the_Swedish_and_Russian_Empires"><span id="Holy_Roman_Empire.2C_Polish.E2.80.93Lithuanian_Commonwealth.2C_the_Swedish_and_Russian_Empires"></span>Holy Roman Empire, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Swedish and Russian Empires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Holy Roman Empire, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Swedish and Russian Empires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_del_Ayuntamiento,_Riga,_Letonia,_2012-08-07,_DD_10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Plaza_del_Ayuntamiento%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_10.JPG/250px-Plaza_del_Ayuntamiento%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_10.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Plaza_del_Ayuntamiento%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_10.JPG/330px-Plaza_del_Ayuntamiento%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Plaza_del_Ayuntamiento%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_10.JPG/500px-Plaza_del_Ayuntamiento%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3671" data-file-height="3190" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Blackheads_(Riga)" title="House of the Blackheads (Riga)">building of the Brotherhood of Blackheads</a> is one of the most iconic buildings of Old Riga (<a href="/wiki/Vecr%C4%ABga" title="Vecrīga">Vecrīga</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riga1612.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Riga1612.jpg/220px-Riga1612.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Riga1612.jpg/330px-Riga1612.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Riga1612.jpg/440px-Riga1612.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4443" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption>View of Riga from 1612, printed by <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Mollyn" title="Nikolaus Mollyn">Nikolaus Mollyn</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Printer_(publishing)" title="Printer (publishing)">book printer</a> of the city.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riga_1650.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Riga_1650.jpg/250px-Riga_1650.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Riga_1650.jpg/330px-Riga_1650.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Riga_1650.jpg/500px-Riga_1650.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>Riga in 1650. Drawing by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Brotze" title="Johann Christoph Brotze">Johann Christoph Brotze</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Riga_(around_1710).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Map_of_Riga_%28around_1710%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Map_of_Riga_%28around_1710%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Map_of_Riga_%28around_1710%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Map_of_Riga_%28around_1710%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Map_of_Riga_%28around_1710%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Map_of_Riga_%28around_1710%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9940" data-file-height="7227" /></a><figcaption>Map of Riga (around 1710)</figcaption></figure> <p>As the influence of the Hanseatic League waned, Riga became the object of foreign military, political, religious and economic aspirations. Riga accepted the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> in 1522, ending the power of the archbishops. In 1524, <a href="/wiki/Iconoclast" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconoclast">iconoclasts</a> targeted a statue of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> in the cathedral to make a statement against religious icons. It was accused of being a witch, and given a <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal" title="Trial by ordeal">trial by water</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Daugava" title="Daugava">Daugava</a> river. The statue floated, so it was denounced as a witch and burnt at Kubsberg.<sup id="cite_ref-fn_1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn_1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> (1561) during the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a>, Riga for twenty years had the status of a <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">free imperial city</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> before it came under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Drohiczyn" title="Treaty of Drohiczyn">Treaty of Drohiczyn</a>, which ended the war for Riga in 1581. In 1621, during the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1621%E2%80%931625)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)">Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)</a>, Riga and the outlying fortress of <a href="/wiki/Daugavgr%C4%ABva" title="Daugavgrīva">Daugavgrīva</a> came under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustavus Adolphus</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sweden">King of Sweden</a>, who intervened in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> not only for political and economic gain but also in favour of German <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1656%E2%80%931658)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658)">Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658)</a>, Riga withstood a siege by Russian forces. </p><p>Riga remained one of the largest cities under the Swedish crown until 1710,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a period during which the city retained a great deal of autonomous self-government. In July 1701, during the opening phase of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_D%C3%BCna" title="Crossing of the Düna">Crossing of the Düna</a></i> took place nearby, resulting in a victory for king <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII of Sweden</a>. Between November 1709 and June 1710, however, the Russians under <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Estonia_and_Livonia" title="Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia">besieged and captured Riga</a>, which was at the time <a href="/wiki/The_plague_during_the_Great_Northern_War#Lithuania,_Livonia,_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="The plague during the Great Northern War">struck by a plague</a>. Along with the other Livonian towns and gentry, <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Estonia_and_Livonia" title="Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia">Riga capitulated to Russia</a>, but largely retained their privileges. Riga was made the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Governorate of Riga (later, Livonia)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden's northern dominance</a> had ended, and Russia's <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">emergence as the strongest Northern power</a> was formalised through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a> in 1721. At the beginning of the 20th century Riga was the largest<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Riga#Dubious" title="Talk:Riga">discuss</a></i>]</sup> timber export port in the Russian Empire and ranked the 3rd<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> according to the external trade volume.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During these many centuries of war and changes of power in the Baltic, and despite demographic changes, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a> in Riga had maintained a dominant position. By 1867, Riga's population was 42.9% German.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riga employed German as its <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of administration until the installation of Russian in 1891 as the official language in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic provinces">Baltic provinces</a>, as part of the policy of <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> of the non-Russian-speaking territories of the Russian Empire, including <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>, Finland and the Baltics, undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Alexander_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Alexander III">Tsar Alexander III</a>. More and more Latvians started moving to the city during the mid-19th century. The rise of a Latvian <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> made Riga a centre of the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian National Awakening">Latvian National Awakening</a> with the founding of the Riga Latvian Association in 1868 and the organisation of the first national song festival in 1873. In 1897, Riga was the sixth largest city in the Russian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-beable1919_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beable1919-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nationalist movement of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Latvians" title="Young Latvians">Neo-Latvians</a> was followed by the socialist <a href="/wiki/New_Current" title="New Current">New Current</a> during the city's rapid industrialisation, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Revolution</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party" title="Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party">Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltische_Post_25_October_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Baltische_Post_25_October_1908.jpg/250px-Baltische_Post_25_October_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Baltische_Post_25_October_1908.jpg/330px-Baltische_Post_25_October_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Baltische_Post_25_October_1908.jpg/500px-Baltische_Post_25_October_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><i>Baltische Post</i> (written with <a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">long s</a>) was a German language newspaper in Riga during the early 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_troops_Riga_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/German_troops_Riga_1917.jpg/250px-German_troops_Riga_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/German_troops_Riga_1917.jpg/330px-German_troops_Riga_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/German_troops_Riga_1917.jpg/500px-German_troops_Riga_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>German troops entering Riga during World War I</figcaption></figure> <p>The 20th century brought <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917 to Riga. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jugla" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jugla">battle of Jugla</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">German army</a> marched into Riga on 3 September 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 March 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> was signed, giving the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic countries">Baltic countries</a> to Germany. Because of the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">armistice with Germany</a> of 11 November 1918, Germany had to renounce that treaty, as did Russia, leaving Latvia and the other Baltic States in a position to claim independence. Latvia, with Riga as its capital city, thus declared its independence on 18 November 1918. Between World War I and World War II (1918–1940), Riga and Latvia shifted their focus from Russia to the countries of Western Europe. The United Kingdom and Germany replaced Russia as Latvia's major trade partners. The majority of the Baltic Germans <a href="/wiki/Nazi%E2%80%93Soviet_population_transfers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi–Soviet population transfers">were resettled in late 1939</a>, prior to the occupation of Estonia and Latvia by the Soviet Union in June 1940. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_Soviet_era">World War II and Soviet era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II and Soviet era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Riga" title="Special:EditPage/Riga">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damaged_buildings_of_the_Riga_Old_Town_and_St._Peter%27s_Church_during_the_World_War_II,_1939-1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Damaged_buildings_of_the_Riga_Old_Town_and_St._Peter%27s_Church_during_the_World_War_II%2C_1939-1945.jpg/220px-Damaged_buildings_of_the_Riga_Old_Town_and_St._Peter%27s_Church_during_the_World_War_II%2C_1939-1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Damaged_buildings_of_the_Riga_Old_Town_and_St._Peter%27s_Church_during_the_World_War_II%2C_1939-1945.jpg/330px-Damaged_buildings_of_the_Riga_Old_Town_and_St._Peter%27s_Church_during_the_World_War_II%2C_1939-1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Damaged_buildings_of_the_Riga_Old_Town_and_St._Peter%27s_Church_during_the_World_War_II%2C_1939-1945.jpg/440px-Damaged_buildings_of_the_Riga_Old_Town_and_St._Peter%27s_Church_during_the_World_War_II%2C_1939-1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Damaged <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Blackheads_(Riga)" title="House of the Blackheads (Riga)">House of the Blackheads</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church,_Riga" title="St. Peter's Church, Riga">St. Peter's Church</a> during World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Latvia was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in June 1940 and then was occupied by <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Latvia during World War II">Nazi Germany in 1941–1944</a>. On 17 June 1940, the Soviet forces invaded Latvia occupying bridges, post/telephone, telegraph, and broadcasting offices. Three days later, Latvian president <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Ulmanis" title="Kārlis Ulmanis">Kārlis Ulmanis</a> was forced to approve a pro-Soviet government which had taken office. On 14–15 July, rigged elections were held in Latvia and the other Baltic states, The ballots held the following instructions: "Only the list of the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Working_People%27s_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Working People's Bloc">Latvian Working People's Bloc</a> must be deposited in the ballot box. The ballot must be deposited without any changes." The alleged voter activity index was 97.6%. Most notably, the complete election results were published in Moscow 12 hours before the election closed. Soviet electoral documents found later substantiated that the results were completely fabricated. The Soviet authorities, having regained control over Riga and Latvia imposed a regime of terror, opening the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>, massive deportations started. Hundreds of men were arrested, including leaders of the former Latvian government. The most notorious deportation, the <a href="/wiki/June_deportation" title="June deportation">June deportation</a> took place on 13 and 14 June 1941, estimated at 15,600 men, women, and children, and including 20% of Latvia's last legal government. Similar deportations were repeated after the end of World War II. The building of the KGB located at 61 <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%ABv%C4%ABbas_iela" title="Brīvības iela">Brīvības iela</a>, known as 'the corner house', is now a museum. Stalin's deportations also included thousands of Latvian Jews. The mass deportation totalled 131,500 across the Baltics. </p><p>During the Nazi occupation, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Jewish community</a> was forced into the <a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga Ghetto</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp">Nazi concentration camp</a> was constructed in <a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a>. On 25 October 1941, the Nazis relocated all Jews from Riga and the vicinity to the ghetto. Most of Latvia's Jews (about 24,000) were killed on 30 November and 8 December 1941 in the <a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the war, the remaining <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a> were <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)#Soviet_Union" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">expelled to Germany</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Army_soldiers_in_Riga._October_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Red_Army_soldiers_in_Riga._October_1944.jpg/250px-Red_Army_soldiers_in_Riga._October_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Red_Army_soldiers_in_Riga._October_1944.jpg/330px-Red_Army_soldiers_in_Riga._October_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Red_Army_soldiers_in_Riga._October_1944.jpg/500px-Red_Army_soldiers_in_Riga._October_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2817" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Monument" title="Freedom Monument">Freedom Monument</a> in Riga in 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>The Soviet Red Army reconquered Riga on 13 October 1944. In the following years the massive influx of labourers, administrators, military personnel, and their dependents from Russia and other Soviet republics started. <a href="/wiki/Microdistrict" title="Microdistrict">Microdistricts</a> of the large multi-storied housing blocks were built to house immigrant workers. </p><p>By the end of World War II, <a href="/wiki/Vecr%C4%ABga" title="Vecrīga">Riga's historical centre</a> was heavily damaged from constant bombing. After the war, huge efforts were made to reconstruct and renovate most of the famous buildings that had been part of the skyline of the city before the war. Such buildings were, amongst others, <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church,_Riga" title="St. Peter's Church, Riga">St. Peter's Church</a> which lost its wooden tower after a fire caused by the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> (renovated in 1954). Another example is the <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Blackheads_(Riga)" title="House of the Blackheads (Riga)">House of the Blackheads</a>, completely destroyed, its ruins subsequently demolished; a <a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">facsimile</a> was constructed in 1995. </p><p>In 1989, the percentage of Latvians in Riga had fallen to 36.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministru_prezidents_Valdis_Dombrovskis_noliek_ziedus_pie_Br%C4%ABv%C4%ABbas_pieminek%C4%BCa_(7141677177).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ministru_prezidents_Valdis_Dombrovskis_noliek_ziedus_pie_Br%C4%ABv%C4%ABbas_pieminek%C4%BCa_%287141677177%29.jpg/250px-Ministru_prezidents_Valdis_Dombrovskis_noliek_ziedus_pie_Br%C4%ABv%C4%ABbas_pieminek%C4%BCa_%287141677177%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ministru_prezidents_Valdis_Dombrovskis_noliek_ziedus_pie_Br%C4%ABv%C4%ABbas_pieminek%C4%BCa_%287141677177%29.jpg/330px-Ministru_prezidents_Valdis_Dombrovskis_noliek_ziedus_pie_Br%C4%ABv%C4%ABbas_pieminek%C4%BCa_%287141677177%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ministru_prezidents_Valdis_Dombrovskis_noliek_ziedus_pie_Br%C4%ABv%C4%ABbas_pieminek%C4%BCa_%287141677177%29.jpg/500px-Ministru_prezidents_Valdis_Dombrovskis_noliek_ziedus_pie_Br%C4%ABv%C4%ABbas_pieminek%C4%BCa_%287141677177%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>Flower laying ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Monument" title="Freedom Monument">Freedom Monument</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2004, the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_airline" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-cost airline">low-cost airlines</a> resulted in cheaper flights from other European cities such as London and Berlin, and consequently a substantial increase in numbers of tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 November 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Zolit%C5%ABde_shopping_centre_roof_collapse" title="Zolitūde shopping centre roof collapse">roof of a supermarket collapsed</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zolit%C5%ABde" title="Zolitūde">Zolitūde</a>, one of the neighbourhoods of the city, possibly as a result of the weight of materials used in the construction of a garden on the roof. Fifty-four people were killed. Latvian President <a href="/wiki/Andris_B%C4%93rzi%C5%86%C5%A1_(Latvian_President)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andris Bērziņš (Latvian President)">Andris Bērziņš</a> described the disaster as "a large-scale murder of many defenceless people".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences_building.09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/View_from_Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences_building.09.jpg/250px-View_from_Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences_building.09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/View_from_Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences_building.09.jpg/330px-View_from_Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences_building.09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/View_from_Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences_building.09.jpg/500px-View_from_Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences_building.09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Modern highrises of Riga</figcaption></figure> <p>Riga was the <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Latvia's <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency of the Council of the European Union</a> in 2015, the 4th <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a> Summit took place in Riga.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">Saeima</a> voted to suspend the functioning of a section of an agreement between Latvia and Russia regarding the preservation of memorial structures on 12 May,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the next day the <a href="/wiki/Riga_City_Council" title="Riga City Council">Riga City Council</a> also voted to demolish the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Liberators_of_Soviet_Latvia_and_Riga_from_the_German_Fascist_Invaders" title="Monument to the Liberators of Soviet Latvia and Riga from the German Fascist Invaders">Monument to the Liberators of Soviet Latvia and Riga from the German Fascist Invaders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 May, a rally called "Getting Rid of Soviet Heritage" took place in Riga to call for removing Soviet monuments in Latvia, it was attended by approximately 5,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demolition began 22 August 2022 and on 25 August 2022, the obelisk was toppled.<sup id="cite_ref-Demolition_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demolition-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Demolition_(2)_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demolition_(2)-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Demolition_(3)_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demolition_(3)-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the street on which the Embassy of the Russian Federation is located was renamed "Independent Ukraine Street."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite legal changes, problems have arisen in the city in relation to large construction and reconstruction projects with developers increasingly looking for opportunities to use underground spaces. While this opens up the possibility for new archaeological research to be undertaken, it is decreasing in situ archaeological preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhoods_in_Riga" title="Neighbourhoods in Riga">Neighbourhoods in Riga</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Riga" title="List of tourist attractions in Riga">List of tourist attractions in Riga</a></div> <p>Riga is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Baltic_states_by_population" title="List of cities in the Baltic states by population">largest</a> <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states#Cities" title="Baltic states">city</a> in the three <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>: (Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riga is home to approximately one tenth of the three Baltic countries' combined population.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Riga" title="Administrative divisions of Riga">Administrative divisions of Riga</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_District,_Riga" title="Central District, Riga">Central District</a> (3 km<sup>2</sup> or 1.2 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurzeme_District,_Riga" title="Kurzeme District, Riga">Kurzeme District</a> (79 km<sup>2</sup> or 31 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemgale_Suburb,_Riga" title="Zemgale Suburb, Riga">Zemgale Suburb</a> (41 km<sup>2</sup> or 16 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_District,_Riga" title="Northern District, Riga">Northern District</a> (77 km<sup>2</sup> or 30 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidzeme_Suburb,_Riga" title="Vidzeme Suburb, Riga">Vidzeme Suburb</a> (57 km<sup>2</sup> or 22 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgale_Suburb,_Riga" title="Latgale Suburb, Riga">Latgale Suburb</a> (50 km<sup>2</sup> or 19 sq mi)</li></ul> <p>Riga's administrative divisions consist of six administrative entities: <a href="/wiki/Central_District,_Riga" title="Central District, Riga">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurzeme_District,_Riga" title="Kurzeme District, Riga">Kurzeme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_District,_Riga" title="Northern District, Riga">Northern</a> districts and the <a href="/wiki/Latgale_Suburb,_Riga" title="Latgale Suburb, Riga">Latgale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vidzeme_Suburb,_Riga" title="Vidzeme Suburb, Riga">Vidzeme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zemgale_Suburb,_Riga" title="Zemgale Suburb, Riga">Zemgale</a> suburbs. Three entities were established on 1 September 1941, and the other three were established in October 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-halduskultur_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halduskultur-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no official lower-level administrative units, but the Riga City Council Development Agency is working on a plan, which officially makes Riga consist of <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhoods_in_Riga" title="Neighbourhoods in Riga">58 neighbourhoods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rdpad_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdpad-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current names were confirmed on 28 December 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-CEROI2_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEROI2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1210px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riga_Skyline_Panorama,_Latvia_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama over Riga from St. Peter's Church"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Riga_Skyline_Panorama%2C_Latvia_-_Diliff.jpg/1200px-Riga_Skyline_Panorama%2C_Latvia_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Riga_Skyline_Panorama%2C_Latvia_-_Diliff.jpg/1800px-Riga_Skyline_Panorama%2C_Latvia_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Riga_Skyline_Panorama%2C_Latvia_-_Diliff.jpg/2400px-Riga_Skyline_Panorama%2C_Latvia_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="40000" data-file-height="6223" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Riga_Skyline_Panorama,_Latvia_-_Diliff.jpg" title="File:Riga Skyline Panorama, Latvia - Diliff.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama over Riga from <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church,_Riga" title="St. Peter's Church, Riga">St. Peter's Church</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The climate of Riga is <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental</a> (Köppen <i>Dfb</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coldest months are January and February, when the average temperature is −2.1 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (28 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>) but temperatures as low as −20 to −25 °C (−4 to −13 °F) can be observed almost every year on the coldest days. The proximity of the sea causes frequent autumn rains and fogs. Continuous snow cover may last eighty days. The summers in Riga are mild and rainy with an average temperature of 18 °C (64 °F), while the temperature on the hottest days can exceed 30 °C (86 °F). </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Riga (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1885–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0<br />(93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5<br />(94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.5<br />(94.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3<br />(79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1<br />(86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(32.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.1<br />(28.2) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3<br />(31.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5<br />(23.9) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6<br />(23.7) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.4<br />(2.5) </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.8<br />(3.6) </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.4<br />(13.3) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9<br />(25.0) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5<br />(20.3) </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.4<br />(11.5) </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−20.3<br />(−4.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−33.7<br />(−28.7) </td> <td style="background: #2A2AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−34.9<br />(−30.8) </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30.3<br />(−22.5) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.1<br />(8.4) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5<br />(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.1<br />(24.6) </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.5<br />(14.9) </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.5<br />(−4.9) </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−31.9<br />(−25.4) </td> <td style="background: #2A2AFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−34.9<br />(−30.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.5<br />(1.83) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.1<br />(1.58) </td> <td style="background: #CCFFCC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1<br />(1.34) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(1.38) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.5<br />(1.87) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.0<br />(2.56) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.5<br />(3.13) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.9<br />(3.07) </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.1<br />(2.64) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.6<br />(2.98) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.3<br />(2.22) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.2<br />(1.98) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">674.8<br />(26.58) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #000089; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(9.8) </td> <td style="background: #00007C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(9.3) </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(6.2) </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(0.5) </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #0000B6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(8.7) </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">99.7<br />(39.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">115 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000C2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.2 </td> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000F5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000D1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000B0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000AF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000D5; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">77.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #424242; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">36.6 </td> <td style="background: #808080; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.2 </td> <td style="background: #C0C025; color:#000000;" class="notheme">141.2 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">203.6 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB04; color:#000000;" class="notheme">286.7 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.2 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">291.2 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">250.4 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">166.7 </td> <td style="background: #ABABA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.5 </td> <td style="background: #444444; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">36.1 </td> <td style="background: #2C2C2C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">24.4 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,878.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Environment,_Geology_and_Meteorology_Centre" title="Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre">Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Agency</a> (temperature, precipitation and sunshine)<sup id="cite_ref-9120average_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9120average-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-extremes_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extremes-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (precipitation days, humidity 1991–2020),<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather Atlas,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and World Weather Online (snowfall)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Coastal temperature data for Riga (<a href="/wiki/Daugavgr%C4%ABva" title="Daugavgrīva">Daugavgrīva</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>Average sea temperature °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">1.0<br />(33.80) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">0.7<br />(33.26) </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">0.5<br />(32.90) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">3.0<br />(37.40) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">9.1<br />(48.38) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">15.5<br />(59.90) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">19.6<br />(67.28) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">19.4<br />(66.92) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">16.3<br />(61.34) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">11.3<br />(52.34) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">7.4<br />(45.32) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">4.3<br />(39.74) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">9.0<br />(48.21) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="14" style="background:#ffffff;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;">Source 1: Seatemperature.org<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Riga_City_Council" title="Riga City Council">Riga City Council</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riga_-_City_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Riga_-_City_Hall.jpg/250px-Riga_-_City_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Riga_-_City_Hall.jpg/330px-Riga_-_City_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Riga_-_City_Hall.jpg/500px-Riga_-_City_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Riga_City_Council" title="Riga City Council">Riga City Council</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The head of the city government in Riga is the mayor, or officially the Chairman of the Riga City Council. The mayor is elected by the city council. He or she is assisted by one or more Vice Mayors (deputy mayors). The current mayor is <a href="/wiki/Vilnis_%C4%B6irsis" title="Vilnis Ķirsis">Vilnis Ķirsis</a>, who was elected on 17 August 2023 from <a href="/wiki/New_Unity" title="New Unity">New Unity</a>, with support from "Coalition for Cooperation", consisting of <a href="/wiki/New_Unity" title="New Unity">New Unity</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Latvia)" title="National Alliance (Latvia)">National Alliance/Latvian Regional Alliance (NA/LRA)</a>, Code for Riga, <a href="/wiki/Honor_to_serve_Riga" title="Honor to serve Riga">Honor to server Riga</a> and <a href="/wiki/For_Latvia%27s_Development" title="For Latvia's Development">For Latvia's Development</a> factions. </p><p>The city council is a democratically elected institution and is the final decision-making authority in the city. The Council consists of 60 members or deputies who are elected every four years. The Presidium of the Riga City Council consists of the Chairman of the Riga City Council and the representatives delegated by the political parties or party blocks elected to the City Council. From February to October 2020, the offices of the Mayor and Vice Mayors were suspended and the council itself had been dissolved and replaced by an interim administration of representatives from three <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Latvia" title="Government of Latvia">governmental</a> ministries until snap <a href="/wiki/2020_Riga_City_Council_election" title="2020 Riga City Council election">elections</a> were held in 2020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riga_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Riga_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg/250px-Riga_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Riga_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg/330px-Riga_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Riga_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg/500px-Riga_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3189" data-file-height="2586" /></a><figcaption>Riga population pyramid in 2022</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1897</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">282,230</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">185,137</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−34.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1925</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">337,699</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+82.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1930</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">377,917</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1935</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">385,063</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">580,423</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+50.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">731,831</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">835,475</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">915,106</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">764,329</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−16.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">658,640</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−13.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">614,618</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2024</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">605,273</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.5%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: pop-stat.mashke.org<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p>With 605,270 inhabitants in 2024 as according to the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, Riga was one of the largest cities in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, though its population has decreased from just over 900,000 in 1991<sup id="cite_ref-population_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the population of <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> has just outnumbered that of Riga. Notable causes include emigration and <a href="/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe" title="Ageing of Europe">low birth rates</a>. According to the 2022 data, ethnic Latvians made up 47.4% of the population of Riga. <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Latvia" title="Russians in Latvia">Russians</a> formed 35.7%, <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> 3.6%, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> 3.5%, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> 1.7%, other ethnicities consisted 8.2%. By comparison, 63.0% of Latvia's total population was ethnically Latvian, 24.2% Russian, 3.1% Belarusian, 2.2% Ukrainian, 1.9% Polish, 1.1% are Lithuanian and the rest of other origins. </p><p>Upon the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia#Restoration_of_independence" title="History of Latvia">restoration of Latvia's independence in 1991</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet-era" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-era">Soviet-era</a> immigrants (and any of their offspring born before 1991) were not automatically granted Latvian citizenship because they had migrated to the territory of Latvia during the years of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Baltic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of Baltic states">Soviet occupation</a>. The proportion of ethnic Latvians in Riga increased from 36.5% in 1989 to 47.4% in 2022. In contrast, the percentage of Russians fell from 47.3% to 35.7% in the same time period. In 2022 citizens of Latvia made up 79.0%, <a href="/wiki/Non-citizens_(Latvia)" title="Non-citizens (Latvia)">non-citizens</a> 15.3% and citizens of other countries 5.6% of the population of Riga. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Riga is one of the key economic and financial centres of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>. Roughly half of all the jobs in Latvia are in Riga and the city generates more than 50% of Latvia's GDP as well as around half of Latvia's exports. The biggest exporters are in wood products, IT, food and beverage manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, transport and metallurgy.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riga Port is one of the largest in the Baltics. It handled a record 34 million tons of cargo in 2011<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has potential for future growth with new port developments on Krievu Sala.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tourism is also a large industry in Riga and after a slowdown during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">global economic recessions of the late 2000s</a>, grew 22% in 2011 alone.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riga was intended to become the global financial centre in the former Soviet Union. <a href="/wiki/Parex" class="mw-redirect" title="Parex">One bank</a>, which provided high levels of secrecy for its customers, promoted itself as "We are closer than Switzerland!" (Russian: <span lang="ru">«Мы ближе, чем Швейцария!»</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PalmerTestimony_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PalmerTestimony-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 July 1995, twenty Latvian banks with assistance of persons from the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Stock Exchange">Paris Stock Exchange</a> organised the <a href="/wiki/Riga_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Riga Stock Exchange">Riga Stock Exchange</a> which was the first Latvian stock exchange in Riga.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bank_of_Latvia_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bank of Latvia"><img alt="Bank of Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bank_of_Latvia_01.jpg/270px-Bank_of_Latvia_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bank_of_Latvia_01.jpg/405px-Bank_of_Latvia_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bank_of_Latvia_01.jpg/540px-Bank_of_Latvia_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5761" data-file-height="3841" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bank of Latvia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riga_stock_exchange.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Riga Stock Exchange early 20th century. Now the Art Museum Riga Bourse."><img alt="Riga Stock Exchange early 20th century. Now the Art Museum Riga Bourse." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Riga_stock_exchange.jpg/286px-Riga_stock_exchange.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Riga_stock_exchange.jpg/429px-Riga_stock_exchange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Riga_stock_exchange.jpg/572px-Riga_stock_exchange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Riga Stock Exchange early 20th century. Now the Art Museum Riga Bourse.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opera_Nacional,_Riga,_Letonia,_2012-08-07,_DD_15.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Opera_Nacional%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_15.JPG/220px-Opera_Nacional%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_15.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Opera_Nacional%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_15.JPG/330px-Opera_Nacional%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_15.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Opera_Nacional%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_15.JPG/440px-Opera_Nacional%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_15.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5488" data-file-height="2919" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Opera" title="Latvian National Opera">Latvian National Opera</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatres">Theatres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Theatres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Opera" title="Latvian National Opera">Latvian National Opera</a> was founded in 1918. The repertoire of the theatre embraces all opera masterpieces. The Latvian National Opera is famous not only for its operas, but for its ballet troupe as well.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Theatre" title="Latvian National Theatre">Latvian National Theatre</a> was founded in 1919. The Latvian National Theatre preserves the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Latvia" title="Culture of Latvia">Latvian</a> drama school. It is one of the biggest theatres in Latvia.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chekhov_Riga_Russian_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Chekhov Riga Russian Theatre">Mikhail Chekhov Riga Russian Theatre</a> is the oldest professional drama theatre in Latvia, established in 1883. The repertoire of the theatre includes classical plays and experimental performances of Russian and other foreign playwrights.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Daile_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Daile Theatre">Daile Theatre</a> was opened for the first time in 1920. It is one of the most successful theatres in Latvia and is distinguished by its frequent productions of modern foreign plays.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Latvian State Puppet Theatre was founded in 1944 and presents shows for children and adults.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/New_Riga_Theatre" title="New Riga Theatre">New Riga Theatre</a> was opened in 1992.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mežaparks_Great_Bandstand"><span id="Me.C5.BEaparks_Great_Bandstand"></span>Mežaparks Great Bandstand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mežaparks Great Bandstand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Me%C5%BEaparka_estr%C4%81de_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/Me%C5%BEaparka_estr%C4%81de_detail.jpg/250px-Me%C5%BEaparka_estr%C4%81de_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/Me%C5%BEaparka_estr%C4%81de_detail.jpg/330px-Me%C5%BEaparka_estr%C4%81de_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/Me%C5%BEaparka_estr%C4%81de_detail.jpg/500px-Me%C5%BEaparka_estr%C4%81de_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6544" data-file-height="3960" /></a><figcaption>The Mežaparks Great Bandstand</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Me%C5%BEaparks_Great_Bandstand" title="Mežaparks Great Bandstand">Mežaparks Great Bandstand</a></div> <p>The Mežaparks Great Bandstand (Latvian: Mežaparka Lielā estrāde) is a open-air bandstand in <a href="/wiki/Me%C5%BEaparks_(park)" title="Mežaparks (park)">Mežaparks park</a>. The Bandstand is the place where the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Song_and_Dance_Festival" title="Latvian Song and Dance Festival">Latvian Song and Dance Festival</a>, one of the largest amateur choral and dancing events in the world and part of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> list, takes places every five years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Choir_Games">World Choir Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: World Choir Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Riga hosted the biannual 2014 <a href="/wiki/World_Choir_Games" title="World Choir Games">World Choir Games</a> from 9 to 19 July 2014 which coincided with the city being named <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> for 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-interkultur.com_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interkultur.com-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event, organised by the choral foundation, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkultur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkultur (page does not exist)">Interkultur</a>, takes place at various host cities every two years and was originally known as the "Choir Olympics".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event regularly sees over 15,000 choristers in over 300 choirs from over 60 nations compete for gold, silver and bronze medals in over 20 categories. The competition is further divided into a Champions Competition and an Open Competition to allow choirs from all backgrounds to enter.<sup id="cite_ref-interkultur.com_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interkultur.com-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Choral workshops and festivals are also witnessed in the host cities and are usually open to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riga_Castle_seen_across_the_river_Daugava_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Riga_Castle_seen_across_the_river_Daugava_.jpg/250px-Riga_Castle_seen_across_the_river_Daugava_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Riga_Castle_seen_across_the_river_Daugava_.jpg/330px-Riga_Castle_seen_across_the_river_Daugava_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Riga_Castle_seen_across_the_river_Daugava_.jpg/500px-Riga_Castle_seen_across_the_river_Daugava_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5138" data-file-height="3416" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Riga_Castle" title="Riga Castle">Riga Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Riga_Radio_and_TV_Tower" title="Riga Radio and TV Tower">radio and TV tower</a> of Riga is the tallest structure in Latvia and the Baltic States, and one of the tallest in the European Union, reaching 368.5 m (1,209 ft). Riga centre also has many great examples of Gothic revival architecture, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kalpaka_Boulevard_Library" title="Kalpaka Boulevard Library">Kalpaka Boulevard Library</a>, and a bevy of <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> architecture, as well as a medieval old town.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_Nouveau">Art Nouveau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Art Nouveau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_architecture_in_Riga" title="Art Nouveau architecture in Riga">Art Nouveau architecture in Riga</a></div> <p>Riga has one of the largest collections of <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> buildings in the world, with at least 800 buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to the fact that at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, when Art Nouveau was at the height of its popularity, Riga experienced an unprecedented financial and demographic boom.<sup id="cite_ref-grosa_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grosa-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the period from 1857 its population grew from 282,000 (256,200 in Riga itself and another 26,200 inhabitants beyond the city limits in the <a href="/wiki/Pier%C4%ABga" title="Pierīga">patrimonial district</a> and military town of <a href="/wiki/Ust-Dvinsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ust-Dvinsk">Ust-Dvinsk</a>) to 472,100 in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middle class of Riga used their acquired wealth to build imposing apartment blocks outside the former <a href="/wiki/City_walls" class="mw-redirect" title="City walls">city walls</a>. Local architects, mostly graduates of <a href="/wiki/Riga_Technical_University" title="Riga Technical University">Riga Technical University</a>, adopted current European movements and in particular Art Nouveau.<sup id="cite_ref-krastinsjournal_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krastinsjournal-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1910 and 1913, between 300 and 500 new buildings were built each year in Riga, many of them in Art Nouveau style and most of them outside the old town.<sup id="cite_ref-krastinsjournal_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krastinsjournal-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edificio_modernista_en_Alberta_iela_13,_Riga,_Letonia,_2012-08-07,_DD_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alberta iela 13"><img alt="Alberta iela 13" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Edificio_modernista_en_Alberta_iela_13%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_01.jpg/220px-Edificio_modernista_en_Alberta_iela_13%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Edificio_modernista_en_Alberta_iela_13%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_01.jpg/330px-Edificio_modernista_en_Alberta_iela_13%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Edificio_modernista_en_Alberta_iela_13%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_01.jpg/440px-Edificio_modernista_en_Alberta_iela_13%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2585" data-file-height="2114" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Street,_Riga" title="Albert Street, Riga">Alberta iela</a> 13</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edificio_modernista_en_Alberta_iela_2a,_Riga,_Letonia,_2012-08-07,_DD_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Alberta iela 2a"><img alt="Alberta iela 2a" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Edificio_modernista_en_Alberta_iela_2a%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_02.JPG/250px-Edificio_modernista_en_Alberta_iela_2a%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Edificio_modernista_en_Alberta_iela_2a%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_02.JPG/330px-Edificio_modernista_en_Alberta_iela_2a%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="3529" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alberta iela 2a</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alberta_iel%C4%81_12_20120728-05.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Staircase of Alberta ielā 12"><img alt="Staircase of Alberta ielā 12" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alberta_iel%C4%81_12_20120728-05.JPG/330px-Alberta_iel%C4%81_12_20120728-05.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alberta_iel%C4%81_12_20120728-05.JPG/500px-Alberta_iel%C4%81_12_20120728-05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alberta_iel%C4%81_12_20120728-05.JPG/960px-Alberta_iel%C4%81_12_20120728-05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Staircase of Alberta ielā 12 </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A._%C4%8Caka_iela_26_R%C4%ABga_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleksandra Čaka iela 26"><img alt="Aleksandra Čaka iela 26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/A._%C4%8Caka_iela_26_R%C4%ABga_03.jpg/120px-A._%C4%8Caka_iela_26_R%C4%ABga_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/A._%C4%8Caka_iela_26_R%C4%ABga_03.jpg/250px-A._%C4%8Caka_iela_26_R%C4%ABga_03.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="4104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aleksandra Čaka iela 26</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_salle_%C3%A0_manger_(mus%C3%A9e_dart_nouveau,_Riga)_(7562659988).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Riga Art Nouveau Museum"><img alt="Riga Art Nouveau Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/La_salle_%C3%A0_manger_%28mus%C3%A9e_dart_nouveau%2C_Riga%29_%287562659988%29.jpg/250px-La_salle_%C3%A0_manger_%28mus%C3%A9e_dart_nouveau%2C_Riga%29_%287562659988%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/La_salle_%C3%A0_manger_%28mus%C3%A9e_dart_nouveau%2C_Riga%29_%287562659988%29.jpg/330px-La_salle_%C3%A0_manger_%28mus%C3%A9e_dart_nouveau%2C_Riga%29_%287562659988%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/La_salle_%C3%A0_manger_%28mus%C3%A9e_dart_nouveau%2C_Riga%29_%287562659988%29.jpg/500px-La_salle_%C3%A0_manger_%28mus%C3%A9e_dart_nouveau%2C_Riga%29_%287562659988%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Riga Art Nouveau Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edificio_modernista_en_Strelnieku_Iela_4a,_Riga,_Letonia,_2012-08-07,_DD_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Strēlnieku iela 4a"><img alt="Strēlnieku iela 4a" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Edificio_modernista_en_Strelnieku_Iela_4a%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_01.JPG/175px-Edificio_modernista_en_Strelnieku_Iela_4a%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Edificio_modernista_en_Strelnieku_Iela_4a%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_01.JPG/263px-Edificio_modernista_en_Strelnieku_Iela_4a%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Edificio_modernista_en_Strelnieku_Iela_4a%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_01.JPG/351px-Edificio_modernista_en_Strelnieku_Iela_4a%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3359" data-file-height="3446" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Strēlnieku iela 4a</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0871_LVA_Riga_art_noveau_relief_meistaru_iela_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Meistaru iela 10 relief"><img alt="Meistaru iela 10 relief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/0871_LVA_Riga_art_noveau_relief_meistaru_iela_10.jpg/203px-0871_LVA_Riga_art_noveau_relief_meistaru_iela_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/0871_LVA_Riga_art_noveau_relief_meistaru_iela_10.jpg/305px-0871_LVA_Riga_art_noveau_relief_meistaru_iela_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/0871_LVA_Riga_art_noveau_relief_meistaru_iela_10.jpg/406px-0871_LVA_Riga_art_noveau_relief_meistaru_iela_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5397" data-file-height="4783" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Meistaru iela 10 relief</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0872_LVA_Riga_art_noveau_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strelnieku iela relief"><img alt="Strelnieku iela relief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/0872_LVA_Riga_art_noveau_relief.jpg/180px-0872_LVA_Riga_art_noveau_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/0872_LVA_Riga_art_noveau_relief.jpg/270px-0872_LVA_Riga_art_noveau_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/0872_LVA_Riga_art_noveau_relief.jpg/360px-0872_LVA_Riga_art_noveau_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5110" data-file-height="5110" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Strelnieku iela relief</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Riga has a rich <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> history. In 1937, as the defending champions, in hosted the <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1937" title="EuroBasket 1937">second edition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket" title="EuroBasket">EuroBasket</a> tournament. In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/R%C4%ABgas_ASK" title="Rīgas ASK">Rīgas ASK</a> became the best club in the Soviet Union and also in Europe, winning the first three editions of the <a href="/wiki/EuroLeague" title="EuroLeague">European Cup for Men's Champions Clubs</a> from 1958 to 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960, ASK was not the only team from Riga to take the European crown. <a href="/wiki/TTT_Riga" title="TTT Riga">TTT Riga</a> clinched their first title in the <a href="/wiki/EuroLeague_Women" title="EuroLeague Women">European Cup for Women's Champion Clubs</a>, turning Riga into the capital city of European basketball because for the first and, to date, only time in the history of European basketball, clubs from the same city were concurrent European men's and women's club champions.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Riga was one of the hosts for <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_2015" title="EuroBasket 2015">EuroBasket 2015</a> and will host for the third time in <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_2025" title="EuroBasket 2025">2025</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_clubs">Sports clubs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sports clubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ar%C4%93na_R%C4%ABga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ar%C4%93na_R%C4%ABga.jpg/220px-Ar%C4%93na_R%C4%ABga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ar%C4%93na_R%C4%ABga.jpg/330px-Ar%C4%93na_R%C4%ABga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ar%C4%93na_R%C4%ABga.jpg/440px-Ar%C4%93na_R%C4%ABga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5112" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Xiaomi_Arena" title="Xiaomi Arena">Xiaomi Arena</a>, home to multiple sports clubs of Riga</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Basketball <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BK_VEF_R%C4%ABga" title="BK VEF Rīga">BK VEF Rīga</a> – a professional basketball team that is a three-time <a href="/wiki/Latvijas_Basketbola_l%C4%ABga" title="Latvijas Basketbola līga">Latvian champion</a>. VEF also participates in high-level international competition such as <a href="/wiki/Eurocup_Basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocup Basketball">Eurocup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barons_LMT" class="mw-redirect" title="Barons LMT">Barons LMT</a> – a men's basketball team, two-time <a href="/wiki/Latvijas_Basketbola_l%C4%ABga" title="Latvijas Basketbola līga">Latvian champion</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_FIBA_EuroCup" title="2007–08 FIBA EuroCup">2008</a> <a href="/wiki/FIBA_EuroCup" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA EuroCup">FIBA EuroCup</a> winner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TTT_Riga" title="TTT Riga">TTT Riga</a> – a women's basketball team, which between 1960 and 1982 won eighteen <a href="/wiki/FIBA_EuroLeague_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA EuroLeague Women">FIBA EuroLeague Women</a> titles</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinamo_Riga" title="Dinamo Riga">Dinamo Riga</a> – a professional ice hockey club established in 2008. It played in the <a href="/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League" title="Kontinental Hockey League">Kontinental Hockey League</a> until 2022. Dinamo was established as a successor to the <a href="/wiki/Dinamo_Riga_(original)" title="Dinamo Riga (original)">former hockey team with the same name</a>, which was founded in 1946 but ceased to exist in 1995.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HK_Riga" title="HK Riga">HK Riga</a> – a junior hockey club, playing in the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Hockey_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Hockey League">Minor Hockey League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riga_FC" title="Riga FC">Riga FC</a> – Riga Football Club, commonly referred to as Riga FC, were established in 2015 after a merger of two Riga based teams – FC Caramba Riga and Dinamo Rīga. In 2018 they became champions of the <a href="/wiki/Virsl%C4%ABga" class="mw-redirect" title="Virslīga">Virslīga</a> Latvian Higher League for the first time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FK_RFS" title="FK RFS">RFS</a> – FK Rīgas Futbola Skola, known as RFS are based on the Riga Football School (RFS) academy, established in 1962.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FS_Metta-LU" class="mw-redirect" title="FS Metta-LU">FS Metta-LU</a> – founded in 2006. Metta play their home games at <a href="/wiki/Daugava_Stadium_(Riga)" title="Daugava Stadium (Riga)">Daugava Stadium</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JDFS_Alberts" title="JDFS Alberts">JDFS Alberts</a> – Jura Docenko Futbola Skola Alberts, commonly referred to as JDFS Alberts was founded as a football school in 2008 and subsequently became a professional Latvian football league team.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_United_FC" title="Riga United FC">Riga United FC</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FC_New_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FC New Project (page does not exist)">FC New Project</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><b>Dissolved Football Clubs</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skonto_FC" title="Skonto FC">Skonto FC</a> – Skonto FC was a football club established in 1991. The club won fourteen successive <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Higher_League" title="Latvian Higher League">Latvian Higher League</a> titles. For a long time it provided the core of the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian national football team">Latvian national football team</a>. Following financial problems, the club was demoted to the Latvian First League in 2016 and went bankrupt in December of that year and subsequently dissolved.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFK_Olimps" title="JFK Olimps">JFK Olimps</a> – JFK Olimps played in the top division of Latvian football. The club was founded in 2005 and dissolved in 2012. According to a study from January 2011, the club was the youngest team in Europe, with an average age of 19.02 years.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_facilities">Sports facilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sports facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skonto_Stadions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Skonto_Stadions.jpg/250px-Skonto_Stadions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Skonto_Stadions.jpg/330px-Skonto_Stadions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Skonto_Stadions.jpg/500px-Skonto_Stadions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skonto_Stadium" title="Skonto Stadium">Skonto Stadium</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Arena Riga">Arena Riga</a> – a multi-purpose arena built in 2006 as the main venue for the <a href="/wiki/2006_Men%27s_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships">2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships</a>. It can hold up to 14,500 people and has hosted <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>, basketball and volleyball events, as well as <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_X-Fighters" title="Red Bull X-Fighters">Red Bull X-Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skonto_Stadium" title="Skonto Stadium">Skonto Stadium</a> – a football stadium, built in 2000. It is the main stadium used for games of the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian national football team">Latvian national football team</a> and the home stadium of Riga FC. The stadium was previously the home stadium of Skonto FC prior to the team's dissolution.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daugava_Stadium_(Riga)" title="Daugava Stadium (Riga)">Daugava Stadium</a> – a stadium built in 1958, used for both <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvijas_Universitates_Stadions" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvijas Universitates Stadions">Latvijas Universitates Stadions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi%C4%B7ernieki_Complex_Sports_Base" title="Biķernieki Complex Sports Base">Biķernieki Complex Sports Base</a> – Latvia's leading <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">motorsport</a> complex</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_events">Sports events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sports events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2023_World_Athletics_Road_Running_Championships" title="2023 World Athletics Road Running Championships">2023 World Athletics Road Running Championships</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1937" title="EuroBasket 1937">EuroBasket 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Athletics_Junior_Championships" title="1999 European Athletics Junior Championships">1999 European Athletics Junior Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_Women_2009" title="EuroBasket Women 2009">EuroBasket Women 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_IIHF_World_Championship" title="2006 IIHF World Championship">2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Marathon" title="Riga Marathon">Riga Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_World_Women%27s_Curling_Championship" title="2013 World Women's Curling Championship">2013 World Women's Curling Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_2015" title="EuroBasket 2015">EuroBasket 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Men%27s_World_Floorball_Championships" title="2016 Men's World Floorball Championships">2016 Men's World Floorball Championships</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_IIHF_World_Championship" title="2021 IIHF World Championship">2021 IIHF World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Swiss_Tournament_2021" title="FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament 2021">FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament 2021</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16-08-31-%C5%A0koda_24Tr_Irisbus_Riga-RR2_4505.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/16-08-31-%C5%A0koda_24Tr_Irisbus_Riga-RR2_4505.jpg/220px-16-08-31-%C5%A0koda_24Tr_Irisbus_Riga-RR2_4505.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/16-08-31-%C5%A0koda_24Tr_Irisbus_Riga-RR2_4505.jpg/330px-16-08-31-%C5%A0koda_24Tr_Irisbus_Riga-RR2_4505.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/16-08-31-%C5%A0koda_24Tr_Irisbus_Riga-RR2_4505.jpg/440px-16-08-31-%C5%A0koda_24Tr_Irisbus_Riga-RR2_4505.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>One of the several trolleybus types in Riga</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riga_tram_57201_2020-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Riga_tram_57201_2020-03.jpg/250px-Riga_tram_57201_2020-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Riga_tram_57201_2020-03.jpg/330px-Riga_tram_57201_2020-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Riga_tram_57201_2020-03.jpg/500px-Riga_tram_57201_2020-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3089" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_15_T" class="mw-redirect" title="Škoda 15 T">Škoda 15 T</a> tram in Riga</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latvia_railways_frequency_of_commuter_trains_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Latvia_railways_frequency_of_commuter_trains_2016.svg/330px-Latvia_railways_frequency_of_commuter_trains_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Latvia_railways_frequency_of_commuter_trains_2016.svg/500px-Latvia_railways_frequency_of_commuter_trains_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Latvia_railways_frequency_of_commuter_trains_2016.svg/620px-Latvia_railways_frequency_of_commuter_trains_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Riga is a large hub in the <a href="/wiki/Pasa%C5%BEieru_vilciens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasažieru vilciens">Passenger Train</a> network: commuter train frequency in 2016.</figcaption></figure> <p>Riga, with its central geographic position and concentration of population, has always been the infrastructural hub of Latvia. Several <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_roads_in_Latvia" title="List of national roads in Latvia">national roads</a> begin in Riga, and <a href="/wiki/European_route_E22" title="European route E22">European route E22</a> crosses Riga from the east and west, while the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E67" title="European route E67">Via Baltica</a> crosses Riga from the south and north. </p><p>As a city situated by a river, Riga also has several bridges. The oldest-standing bridge is the <a href="/wiki/Railway_Bridge,_Riga" title="Railway Bridge, Riga">Railway Bridge</a>, which is also the only railroad-carrying bridge in Riga. The <a href="/wiki/Stone_Bridge,_Riga" title="Stone Bridge, Riga">Stone Bridge</a> (<i>Akmens tilts</i>) connects <a href="/wiki/Old_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Riga">Old Riga</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81rdaugava" title="Pārdaugava">Pārdaugava</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Island_Bridge,_Riga" title="Island Bridge, Riga">Island Bridge</a> (<i>Salu tilts</i>) connects <a href="/wiki/Maskavas_For%C5%A1tate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maskavas Forštate">Maskavas Forštate</a> and Pārdaugava via <a href="/wiki/Za%C4%B7usala" title="Zaķusala">Zaķusala</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Van%C5%A1u_Bridge" title="Vanšu Bridge">Shroud Bridge</a> (<i>Vanšu tilts</i>) connects Old Riga and Pārdaugava via <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABpsala" title="Ķīpsala">Ķīpsala</a>. In 2008, the first stage of the new <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bridge" title="Southern Bridge">Southern Bridge</a> (<i>Dienvidu tilts</i>) route across the Daugava was completed, and was opened to traffic on 17 November.<sup id="cite_ref-rdpad1_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdpad1-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Southern Bridge was the biggest<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Riga#Dubious" title="Talk:Riga">discuss</a></i>]</sup> construction project in the Baltic states in 20 years, and its purpose was to reduce <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a> in the city centre.<sup id="cite_ref-dienvidu_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dienvidu-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rdsd_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdsd-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another major construction project is the planned Riga Northern <a href="/wiki/Transport_corridor" title="Transport corridor">transport corridor</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-zkoridors_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zkoridors-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its first segment detailed project was completed in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-rdpad2_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdpad2-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Freeport_of_Riga" title="Freeport of Riga">Freeport of Riga</a> facilitates cargo and passenger traffic by sea. Sea ferries connect <a href="/wiki/Riga_Passenger_Terminal" title="Riga Passenger Terminal">Riga Passenger Terminal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/Tallink" title="Tallink">Tallink</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tallink_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tallink-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riga has one active airport that serves commercial airlines—the <a href="/wiki/Riga_International_Airport" title="Riga International Airport">Riga International Airport</a> (RIX), built in 1973. It is the primary hub of <a href="/wiki/AirBaltic" title="AirBaltic">AirBaltic</a> and a base for <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">RyanAir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renovation and modernisation of the airport was completed in 2001, coinciding with the 800th anniversary of the city. In 2006, a new terminal extension was opened. Extension of the runway was completed in October 2008, and the airport is now able to accommodate large aircraft such as the Airbus A340, Boeing 747, 757, 767 and 777. Another terminal extension is under construction as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual number of passengers has grown from 310,000 in 1993 to 4.7 million in 2014, making Riga International Airport the largest in the Baltic States. A new multi-modal hub is planned around the airport with a <a href="/wiki/Rail_Baltica" title="Rail Baltica">Rail Baltica</a> station and airport city development planned.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The former international airport of Riga, <a href="/wiki/Spilve_Airport" title="Spilve Airport">Spilve Airport</a>, located 5 km (3 mi) from Riga city centre, is used for small aircraft, pilot training and recreational aviation. Riga was also home to a military air base during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>—<a href="/wiki/Rumbula_Air_Base" title="Rumbula Air Base">Rumbula Air Base</a>. </p><p>Public transport in the city is provided by <a href="/wiki/R%C4%ABgas_Satiksme" title="Rīgas Satiksme">Rīgas Satiksme</a> which operates a large number of trams, buses and <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a> on an extensive network of routes across the city. In addition, up until 2012 many private owners operated <a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">minibus</a> services, after which the City Council established the unified transport company <i>Rīgas mikroautobusu satiksme</i>, establishing a monopoly over the service. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Riga_International_Coach_Terminal" title="Riga International Coach Terminal">Riga International Coach Terminal</a> provides domestic and international connections by <a href="/wiki/Coach_(bus)" title="Coach (bus)">coach</a>. </p><p>As the population of Riga city started to approach 1 million people in the 1980s, the city became eligible (under the Soviet standards of the time) for the construction of a subway system <a href="/wiki/Riga_Metro" title="Riga Metro">Riga Metro</a>, which would have been paid for by the Soviet government. However, the population decline and shortage of funding following Latvian independence put an end to this plan. </p><p>Riga is connected to the rest of Latvia by <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Railways#Domestic_routes" title="Latvian Railways">domestic trains</a> operated by the national carrier <a href="/wiki/Pasa%C5%BEieru_vilciens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasažieru vilciens">Passenger Train</a>, whose headquarters are in Riga. The main railway station is the <a href="/wiki/Riga_Central_Station" title="Riga Central Station">Riga Central Station</a>. It has stops for public transport along the streets Satekles iela, 13. janvāra iela Marijas iela, and Merķeļa iela. There are also <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Railways#International_routes" title="Latvian Railways">international rail services</a> to Russia and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and plans to revive passenger rail traffic with <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>. International overnight service is with Latvia Express trains (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">Latvijas Ekspresis</i>). A <a href="/wiki/TEN-T" class="mw-redirect" title="TEN-T">TEN-T</a> project called <a href="/wiki/Rail_Baltica" title="Rail Baltica">Rail Baltica</a> envisages building a <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed railway</a> line via Riga connecting <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> to <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> using <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expected to be put into operation in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Railways" title="Latvian Railways">Latvian Railways</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">Latvijas dzelzceļš</i> or <i>LDz</i>) operates the Latvian Rail History Museum in Riga. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Universities">Universities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Latvia" title="University of Latvia">University of Latvia</a> (LU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Academy_of_Latvia" title="Art Academy of Latvia">Art Academy of Latvia</a> (LMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Technical_University" title="Riga Technical University">Riga Technical University</a> (RTU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Stradi%C5%86%C5%A1_University" title="Riga Stradiņš University">Riga Stradiņš University</a> (RSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Graduate_School_of_Law" title="Riga Graduate School of Law">Riga Graduate School of Law</a> (RGSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_School_of_Economics_in_Riga" title="Stockholm School of Economics in Riga">Stockholm School of Economics in Riga</a> (SSE Riga)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BA_School_of_Business_and_Finance" title="BA School of Business and Finance">BA School of Business and Finance</a> (BA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_and_Telecommunication_Institute" title="Transport and Telecommunication Institute">Transport and Telecommunication Institute</a> (TTI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_International_School_of_Economics_and_Business_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Riga International School of Economics and Business Administration">Riga International School of Economics and Business Administration</a> (RISEBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur%C4%ABba_University" title="Turība University">Turība University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga_Aeronautical_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riga Aeronautical Institute (page does not exist)">Riga Aeronautical Institute</a> (RAI)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_service">Public service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Public service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg/140px-IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg/210px-IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg/280px-IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a>, 1983</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergei_Eisenstein_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sergei_Eisenstein_03.jpg/140px-Sergei_Eisenstein_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sergei_Eisenstein_03.jpg/210px-Sergei_Eisenstein_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sergei_Eisenstein_03.jpg/280px-Sergei_Eisenstein_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a>, early 1920s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elina_Garanca_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Elina_Garanca_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Elina_Garanca_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Elina_Garanca_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Elina_Garanca_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/El%C4%ABna_Garan%C4%8Da" title="Elīna Garanča">Elīna Garanča</a>, 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Gottfried_Herder_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Johann_Gottfried_Herder_2.jpg/140px-Johann_Gottfried_Herder_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Johann_Gottfried_Herder_2.jpg/210px-Johann_Gottfried_Herder_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Johann_Gottfried_Herder_2.jpg/280px-Johann_Gottfried_Herder_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1977" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a>, painted in 1785</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KauffmannKruedener.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/KauffmannKruedener.jpg/140px-KauffmannKruedener.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/KauffmannKruedener.jpg/210px-KauffmannKruedener.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/KauffmannKruedener.jpg/280px-KauffmannKruedener.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" title="Barbara von Krüdener">Baroness von Krüdener</a> and her son Paul, painted in 1786</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nesterov-Mukhina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nesterov-Mukhina.jpg/250px-Nesterov-Mukhina.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nesterov-Mukhina.jpg/330px-Nesterov-Mukhina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vera_Mukhina" title="Vera Mukhina">Vera Mukhina</a>, 1937</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostapenko_RG22_(4)_(52144317609).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ostapenko_RG22_%284%29_%2852144317609%29.jpg/250px-Ostapenko_RG22_%284%29_%2852144317609%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ostapenko_RG22_%284%29_%2852144317609%29.jpg/330px-Ostapenko_RG22_%284%29_%2852144317609%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Je%C4%BCena_Ostapenko" title="Jeļena Ostapenko">Jeļena Ostapenko</a>, 2022</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Ostwald_by_Nicola_Perscheid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wilhelm_Ostwald_by_Nicola_Perscheid.jpg/250px-Wilhelm_Ostwald_by_Nicola_Perscheid.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wilhelm_Ostwald_by_Nicola_Perscheid.jpg/330px-Wilhelm_Ostwald_by_Nicola_Perscheid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a>, 1913</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikhail_Tal_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mikhail_Tal_1962.jpg/250px-Mikhail_Tal_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mikhail_Tal_1962.jpg/330px-Mikhail_Tal_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="1652" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a>, 1962</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Sir Isaiah Berlin</a> (1909–1997), British social and political theorist, philosopher and historian of ideas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Friedrich_von_Boetticher" title="Emil Friedrich von Boetticher">Emil Friedrich von Boetticher</a> (1836–1907), politician, <a href="/wiki/Burgomaster" title="Burgomaster">burgomaster</a> of Riga</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottilie_von_Bistram" title="Ottilie von Bistram">Ottilie von Bistram</a> (1859–1931), pioneer in the struggle for female access to education.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Heinrich_von_Boetticher" title="Friedrich Heinrich von Boetticher">Friedrich Heinrich von Boetticher</a> (1826–1902), German publisher, bookseller, scholar and art historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deniss_%C4%8Calovskis" title="Deniss Čalovskis">Deniss Čalovskis</a> (born 1985), Latvian computer hacker who created the Gozi virus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdis_Dombrovskis" title="Valdis Dombrovskis">Valdis Dombrovskis</a> (born 1971), Latvian politician and EU Commissioner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laila_Freivalds" title="Laila Freivalds">Laila Freivalds</a> (born 1942), former Swedish Minister for Justice and <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden">Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juris_Hartmanis" title="Juris Hartmanis">Juris Hartmanis</a> (1928–2022), Latvian–American computer scientist who won the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Hartmann" title="Nicolai Hartmann">Nicolai Hartmann</a> (1882–1950), <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic German</a> philosopher and important <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> (1744–1803), German philosopher, theologian, poet and literary critic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilchen" title="David Hilchen">David Hilchen</a> (1561–1610), <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanist</a> and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Woldemar_Hollander" title="Albert Woldemar Hollander">Albert Woldemar Hollander</a> (1796–1868), German educator and pedagog</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshayahu_Leibowitz" title="Yeshayahu Leibowitz">Yeshayahu Leibowitz</a> (1903–1994), Israeli public intellectual and polymath</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Mendelevich" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Mendelevich">Yosef Mendelevich</a> (born 1947), Jewish <a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">refusenik</a> from the Soviet Union, known as a <i>"Prisoner of Zion"</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Munzinger" title="Ernst Munzinger">Ernst Munzinger</a> (1887–1945), German <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a> (Army intelligence) officer, later anti-Nazi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valters_Nollendorfs" title="Valters Nollendorfs">Valters Nollendorfs</a> (born 1931), chairman of the board of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Occupation_of_Latvia" title="Museum of the Occupation of Latvia">Museum of the Occupation of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a> (1892–1946), <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic German</a> theorist and ideologue of the Nazi Party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Steinhauer" title="Johann Steinhauer">Johann Steinhauer</a> (1705–1779), Latvian entrepreneur, social reformer and landowner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Wahl" title="Charlotte Wahl">Charlotte Wahl</a> (1817–1899), Latvian-born philanthropist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Warsher" title="Tatiana Warsher">Tatiana Warsher</a> (1880–1960), Russian archaeologist known for her studies of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Arts">The Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: The Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutanya_Alda" title="Rutanya Alda">Rutanya Alda</a> (born 1942), <a href="/wiki/Latvian-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian-Americans">Latvian–American</a> actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Baryshnikov" title="Mikhail Baryshnikov">Mikhail Baryshnikov</a> (born 1948), classical ballet dancer, choreographer and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_Bernhard_Bernstamm" title="Léopold Bernhard Bernstamm">Léopold Bernhard Bernstamm</a> (1859–1939), Russian sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Birkerts" title="Gunnar Birkerts">Gunnar Birkerts</a> (1925–2017), <a href="/wiki/Latvian-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian-Americans">Latvian-American</a> architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon%C4%ABds_Breik%C5%A1s" title="Leonīds Breikšs">Leonīds Breikšs</a> (1908–1942), Latvian poet, author and newspaper editor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_W._Davis" title="Jacob W. Davis">Jacob W. Davis</a> (born <i>Jākobs Jufess</i>, 1831–1908), American tailor who invented modern <a href="/wiki/Jeans" title="Jeans">jeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Eisenstein" title="Mikhail Eisenstein">Mikhail Eisenstein</a> (1867–1920), Latvian civil engineer and architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Mukhina" title="Vera Mukhina">Vera Mukhina</a> (1889–1953), Soviet sculptor and painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a> (1898–1948), Soviet Russian film director who filmed <i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Erhardt" title="Heinz Erhardt">Heinz Erhardt</a> (1909–1979), <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic German</a> comedian, musician and entertainer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Fonvizin" title="Artur Fonvizin">Artur Fonvizin</a> (1883–1973), Soviet painter of watercolours</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Polakovs" title="Michael Polakovs">Michael Polakovs</a> (1923–2009), American circus clown and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81rti%C5%86%C5%A1_Brauns" title="Mārtiņš Brauns">Mārtiņš Brauns</a> (1951–2021), Latvian composer and musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El%C4%ABna_Garan%C4%8Da" title="Elīna Garanča">Elīna Garanča</a> (born 1976), Latvian operatic mezzo-soprano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariss_Jansons" title="Mariss Jansons">Mariss Jansons</a> (1943–2019), Latvian conductor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Halsman" title="Philippe Halsman">Philippe Halsman</a> (1906–1979), American portrait photographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aivars_Kal%C4%93js" title="Aivars Kalējs">Aivars Kalējs</a> (born 1951), Latvian composer, organist and pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidon_Kremer" title="Gidon Kremer">Gidon Kremer</a> (born 1947), Latvian classical violinist and conductor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" title="Barbara von Krüdener">Barbara von Krüdener</a> (1764–1824), <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic German</a> author, religious mystic and <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietist</a> Lutheran theologian<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Krylov" title="Ivan Krylov">Ivan Krylov</a> (1769–1844), Russian <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a> writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_Lethal" title="DJ Lethal">DJ Lethal</a> (born <i>Leor Dimant</i> in 1972), American music producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Disillusion" title="Captain Disillusion">Alan Melikdjanian</a> (born 1980), <a href="/wiki/Latvian-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian-Americans">Latvian–American</a> <a href="/wiki/Independent_filmmaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent filmmaker">independent filmmaker</a> known as <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Disillusion" title="Captain Disillusion">Captain Disillusion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimonds_Pauls" title="Raimonds Pauls">Raimonds Pauls</a> (born 1936), Latvian composer and piano player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristjan_Jaak_Peterson" title="Kristjan Jaak Peterson">Kristjan Jaak Peterson</a> (1801–1822), Estonian poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Pikul" title="Valentin Pikul">Valentin Pikul</a> (1928–1990), Soviet historical novelist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Seebach" title="Marie Seebach">Marie Seebach</a> (1829–1897), German actress<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksenia_Solo" title="Ksenia Solo">Ksenia Solo</a> (born 1987), <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Canadian">Latvian–Canadian</a> actress and activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Jaffe" title="Don Jaffe">Don Jaffe</a> (born 1933), composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armands_Melnb%C4%81rdis" title="Armands Melnbārdis">Armands Melnbārdis</a>, musician and recording artist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Bergmann" title="Ernst von Bergmann">Ernst von Bergmann</a> (1836–1907), <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic German</a> surgeon, pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Aseptic_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aseptic surgery">aseptic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_von_Boetticher" title="Walter von Boetticher">Walter von Boetticher</a> (1853–1945), German historian, genealogist and physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Benjamin_Fischer" title="Jakob Benjamin Fischer">Jakob Benjamin Fischer</a> (1731–1793), <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic German</a> naturalist and <a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">apothecary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Hoffmann" title="Lola Hoffmann">Lola Hoffmann</a> (1904–1988), physiologist and psychiatrist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kalme" title="Charles Kalme">Charles Kalme</a> (1939–2002), American mathematician and international master of chess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlis_Kaufmanis" title="Karlis Kaufmanis">Karlis Kaufmanis</a> (1910–2003), astronomer who lectured that the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a> was a conjunction in 7 BC of the planets <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Keldysh" title="Mstislav Keldysh">Mstislav Keldysh</a> (1911–1978), Soviet mathematician who worked on the first <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">artificial satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nagobads" title="George Nagobads">George Nagobads</a> (1921–2023), American physician and recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Loicq_Award" title="Paul Loicq Award">Paul Loicq Award</a><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a> (1853–1932), <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic German</a> chemist and winner of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_August_Schweinfurth" title="Georg August Schweinfurth">Georg August Schweinfurth</a> (1836–1925), <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic German</a> botanist and ethnologist who explored East Central Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Tiesenhausen" title="Georg von Tiesenhausen">Georg von Tiesenhausen</a> (1914–2018), <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic German</a> American <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">rocket scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juris_Upatnieks" title="Juris Upatnieks">Juris Upatnieks</a> (born 1936), Latvian–American physicist, inventor, and pioneer in the field of <a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Zander" title="Friedrich Zander">Friedrich Zander</a> (1887–1933), <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic German</a> engineer who designed the first Soviet liquid-fuelled rocket</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Zapp" title="Walter Zapp">Walter Zapp</a> (1905–2003), <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic German</a> inventor who created the Minox <a href="/wiki/Subminiature_photography" title="Subminiature photography">subminiature camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_A._Zepell" title="Nathan A. Zepell">Nathan A. Zepell</a> (1915-1982), inventor and engineer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helmuts_Balderis" title="Helmuts Balderis">Helmuts Balderis</a> (born 1952), Latvian former ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81vis_Bert%C4%81ns" title="Dāvis Bertāns">Dāvis Bertāns</a> (born 1992), professional basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Beinarovi%C4%8Ds" title="Jānis Beinarovičs">Jānis Beinarovičs</a> (1907–1967), wrestler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andris_Biedri%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Andris Biedriņš">Andris Biedriņš</a> (born 1986), former basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergejs_Boldave%C5%A1ko" title="Sergejs Boldaveško">Sergejs Boldaveško</a> (born 1970), retired ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Blueger" title="Teddy Blueger">Teddy Blueger</a> (born 1994), ice hockey player for the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks" title="Vancouver Canucks">Vancouver Canucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanhum_Cohen-Mintz" title="Tanhum Cohen-Mintz">Tanhum Cohen-Mintz</a> (1939–2014), Israeli basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El%C4%ABna_Dikaioulaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Elīna Dikaioulaku">Elīna Dikaioulaku</a> (born 1989), basketball player for Israeli team <a href="/wiki/Elitzur_Ramla_(women%27s_basketball)" title="Elitzur Ramla (women's basketball)">Elitzur Ramla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspars_Dubra" title="Kaspars Dubra">Kaspars Dubra</a> (born 1990), footballer with 50 caps for <a href="/wiki/Latvia_national_football_team" title="Latvia national football team">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemgus_Girgensons" title="Zemgus Girgensons">Zemgus Girgensons</a> (born 1994), ice hockey player who was the highest-ever drafted Latvian in the <a href="/wiki/NHL_Entry_Draft" class="mw-redirect" title="NHL Entry Draft">NHL Entry Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Hviid" title="Jørgen Hviid">Jørgen Hviid</a> (1916–2001), Danish and Latvian athlete in ice hockey, speed skating, and sailing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miervaldis_Jur%C5%A1evskis" title="Miervaldis Jurševskis">Miervaldis Jurševskis</a> (1921–2014), <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Canadian">Latvian–Canadian</a> chess master and professional artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat%C4%ABss_Kivlenieks" title="Matīss Kivlenieks">Matīss Kivlenieks</a> (1996–2021), ice hockey goaltender for the <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets" title="Columbus Blue Jackets">Columbus Blue Jackets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABdolfs_Kundr%C4%81ts" title="Rūdolfs Kundrāts">Rūdolfs Kundrāts</a> (1907–1954), footballer and referee with 19 caps for Latvia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Merz%C4%BCikins" title="Elvis Merzļikins">Elvis Merzļikins</a> (born 1994), ice hockey goaltender for the <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets" title="Columbus Blue Jackets">Columbus Blue Jackets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anete_Mui%C5%BEniece-Brice" title="Anete Muižniece-Brice">Anete Muižniece-Brice</a> (born 1962), former basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aron_Nimzowitsch" title="Aron Nimzowitsch">Aron Nimzowitsch</a> (1886–1935), <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvian</a> chess master and writer who wrote the book <a href="/wiki/My_System" title="My System">My System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je%C4%BCena_Ostapenko" title="Jeļena Ostapenko">Jeļena Ostapenko</a> (born 1997), women's tennis player and <a href="/wiki/2017_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles" title="2017 French Open – Women's singles">2017 French Open – Women's singles</a> winner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandis_Ozoli%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Sandis Ozoliņš">Sandis Ozoliņš</a> (born 1972), ice hockey player, seven-time NHL All-Star, and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cup" title="Stanley Cup">Stanley Cup</a> champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marians_Pahars" title="Marians Pahars">Marians Pahars</a> (born 1976), footballer with 75 caps for <a href="/wiki/Latvia_national_football_team" title="Latvia national football team">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Schlegelmilch" title="Harald Schlegelmilch">Harald Schlegelmilch</a> (born 1987), racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Shirov" title="Alexei Shirov">Alexei Shirov</a> (born 1972), Latvian–Spanish chess grandmaster who was ranked world No. 2 in 1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl%C4%ABne_%C5%A0t%C4%81la" title="Karlīne Štāla">Karlīne Štāla</a> (born 1986), racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a> (1936–1992), Soviet–Latvian chess grandmaster and 8th <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="World Chess Champion">World Chess Champion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdis_Valters" title="Valdis Valters">Valdis Valters</a> (born 1957) retired basketball player</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Latvia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Latvia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Latvia</a></div> <p>Riga is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a>, Denmark</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, Kazakhstan</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, France</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a>, Australia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, United States</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>, Lithuania<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>, Japan</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norrk%C3%B6ping" title="Norrköping">Norrköping</a>, Sweden</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/60px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a>, Finland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/60px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, Chile</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>, China</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, Taiwan</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a>, England</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, Estonia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>, Estonia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, Uzbekistan</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Lithuania</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia</li></ul> </div> <p>Riga also cooperates with: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brisbane" title="City of Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, Australia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, United States</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latvia" title="Portal:Latvia">Latvia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:EU" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:EU">EU portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Charter" title="Riga Charter">Riga Charter</a>, on cultural heritage conservation, adopted here in 2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Riga Region">Riga Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Salsa_Festival" title="Riga Salsa Festival">Riga Salsa Festival</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_capitals_of_the_Baltic_states">Other capitals of the Baltic states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Other capitals of the Baltic states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">Rīga</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latvian" title="Help:IPA/Latvian">[ˈrʲiːɡɐ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f5\/Lv-R%C4%ABga.ogg\/Lv-R%C4%ABga.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Lv-R\u012bga.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Lv-R%C4%ABga.ogg/Lv-R%C4%ABga.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Lv-R%C4%ABga.ogg" title="File:Lv-Rīga.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Reiga</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈrɛɪ̯gɐ]</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>: <i lang="liv">Rīgõ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="liv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈriːɡə]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Riga</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʁiːɡaː]</a></span>; Russian: <span lang="ru">Рига</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈrʲigə]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latin original: "<span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;">Riga nomen sortita est suum ab aedificiis vel horreis quorum a litus Dunae magna fuit copia, quas livones sua lingua Rias vocare soliti</span></span>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard L. Palmer, president of Cachet International, Inc., was the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> <a href="/wiki/Station_chief" title="Station chief">station chief</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United States, Moscow">United States Embassy in Moscow</a> from 1992 to 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-PalmerTestimony_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PalmerTestimony-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/18.08.2023-vilnis-kirsis-becomes-mayor-of-riga.a520589/">"Vilnis Ķirsis becomes Mayor of Rīga"</a>. <i>eng.lsm.lv</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eng.lsm.lv&rft.atitle=Vilnis+%C4%B6irsis+becomes+Mayor+of+R%C4%ABga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.lsm.lv%2Farticle%2Fpolitics%2Fpolitics%2F18.08.2023-vilnis-kirsis-becomes-mayor-of-riga.a520589%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-council-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-council_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225141932/https://www.riga.lv/lv">"Riga City Council"</a>. Riga City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Riga_City_Council/default.htm">the original</a> on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Riga+City+Council&rft.pub=Riga+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riga.lv%2FEN%2FChannels%2FRiga_Municipality%2FRiga_City_Council%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-6de27b9cf9641f275b401de22256a24052b7adaf-v18-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-6de27b9cf9641f275b401de22256a24052b7adaf-v18_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__ENV__DR__DRT/DRT011/">"Reģionu, novadu, pilsētu un pagastu kopējā un sauszemes platība gada sākumā"</a>. Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Remaining+Riga+mall+roof+caves+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-25069947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riga.com/">"Riga, Latvia"</a>. <i>riga.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208085353/http://riga.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=riga.com&rft.atitle=Riga%2C+Latvia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riga.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2015/05/21-22/">"Eastern Partnership summit, Riga, 21-22/05/2015"</a>. <i>European Council</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215154659/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2015/05/21-22/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Council&rft.atitle=Eastern+Partnership+summit%2C+Riga%2C+21-22%2F05%2F2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consilium.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fmeetings%2Finternational-summit%2F2015%2F05%2F21-22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/saeima/saeima-decides-to-legally-allow-soviet-monument-demolition.a456417/">"Saeima decides to legally allow Soviet monument demolition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_of_Latvia" title="Public Broadcasting of Latvia">Public Broadcasting of Latvia</a>. 12 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512093818/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/saeima/saeima-decides-to-legally-allow-soviet-monument-demolition.a456417/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saeima+decides+to+legally+allow+Soviet+monument+demolition&rft.date=2022-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.lsm.lv%2Farticle%2Fpolitics%2Fsaeima%2Fsaeima-decides-to-legally-allow-soviet-monument-demolition.a456417%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bnn-news.com/riga-city-council-votes-in-favour-of-demolition-of-occupation-monument-234717">"Riga City Council votes in favour of demolition of "Occupation monument"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baltic_News_Network" title="Baltic News Network">Baltic News Network</a>. <a href="/wiki/LETA" title="LETA">LETA</a>. 13 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004141539/https://bnn-news.com/riga-city-council-votes-in-favour-of-demolition-of-occupation-monument-234717">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Riga+City+Council+votes+in+favour+of+demolition+of+%22Occupation+monument%22&rft.date=2022-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbnn-news.com%2Friga-city-council-votes-in-favour-of-demolition-of-occupation-monument-234717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/society/thousands-turn-out-to-support-removal-of-soviet-relics.a457795/">"Thousands turn out to support removal of Soviet relics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_of_Latvia" title="Public Broadcasting of Latvia">Public Broadcasting of Latvia</a>. <a href="/wiki/LETA" title="LETA">LETA</a>. 20 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006221037/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/society/thousands-turn-out-to-support-removal-of-soviet-relics.a457795/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Thousands+turn+out+to+support+removal+of+Soviet+relics&rft.date=2022-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.lsm.lv%2Farticle%2Fsociety%2Fsociety%2Fthousands-turn-out-to-support-removal-of-soviet-relics.a457795%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demolition-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Demolition_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/environment/demolition-of-soviet-victory-monument-in-riga.a470869">"Demolition of Soviet Victory monument in Rīga"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_of_Latvia" title="Public Broadcasting of Latvia">Public Broadcasting of Latvia</a>. 25 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825163700/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/environment/demolition-of-soviet-victory-monument-in-riga.a470869/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Demolition+of+Soviet+Victory+monument+in+R%C4%ABga&rft.date=2022-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.lsm.lv%2Farticle%2Fsociety%2Fenvironment%2Fdemolition-of-soviet-victory-monument-in-riga.a470869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demolition_(2)-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Demolition_(2)_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bnn-news.com/video-79-m-tall-obelisk-of-soviet-victory-monument-toppled-in-pardaugava-237651">"79 m tall obelisk of Soviet Victory Monument toppled in Pārdaugava"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baltic_News_Network" title="Baltic News Network">Baltic News Network</a>. 26 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220826074105/https://bnn-news.com/video-79-m-tall-obelisk-of-soviet-victory-monument-toppled-in-pardaugava-237651">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=79+m+tall+obelisk+of+Soviet+Victory+Monument+toppled+in+P%C4%81rdaugava&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbnn-news.com%2Fvideo-79-m-tall-obelisk-of-soviet-victory-monument-toppled-in-pardaugava-237651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demolition_(3)-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Demolition_(3)_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltictimes.com/largest_soviet_monument_in_baltics_dismantled_in_riga/">"Largest Soviet monument in Baltics dismantled in Riga"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baltic_Times" title="The Baltic Times">The Baltic Times</a></i>. 26 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220827233708/https://www.baltictimes.com/largest_soviet_monument_in_baltics_dismantled_in_riga/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltic+Times&rft.atitle=Largest+Soviet+monument+in+Baltics+dismantled+in+Riga&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltictimes.com%2Flargest_soviet_monument_in_baltics_dismantled_in_riga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/10/lithuania-names-road-leading-to-russian-embassy-ukrainian-heroes-street">"Lithuania names road leading to Russian embassy 'Ukrainian Heroes' Street'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Agence France-Presse. 10 March 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710185212/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/10/lithuania-names-road-leading-to-russian-embassy-ukrainian-heroes-street">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lithuania+names+road+leading+to+Russian+embassy+%27Ukrainian+Heroes%27+Street%27&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fmar%2F10%2Flithuania-names-road-leading-to-russian-embassy-ukrainian-heroes-street&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Embassy+of+Russia/@56.9571165,24.1072606,17z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x46eecfc54442965f:0x50bbd3520f77aab!8m2!3d56.9566441!4d24.1084703!16s/g/11f0wp_dpj?hl=en">"Embassy of Russia · Antonijas iela 2, Centra rajons, Rīga, LV-1010, Latvia"</a>. <i>Embassy of Russia · Antonijas iela 2, Centra rajons, Rīga, LV-1010, Latvia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415050756/https://www.google.com/maps/place/Embassy+of+Russia/@56.9571165,24.1072606,17z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x46eecfc54442965f:0x50bbd3520f77aab!8m2!3d56.9566441!4d24.1084703!16s/g/11f0wp_dpj?hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Embassy+of+Russia+%C2%B7+Antonijas+iela+2%2C+Centra+rajons%2C+R%C4%ABga%2C+LV-1010%2C+Latvia&rft.atitle=Embassy+of+Russia+%C2%B7+Antonijas+iela+2%2C+Centra+rajons%2C+R%C4%ABga%2C+LV-1010%2C+Latvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fplace%2FEmbassy%2Bof%2BRussia%2F%4056.9571165%2C24.1072606%2C17z%2Fdata%3D%214m6%213m5%211s0x46eecfc54442965f%3A0x50bbd3520f77aab%218m2%213d56.9566441%214d24.1084703%2116s%2Fg%2F11f0wp_dpj%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZirneLūsēna2025" class="citation journal cs1">Zirne, S; Lūsēna, E (2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue70/4/index.html">"Archaeological Heritage in the Historic Centre of Riga: Status, Management, Development"</a>. <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (70). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.70.4">10.11141/ia.70.4</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Heritage+in+the+Historic+Centre+of+Riga%3A+Status%2C+Management%2C+Development&rft.issue=70&rft.date=2025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.70.4&rft.aulast=Zirne&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=L%C5%ABs%C4%93na%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintarch.ac.uk%2Fjournal%2Fissue70%2F4%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiOTE2Mzk5MjEtZGU5Yi00MTU1LWFkOGEtYmQ2M2ZiM2RmYzQxIiwidCI6ImFmZjM2MzMxLTNlNWUtNDdlOC1hZjkzLTE4NTFkNmQxZmUzYiIsImMiOjh9">"Statistics of Vilnius; municipality of Vilnius"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220930161658/https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiOTE2Mzk5MjEtZGU5Yi00MTU1LWFkOGEtYmQ2M2ZiM2RmYzQxIiwidCI6ImFmZjM2MzMxLTNlNWUtNDdlOC1hZjkzLTE4NTFkNmQxZmUzYiIsImMiOjh9">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+Vilnius%3B+municipality+of+Vilnius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapp.powerbi.com%2Fview%3Fr%3DeyJrIjoiOTE2Mzk5MjEtZGU5Yi00MTU1LWFkOGEtYmQ2M2ZiM2RmYzQxIiwidCI6ImFmZjM2MzMxLTNlNWUtNDdlOC1hZjkzLTE4NTFkNmQxZmUzYiIsImMiOjh9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/tai-ivyko-vilnius-tapo-didziausiu-miestu-baltijos-salyse.d?id=91151075">"It happened: Vilnius became the largest city in the Baltic States"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004105019/https://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/tai-ivyko-vilnius-tapo-didziausiu-miestu-baltijos-salyse.d?id=91151075">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It+happened%3A+Vilnius+became+the+largest+city+in+the+Baltic+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delfi.lt%2Fnews%2Fdaily%2Flithuania%2Ftai-ivyko-vilnius-tapo-didziausiu-miestu-baltijos-salyse.d%3Fid%3D91151075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226035413/http://www.li.lv/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=1060">"Latvia in Brief"</a>. Latvian Institute. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.li.lv/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=1060">the original</a> on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latvia+in+Brief&rft.pub=Latvian+Institute&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.li.lv%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D12%26Itemid%3D1060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-halduskultur-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-halduskultur_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMikk_LõhmusIllar_Tõnisson" class="citation web cs1">Mikk Lõhmus & Illar Tõnisson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halduskultuur.eu/Mikk_Lohmus_and_Illar_Tonisson.pdf">"Evolvement of Administrative Division of Tallinn, Riga and Vilnius"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Tallinn_University_of_Technology" title="Tallinn University of Technology">Tallinn University of Technology</a>. pp. 55, 77. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720162708/http://www.halduskultuur.eu/Mikk_Lohmus_and_Illar_Tonisson.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolvement+of+Administrative+Division+of+Tallinn%2C+Riga+and+Vilnius&rft.pages=55%2C+77&rft.pub=Tallinn+University+of+Technology&rft.au=Mikk+L%C3%B5hmus&rft.au=Illar+T%C3%B5nisson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.halduskultuur.eu%2FMikk_Lohmus_and_Illar_Tonisson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rdpad-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rdpad_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rdpad.lv/apkaimes/">"Apkaimju projekts"</a> (in Latvian). Riga City Council Development Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525164020/http://www.rdpad.lv/apkaimes/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apkaimju+projekts&rft.pub=Riga+City+Council+Development+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rdpad.lv%2Fapkaimes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEROI2-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CEROI2_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723041251/http://www.ceroi.net/reports/riga/background_things/teritory.htm">"Changes in the Administrative Division of the Territory of Riga after the Loss of Independence (1940–1991)"</a>. Riga City Environment Centre "Agenda 21". 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renewit-tool.eu/Content/File/1-Meteorological%20data.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hypothesis+for+modelling%3A+Meteorological+data&rft.pub=European+Union&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.renewit-tool.eu%2FContent%2FFile%2F1-Meteorological%2520data.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9120average-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9120average_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.gov.lv/dati/dataset/klimatisko-normu-dati/resource/4ef4a2ac-b439-478a-83b3-cdd39b1eff77">"Klimatisko normu dati"</a> (in Latvian). <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Environment,_Geology_and_Meteorology_Centre" title="Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre">Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113024913/https://data.gov.lv/dati/dataset/klimatisko-normu-dati/resource/4ef4a2ac-b439-478a-83b3-cdd39b1eff77">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Klimatisko+normu+dati&rft.pub=Latvian+Environment%2C+Geology+and+Meteorology+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.gov.lv%2Fdati%2Fdataset%2Fklimatisko-normu-dati%2Fresource%2F4ef4a2ac-b439-478a-83b3-cdd39b1eff77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-extremes-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-extremes_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimats.meteo.lv/klimats/rekordi/">"Gaisa temperatūras rekordi"</a> (in Latvian). <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Environment,_Geology_and_Meteorology_Centre" title="Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre">Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113024910/https://klimats.meteo.lv/klimats/rekordi/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaisa+temperat%C5%ABras+rekordi&rft.pub=Latvian+Environment%2C+Geology+and+Meteorology+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimats.meteo.lv%2Fklimats%2Frekordi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Latvia/CSV/RigaLu_26422.csv">"Riga Climate Normals 1991–2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331000000/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Latvia/CSV/RigaLu_26422.csv">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Riga+Climate+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FLatvia%2FCSV%2FRigaLu_26422.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delfi.lv/laika-zinas/42384664/raksti/120007877/latvija-labots-menesa-siltuma-rekords#google_vignette">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/latvia/riga-climate">"Riga, Latvia – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast"</a>. <i>Weather Atlas</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather+Weather+Online&rft.atitle=Riga+Climate+Weather+Averages&rft.au=d.o.o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldweatheronline.com%2Friga-weather-averages%2Friga%2Flv.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://live.seatemperature.org/europe/latvia/daugavgriva.htm">"Riga Sea Temperature"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407033612/https://live.seatemperature.org/europe/latvia/daugavgriva.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bizness.lv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629235358/http://www.bizness.lv/prognozes-rezultati/id/10476/nosaukti-desmit-lielakie-eksportejosie-uznemumi-riga-un-rigas-regiona">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://members.tortoisemedia.com/2019/06/01/martins-bunkus/content.html">the original</a> on 16 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dirty+money%2C+bloody+murder&rft.date=2019-06-01&rft.aulast=Caruana+Galizia&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmembers.tortoisemedia.com%2F2019%2F06%2F01%2Fmartins-bunkus%2Fcontent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compromat.ru/page_40559.htm">"Кровь на счетах: Как связаны "латвийская прачечная" и расстрел адвоката, мешавшего банку ABLV Эрнеста Берниса и Олега Филя самоликвидироваться"</a> [Blood on the bills: How are the "Latvian laundry" and the shooting of the lawyer who prevented the ABLV bank Ernest Bernis and Oleg Filya from self-liquidation?]. <i>www.compromat.ru</i> (in Russian). 10 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129110654/http://www.compromat.ru/page_40559.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.compromat.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%3A+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B+%22%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%22+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83+ABLV+%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.compromat.ru%2Fpage_40559.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PalmerTestimony-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PalmerTestimony_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PalmerTestimony_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1999" class="citation web cs1">Palmer, Richard L. 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Латвийские банки организовали себе фондовую биржу: В Риге состоялось торжественное открытие Рижской фондовой биржи, на котором присутствовало около 200 представителей финансового мира Балтии, а также стран Западной и Восточной Европы. Учредителями биржи стали 20 латвийских банков"</a> [Stock exchange established in Latvia. Latvian banks have organized a stock exchange for themselves: The grand opening of the Riga Stock Exchange took place in Riga, which was attended by about 200 representatives of the Baltic financial world, as well as Western and Eastern European countries. The founders of the exchange were 20 Latvian banks.]. <i><a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a></i> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/114428">the original</a> on 16 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Starptautiskā lidosta "Rīga". Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riga-airport.com/lv/main/zinas/medijiem/preses-relizes-2014/lidosta-riga-svinigi-atklaj-jaunas-piestatnes-ekas-buvniecibas-saksanu">the original</a> on 9 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Republic of Latvia Ministry of Transport. 28 October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sam.gov.lv/images/modules/items/DOC/item_4941_Rail_Baltica_II_Joint_venture_ENG_28.10.2014.doc">the original</a> on 4 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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George Nagobads"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Hockey_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Hockey Hall of Fame">United States Hockey Hall of Fame</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184422/https://www.ushockeyhalloffame.com/page/show/833453-dr-v-george-nagobads">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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George Nagobads"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Hockey_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Hockey Hall of Fame">United States Hockey Hall of Fame</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210712112620/https://www.ushockeyhall.com/drgeorgenagobads">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=riga.lv&rft.atitle=R%C4%ABgas+Sadraudz%C4%ABbas+pils%C4%93tas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riga.lv%2Flv%2Frigas-sadraudzibas-pilsetas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724141315/http://www.kaunas.lt/apie-kauna/miesto-partneriai/">"Miesto partneriai"</a>. <i>kaunas.lt</i> (in Lithuanian). Kaunas. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaunas.lt/apie-kauna/miesto-partneriai/">the original</a> on 24 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kaunas.lt&rft.atitle=Miesto+partneriai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaunas.lt%2Fapie-kauna%2Fmiesto-partneriai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Riga#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Riga">Bibliography of the history of Riga</a></div> <ul><li>Grava, Sigurd. "The Urban Heritage of the Soviet Regime The Case of Riga, Latvia". <i>Journal of the American Planning Association</i> 59.1 (1993): 9–30.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a>; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Riga"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Riga">"Riga" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 337.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Riga&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=337&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Šolks, Guntis, Gita Dejus, and Krists Legzdiņš. "Transformation of Historic Industrial Areas in Riga". <i>Book of Proceedings</i>. (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.661.4434&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=214">online</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Riga#Q1773" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Riga">Riga</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828172049/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/default.htm">Riga Municipality portal</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Latvian)</span> (archived 28 August 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishgen.org/Communities/community.php?usbgn=-3212216">Rīga, Latvia</a> at <a href="/wiki/JewishGen" title="JewishGen">JewishGen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/latvia/riga/riga.html">Old maps of Riga</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html">Historic Cities site</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Riga_Cityscape" title="Template:Riga Cityscape"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Riga_Cityscape" title="Template talk:Riga Cityscape"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Riga_Cityscape" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Riga Cityscape"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Riga_cityscape163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riga</a> cityscape</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vecr%C4%ABga" title="Vecrīga">Old Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Castle" title="Riga Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_House,_Riga" title="Cat House, Riga">Cat House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convent_Yard,_Riga" title="Convent Yard, Riga">Convent Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dannenstern_House" title="Dannenstern House">Dannenstern House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Blackheads_(Riga)" title="House of the Blackheads (Riga)">House of the Blackheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Livonian_Noble_Corporation" title="House of the Livonian Noble Corporation">House of the Livonian Noble Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Guild,_Riga" title="Large Guild, Riga">Large Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Tower,_Riga" title="Powder Tower, Riga">Powder Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Guild,_Riga" title="Small Guild, Riga">Small Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Gate,_Riga" title="Swedish Gate, Riga">Swedish Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Brothers,_Riga" title="Three Brothers, Riga">Three Brothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hotels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace_Hotel,_Riga" title="Grand Palace Hotel, Riga">Grand Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_Park_Hotel,_Riga" title="Gallery Park Hotel, Riga">Gallery Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments & memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brothers%27_Cemetery" title="Brothers' Cemetery">Brothers' Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikernieki_Memorial" title="Bikernieki Memorial">Bikernieki Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Cemetery,_Riga" title="Forest Cemetery, Riga">Forest Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Monument" title="Freedom Monument">Freedom Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Cemetery" title="Great Cemetery">Great Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokrov_Cemetery" title="Pokrov Cemetery">Pokrov Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks & gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastejkalns_Park" title="Bastejkalns Park">Bastejkalns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C5%BEaparks_(park)" title="Mežaparks (park)">Mežaparks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Latvia_Botanical_Garden" title="University of Latvia Botanical Garden">University of Latvia Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%93rmane_Garden" title="Vērmane Garden">Vērmane Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Park_(Riga)" title="Victory Park (Riga)">Victory Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums & galleries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_Riga_and_Navigation" title="Museum of the History of Riga and Navigation">Museum of the History of Riga and Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Museum_of_Art" title="Latvian National Museum of Art">National Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Occupation_of_Latvia" title="Museum of the Occupation of Latvia">Museum of the Occupation of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethnographic_Open-Air_Museum_of_Latvia" title="The Ethnographic Open-Air Museum of Latvia">The Ethnographic Open-Air Museum of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Latvian Museum of Natural History">Museum of Natural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_Museum" title="Latvian War Museum">War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Museum_Riga_Bourse" title="Art Museum Riga Bourse">Art Museum Riga Bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Museum_of_National_History" title="Latvian Museum of National History">Museum of National History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dailes_Theatre" title="Dailes Theatre">Dailes Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Opera" title="Latvian National Opera">Latvian National Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Theatre" title="Latvian National Theatre">Latvian National Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_Riga" title="Palladium Riga">Palladium Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Riga_Theatre" title="New Riga Theatre">New Riga Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Russian_Theatre" title="Riga Russian Theatre">Mikhail Chekhov Riga Russian Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Nativity_of_Christ,_Riga" title="Cathedral of the Nativity of Christ, Riga">Nativity Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Cathedral" title="Riga Cathedral">Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church,_Riga" title="St. Peter's Church, Riga">St. Peter's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Cathedral,_Riga" title="St. James's Cathedral, Riga">St. James's Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Bridge,_Riga" title="Island Bridge, Riga">Island Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Bridge,_Riga" title="Railway Bridge, Riga">Railway Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bridge" title="Southern Bridge">Southern Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Bridge,_Riga" title="Stone Bridge, Riga">Stone Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van%C5%A1u_Bridge" title="Vanšu Bridge">Vanšu Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Radio_and_TV_Tower" title="Riga Radio and TV Tower">Radio and TV Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Latvia" title="National Library of Latvia">National Library of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Central_Market" title="Riga Central Market">Central Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Latvian Academy of Sciences">Latvian Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Zoo" title="Riga Zoo">Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C5%BEaparks_Great_Bandstand" title="Mežaparks Great Bandstand">Mežaparks Great Bandstand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Riga" title="Palace of Justice, Riga">Palace of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laima_Clock" title="Laima Clock">Laima Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunda_Towers" title="Zunda Towers">Zunda Towers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waterways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daugava" title="Daugava">Daugava River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Street,_Riga" title="Albert Street, Riga">Alberta iela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%ABv%C4%ABbas_iela" title="Brīvības iela">Brīvības iela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C4%BC%C4%B7u_iela" title="Kaļķu iela">Kaļķu iela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neighbourhoods_of_Riga852" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Riga%27s_neighbourhoods" title="Template:Riga's neighbourhoods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Riga%27s_neighbourhoods" title="Template talk:Riga's neighbourhoods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Riga%27s_neighbourhoods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Riga's neighbourhoods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighbourhoods_of_Riga852" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhoods_in_Riga" title="Neighbourhoods in Riga">Neighbourhoods</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riga</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kurzeme_District,_Riga" title="Kurzeme District, Riga">Kurzeme District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolder%C4%81ja" title="Bolderāja">Bolderāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C4%BC%C4%BCi" title="Buļļi">Buļļi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daugavgr%C4%ABva" title="Daugavgrīva">Daugavgrīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzirciems" title="Dzirciems">Dzirciems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C4%BC%C4%A3uciems" title="Iļģuciems">Iļģuciems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imanta" title="Imanta">Imanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisti" title="Kleisti">Kleisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABpsala" title="Ķīpsala">Ķīpsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spilve,_Riga" title="Spilve, Riga">Spilve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voleri" title="Voleri">Voleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zasulauks" title="Zasulauks">Zasulauks</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rigas_Gerbonis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rigas_Gerbonis.png/60px-Rigas_Gerbonis.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rigas_Gerbonis.png/120px-Rigas_Gerbonis.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zemgale_Suburb,_Riga" title="Zemgale Suburb, Riga">Zemgale Suburb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80genskalns" title="Āgenskalns">Āgenskalns</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atg%C4%81zene" title="Atgāzene">Atgāzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beberbe%C4%B7i" title="Beberbeķi">Beberbeķi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bieri%C5%86i" title="Bieriņi">Bieriņi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi%C5%A1umui%C5%BEa" title="Bišumuiža">Bišumuiža</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katlakalns" title="Katlakalns">Katlakalns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C5%ABkupurvs" title="Mūkupurvs">Mūkupurvs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleskod%C4%81le" title="Pleskodāle">Pleskodāle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salas,_Riga" title="Salas, Riga">Salas</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0amp%C4%93teris" title="Šampēteris">Šampēteris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor%C5%86akalns" title="Torņakalns">Torņakalns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziepniekkalns" title="Ziepniekkalns">Ziepniekkalns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolit%C5%ABde" title="Zolitūde">Zolitūde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_District,_Riga" title="Northern District, Riga">Northern District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ciekurkalns" title="Čiekurkalns">Čiekurkalns</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunciems,_Riga" title="Jaunciems, Riga">Jaunciems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundzi%C5%86sala" title="Kundziņsala">Kundziņsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga%C4%BCsala" title="Mangaļsala">Mangaļsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C5%BEaparks" title="Mežaparks">Mežaparks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABlgr%C4%81vis" title="Mīlgrāvis">Mīlgrāvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93tersala-Andrejsala" title="Pētersala-Andrejsala">Pētersala-Andrejsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkandaugava" title="Sarkandaugava">Sarkandaugava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%ABsciems" title="Trīsciems">Trīsciems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vec%C4%81%C4%B7i" title="Vecāķi">Vecāķi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecdaugava" title="Vecdaugava">Vecdaugava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecm%C4%ABlgr%C4%81vis" title="Vecmīlgrāvis">Vecmīlgrāvis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vidzeme_Suburb,_Riga" title="Vidzeme Suburb, Riga">Vidzeme Suburb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ber%C4%A3i" title="Berģi">Berģi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasa,_Riga" title="Brasa, Riga">Brasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brek%C5%A1i" title="Brekši">Brekši</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukulti" title="Bukulti">Bukulti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreili%C5%86i,_Riga" title="Dreiliņi, Riga">Dreiliņi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugla,_Riga" title="Jugla, Riga">Jugla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C5%BEciems,_Riga" title="Mežciems, Riga">Mežciems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purvciems" title="Purvciems">Purvciems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanste" title="Skanste">Skanste</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%C5%BEi" title="Suži">Suži</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teika,_Riga" title="Teika, Riga">Teika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_District,_Riga" title="Central District, Riga">Central District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrs,_Riga" title="Centrs, Riga">Centrs</a><sup>5</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecr%C4%ABga" title="Vecrīga">Vecrīga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latgale_Suburb,_Riga" title="Latgale Suburb, Riga">Latgale Suburb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avoti" title="Avoti">Avoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81rzciems" title="Dārzciems">Dārzciems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81rzi%C5%86i" title="Dārziņi">Dārziņi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%ABzi%C5%86kalns" title="Grīziņkalns">Grīziņkalns</a><sup>6</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B6engarags" title="Ķengarags">Ķengarags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgale_neighbourhood" title="Latgale neighbourhood">Latgale neighbourhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%BCavnieki" title="Pļavnieki">Pļavnieki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula,_Riga" title="Rumbula, Riga">Rumbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%B7irotava" title="Šķirotava">Šķirotava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> partially in the <a href="/wiki/Kurzeme_District,_Riga" title="Kurzeme District, Riga">Kurzeme District</a></li> <li><sup>2</sup> partially in the <a href="/wiki/Latgale_Suburb,_Riga" title="Latgale Suburb, Riga">Latgale Suburb</a></li> <li><sup>3</sup> partially in the <a href="/wiki/Vidzeme_Suburb,_Riga" title="Vidzeme Suburb, Riga">Vidzeme Suburb</a></li> <li><sup>4</sup> partially in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_District,_Riga" title="Northern District, Riga">Northern District</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup> partially in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_District,_Riga" title="Northern District, Riga">Northern District</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Vidzeme_Suburb,_Riga" title="Vidzeme Suburb, Riga">Vidzeme Suburb</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Latgale_Suburb,_Riga" title="Latgale Suburb, Riga">Latgale Suburb</a></li> <li><sup>6</sup> partially in the <a href="/wiki/Central_District,_Riga" title="Central District, Riga">Central District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_cities_and_municipalities_in_Riga_Region136" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Riga_Region" title="Template:Riga Region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Riga_Region" title="Template talk:Riga Region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Riga_Region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Riga Region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_cities_and_municipalities_in_Riga_Region136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">State cities and municipalities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riga_Planning_Region" title="Riga Planning Region">Riga Region</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABrmala" title="Jūrmala">Jūrmala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80da%C5%BEi_Municipality" title="Ādaži Municipality">Ādaži</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B6ekava_Municipality" title="Ķekava Municipality">Ķekava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81rupe_Municipality" title="Mārupe Municipality">Mārupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaine_Municipality" title="Olaine Municipality">Olaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropa%C5%BEi_Municipality" title="Ropaži Municipality">Ropaži</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaspils_Municipality" title="Salaspils Municipality">Salaspils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigulda_Municipality" title="Sigulda Municipality">Sigulda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First-level_administrative_divisions_of_Latvia319" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Template:Administrative divisions of Latvia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions of Latvia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions of Latvia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First-level_administrative_divisions_of_Latvia319" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">First-level <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">administrative divisions of Latvia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Latvia">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80da%C5%BEi_Municipality" title="Ādaži Municipality">Ādaži</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizkraukle_Municipality" title="Aizkraukle Municipality">Aizkraukle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al%C5%ABksne_Municipality" title="Alūksne Municipality">Alūksne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aug%C5%A1daugava_Municipality" title="Augšdaugava Municipality">Augšdaugava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balvi_Municipality" title="Balvi Municipality">Balvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauska_Municipality" title="Bauska Municipality">Bauska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%93sis_Municipality" title="Cēsis Municipality">Cēsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobele_Municipality" title="Dobele Municipality">Dobele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulbene_Municipality" title="Gulbene Municipality">Gulbene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelgava_Municipality" title="Jelgava Municipality">Jelgava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93kabpils_Municipality" title="Jēkabpils Municipality">Jēkabpils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B6ekava_Municipality" title="Ķekava Municipality">Ķekava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C4%81slava_Municipality" title="Krāslava Municipality">Krāslava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuld%C4%ABga_Municipality" title="Kuldīga Municipality">Kuldīga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limba%C5%BEi_Municipality" title="Limbaži Municipality">Limbaži</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%ABv%C4%81ni_Municipality" title="Līvāni Municipality">Līvāni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludza_Municipality" title="Ludza Municipality">Ludza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madona_Municipality" title="Madona Municipality">Madona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81rupe_Municipality" title="Mārupe Municipality">Mārupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre_Municipality" title="Ogre Municipality">Ogre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaine_Municipality" title="Olaine Municipality">Olaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prei%C4%BCi_Municipality" title="Preiļi Municipality">Preiļi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%93zekne_Municipality" title="Rēzekne Municipality">Rēzekne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropa%C5%BEi_Municipality" title="Ropaži Municipality">Ropaži</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaspils_Municipality" title="Salaspils Municipality">Salaspils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saldus_Municipality" title="Saldus Municipality">Saldus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saulkrasti_Municipality" title="Saulkrasti Municipality">Saulkrasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigulda_Municipality" title="Sigulda Municipality">Sigulda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiltene_Municipality" title="Smiltene Municipality">Smiltene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kurzeme_Municipality" title="South Kurzeme Municipality">South Kurzeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talsi_Municipality" title="Talsi Municipality">Talsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukums_Municipality" title="Tukums Municipality">Tukums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valka_Municipality" title="Valka Municipality">Valka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiera_Municipality" title="Valmiera Municipality">Valmiera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varak%C4%BC%C4%81ni_Municipality" title="Varakļāni Municipality">Varakļāni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventspils_Municipality" title="Ventspils Municipality">Ventspils</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg/30px-Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg/45px-Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg/60px-Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">State cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daugavpils" title="Daugavpils">Daugavpils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Jelgava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABrmala" title="Jūrmala">Jūrmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%93zekne" title="Rēzekne">Rēzekne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93kabpils" title="Jēkabpils">Jēkabpils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogre,_Latvia" title="Ogre, Latvia">Ogre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valmiera" title="Valmiera">Valmiera</a> are also state cities. However, they are also part of municipalities and serve as second-level administrative divisions.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Europe929" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Europe929" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, Netherlands<sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a></b>, Andorra</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, Turkey<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, Kazakhstan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></b>, Greece</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, Azerbaijan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></b>, Serbia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b>, Germany</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></b>, Switzerland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></b>, Slovakia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></b>, Belgium<sup>3</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></b>, Romania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></b>, Hungary</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></b>, Moldova</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b>, Denmark</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></b>, Ireland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b>, Finland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></b>, Ukraine</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></b>, Portugal</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></b>, Slovenia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b>, United Kingdom</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></b>, Luxembourg</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b>, Spain</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></b>, Belarus</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></b><sup>5</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, Russia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, Cyprus<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b>, Norway</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></b>, France</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a></b>, Montenegro</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></b>, Czech Republic</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b>, Iceland</li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riga</a></b>, Latvia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></b>, Italy</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a></b>, San Marino</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></b>, North Macedonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></b>, Bulgaria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b>, Sweden</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></b>, Estonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, Georgia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></b>, Albania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a></b>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></b>, Malta</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></b><sup>4</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b>, Austria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></b>, Lithuania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></b>, Poland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, Armenia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></b>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with<br />limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, Northern Cyprus</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></b>, Kosovo</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sokhumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokhumi">Sokhumi</a></b>, Abkhazia</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></b>, Transnistria</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, South Ossetia</i><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b></i>, England</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></b></i>, Scotland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></b></i>, Wales</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></b></i>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></b></i>, Isle of Man</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b></i>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b></i>, Gibraltar</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></b></i>, Jersey</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a></b></i>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a></b>, Svalbard (Norway)</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></b>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a></b></i>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a></b></i>, Burgenland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></b></i>, Styria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></b></i>, Tyrol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a></b></i>, Carinthia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></b></i>, Upper Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a></b></i>, Salzburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a></b></i>, Lower Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b></i>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a></b></i>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></b></i>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></b></i> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a></b></i>, Brčko District</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b></i>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b></i>, Berlin</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></b></i>, Bremen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></b></i>, Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></b></i>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></b></i>, Thuringia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></b></i>, Hamburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></b></i>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></b></i>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></b></i>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></b></i>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></b></i>, Bavaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></b></i>, Brandenburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></b></i>, Saarland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></b></i>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></b></i>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></b></i>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></b></i>, Chuvashia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a></b></i>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></b></i>, Kalmykia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></b></i>, Chechnya</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></b></i>, Udmurtia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></b></i>, Tatarstan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magas,_Russia" title="Magas, Russia">Magas</a></b></i>, Ingushetia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></b></i>, Dagestan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a></b></i>, Adygea</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></b></i>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></b></i>, Karelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></b></i>, Mordovia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a></b></i>, Komi</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></b></i>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></b></i>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></b></i>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a></b></i>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></b></i>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a></b></i>, Perm Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a></b></i>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></b></i>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></b></i>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a></b></i>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a></b></i>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a></b></i>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></b></i>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a></b></i>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></b></i>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a></b></i>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a></b></i>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a></b></i>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></b></i>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></b></i>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a></b></i>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a></b></i>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a></b></i>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a></b></i>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></b></i>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a></b></i>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a></b></i>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></b></i>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></b></i>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></b></i>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a></b></i>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></b></i>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></b></i>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></b></i>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a></b></i>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a></b></i>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></b></i>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a></b></i>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a></b></i>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></b></i>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></b></i>, Aargau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a></b></i>, Uri</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a></b></i>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></b></i>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></b></i>, Ticino</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></b></i>, Grisons</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a></b></i>, Jura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></b></i>, Thurgau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></b></i>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></b></i>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></b></i>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></b></i>, Vaud</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a></b></i>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></b></i>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></b></i>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a></b></i>, Obwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></b></i>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a></b></i>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a></b></i>, Valais</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a></b></i>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a></b></i>, Nidwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></b></i>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a></b></i>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a></b></i>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></b></i>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions79" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></b></i>, Sardinia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></b></i>, Sicily</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></b></i>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></b></i>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></b></i>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions53" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a></b></i>, Azores</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a></b></i>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></b></i>, Catalonia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></b></i> & <i><b><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></b></i>, Canary Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a></b></i>, La Rioja</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b></i>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a></b></i>, Extremadura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></b></i>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a></b></i>, Asturias</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a></b></i>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></b></i>, Navarre</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a></b></i>, Cantabria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></b></i>, Galicia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></b></i>, Andalusia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a></b></i>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></b></i>, Valencian Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a></b></i>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></b></i>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></b></i>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a></b></i>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></i>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a></b></i>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a></b></i>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a></b></i>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></b></i>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></b></i>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League814" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League814" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in <span class="smallcaps">smallcaps</span>.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck88" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Kołobrzeg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Darłowo)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Szczecin)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Słupsk)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/250px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/330px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/250px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/330px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg197" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)310" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk"><span class="smallcaps">Danzig</span><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="nobold">(Gdańsk)</span></span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Wrocław)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Tartu)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Elbląg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Kraków)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Tallinn)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riga <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Rīga)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Toruń)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1458" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span><br /><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Vitten</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> The kontor was moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Latvia38" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Latvia" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Latvia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Latvia" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Latvia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Latvia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Latvia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Latvia38" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Old town of</span> <a href="/wiki/Kuld%C4%ABga" title="Kuldīga">Kuldīga</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Historic Centre of</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struve_Geodetic_Arc" title="Struve Geodetic Arc">Struve Geodetic Arc</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(with nine other countries)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Capitals_of_Culture60" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Capitals_of_Culture60" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capitals of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">1985</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1986</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1987</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1988</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1989</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1990</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1991</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1992</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1993</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1994</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1995</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1996</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1997</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1998</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1999</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2000</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2001</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2002</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2003</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2004</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2005</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2006</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2007</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2008</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2009</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2010</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2011</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2012</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2013</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2014</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riga</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2015</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2016</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2017</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2018</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2019</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Matera" title="Matera">Matera</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2020-April 2021</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2022</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2023</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Veszprém">Veszprém</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elefsina" title="Elefsina">Elefsina</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2024</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bad_Ischl" title="Bad Ischl">Bad Ischl</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_(town)" title="Bodø (town)">Bodø</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2025</span></dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a></b></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></b></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2026</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2027</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crusader_states246" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crusader_states" title="Template:Crusader states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vassals_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem">vassals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_Antioch" title="Commune of Antioch">Antioch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Marash" title="Lordship of Marash">Marash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Kingdom of Cyprus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/100px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/150px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/200px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Philippopolis" title="Duchy of Philippopolis">Duchy of Philippopolis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Thessalonica" title="Kingdom of Thessalonica">Kingdom of Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Principality of Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens" title="Duchy of Athens">Duchy of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Neopatras" title="Duchy of Neopatras">Duchy of Neopatras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Archipelago" title="Duchy of the Archipelago">Duchy of the Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triarchy_of_Negroponte" title="Triarchy of Negroponte">Triarchy of Negroponte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Palatine_of_Cephalonia_and_Zakynthos" title="County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos">County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Argos_and_Nauplia" title="Lordship of Argos and Nauplia">Lordship of Argos and Nauplia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> <a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Rhodes" title="Hospitaller Rhodes">Hospitaller Rhodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa#Territories_during_the_Middle_Ages" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Livonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">State of the Teutonic Order</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Riga" title="Archbishopric of Riga">Archbishopric of Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Courland" title="Bishopric of Courland">Bishopric of Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Dorpat" title="Bishopric of Dorpat">Bishopric of Dorpat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_%C3%96sel%E2%80%93Wiek" title="Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek">Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Reval" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Reval">Bishopric of Reval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrzy%C5%84_Land" title="Dobrzyń Land">Dobrzyń Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Dobrzy%C5%84" title="Order of Dobrzyń">Order of Dobrzyń</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free City of Riga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204410/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjd8JCQkGK9X4JtGFPmh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4050042-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79013823">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00916865">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Riga (Lotyšsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130643&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX457238">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000042006&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000656907&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqsrrmx1bs9ln7">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/55487">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007552634805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/9c612199-d66f-4109-aedc-67ab26e0a43b">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045222">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" 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