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id="toc-Pre-conquest_Hungarians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhabitants_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhabitants_of_the_Carpathian_Basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Inhabitants of the Carpathian Basin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhabitants_of_the_Carpathian_Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borderland_of_empires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borderland_of_empires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Borderland of empires </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borderland_of_empires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Conquest </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conquest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conquest subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prelude_(862–895)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude_(862–895)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prelude (862–895) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude_(862–895)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_phase_(c._895–899)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_phase_(c._895–899)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 First phase (c. 895–899) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_phase_(c._895–899)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_phase_(900–902)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_phase_(900–902)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Second phase (900–902) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_phase_(900–902)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_(902–907)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_(902–907)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Consolidation (902–907) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_(902–907)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Consequences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Written_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Written sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Written_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Archaeology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Genetic evidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Artistic representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Secondary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="الغزو المجري لحوض الكاربات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الغزو المجري لحوض الكاربات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%96" title="Эпоха заваявання радзімы на Дунаі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эпоха заваявання радзімы на Дунаі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Заваёва вугорцамі Панонскага басэйну – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Заваёва вугорцамі Панонскага басэйну" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Унгарско завладяване на Панония – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Унгарско завладяване на Панония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquesta_hongaresa_de_la_conca_dels_Carpats" title="Conquesta hongaresa de la conca dels Carpats – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conquesta hongaresa de la conca dels Carpats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erobringen_af_Ungarn" title="Erobringen af Ungarn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Erobringen af Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Ουγγρική κατάκτηση της λεκάνης των Καρπαθίων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουγγρική κατάκτηση της λεκάνης των Καρπαθίων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquista_h%C3%BAngara_de_la_cuenca_de_los_C%C3%A1rpatos" title="Conquista húngara de la cuenca de los Cárpatos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conquista húngara de la cuenca de los Cárpatos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrujokupo" title="Patrujokupo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Patrujokupo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7" title="وطن‌گیری مجارها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وطن‌گیری مجارها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honfoglal%C3%A1s" title="Honfoglalás – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Honfoglalás" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90%EB%A5%B4%EC%9D%B8%EC%9D%98_%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%ED%8C%8C%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B5" title="마자르인의 카르파티아 정복 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마자르인의 카르파티아 정복" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հունգարական արշավանքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հունգարական արշավանքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penaklukan_Cekungan_Karpatia_oleh_Hungaria" title="Penaklukan Cekungan Karpatia oleh Hungaria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penaklukan Cekungan Karpatia oleh Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquista_magiara_della_pianura_pannonica" title="Conquista magiara della pianura pannonica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conquista magiara della pianura pannonica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94" title="התיישבות המדיארים במרכז אירופה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התיישבות המדיארים במרכז אירופה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="უნგრელთა მიერ დუნაის აუზის დაპყრობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უნგრელთა მიერ დუნაის აუზის დაპყრობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honfoglal%C3%A1s" title="Honfoglalás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Honfoglalás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%90_%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD" title="د هنګري له خوا د کارپاتیان حوزې فتح – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هنګري له خوا د کارپاتیان حوزې فتح" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaj%C4%99cie_ojczyzny" title="Zajęcie ojczyzny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zajęcie ojczyzny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquista_h%C3%BAngara_da_bacia_dos_C%C3%A1rpatos" title="Conquista húngara da bacia dos Cárpatos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conquista húngara da bacia dos Cárpatos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucerirea_de_c%C4%83tre_unguri_a_Bazinului_Panonic" title="Cucerirea de către unguri a Bazinului Panonic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cucerirea de către unguri a Bazinului Panonic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" 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sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Hungary" title="Category:History of Hungary">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History of Hungary</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_(1915-1918,_1919-1946;_angels).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="745" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary_before_the_Hungarian_conquest" title="History of Hungary before the Hungarian conquest">The Carpathian Basin before the Hungarian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonia (Roman province)">Roman Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Kingdom of the Gepids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">454–567</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">469–553</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar Khaganate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">567–822</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invasions of Europe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">~800–970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungarian conquest</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">862–895</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">895–1000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1000–1301</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Personal union with Croatia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1102–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1222" title="Golden Bull of 1222">Golden Bull</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1222</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Mongol invasion of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1241–1242</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1301–1526</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Hungarian–Ottoman Wars">Ottoman Wars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1366–1526</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary">Reformation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1520</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman Wars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1570</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)#Royal_Hungary_(1526–1699)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Royal Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1541–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1570–1711</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bocskai_uprising" title="Bocskai uprising">Bocskai uprising</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1604–1606</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Magnate_conspiracy" title="Magnate conspiracy">Wesselényi conspiracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1664–1671</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Upper_Hungary" title="Principality of Upper Hungary">Principality of Upper Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1682–1685</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1699–1867</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Late modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1703–1711</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Principality of Transylvania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1711–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Reform_Era" title="Hungarian Reform Era">Hungarian Reform Era</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1825–1848</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1848–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_State" title="Hungarian State">Hungarian State</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1867–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1867–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_between_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary between the World Wars">Interwar period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Republic_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)">Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1919–1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1920–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1938</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Governorate of Subcarpathia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_occupation_of_Yugoslav_territories" title="Hungarian occupation of Yugoslav territories">Revisions of Délvidék</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1941–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1946–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1949–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Revolution of 1956</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1956–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Hungarian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Hungarian Republic">Third Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1989–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">since 2012</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hungarian_history" title="Timeline of Hungarian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">History of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Hungarian Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Officers_of_State_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" title="Template:Great Officers of State (Kingdom of Hungary)">Great Officers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Transylvania" title="List of princes of Transylvania">Transylvanian Princes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hungary" title="Military history of Hungary">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary" title="List of wars involving Hungary">List of Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Hungary" title="History of Christianity in Hungary">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Hungary">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Hungary" title="Music history of Hungary">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Budapest" title="History of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/16px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/24px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Hungary portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Hungary" title="Template:History of Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Hungary" title="Template talk:History of Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199942-1">[1]</a> also known as the Hungarian conquest<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a191-2">[2]</a> or the Hungarian land-taking<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1999note_2_on_p._23-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: honfoglalás, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'taking/conquest of the homeland'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoman2003145-4">[4]</a> was a series of historical events ending with the settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> in the late 9th and early 10th century. Before the arrival of the Hungarians, three early medieval powers, the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Moravia</a>, had fought each other for control of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a>. They occasionally hired Hungarian horsemen as soldiers. Therefore, the Hungarians who dwelt on the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic-Caspian Steppe</a> east of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> were familiar with what would become their homeland when their conquest started. The Hungarian conquest started in the context of a "late or 'small' <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">migration of peoples</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199942-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> took possession of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862–895.<a href="#cite_note-:282-5">[5]</a> Other theories assert that the Hungarians crossed the Carpathian Mountains following a joint attack by the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarians</a> in 894 or 895. They first took control over the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain" title="Great Hungarian Plain">lowlands east of the river Danube</a> and attacked and occupied <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> (the region to the west of the river) in 900. They exploited internal conflicts in <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Moravia</a> and annihilated this state sometime between 902 and 906. The Hungarians strengthened their control over the Carpathian Basin by defeating the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavarian</a> army in a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pressburg" title="Battle of Pressburg">battle fought at Brezalauspurc</a> on 4 July 907. They launched a <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">series of campaigns</a> to Western Europe between 899 and 955 and also targeted the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> between 943 and 971. However, they gradually settled in the basin and established a Christian monarchy, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, around 1000. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honfoglal%C3%A1s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Honfoglal%C3%A1s.jpg/220px-Honfoglal%C3%A1s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Honfoglal%C3%A1s.jpg/330px-Honfoglal%C3%A1s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Honfoglal%C3%A1s.jpg/440px-Honfoglal%C3%A1s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian Conquest of the Carpathian Basin</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-conquest_Hungarians">Pre-conquest Hungarians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-conquest Hungarians">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Migration_of_Hungarians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Migration_of_Hungarians.jpg/190px-Migration_of_Hungarians.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Migration_of_Hungarians.jpg/285px-Migration_of_Hungarians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Migration_of_Hungarians.jpg/380px-Migration_of_Hungarians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Map of the presumptive Hungarian prehistory</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80._%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dniester River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80._%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/190px-%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80._%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80._%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/285px-%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80._%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80._%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/380px-%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80._%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>River <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> at Dzvenyhorod (<a href="/wiki/Chortkiv_Raion" title="Chortkiv Raion">Chortkiv Raion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ternopil_Oblast" title="Ternopil Oblast">Ternopil Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a>, a geographically unified but politically divided land, after acquiring thorough local knowledge of the area from the 860s onwards.<a href="#cite_note-:12-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:82-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1b-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:252-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:272-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:312-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:322-12">[12]</a> After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar Kaganate</a> (c. 822), the <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">Eastern Franks</a> asserted their influence in <a href="/wiki/Transdanubia" title="Transdanubia">Transdanubia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarians</a> to a small extent in the Southern <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> and the interior regions housed the surviving <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar</a> population in their stateless state.<a href="#cite_note-:82-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-13">[13]</a> According to one theory the archaeological evidence, the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar</a> population survived the time of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin.<a href="#cite_note-:6-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:82-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:312-11">[11]</a> In this power vacuum, The <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a> conqueror elite took the system of the former <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar Kaganate</a>, there is no trace of massacres and mass graves, it is believed to have been a peaceful transition for local residents in the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-14">[14]</a> Other scholars dismiss the continuity between late Avar and Hungarian Conquerors and/or the "double-conquest" (kettős honfoglalás) of the Carpathian basin.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> According to historian Bálint Csanád "Not one single element (of the original theory) is tenable" and that a "compelling piece of evidence is that a genuine similarity between the Avar- and Conquest-period skeletal material could only be demonstrated in 4.5% of the theoretically potential cases".<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The Continuation of the Chronicle by George the Monk contains the earliest certain<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199939-17">[17]</a> reference to the Hungarians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200110-18">[18]</a> It states that Hungarian warriors intervened in a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_wars#Brief_war_with_Theophilos" title="Byzantine–Bulgarian wars">conflict between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarians</a> on the latter's behalf in the Lower Danube region in 836 or 837.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006123-19">[19]</a> The first known Hungarian raid in Central Europe was recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Annales_Bertiniani" title="Annales Bertiniani">Annals of St. Bertin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200350-20">[20]</a> which writes of "enemies, called Hungarians, hitherto unknown"<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> who ravaged King <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a>'s realm in 862.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200350-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Spinei" title="Victor Spinei">Victor Spinei</a> and other historians argue that <a href="/wiki/Rastislav_of_Moravia" title="Rastislav of Moravia">Rastislav of Moravia</a>, at war with Louis the German, hired Hungarians to invade <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200350-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994237-22">[22]</a> Archbishop Theotmar of Salzburg clearly states in his letter of around 900 that the <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia#People" title="Great Moravia">Moravians</a> often allied with the Hungarians against the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994237-22">[22]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">For many years [the Moravians] have in fact perpetrated the very crime of which they have only once falsely accused us. They themselves have taken in a large number of Hungarians and have shaved their own heads according to their heathen customs and they have sent them against our Christians, overcoming them, leading some away as captives, killing others, while still others, imprisoned, perished of hunger and thirst.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Letter of Archbishop Theotmar of Salzburg and his suffragans to <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">Pope John IX</a> from around 900<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994338-23">[23]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Porphyrogenitus</a> mentions that the Hungarians dwelled in a territory that they called "<a href="/wiki/Etelk%C3%B6z" class="mw-redirect" title="Etelköz">Atelkouzou</a>" until their invasion across the Carpathians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a148.,_156-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200342–43-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> He adds that it was located in the territory where the rivers Barouch, Koubou, Troullos, Broutos and Seretos<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> run.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a156-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200344-29">[29]</a> Although the identification of the first two rivers with the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bug" title="Southern Bug">Southern Bug</a> is not unanimously accepted, the last three names without doubt refer to the rivers <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prut" title="Prut">Prut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siret_(river)" title="Siret (river)">Siret</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200344-29">[29]</a> In the wider region, at Subotsi on the river Adiamka, three graves (one of them belonging to a male buried with the skull and legs of his horse) are attributed to pre-conquest Hungarians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200344-29">[29]</a> However, these tombs may date to the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006124-30">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HetVezer-ChroniconPictum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Heads of the seven tribes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HetVezer-ChroniconPictum.jpg/190px-HetVezer-ChroniconPictum.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HetVezer-ChroniconPictum.jpg/285px-HetVezer-ChroniconPictum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HetVezer-ChroniconPictum.jpg/380px-HetVezer-ChroniconPictum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Heads of the <a href="/wiki/Magyar_tribes" title="Magyar tribes">seven Hungarian tribes</a>, depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminated Chronicle">Illuminated Chronicle</a></figcaption></figure> The Hungarians were organized into <a href="/wiki/Magyar_tribes" title="Magyar tribes">seven tribes</a> that formed a confederation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakkai199410-31">[31]</a> Constantine Porphyrogenitus mentions this number.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a116–117-32">[32]</a> Anonymous seems to have preserved the Hungarian "Hetumoger" ("Seven Hungarians") denomination of the tribal confederation, although he writes of "seven leading persons"<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> jointly bearing this name instead of a political organization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a116–117-32">[32]</a> The Hetumoger confederation was strengthened by the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Kabar" title="Kabar">Kabars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakkai199410-31">[31]</a> who (according to Constantine) joined the Hungarians following their unsuccessful riot against the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar Khaganate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200351-34">[34]</a> The Hungarians and the Kabars are mentioned in the longer version of the <a href="/wiki/Annales_iuvavenses" title="Annales iuvavenses">Annals of Salzburg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999329-35">[35]</a> which relates that the Hungarians fought around <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, while the Kabars fought nearby at Culmite in 881.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994237–238-36">[36]</a> Madgearu proposes that Kavar groups were already settled in the Tisza plain within the Carpathian Basin around 881, which may have given rise to the anachronistic reference to <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> in the Gesta Hungarorum at the time of the Hungarian conquest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadgearu2005b34.,_37-37">[37]</a> The Hetumoger confederation was under a dual leadership, according to <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Rustah" title="Ahmad ibn Rustah">Ibn Rusta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardizi" title="Gardizi">Gardizi</a> (two Muslim scholars from the 10th and 11th centuries, respectively, whose <a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">geographical books</a> preserved texts from an earlier work written by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Jayhani" title="Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Jayhani">Abu Abdallah al-Jayhani</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas199969–72-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200333-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a101–104-40">[40]</a> The Hungarians' nominal or <a href="/wiki/Sacred_king" title="Sacred king">sacred leader</a> was styled <a href="/wiki/Kende" title="Kende">kende</a>, while their military commander bore the title <a href="/wiki/Gyula_(title)" title="Gyula (title)">gyula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200333-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999343.,_347-41">[41]</a> The same authors add that the gyula commanded an army of 20,000 horsemen,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200342-42">[42]</a> but the reliability of this number is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999343.,_353-43">[43]</a> Regino of Prüm and other contemporary authors portray the 9th-century Hungarians as nomadic warriors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200115-44">[44]</a> Emperor Leo the Wise underlines the importance of horses to their military tactics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200115–16-45">[45]</a> Analysis of horse skulls found in Hungarian warriors graves has not revealed any significant difference between these horses and Western breeds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200320-46">[46]</a> Regino of Prüm states that the Hungarians knew "nothing about fighting hand-to-hand in formation or taking besieged cities",<a href="#cite_note-Regino_of_Prum_205-47">[47]</a> but he underlines their archery skills.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200319-48">[48]</a> Remains indicate that <a href="/wiki/Composite_bow" title="Composite bow">composite bows</a> were the Hungarians' most important weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999358-49">[49]</a> In addition, slightly curved <a href="/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">sabres</a> were unearthed in many warrior tombs from the period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999136-50">[50]</a> Regino of Prüm noted the Hungarians' preference for deceptions such as apparent retreat in battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200319-48">[48]</a> Contemporaneous writers also recounted their viciousness, represented by the slaughter of adult males in settlement raids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200116-51">[51]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[The Hungarians] are armed with swords, body armor, bows and lances. Thus, in battles most of them bear double arms, carrying the lances high on their shoulders and holding the bows in their hands. They make use of both as need requires, but when pursued they use their bows to great advantage. Not only do they wear armor themselves, but the horses of their illustrious men are covered in front with iron or quilted material. They devote a great deal of attention and training to archery on horse-back. A huge herd of horses, ponies and mares, follows them, to provide both food and milk and, at the same time, to give the impression of a multitude.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Wise" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo the Wise">Leo the Wise</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tactica_of_Emperor_Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Tactica of Emperor Leo VI the Wise">Tactics</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhabitants_of_the_Carpathian_Basin">Inhabitants of the Carpathian Basin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inhabitants of the Carpathian Basin">edit</a>]</div> Based on extant Hungarian chronicles, it is clear that more than one (occasionally extended) list existed of the peoples inhabiting the Carpathian Basin at the time of the Hungarian landtaking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacartney195364–65,_70-53">[53]</a> Anonymus, for instance, first writes of the "Slavs, Bulgarians, <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shepherds_of_the_Romans" title="Shepherds of the Romans">shepherds of the Romans</a>"<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> as inhabiting the territory,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadgearu2005b45-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199115-56">[56]</a> but later he refers to "a people called Kozar"<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacartney195364–65,_70-53">[53]</a> Similarly, Simon of Kéza first lists the "Slavs, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, Germans, Moravians and Vlachs",<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadgearu2005b46–47-59">[59]</a> but later he adds that the Székelys also lived in the territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacartney1953103-60">[60]</a> According to Macartney, those lists were based on multiple sources and do not document the real ethnic conditions of the Carpathian Basin around 900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacartney195370,_80-61">[61]</a> Ioan-Aurel Pop says that Simon of Kéza listed the peoples who inhabited the lands that the Hungarian conquered and the nearby territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop201363-62">[62]</a> The Hungarians adopted the ancient (<a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>) names of the longest rivers in the Carpathian Basin from a <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic-speaking</a> population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996b95-63">[63]</a> For instance, the Hungarian names of the rivers Danube (Duna), <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Dráva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hron" title="Hron">Garam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mureș River">Maros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olt_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Olt River">Olt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Száva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1h" title="Váh">Vág</a> were borrowed from Slavs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996b95-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiss1983187.,_190.,_233.,_408.,_481.,_532.,_599.,_643-64">[64]</a> The Hungarians also adopted a great number of <a href="/wiki/Hydronym" title="Hydronym">hydronyms</a> of Slavic origin, including <a href="/wiki/Lake_Balaton" title="Lake Balaton">Balaton</a> ("swamp"), <a href="/wiki/Bistri%C8%9Ba_(Some%C8%99)" title="Bistrița (Someș)">Beszterce</a> ("swift river"), <a href="/wiki/Tur_(river)" title="Tur (river)">Túr</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>' stream") and <a href="/wiki/Zagyva" title="Zagyva">Zagyva</a> ("sooty river").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996b95-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiss198380.,_108.,_661.,_712-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakkai1994-66">[66]</a> Place names of Slavic origin abound across the Carpathian Basin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996b96-67">[67]</a> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Csongr%C3%A1d" title="Csongrád">Csongrád</a> ("black fortress"), <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3gr%C3%A1d" title="Nógrád">Nógrád</a> ("new fortress"), <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d" title="Visegrád">Visegrád</a> ("citadel") and other early medieval fortresses bore a Slavic name, while the name of <a href="/wiki/Keszthely" title="Keszthely">Keszthely</a> preserved the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for fortress (castellum), with Slavic mediation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996b96-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiss1983166–167.,_331.,_465.,_697-68">[68]</a> Besides the Slavs, the presence of a German-speaking population can be demonstrated, based on toponyms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996b98-69">[69]</a> For example, the Hungarians adopted the Germanized form of the name of the river Vulka (whose name is of Slavic origin) and the document known as the <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_the_Bavarians_and_the_Carantanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of the Bavarians and the Carantanians">Conversion of the Bavarians and the Carantanians</a> from around 870 lists Germanic place names in Pannonia, including Salapiugin ("bend of the <a href="/wiki/Zala_(river)" title="Zala (river)">Zala</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Zalav%C3%A1r" title="Zalavár">Mosaburc</a> ("fortress in the marshes").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996b96.,_98-70">[70]</a> The name of the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A2rsa_(Olt)" title="Bârsa (Olt)">Barca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baraolt_(river)" title="Baraolt (river)">Barót</a> and other rivers could be either Turkic<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakkai1994-66">[66]</a> or Slavic in origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiss198391–92-71">[71]</a> According to Béla Miklós Szőke's theory, the detailed description of the Magyars by western contemporary sources and the immediate Hungarian intervention in local wars suggest that the Hungarians had already lived on the eastern territories of the Carpathian Basin since the middle of the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-Szoke-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tanulmanyok-73">[73]</a> Regarding the right location of early Hungarian settlements, the Arabic geographer al-Jayhani (only snippets of his work survived in other Muslim authors' papers)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel20018-74">[74]</a> in the 870s placed the Hungarians between the <a href="/wiki/Don_(river)" title="Don (river)">Don</a> and Danube rivers.<a href="#cite_note-Szoke-72">[72]</a> Szőke identifies al-Jayhani's Danube with the middle Danube region, as opposed to the previously assumed lower Danube region because, following al-Jayhani's description, the Christian <a href="/wiki/Moravians_(tribe)" title="Moravians (tribe)">Moravians</a> were the western neighbors of the Magyars.<a href="#cite_note-Szoke-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borderland_of_empires">Borderland of empires</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Borderland of empires">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans850.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Central and Southeastern Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Balkans850.png/190px-Balkans850.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Balkans850.png/285px-Balkans850.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Balkans850.png/380px-Balkans850.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> around 850</figcaption></figure> The Carpathian Basin was controlled from the 560s by the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999262-75">[75]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic-speaking</a> people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakkai19946–7-76">[76]</a> Upon their arrival in the region, they imposed their authority over the <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a>, who had dominated the territories east of the river <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel20012-77">[77]</a> However, the Gepids survived up until the second half of the 9th century, according to a reference in the Conversion of the Bavarians and the Carantanians to their groups dwelling in <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Slavs#Principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Slavs">Lower Pannonia</a> around 870.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996b98-69">[69]</a> The Avars were initially nomadic horsemen, but both large cemeteries used by three or four generations and a growing number of settlements attest to their adoption of a sedentary (non-nomadic) way of life from the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199931–32-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200692-79">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Avar_Khaganate#History#Collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avars' power was destroyed</a> between 791 and 795 by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpieszCaplovicBolchazy200619-80">[80]</a> who occupied Transdanubia and attached it to his empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakkai19947-81">[81]</a> Archaeological investigation of early medieval rural settlements at <a href="/wiki/Balatonmagyar%C3%B3d" title="Balatonmagyaród">Balatonmagyaród</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nemesk%C3%A9r" title="Nemeskér">Nemeskér</a> and other places in Transdanubia demonstrate that their main features did not change with the fall of the Avar Khaganate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzőke2003314-82">[82]</a> New settlements appeared in the former borderlands with cemeteries characterised by objects with clear analogues in contemporary Bavaria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Moravia and other distant territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzőke2003314-82">[82]</a> A manor defended by timber walls (similar to noble courts of other parts of the Carolingian Empire) was unearthed at <a href="/wiki/Zalaszabar" title="Zalaszabar">Zalaszabar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzőke2003314-82">[82]</a> Avar groups who remained under the rule of their <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">khagan</a> were frequently attacked by <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slav</a> warriors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus199457–58-83">[83]</a> Therefore, the khagan asked Charlemagne to let his people settle in the region between <a href="/wiki/Szombathely" title="Szombathely">Szombathely</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petronell-Carnuntum" title="Petronell-Carnuntum">Petronell</a> in Pannonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus199457-84">[84]</a> His petition was accepted in 805.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus199457-84">[84]</a> The Conversion of the Bavarians and the Carantanians lists the Avars among the peoples under the ecclesiastic jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Salzburg" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Salzburg">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Salzburg</a> around 870.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999264-85">[85]</a> According to Pohl, it "simply proved impossible to keep up an Avar identity after Avar institutions and the high claims of their tradition had failed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl199819-86">[86]</a> The growing number of archaeological evidence in <a href="/wiki/Transdanubia" title="Transdanubia">Transdanubia</a> also presumes Avar population in the Carpathian Basin at the eve of the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlajos200155-87">[87]</a> Archaeological findings suggesting that there is a substantial late Avar presence on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain" title="Great Hungarian Plain">Great Hungarian Plain</a>, but it is difficult to determine the proper chronology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlajos200155-87">[87]</a> A charter issued in 860 by King Louis the German for the Mattsee Abbey may well attest that the <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a> (another people of Turkic origin) were also present in the territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999285-286-88">[88]</a> The charter refers to the "Marches of the Wangars" (marcha uuangariourum) situated in the westernmost regions of the Carpathian Basin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996b97-98-89">[89]</a> The Wangar denomination seems to reflect the Slavic form of the Onogurs' <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999285-286-88">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zalav%C3%A1r_-_Convent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Church at Zalavár" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Zalav%C3%A1r_-_Convent.jpg/190px-Zalav%C3%A1r_-_Convent.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Zalav%C3%A1r_-_Convent.jpg/285px-Zalav%C3%A1r_-_Convent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Zalav%C3%A1r_-_Convent.jpg/380px-Zalav%C3%A1r_-_Convent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the 9th-century church at <a href="/wiki/Zalav%C3%A1r" title="Zalavár">Zalavár</a></figcaption></figure> The territories attached to the <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a> were initially governed by royal officers and local chieftains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus199472–73-90">[90]</a> A Slavic prince named <a href="/wiki/Pribina" title="Pribina">Pribina</a> received large estates along the river <a href="/wiki/Zala_(river)" title="Zala (river)">Zala</a> around 840.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999243-91">[91]</a> He promoted the colonisation of his lands<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200195-92">[92]</a> and also erected <a href="/wiki/Zalav%C3%A1r" title="Zalavár">Mosaburg</a>, a fortress in the marshes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999243-91">[91]</a> Initially defended by timber walls, this "castle complex"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999133-93">[93]</a> (András Róna-Tas) became an administrative center. It was strengthened by <a href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">drystone</a> walls at the end of the century. Four churches surrounded by cemeteries were unearthed in and around the settlement. At least one of them continued to be used up to the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzőke2003315-94">[94]</a> Pribina died fighting the Moravians in 861, and his son <a href="/wiki/Kocel" title="Kocel">Kocel</a> inherited his estates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994125-95">[95]</a> Kocel was succeeded around 876 by <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">natural son</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994202-96">[96]</a> Under his rule, Moravian troops interved into the conflict known as the "<a href="/wiki/Wilhelminer_War" title="Wilhelminer War">Wilhelminer War</a>" and "laid waste from the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1ba" title="Rába">Raab</a> eastward" between 882 and 884, according to the Annals of Fulda.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994208–213-98">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_around_900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Europe_around_900.jpg/190px-Europe_around_900.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Europe_around_900.jpg/285px-Europe_around_900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Europe_around_900.jpg/380px-Europe_around_900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="1563" /></a><figcaption>Europe around 900</figcaption></figure> Moravia emerged in the 820s<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpieszCaplovicBolchazy200620-99">[99]</a> under its first known ruler, <a href="/wiki/Mojmir_I_of_Moravia" title="Mojmir I of Moravia">Mojmir I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999243-91">[91]</a> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Rastislav_of_Moravia" title="Rastislav of Moravia">Rastislav</a>, developed Moravia's military strength. He promoted the proselytizing activities of the Byzantine brothers, <a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Constantine and Methodius</a> in an attempt to seek independence from East Francia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999243-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpieszCaplovicBolchazy200621–22-100">[100]</a> Moravia reached its "peak of importance" under <a href="/wiki/Svatopluk_I_of_Moravia" title="Svatopluk I of Moravia">Svatopluk I</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199931–33-101">[101]</a> who expanded its frontiers in all directions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpieszCaplovicBolchazy200624–25-102">[102]</a> Moravia's core territory is located in the regions on the <a href="/wiki/Morava_(river)" title="Morava (river)">northern Morava river</a>, in the territory of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and Slovakia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006126–127-103">[103]</a> However, Constantine Porphyrogenitus places "great Moravia, the unbaptized"<a href="#cite_note-ConstantineVII_177-104">[104]</a> somewhere in the regions beyond <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica" title="Sremska Mitrovica">Sremska Mitrovica</a>, Serbia).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a180-105">[105]</a> His report supported <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia#Territory" title="Great Moravia">further theories on Moravia's location</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a180–181-106">[106]</a> For instance, Kristó and Senga propose the existence of two Moravias (one in the north and other one in the south),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a181-107">[107]</a> while Boba, Bowlus and Eggers argue that Moravia's core territory is in the region of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Morava" title="Great Morava">southern Morava river</a>, in present-day Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006127-108">[108]</a> The existence of a southern Moravian realm is not supported by artifacts, while strongholds unearthed at <a href="/wiki/Mikul%C4%8Dice" title="Mikulčice">Mikulcice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breclav#History#Pohansko" class="mw-redirect" title="Breclav">Pohansko</a> and other areas to the north of the middle Danube point at the existence of a power center in those regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006130-109">[109]</a> In addition to East Francia and Moravia, the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> was also deeply involved in the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel20014-110">[110]</a> A late 10th-century Byzantine lexicon known as <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a> adds that <a href="/wiki/Krum" title="Krum">Krum</a> of Bulgaria attacked the Avars from the southeast around 803.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006149-111">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Frankish_Annals" title="Royal Frankish Annals">Royal Frankish Annals</a> narrates that the <a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Abodrites</a> inhabiting "<a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> on the Danube",<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> most probably along the lower courses of the river Tisza, sought the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> against the Bulgars in 824.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006157–159-113">[113]</a> Bulgarian troops also invaded Pannonia, "expelled the Slavic chieftains and appointed Bulgar governors instead"<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> in 827.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1991107-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006158-116">[116]</a> An inscription at <a href="/wiki/Provadia" title="Provadia">Provadia</a> refers to a Bulgarian military leader named Onegavonais drowning in the Tisza around the same time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006159-117">[117]</a> The emerging power of Moravia brought about a rapprochement between Bulgaria and East Francia in the 860s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1991118-118">[118]</a> King Arnulf of East Francia sent an embassy to the Bulgarians in 892 in order "to renew the former peace and to ask that they should not sell salt to the Moravians".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994224–225.,_229-119">[119]</a> The latter request suggests that the route from the salt mines of the eastern Carpathians to Moravia was controlled around that time by the Bulgarians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994229-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The anonymous author of the Gesta Hungarorum, instead of Svatopluk I of Moravia and other rulers known from contemporary sources, writes of personalities and polities that are not mentioned by chroniclers working at the end of the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199111-122">[122]</a> For instance, he refers to <a href="/wiki/Menumorut" title="Menumorut">Menumorut</a> residing in the castle of <a href="/wiki/Biharia" title="Biharia">Bihar</a> (Biharia, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>), to Zobor "duke of <a href="/wiki/Nitra" title="Nitra">Nitra</a> by the grace of the Duke of the <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>",<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Gelou" title="Gelou">Gelou</a> "a certain <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlach</a>"<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> ruling over Transylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199111-122">[122]</a> According to historian Ryszard Grzesik, the reference to Gelou and his Vlachs evidences that the Vlachs had already settled in Transylvania by the time the Gesta was completed, while the stories about Zobor and Menumorut preserved the memory of the Hungarians' fight against the Moravians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesik201629,_32-125">[125]</a> Translating Menumorut's name as "Great Moravian", Grzesik associates him with Svatopluk I and refutes the report of Menumorut's rule in Bihar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesik201628–29-126">[126]</a> Early medieval fortresses were unearthed at Bihar and other places east of the Tisza, but none of them definitively date to the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001148–149-127">[127]</a> In the case of Doboka (Dăbâca), two pairs of bell-shaped pendants with analogues in sites in Austria, Bulgaria and Poland have been unearthed, but Florin Curta dates them to the 9th century, while Alexandru Madgearu to the period between 975 and 1050.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadgearu2005b115-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001148-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquest">Conquest</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conquest">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude_(862–895)">Prelude (862–895)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prelude (862–895)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honfoglalas.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Hungarian Conquest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Honfoglalas.gif/220px-Honfoglalas.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Honfoglalas.gif/330px-Honfoglalas.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Honfoglalas.gif/440px-Honfoglalas.gif 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian land-taking</figcaption></figure> Three main theories attempt to explain the reasons for the "Hungarian land-taking".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998169-130">[130]</a> One argues that it was an intended military operation, prearranged following previous raids, with the express purpose of occupying a new homeland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998169-130">[130]</a> This view (expounded, for example, by Bakay and Padányi) mainly follows the narration of Anonymus and later Hungarian chronicles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998169.,_230–231-131">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> took possession of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862–895.<a href="#cite_note-:28-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-:25-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-:31-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> This is confirmed by the archaeological findings, in the 10th century Hungarian cemeteries, the graves of women, children and elderly people are located next to the warriors, they were buried according to the same traditions, wore the same style of ornaments, and belonged to the same anthropological group. <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">The Hungarian military events</a> of the following years prove that the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a> population that settled in the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> was not a weakened population without a significant military power.<a href="#cite_note-:31-138">[138]</a> The opposite view maintains that a joint attack by the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> and the Bulgarians forced the Hungarians' hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998170-141">[141]</a> Kristó, Tóth and the theory's other adherents refer to the unanimous testimony provided by the Annals of Fulda, Regino of Prüm and Porphyrogenitus on the connection between the Hungarians' conflict with the Bulgar-Pecheneg coalition and their withdrawal from the Pontic steppes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998170.,_226.,_234-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a181–182-143">[143]</a> An intermediate theory proposes that the Hungarians had for decades been considering a westward move when the Bulgarian-Pecheneg attack accelerated their decision to leave the Pontic-Caspian steppe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998169–170-144">[144]</a> For instance Róna-Tas argues, "[the] fact that, despite a series of unfortunate events, the Magyars managed to keep their heads above water goes to show that they were indeed ready to move on" when the Pechenegs attacked them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999336-145">[145]</a> In fact, following a break of eleven years, the Hungarians returned to the Carpathian Basin in 892.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200351-34">[34]</a> They came to assist Arnulf of East Francia against Svatopluk I of Moravia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200351-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a175-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Widukind_of_Corvey" title="Widukind of Corvey">Widukind of Corvey</a> and Liutprand of Cremona condemned the Frankish monarch for destroying the defense lines built along the empire's borders, because this also enabled the Hungarians to attack East Francia within a decade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994241-147">[147]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Meanwhile Arnulf…could not overcome Sviatopolk, duke of the Moravians…and – alas! – having dismantled those very well fortified barriers which…are called "closures" by the populace. Arnulf summoned to his aid the nation of the Hungarians, greedy, rash, ignorant of almighty God but well versed in every crime, avid only for murder and plunder.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Liutprand_of_Cremona" title="Liutprand of Cremona">Liutprand of Cremona</a>: Retribution<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></cite></div></blockquote> A late source,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadgearu2005b91-149">[149]</a> Aventinus adds that <a href="/wiki/Kursz%C3%A1n" title="Kurszán">Kurszán</a> (Cusala), "king of the Hungarians" stipulated that his people would only fight the Moravians if they received the lands they were to occupy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a175-146">[146]</a> Accordingly, Aventinus continues, the Hungarians took possession of "both Dacias on this side and beyond" the Tisza east of the rivers Danube and Garam already in 893.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a175-146">[146]</a> Indeed, the Hungarian chronicles unanimously state that the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a> had already been present in the Carpathian Basin when the Hungarians moved in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996b107-150">[150]</a> Kristó argues that Aventinus and the Hungarian historical tradition together point to an early occupation of the eastern territories of the Carpathian Basin by auxiliary troops of the Hungarian tribal confederation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996b107-150">[150]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dvur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Arnulf I and Svatopluk I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dvur.jpg/220px-Dvur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dvur.jpg/330px-Dvur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dvur.jpg/440px-Dvur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Svatopluk_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatopluk I">Svatopluk I of Moravia</a> disguised as a monk in <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf of East Francia</a>'s court in the <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Dalimil" title="Chronicle of Dalimil">Chronicle of Dalimil</a></figcaption></figure> The Annals of Fulda narrated in 894 that the Hungarians crossed the Danube into Pannonia where they "killed men and old women outright and carried off the young women alone with them like cattle to satisfy their lusts and reduced the whole" province "to desert".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994240-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Although the annalist writes of this Hungarian attack after the passage narrating Svatopluk I's death,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994240-151">[151]</a> Györffy, Kristó,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a177-153">[153]</a> Róna-Tas<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999332-154">[154]</a> and other historians suppose that the Hungarians invaded Pannonia in alliance with the Moravian monarch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998149–150-155">[155]</a> They argue that the "Legend of the White Horse" in the Hungarian chronicles preserved the memory of a treaty the Hungarians had made with Svatopluk I according to pagan customs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998150-156">[156]</a> The legend narrates that the Hungarians purchased their future homeland in the Carpathian Basin from Svatopluk for a white horse harnessed with gilded saddle and reins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a177-153">[153]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Then [<a href="/wiki/Kursz%C3%A1n" title="Kurszán">Kusid</a>] came to the leader of the region who reigned after <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a> and whose name was Zuatapolug, and saluted him in the name of his people [...]. On hearing this, Zuatapolug rejoiced greatly, for he thought that they were peasant people who would come and till his land; and so he dismissed the messenger graciously. [...] Then by a common resolve [the Hungarians] despatched the same messenger again to the said leader and sent to him for his land a big horse with a golden saddle adorned with the gold of Arabia and a golden bridle. Seeing it, the leader rejoiced all the more, thinking that they were sending gifts of homage in return for land. When therefore the messenger asked of him land, grass and water, he replied with a smile, "In return for the gift let them have as much as they desire." ...Then [the Hungarians] sent another messenger to the leader and this was the message which he delivered: "Arpad and his people say to you that you may no longer stay upon the land which they bought of you, for with the horse they bought your earth, with the bridle the grass, and with the saddle the water. And you, in your need and avarice, made to them a grant of land, grass and water." When this message was delivered to the leader, he said with a smile: "Let them kill the horse with a wooden mallet, and throw the bridle on the field, and throw the golden saddle into the water of the Danube." To which the messenger replied: "And what loss will that be to them, lord? If you kill the horse, you will give food for their dogs; if you throw the bridle on the field, their men will find the gold of the bridle when they mow the hay; if you throw the saddle into the Danube, their fishermen will lay out the gold of the saddle upon the bank and carry it home. If they have earth, grass and water, they have all."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminated Chronicle">Illuminated Chronicle</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Samani" title="Ismail Samani">Ismail Ibn Ahmed</a>, the emir of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, raided "the land of the Turks"<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a>) in 893. Later he caused a new movement of peoples who one by one invaded the lands of their western neighbors in the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998178-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a182-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a> clearly connects the westward movement of the Pechenegs and the Hungarians to previous fights between the Karluks, <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Ouzes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimeks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998178–179-161">[161]</a> Porphyrogenitus writes of a joint attack by the Khazars and Ouzes that compelled the Pechenegs to cross the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> River sometime between 893 and 902<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998179–180-162">[162]</a> (most probably around 894).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a182-160">[160]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Originally, the Pechenegs had their dwelling on the river [Volga] and likewise on the river <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">[Ural]</a> (…). But fifty years ago the so-called Uzes made common cause with the Chazars and joined battle with the Pechenegs and prevailed over them and expelled them from their country (…).<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Porphyrogenitus">Constantine Porphyrogenitus</a>: <a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GoldSolidusLeoVIAndConstantinVIIPorphyrogenetos908-912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emperors Leo VI and Constantine VII" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/GoldSolidusLeoVIAndConstantinVIIPorphyrogenetos908-912.jpg/190px-GoldSolidusLeoVIAndConstantinVIIPorphyrogenetos908-912.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/GoldSolidusLeoVIAndConstantinVIIPorphyrogenetos908-912.jpg/285px-GoldSolidusLeoVIAndConstantinVIIPorphyrogenetos908-912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/GoldSolidusLeoVIAndConstantinVIIPorphyrogenetos908-912.jpg/380px-GoldSolidusLeoVIAndConstantinVIIPorphyrogenetos908-912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Wise" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo the Wise">Leo the Wise</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Porphyrogenitus">Constantine Porphyrogenitus</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)#Roman_and_Byzantine_coinage" title="Solidus (coin)">Byzantine golden solidus</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tzar Simeon I of Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Seal_of_Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria.jpg/190px-Seal_of_Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Seal_of_Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria.jpg/285px-Seal_of_Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Seal_of_Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria.jpg/380px-Seal_of_Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>Seal of <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I of Bulgaria</a></figcaption></figure> The relationship between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire sharpened in 894, because Emperor Leo the Wise forced the Bulgarian merchants to leave <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and settle in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1991137-164">[164]</a> Subsequently, Tzar <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I of Bulgaria</a> invaded Byzantine territories<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006178-165">[165]</a> and defeated a small imperial troop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1991138-166">[166]</a> The Byzantines approached the Hungarians to hire them to fight the Bulgarians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006178-165">[165]</a> Nicetas Sclerus, the Byzantine envoy, concluded a treaty with their leaders, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d" title="Árpád">Árpád</a> and Kurszán (Kusan),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a183-167">[167]</a> and Byzantine ships transferred Hungarian warriors across the Lower Danube.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006178-165">[165]</a> The Hungarians invaded Bulgaria, forced Tzar Simeon to flee to the fortress of Dristra (now <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a>, Bulgaria) and plundered <a href="/wiki/Veliki_Preslav" title="Veliki Preslav">Preslav</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1991138-166">[166]</a> An interpolation in Porphyrogenitus's work states that the Hungarians had a prince named "<a href="/wiki/Li%C3%BCntika" title="Liüntika">Liountikas</a>, son of Arpad"<a href="#cite_note-ConstantineVII_177-104">[104]</a> at that time, which suggests that he was the commander of the army, but he might have been mentioned in the war context by chance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a186-168">[168]</a> Simultaneously with the Hungarian attack from the north, the Byzantines invaded Bulgaria from the south. Tzar Simeon sent envoys to the Byzantine Empire to propose a truce. At the same time, he sent an embassy to the Pechenegs to incite them against the Hungarians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1991138-166">[166]</a> He succeeded, and the Pechenegs broke into Hungarian territories from the east, forcing the Hungarian warriors to withdraw from Bulgaria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1991139-169">[169]</a> The Bulgarians, according to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, attacked and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Southern_Buh" title="Battle of Southern Buh">routed the Hungarians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006178-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200112-170">[170]</a> The Pechenegs destroyed the Hungarians' dwelling places.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006178-165">[165]</a> Those who survived the double attack left the Pontic steppes and crossed the Carpathians in search of a new homeland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006178-165">[165]</a> The memory of the destruction brought by the Pechenegs seems to have been preserved by the Hungarians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a188-171">[171]</a> The Hungarian name of the Pechenegs (besenyő) corresponds to the old Hungarian word for eagle (bese). Thus the 14th-century Hungarian chronicles' story of eagles compelling the Hungarians' ancestors to cross the Carpathians most probably refers to the Pechenegs' attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a188-171">[171]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Hungarians were (…) driven from their home (…) by a neighboring people called the Petchenegs, because they were superior to them in strength and number and because (…) their own country was not sufficient to accommodate their swelling numbers. After they had been forced to flee by the violence of the Petchenegs, they said goodbye to their homeland and set out to look for lands where they could live and establish settlements.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Regino_of_Pr%C3%BCm" title="Regino of Prüm">Regino of Prüm</a>: Chronicle<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[At] the invitation of Leo, the Christ-loving and glorious emperor [the Hungarians] crossed over and fought Symeon and totally defeated him, (…) and they went back to their own county. (…) But after Symeon (…) sent to the Pechenegs and made an agreement with them to attack and destroy [the Hungarians] And when [the latter] had gone off on a military expedition, the Pechenegs with Symeon came against [them] and completely destroyed their families and miserably expelled thence [those] who were guarding their country. When [the Hungarians] came back and found their country thus desolate and utterly ruined, they settled in the land where they live today (…).<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Porphyrogenitus">Constantine Porphyrogenitus</a>: <a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a><a href="#cite_note-ConstantineVII_177-104">[104]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Passing through the kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Bessi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumani Albi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suzdalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzdalia">Susdalia</a> and the city named <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kyo</a>, they crossed the mountains and came into a region where they saw innumerable eagles; and because of the eagles they could not stay in that place, for the eagles came down from the trees like flies and devoured both their herds and their horses. For God intended that they should go down more quickly into Hungary. During three months they made their descent from the mountains, and they came to the boundaries of the kingdom of Hungary, that is to <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Erdelw</a> [...].<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminated Chronicle">Illuminated Chronicle</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_phase_(c._895–899)">First phase (c. 895–899)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First phase (c. 895–899)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magyarok-Bejovetele-ChroniconPictum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Hungarian Conquest in the Illuminated Chronicle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Magyarok-Bejovetele-ChroniconPictum.jpg/190px-Magyarok-Bejovetele-ChroniconPictum.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Magyarok-Bejovetele-ChroniconPictum.jpg/285px-Magyarok-Bejovetele-ChroniconPictum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Magyarok-Bejovetele-ChroniconPictum.jpg/380px-Magyarok-Bejovetele-ChroniconPictum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1607" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarians' arrival in the Carpathian Basin depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminated Chronicle">Illuminated Chronicle</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conquest_memorial_Verecke_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Conquest memorial at the Verecke Pass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Conquest_memorial_Verecke_5.jpg/190px-Conquest_memorial_Verecke_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Conquest_memorial_Verecke_5.jpg/285px-Conquest_memorial_Verecke_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Conquest_memorial_Verecke_5.jpg/380px-Conquest_memorial_Verecke_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian Conquest memorial at the <a href="/wiki/Verecke_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Verecke Pass">Verecke Pass</a> (Ukraine)</figcaption></figure> The date of the Hungarian invasion varies according to the source.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998189-174">[174]</a> The earliest date (677) is preserved in the 14th-century versions of the "Hungarian Chronicle", while Anonymus gives the latest date (902).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998189–190-175">[175]</a> Contemporaneous sources suggest that the invasion followed the 894 Bulgarian-Byzantine war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998191-176">[176]</a> The route taken across the Carpathians is also contested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200355-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a191-2">[2]</a> Anonymus and Simon of Kéza have the invading Hungarians crossing the northeastern passes, while the Illuminated Chronicle writes of their arrival in Transylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200971–72-178">[178]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berengar_I_of_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Berengar I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Berengar_I_of_Italy.jpg/170px-Berengar_I_of_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Berengar_I_of_Italy.jpg/255px-Berengar_I_of_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Berengar_I_of_Italy.jpg/340px-Berengar_I_of_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar I of Italy</a></figcaption></figure> Regino of Prüm states that the Hungarians "roamed the wildernesses of the Pannonians and the Avars and sought their daily food by hunting and fishing"<a href="#cite_note-Regino_of_Prum_205-47">[47]</a> following their arrival in the Carpathian Basin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2003654-179">[179]</a> Their advance towards the Danube seems to have stimulated Arnulf, who was crowned emperor to entrust <a href="/wiki/Braslav,_Duke_of_Lower_Pannonia" title="Braslav, Duke of Lower Pannonia">Braslav</a> (the ruler of the region between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994214.,_241–242-180">[180]</a> with the defense of all Pannonia in 896.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a195-181">[181]</a> In 897 or 898 a civil war broke out between <a href="/wiki/Mojmir_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojmir II">Mojmir II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svatopluk_II" title="Svatopluk II">Svatopluk II</a> (two sons of the late Moravian ruler, Svatopluk I), in which Emperor Arnulf also intervened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994243-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartl200223-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpieszCaplovicBolchazy200625-184">[184]</a> There is no mention of the Hungarians' activities in those years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a197-185">[185]</a> The next event recorded in connection with the Hungarians is their raid against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a> in 899 and 900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a197–198-186">[186]</a> The letter of Archbishop Theotmar of Salzburg and his suffragans suggests that Emperor Arnulf incited them to attack King <a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar I of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a198-187">[187]</a> They routed the Italian troops on 2 September at the river <a href="/wiki/Brenta_(river)" title="Brenta (river)">Brenta</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brenta" title="Battle of Brenta">great battle</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200313-188">[188]</a> and plundered the region of <a href="/wiki/Vercelli" title="Vercelli">Vercelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a> in the winter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200368-189">[189]</a> but the <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">doge of Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Tribuno" title="Pietro Tribuno">Pietro Tribuno</a>, defeated them at Venice on 29 June 900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a198-187">[187]</a> They returned from Italy when they learned of the death of Emperor Arnulf at the end of 899.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994244,_246-190">[190]</a> According to Anonymous, the Hungarians fought with <a href="/wiki/Menumorut" title="Menumorut">Menumorut</a> before conquering Gelou's Transylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadgearu2005b22–23-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1996131–136-192">[192]</a> Subsequently, the Hungarians turned against <a href="/wiki/Salan" title="Salan">Salan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadgearu2005b22-193">[193]</a> the ruler of the central territories, according to this narrative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200359-194">[194]</a> In contrast with Anonymus, Simon of Kéza writes of the Hungarians' fight with Svatopluk following their arrival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a191-2">[2]</a> According to the Illuminated Chronicle, the Hungarians "remained quietly in Erdelw and rested their herds"<a href="#cite_note-Illuminated_Chronicle_98-195">[195]</a> there after their crossing because of an attack by eagles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a191-2">[2]</a> The Hungarian chronicles preserved two separate lists of the Hungarians' leaders at the time of the conquest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200331-196">[196]</a> Anonymus mentions Álmos, <a href="/wiki/El%C5%91d" title="Előd">Előd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kond_(chieftain)" title="Kond (chieftain)">Künd</a>, Ónd, Tas, <a href="/wiki/Huba_(chieftain)" title="Huba (chieftain)">Huba</a> and Tétény,<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> while Simon of Kéza and the Illuminated Chronicle list Árpád, Szabolcs, Gyula, Örs, Künd, Lél and Vérbulcsú.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200331-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Contemporaneous or nearly contemporaneous sources make mention of Álmos (Constantine Porphyrogenitus), of Árpád (Continuation of the Chronicle by George the Monk and Constantine Porphyrogenitus), of Liountikas (Constantine Porphyrogenitus) and of Kurszán (Continuation of the Chronicle by George the Monk).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998116.,_121.,_125-199">[199]</a> According to the Illuminated Chronicle, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lmos" title="Álmos">Álmos</a>, Árpád's father "could not enter Pannonia, for he was killed in Erdély".<a href="#cite_note-Illuminated_Chronicle_98-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a191-2">[2]</a> The episode implies that Álmos was the kende, the sacred ruler of the Hungarians, at the time of their destruction by the Pechenegs, which caused his sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a191–192-200">[200]</a> If his death was in fact the consequence of a <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">ritual murder</a>, his fate was similar to that of the Khazar khagans who were executed, according to Ibn Fadlan and al-Masudi, in the case of disasters affecting their whole people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a191-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_phase_(900–902)">Second phase (900–902)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second phase (900–902)">edit</a>]</div> The death of Arnulf released the Hungarians from their alliance with East Francia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200368-189">[189]</a> On their way back from Italy they expanded their rule over Pannonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200369-201">[201]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Liutprand_of_Cremona" title="Liutprand of Cremona">Liutprand of Cremona</a>, the Hungarians "claimed for themselves the nation of the Moravians, which King Arnulf had subdued with the aid of their might"<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> at the coronation of Arnulf's son, <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a> in 900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a200-203">[203]</a> The Annals of <a href="/wiki/Grado,_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grado, Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Grado</a> relates that the Hungarians defeated the Moravians after their withdrawal from Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994246-204">[204]</a> Thereafter the Hungarians and the Moravians made an alliance and jointly invaded Bavaria, according to Aventinus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a199-205">[205]</a> However, the contemporary Annals of Fulda only refers to Hungarians reaching the river <a href="/wiki/Enns_(river)" title="Enns (river)">Enns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994247-206">[206]</a> One of the Hungarian contingents crossed the Danube and plundered the territories on the river's north bank, but <a href="/wiki/Luitpold,_Margrave_of_Bavaria" title="Luitpold, Margrave of Bavaria">Luitpold, Margrave of Bavaria</a> gathered troops and routed them between <a href="/wiki/Passau" title="Passau">Passau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krems_an_der_Donau" title="Krems an der Donau">Krems an der Donau</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994247–248-207">[207]</a> on 20 November 900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a199-205">[205]</a> He had a strong fortress erected against them on the Enns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994248-208">[208]</a> Nevertheless, the Hungarians became the masters of the Carpathian Basin by the occupation of Pannonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a199-205">[205]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a> may also reflect the memory of this event when relating how the Hungarians expelled the "Volokhi" or "Volkhi" who had earlier subjugated the Slavs' homeland in Pannonia, according to scholars who identify the Volokhi and Volkhi as Franks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a200-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesik201631-209">[209]</a> Other historians associate them either with Vlachs (<a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200973-210">[210]</a> or with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Romans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor1953235,_note_29-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesik201631-209">[209]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Over a long period the Slavs settled beside the Danube, where the Hungarian and Bulgarian lands now lie. From among these Slavs, parties scattered throughout the country and were known by appropriate names, according to the places where they settled. (...) [T]he [Volkhi]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1983146-212">[212]</a> attacked the Danubian Slavs, settled among them, and did them violence... The Magyars passed by <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> over the hill now called Hungarian and on arriving at the Dnipro, they pitched camp. They were nomads like the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Polovcians</a>. Coming out of the east, they struggled across the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">great mountains</a> and began to fight against the neighboring [Volokhi]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1983147-213">[213]</a> and Slavs. For the Slavs had settled there first, but the [Volokhi]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1983147-213">[213]</a> had seized the territory of the Slavs. The Magyars subsequently expelled the [Volkhi],<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1983147-213">[213]</a> took their land and settled among the Slavs, whom they reduced to submission. From that time this territory was called Hungarian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor20132,_8-214">[214]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a> 5.23–25; 6.6–8; 25.10–21.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowskiBirnbaum20145.23–25;_6.6–8;_25.10–21.-215">[215]</a></cite></div></blockquote> King Louis the Child held a meeting at <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> in 901 to introduce further measures against the Hungarians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994248-208">[208]</a> Moravian envoys proposed peace between Moravia and East Francia, because the Hungarians had in the meantime plundered their country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994248-208">[208]</a> A Hungarian army invading <a href="/wiki/March_of_Carinthia" title="March of Carinthia">Carinthia</a> was defeated<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994248–250-216">[216]</a> in April 901, and Aventinus describes a defeat of the Hungarians by Margrave Luitpold at the river <a href="/wiki/Fischa" title="Fischa">Fischa</a> in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996b142-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_(902–907)">Consolidation (902–907)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consolidation (902–907)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ducove_hradisko_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ruins of a Moravian fortress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ducove_hradisko_4.JPG/190px-Ducove_hradisko_4.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ducove_hradisko_4.JPG/285px-Ducove_hradisko_4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ducove_hradisko_4.JPG/380px-Ducove_hradisko_4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Moravian</a> fortress at <a href="/wiki/Ducov%C3%A9" title="Ducové">Ducové</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>)</figcaption></figure> The date when Moravia ceased to exist is uncertain, because there is no clear evidence either of the "existence of Moravia as a state" after 902 (Spinei) or of its fall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200369-201">[201]</a> A short note in the <a href="/wiki/Annales_Alamannici" title="Annales Alamannici">Annales Alamannici</a> refers to a "war with the Hungarians in Moravia" in 902, during which the "land (patria) succumbed", but this text is ambiguous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996b141-218">[218]</a> Alternatively, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Raffelstetten_customs_regulations" title="Raffelstetten customs regulations">Raffelstetten Customs Regulations</a> mentions the "markets of the Moravians" around 905.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartl200223-183">[183]</a> The Life of Saint Naum relates that the Hungarians occupied Moravia, adding that the Moravians who "were not captured by the Hungarians, ran to the Bulgars". Constantine Porphyrogenitus also connects the fall of Moravia to its occupation by the Hungarians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a193-219">[219]</a> The destruction of the early medieval urban centers and fortresses at <a href="/wiki/Spi%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1ovce" title="Spišské Tomášovce">Szepestamásfalva</a> (Spišské Tomášovce), Dévény and other places in modern Slovakia is dated to the period around 900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001109–111-220">[220]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">After the death of (...) [Svatopluk I, his sons] remained at peace for a year and then strife and rebellion fell upon them and they made a civil war against one another and the [Hungarians] came and utterly ruined them and possessed their country, in which even now [the Hungarians] live. And those of the folk who were left were scattered and fled for refuge to the adjacent nations, to the Bulgarians and [Hungarians] and <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> and to the rest of the nations.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Porphyrogenitus">Constantine Porphyrogenitus</a>: <a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></cite></div></blockquote> According to Anonymus, who does not write of Moravia, the Hungarians invaded the region of Nyitra (<a href="/wiki/Nitra" title="Nitra">Nitra</a>, Slovakia) and defeated and killed Zobor, the local Czech ruler, on Mount Zobor near his seat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994257-222">[222]</a> Thereafter, as Anonymus continues, the Hungarians first occupied Pannonia from the "Romans" and next battled with <a href="/wiki/Glad_(duke)" title="Glad (duke)">Glad</a> and his army, which was composed of Bulgarians, Vlachs and Pechenegs from Banat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199115-56">[56]</a> Glad ceded few towns from his duchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadgearu2005b22.,_33.,_39-223">[223]</a> Finally, Anonymus writes of a treaty between the Hungarians and Menumorut,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadgearu2005b22-193">[193]</a> stipulating that the local ruler's daughter was to be given in marriage to Árpád's son, <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_of_Hungary" title="Zoltán of Hungary">Zolta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200362-224">[224]</a> Macartney<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadgearu2005b25-225">[225]</a> argues that Anonymus's narration of both Menumorut and of Glad is basically a transcription of a much later report of the early 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Ajtony" title="Ajtony">Achtum</a>, Glad's alleged descendant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacartney195371.,_79-226">[226]</a> In contrast, for instance, Madgearu maintains that Galad, <a href="/wiki/Kladova" class="mw-redirect" title="Kladova">Kladova</a>, Gladeš and other place names recorded in Banat in the 14th century and 16th century attest to the memory of a local ruler named Glad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadgearu2005b35–36-227">[227]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[The Hungarians] reached the region of <a href="/wiki/Bega_River,_Romania_and_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bega River, Romania and Serbia">Bega</a>, and stayed there for two weeks while they conquered all the inhabitants of that land from the Mures to the Timis River and they received their sons as hostages. Then, moving the army on, they came to the Timis River and encamped beside the ford of Foeni and when they sought to cross the Timis's flow, there came to oppose them Glad, (...) the prince of that country, with a great army of horsemen and foot soldiers, supported by Cumans, Bulgarians and Vlachs. (...) God with His grace went before the Hungarians, He gave them a great victory and their enemies fell before them as bundles of hay before reapers. In that battle two dukes of the Cumans and three <a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">kneses</a> of the Bulgarians were slain and Glad, their duke escaped in flight but all his army, melting like wax before flame, was destroyed at the point of the sword. (...) Prince Glad, having fled, as we said above, for fear of the Hungarians, entered the castle of <a href="/wiki/Kovin" title="Kovin">Kovin</a>. (...) [He] sent to seek peace with [the Hungarians] and of his own will delivered up the castle with diverse gifts.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Anonymous: <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hungarorum">Gesta Hungarorum</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></cite></div></blockquote> An important event following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin, the Bavarians' murder of Kurszán, was recorded by the <a href="/wiki/Annales_Sangallenses_maiores" title="Annales Sangallenses maiores">longer version of the Annals of Saint Gall</a>, the Annales Alamannici and the Annals of Einsiedeln.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a201-229">[229]</a> The first places the event in 902, while the others date it to 904.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a201-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200370-230">[230]</a> The three chronicles unanimously state that the Bavarians invited the Hungarian leader to a dinner on the pretext of negotiating a peace treaty and treacherously assassinated him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994250-231">[231]</a> Kristó and other Hungarian historians argue that the dual leadership over the Hungarians ended with Kurszán's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a203-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994251-233">[233]</a> The Hungarians invaded Italy using the so-called "Route of the Hungarians" (Strada Ungarorum), leading from Pannonia to Lombardy, in 904.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994254-234">[234]</a> They arrived as King Berengar I's allies<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200370-230">[230]</a> against his rival, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis of Provance</a>. The Hungarians devastated the territories occupied earlier by King Louis along the river <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>, which ensured Berengar's victory. The victorious monarch allowed the Hungarians to pillage all the towns that had earlier accepted his opponent's rule,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994254-234">[234]</a> and agreed to pay a yearly tribute of about 375 kilograms (827 lb) of silver.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200370-230">[230]</a> The longer version of the Annals of Saint Gall reports that Archbishop Theotmar of Salzburg fell, along with Bishops Uto of Freising and Zachary of Säben, in a "disastrous battle" fought against the Hungarians at Brezalauspurc on 4 July 907.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994258-235">[235]</a> Other contemporary sources[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] add that Margrave Luitpold of Bavaria and 19 Bavarian counts<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200370-230">[230]</a> also died in the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994258-235">[235]</a> Most historians (including Engel,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200313-188">[188]</a> Makkai,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakkai199412-236">[236]</a> and Spinei) identify <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pressburg#Location" title="Battle of Pressburg">Brezalauspurc</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Pressburg</a> (Bratislava, Slovakia), but some researchers (for instance Boba and Bowlus) argue that it can refer to <a href="/wiki/Zalav%C3%A1r" title="Zalavár">Mosaburg</a>, Braslav's fortress on the Zala in Pannonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200372-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1994259–265-238">[238]</a> The Hungarians' victory hindered any attempts of eastward expansion by East Francia for the following decades<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200372-237">[237]</a> and opened the way for the Hungarians to freely plunder vast territories of that kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200313-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consequences">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invasions of Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Summarised_map_of_occurrences_of_Hungarian_tribe_names_(according_to_the_settlement_names).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hungarian tribe names in the Carpathian Basin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Summarised_map_of_occurrences_of_Hungarian_tribe_names_%28according_to_the_settlement_names%29.jpg/285px-Summarised_map_of_occurrences_of_Hungarian_tribe_names_%28according_to_the_settlement_names%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Summarised_map_of_occurrences_of_Hungarian_tribe_names_%28according_to_the_settlement_names%29.jpg/428px-Summarised_map_of_occurrences_of_Hungarian_tribe_names_%28according_to_the_settlement_names%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Summarised_map_of_occurrences_of_Hungarian_tribe_names_%28according_to_the_settlement_names%29.jpg/570px-Summarised_map_of_occurrences_of_Hungarian_tribe_names_%28according_to_the_settlement_names%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1724" /></a><figcaption>Settlements bearing the name of a Hungarian tribe in the Carpathian Basin (after Sándor Török). They may point at the places where the Hungarians lived amongst other peoples and help in reconstructing where the tribes settled.</figcaption></figure> The Hungarians settled in the lowlands of the Carpathian Basin along the rivers Danube, Tisza and their tributaries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpieszCaplovicBolchazy200627-239">[239]</a> where they could continue their semi-nomadic lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199945-240">[240]</a> As an immediate consequence, their arrival "drove a non-Slavic wedge between the <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1991139-169">[169]</a> Fine argues that the Hungarians' departure from the western regions of the Pontic steppes weakened their former allies, the Khazars, which contributed to the collapse of the Khazar Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1991139-169">[169]</a> Some decades after the Hungarian conquest, a new synthesis of earlier cultures, the "<a href="/wiki/Bijelo_Brdo_culture" title="Bijelo Brdo culture">Bijelo Brdo culture</a>" spread in all over the Carpathian Basin, with its characteristic jewellery, including S-shaped earrings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006193-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001231-242">[242]</a> The lack of archaeological finds connected to horses in "Bijelo Brdo" graves is another feature of these cemeteries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200357-243">[243]</a> The earliest "Bijelo Brdo" assemblages are dated via unearthed coins to the rule of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in the middle of the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001151-244">[244]</a> Early cemeteries of the culture were unearthed, for instance, at <a href="/wiki/Beremend" title="Beremend">Beremend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Csongr%C3%A1d" title="Csongrád">Csongrád</a> in Hungary, at <a href="/wiki/Dev%C3%ADn" title="Devín">Devín</a> and <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%A1enovo" title="Bešenovo">Bešenovo</a> in Slovakia, at <a href="/wiki/Pilu,_Arad" title="Pilu, Arad">Pilu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldovene%C8%99ti" title="Moldovenești">Moldoveneşti</a> in Romania and at <a href="/wiki/Vukovar" title="Vukovar">Vukovar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Klo%C5%A1tar_Podravski" title="Kloštar Podravski">Kloštar Podravski</a> in Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200357–59-245">[245]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agrostemma_githago674466017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Corn cockle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Agrostemma_githago674466017.jpg/190px-Agrostemma_githago674466017.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Agrostemma_githago674466017.jpg/285px-Agrostemma_githago674466017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Agrostemma_githago674466017.jpg/380px-Agrostemma_githago674466017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Common_Corncockle" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Corncockle">Common Corncockle</a>: its <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> name (konkoly) is of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> origin<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999111-246">[246]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary_and_its_people-_Magyarorz%C3%A1g_%C3%A9s_n%C3%A9pei_(1893)_(14598361578).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hungary_and_its_people-_Magyarorz%C3%A1g_%C3%A9s_n%C3%A9pei_%281893%29_%2814598361578%29.jpg/220px-Hungary_and_its_people-_Magyarorz%C3%A1g_%C3%A9s_n%C3%A9pei_%281893%29_%2814598361578%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hungary_and_its_people-_Magyarorz%C3%A1g_%C3%A9s_n%C3%A9pei_%281893%29_%2814598361578%29.jpg/330px-Hungary_and_its_people-_Magyarorz%C3%A1g_%C3%A9s_n%C3%A9pei_%281893%29_%2814598361578%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hungary_and_its_people-_Magyarorz%C3%A1g_%C3%A9s_n%C3%A9pei_%281893%29_%2814598361578%29.jpg/440px-Hungary_and_its_people-_Magyarorz%C3%A1g_%C3%A9s_n%C3%A9pei_%281893%29_%2814598361578%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1587" /></a><figcaption>A 19th century illustration of <a href="/wiki/Seminomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminomadic">seminomadic pastoralism</a> preserved in <a href="/wiki/Hortob%C3%A1gy" title="Hortobágy">Hortobágy</a>: "In fine weather these shepherds and cowboys wander about from place to place, sleeping in the open air, their bed being the bunda, a long sheepskin coat. Spread all over the Puszta you will find little straw-built huts where they and their flocks and herds take refuge in rainy and stormy weather, and where they all congregate on special fete days. These huts are called 'karám." </figcaption></figure> Hungarian society experienced fundamental changes in many fields (including animal husbandry, agriculture and religion) in the centuries following the "land-taking". These changes are reflected in the significant number of terms borrowed from local Slavs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999110–111-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200144,_57-248">[248]</a> About 20% of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> vocabulary is of Slavic origin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200357-243">[243]</a> including the Hungarian words for sheep-pen (akol), yoke (iga) and horseshoe (patkó).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999111-246">[246]</a> Similarly, the Hungarian name of vegetables, fruits and other cultivated plants, as well as many Hungarian terms connected to agriculture are Slavic <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, including káposzta ("cabbage"), szilva ("plum"), zab ("oats"), széna ("hay") and kasza ("scythe").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999111-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200144,_57-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajdú2004243-249">[249]</a> The Hungarians left wide <a href="/wiki/March_(territory)" title="March (territory)">marches</a> (the so-called gyepű) in the borderlands of their new homeland uninhabited for defensive purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199944-250">[250]</a> In this easternmost territory of the Carpathian Basin, the earliest graves attributed to Hungarian warriors—for instance, at <a href="/wiki/Sic,_Cluj" title="Sic, Cluj">Sic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turda" title="Turda">Turda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocna_Sibiului" title="Ocna Sibiului">Ocna Sibiului</a>—are concentrated around the Transylvanian salt mines in the valley of the rivers <a href="/wiki/Some%C8%99ul_Mic" title="Someșul Mic">Someșul Mic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_(river)" title="Mureș (river)">Mureş</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadgearu2005a110–111-251">[251]</a> All the same, warriors were also stationed in outposts east of the Carpathians, as suggested by 10th-century graves unearthed at <a href="/wiki/Krylos" title="Krylos">Krylos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudova_Vyshnia" title="Sudova Vyshnia">Sudova Vyshnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groze%C8%99ti,_Ia%C8%99i" title="Grozești, Iași">Grozeşti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Probota" title="Probota">Probota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tei,_Bucharest" title="Tei, Bucharest">Tei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999118-252">[252]</a> The Hungarians' fear of their eastern neighbors, the Pechenegs, is demonstrated by Porphyrogenitus's report on the failure of a Byzantine envoy to persuade them to attack the Pechenegs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996b145-253">[253]</a> The Hungarians clearly stated that they could not fight against the Pechenegs because "their people are numerous and they are the devil's brats".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996b145-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> Instead of attacking the Pechenegs and the Bulgarians in the east, the Hungarians made several raids into Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakkai199412-236">[236]</a> For instance, they plundered <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Thuringia" title="Duchy of Thuringia">Thuringia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a> in 908, Bavaria and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia" title="Duchy of Swabia">Swabia</a> in 909 and 910 and Swabia, <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lorraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> in 912.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200372-237">[237]</a> Although a Byzantine hagiography of Saint George refers to a joint attack of Pechenegs, "Moesians" and Hungarians against the Byzantine Empire in 917, its reliability is not established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200376–77-255">[255]</a> The Hungarians seem to have raided the Byzantine Empire for the first time in 943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200377-256">[256]</a> However, their defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lechfeld" title="Battle of Lechfeld">Battle of Lechfeld</a> in 955 "put an end to the raids in the West" (Kontler), while they stopped plundering the Byzantines following their defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcadiopolis_(970)" title="Battle of Arcadiopolis (970)">Battle of Arkadiopolis</a> in 970.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199947-257">[257]</a> The Hungarian leaders decided that their traditional lifestyle, partly based on plundering raids against sedentary peoples, could not be continued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpieszCaplovicBolchazy200620-99">[99]</a> The defeats at the Lechfeld and Arkadiopolis accelerated the Hungarians' adoption of a sedentary way of life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199947-257">[257]</a> This process culminated in the coronation of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_the_Hungarians" title="Grand Prince of the Hungarians">head of the Hungarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen</a> the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">king of Hungary</a> in 1000 and 1001.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200384-258">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Written_sources">Written sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Written sources">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine authors</a> were the first to record these events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2003650-259">[259]</a> The earliest work is Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo the Wise</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tactica_of_Emperor_Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Tactica of Emperor Leo VI the Wise">Tactics</a>, finished around 904, which recounts the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_Wars#Simeon_I’s_Imperial_ambitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars">Bulgarian-Byzantine war of 894–896</a>, a military conflict directly preceding the Hungarians' departure from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic steppes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas199953-260">[260]</a> Nearly contemporary narration<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2003650-259">[259]</a> can be read in the Continuation of the <a href="/wiki/George_Hamartolos#Chronicle" title="George Hamartolos">Chronicle by George the Monk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas199955-261">[261]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a> ("On Governing the Empire") provides the most detailed account.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas199951–52-262">[262]</a> It was compiled under the auspices of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a> Porphyrogenitus in 951 or 952.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas199954-263">[263]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%A9pes_kr%C3%B3nika_els%C5%91_lapja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="First page, Illuminated Chronicle, Chronicon Pictum, Mark of Kalt, King Louis I of Hungary, Hungarian, medieval, chronicle, book, illumination, illustration, history" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/K%C3%A9pes_kr%C3%B3nika_els%C5%91_lapja.jpg/189px-K%C3%A9pes_kr%C3%B3nika_els%C5%91_lapja.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/K%C3%A9pes_kr%C3%B3nika_els%C5%91_lapja.jpg/284px-K%C3%A9pes_kr%C3%B3nika_els%C5%91_lapja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/K%C3%A9pes_kr%C3%B3nika_els%C5%91_lapja.jpg/379px-K%C3%A9pes_kr%C3%B3nika_els%C5%91_lapja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The first page of the <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Pictum" title="Chronicon Pictum">Chronicon Pictum</a></figcaption></figure> Works written by clergymen in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">successor states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> narrate events closely connected to the conquest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2003650-259">[259]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Annales_Fuldenses" title="Annales Fuldenses">Annals of Fulda</a> which ends in 901 is the earliest among them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2003652-264">[264]</a> A letter from Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Dietmar_I_(archbishop_of_Salzburg)" title="Dietmar I (archbishop of Salzburg)">Theotmar of Salzburg</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">Pope John IX</a> in 900 also refers to the conquering Hungarians, but it is often regarded as a fake document.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas199956-265">[265]</a> Abbot <a href="/wiki/Regino_of_Pr%C3%BCm" title="Regino of Prüm">Regino of Prüm</a> who compiled his <a href="/wiki/Regino_of_Pr%C3%BCm#Works#Chronicon" title="Regino of Prüm">World Chronicle</a> around 908,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2003653-266">[266]</a> sums up his knowledge on the Hungarians in a sole entry under "the year 889".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas199956-265">[265]</a> Another valuable source is Bishop <a href="/wiki/Liutprand_of_Cremona" title="Liutprand of Cremona">Liutprand of Cremona</a>'s Antapodosis ("Retribution") from around 960.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2003654-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas199957-267">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Aventinus" title="Johannes Aventinus">Aventinus</a>, a 16th-century historian, provides information that is not known by the other works<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a176-268">[268]</a> which suggests that he used now-lost sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a176-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacartney195316-269">[269]</a> However, his work is not considered to be a reliable source.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadgearu2005b91-149">[149]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> compilation of Lives of saints preserved an eyewitness account on the Bulgarian-Byzantine war of 894–896.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a185-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas199961-271">[271]</a> The first<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a193-219">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">Life</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Naum" title="Saint Naum">Saint Naum</a>, written around 924, contains nearly contemporary information on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia#History" title="Great Moravia">fall of the Great Moravia</a> caused by Hungarian invasions, although its earliest extant copy is from the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas199961-271">[271]</a> Similarly late manuscripts (the oldest of which was written in the 14th century) offer the text of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Primary_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Primary Chronicle">Russian Primary Chronicle</a>, a historical work completed in 1113.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas199962-272">[272]</a> It provides information based on earlier Byzantine and <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia#Culture#Literature" title="Great Moravia">Moravian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadgearu2005b52-273">[273]</a> sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas199962-272">[272]</a> The Hungarians initially preserved the memory of the major events in "the form of folk songs and ballads", according to <a href="/wiki/Carlile_Aylmer_Macartney" title="Carlile Aylmer Macartney">C.A. Macartney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacartney19531-274">[274]</a> The earliest local chronicle was compiled in the late 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadgearu2005b24-275">[275]</a> It exists in more than one variant, its original version having been extended and rewritten several times during the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas199958-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzakács2006150-277">[277]</a> For instance, the 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Pictum" title="Chronicon Pictum">Illuminated Chronicle</a> contains texts from the 11th-century chronicle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas199958-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuranbaevaMladineo2011113-278">[278]</a> An anonymous author's <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hungarorum">Gesta Hungarorum</a> ("Deeds of the Hungarians"), written before 1200,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadgearu2005b20-279">[279]</a> is the earliest extant local chronicle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuranbaevaMladineo2011113-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006350-280">[280]</a> However, according to Macartney, this "most misleading" example "of all the early Hungarian texts" contains much information that cannot be confirmed based on the contemporaneous sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacartney195359-281">[281]</a> Around 1283 <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_K%C3%A9za" title="Simon of Kéza">Simon of Kéza</a>, a priest at the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungarian royal court</a>, wrote the next surviving chronicle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuranbaevaMladineo2011113-278">[278]</a> He claims that the Hungarians were closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, earlier conquerors of the Carpathian Basin that emigrated from the Asian steppes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a71-282">[282]</a> Accordingly, in his narration, the Hungarian invasion is in fact a second conquest of the same territory by the same people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuranbaevaMladineo2011113-278">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Archaeology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bijelo_brdo_culture01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bijelo_brdo_culture01.png/220px-Bijelo_brdo_culture01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bijelo_brdo_culture01.png/330px-Bijelo_brdo_culture01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bijelo_brdo_culture01.png/440px-Bijelo_brdo_culture01.png 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the basic territory of Bijelo Brdo culture (10th–12th century), according to the book of Russian archaeologist Valentin Vasilyevich Sedov. By this view, the area of the village of Bijelo Brdo itself is excluded from this territory.</figcaption></figure> Graves of the first generations of the conquering Hungarians were identified in the Carpathian Basin, but fewer than ten definitively Hungarian cemeteries have been unearthed in the Pontic steppes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999117–118.,_134-283">[283]</a> Most Hungarian cemeteries include 25 or 30 <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">inhumation</a> graves, but isolated burials were common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200337-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200117-285">[285]</a> Adult males (and sometimes women and children)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999139-286">[286]</a> were buried together with either parts of their horses or with <a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">harness</a> and other objects symbolizing a horse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200116-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200339-287">[287]</a> The graves also yielded decorated silver belts, <a href="/wiki/Sabretache" title="Sabretache">sabretaches</a> furnished with metal plates, pear-shaped stirrups and other metal works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999133–134-288">[288]</a> Many of these objects had close analogues in the contemporaneous archaeological cultures (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kushnarenkovo_culture" title="Kushnarenkovo culture">Kushnarenkovo culture</a>) from Cis-Ural and Trans-Ural region,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsáky_et_al.2020-289">[289]</a> and multiethnic "<a href="/wiki/Saltovo-Mayaki" title="Saltovo-Mayaki">Saltovo-Mayaki</a> culture"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999139-286">[286]</a> of the Pontic steppes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200324-290">[290]</a> Most cemeteries from the 9th and 10th centuries are concentrated in the Upper <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> region and in the plains along the rivers <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1ba" title="Rába">Rába</a> and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1h" title="Váh">Vág</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200355.,_58-291">[291]</a> but early small cemeteries were also unearthed at Kolozsvár (<a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a>), Marosgombás (<a href="/wiki/Aiud" title="Aiud">Aiud</a>) and other <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvanian</a> sites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003108–109-292">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_evidence">Genetic evidence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Genetic evidence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture#Genetics" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians#Genetics" title="Scythians">Scythians § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu#Genetics" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns#Genetics" title="Huns">Huns § Genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars#Genetics" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars § Genetics</a></div> A genetic study published in the <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Genetics" title="Annals of Human Genetics">Annals of Human Genetics</a> in March 2008 analyzed 4 samples from the 10th century, and two carried North Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-DNA haplogroup</a> N1a1-Tat ("previously called Tat or N1c", M46).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsányi_et_al.2008-293">[293]</a> A 2009 study also examined <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a> variation in 31 ancient horses from the Pannonian Basin, 17 from <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avar</a> and 14 from Hungarian conquest period, and "Avar sequences were genetically heterogeneous, closely related to Eastern breeds including the north Russian <a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vyatka_horse" title="Vyatka horse">Vyatskaya groups</a> ... by contrast, the early Hungarian horses showed a relatively close relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Akhal-Teke" title="Akhal-Teke">Akhal-Teke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fjord_horse" title="Fjord horse">Norwegian Ffjord</a> breeds [and] at least at the level of high quality horses, our results show that the ethnic changes induced by the Hungarian Conquest in the late 9th century were accompanied by a similar change in the stables of the Carpathian Basin".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriskin_et_al.2009-294">[294]</a> A 2011 study on lactase persistence polymorphism of 23 elite and commoner samples from the 10-11th century found that their low prevalence of lactase persistence "corresponds well with those of present-day populations of the Uralic linguistic family, such as the <a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khantys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Maris</a>, and certain Central-Asian and Turkish populations" and "additional mtDNA testing identified six major mtDNA haplogroups (H, U, T, N1a, JT, X) among Hungarian conquerors, six among commoners from the time of the conquest (H, HV, M, R, T, U)", including those of Asian origin (like N, M and U4).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagy_et_al.2011-295">[295]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarian_Conqueror_elite_and_commoner_mtDNA.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hungarian_Conqueror_elite_and_commoner_mtDNA.webp/220px-Hungarian_Conqueror_elite_and_commoner_mtDNA.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hungarian_Conqueror_elite_and_commoner_mtDNA.webp/330px-Hungarian_Conqueror_elite_and_commoner_mtDNA.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hungarian_Conqueror_elite_and_commoner_mtDNA.webp/440px-Hungarian_Conqueror_elite_and_commoner_mtDNA.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>"Comparison of the major Hg distributions from ancient Hungarian populations ... Brackets mark east Eurasian Hgs", by Maár et al. 2021</figcaption></figure> A comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">archaeogenetic</a> study published in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a> in September 2016 examined mtDNA of 76 Hungarian-conquest period samples, and "West-Eurasian haplogroups (H, HV, I, J, K, N1a, R, T, U, V, X, W) were present at a frequency of 77%, and Central and East-Eurasian haplogroups (A, B, C, D, F, G, M) at 23%". In conclusion, "both the linguistically recorded Finno-Ugric roots and historically documented Turkic and Central Asian influxes had possible genetic imprints in the conquerors' genetic composition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsősz_et_al.2016-296">[296]</a> In the same year, Molecular Genetics and Genomics was published, a study of 17 samples of first generation Hungarian conqueror cemeteries, revealing that "the most frequent [mtDNA] Hg was B, which together with Hg A indicate that about 30% of the Karos population is genetically connected to Central and East Asia. The majority of Hg-s (H, U, T, J, X) are of Eurasian origin, however, it is remarkable that two individuals belong to subhaplogroup H6, which may also indicate Asian connection ... The single X2f maternal haplotype of the chief (sample 11) is of particular interest, as this haplotype is most probably of south Caucasian origin...", while only four had a Y-DNA Hg (typical European 2x I2a and R1b).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeparáczki_et_al.2016-297">[297]</a> A genetic study published in <a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a> in October 2018 examined the mtDNA of individuals from 10th-century graves associated with the Hungarian conquerors of the Basin. The majority of their maternal lineages were traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Potapovka_culture" title="Potapovka culture">Potapovka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a> cultures of the Pontic–Caspian steppe, while one-third of their maternal lineages could be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a>, probably being derived from Asian <a href="/wiki/Scythian_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian cultures">Scythians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> (Asian Huns). The mtDNA of the conquerors was found to be most closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Ono%C4%9Furs" class="mw-redirect" title="Onoğurs">Onoğur</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgar</a> ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a>. The conquerors did not display significant genetic relations to other <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Finno-Ugric peoples">Finno-Ugric peoples</a>. The evidence implied that the conquerors did not contribute significantly to the gene pool of modern Hungarians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeparáczki_et_al.2018-298">[298]</a> A 2021 study analyzed maternal lineages from 202 10-11th century commoners from Carpathian Basin and compared them to conqueror elite, finding that "the haplogroup composition of the commoner population markedly differs from that of the elite, and, in contrast to the elite, commoners cluster with European populations. Alongside this, detectable sub-haplogroup sharing indicates admixture between the elite and the commoners. The majority of the 10–11th century commoners most likely represent local populations of the Carpathian Basin, which admixed with the eastern immigrant groups (which included conquering Hungarians)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaár_et_al.2021-299">[299]</a> A genetic study published in Scientific Reports in November 2019 examined the remains of 29 Hungarian conquerors of the Carpathian Basin. The majority of them carried Y-DNA of West Eurasian origin, but at least 30% of East Eurasian & broadly Eurasian (N1a-M2004, N1a-Z1936, Q1a and R1a-Z2124). They carried a higher amount of West Eurasian paternal ancestry than West Eurasian maternal ancestry. Among modern populations, their paternal ancestry was the most similar to <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438#I2a-L621" title="Haplogroup I-M438">Haplogroup I2a1a2b</a> was observed among several conquerors of particularly high rank. This haplogroup is of European origin and is today particularly common among <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a>. A wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypes</a> were observed, with several individuals having blond hair and blue eyes, and some had East Asian admixture. The study also analyzed three Hunnic samples from the Carpathian Basin in the 5th century, and these displayed genetic similarities to the conquerors. The Hungarian conquerors appeared to be a recently assembled heterogenous group incorporating both European, Asian and Eurasian elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeparáczki_et_al.2019-300">[300]</a> In the same year the journal published an analysis of N3a4-Z1936 which is still found in very rare frequencies in modern Hungarians, and showed that Hungarian "sub-clade [N-B539/Y13850] splits from its sister-branch N3a4-B535, frequent today among Northeast European Uralic speakers, 4000-5000 ya, which is in the time-frame of the proposed divergence of Ugric languages", while on N-B539/Y13850+ sub-clade level confirmed shared paternal lineages with modern Ugric (Mansis and Khantys via N-B540/L1034) and Turkic speakers (<a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a> and Volga Tatars via N-B540/L1034 and N-B545/Y24365).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPost_et_al.2019-301">[301]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarian_Conqueror_Y-DNA.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hungarian_Conqueror_Y-DNA.webp/220px-Hungarian_Conqueror_Y-DNA.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hungarian_Conqueror_Y-DNA.webp/330px-Hungarian_Conqueror_Y-DNA.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hungarian_Conqueror_Y-DNA.webp/440px-Hungarian_Conqueror_Y-DNA.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>"The frequency of paternal haplogroups in the Hungarian Conqueror samples", by Fóthi et al. 2020</figcaption></figure> A genetic study published in the Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences in January 2020 examined the remains of 19 male Hungarian conquerors. These conquerors were found to be carriers of a diverse set of haplogroups, and displayed genetic links to <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Finno-Ugric peoples">Finno-Ugric peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>. More than 37% of them carried types of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N-M231" title="Haplogroup N-M231">haplogroup N3a-L708</a> (mainly N3a4-Z1936, N3a4-Z1936 > Y13850, N3a4-Z1936 > Y13850 > L1034; less N3a2-M2118, present in <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a>). This evidence suggested that the conquerors were of <a href="/wiki/Ugrians" title="Ugrians">Ob-Ugric</a> descent and spoke a <a href="/wiki/Ugric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugric language">Ugric language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFóthi_et_al.2020-302">[302]</a> A 2020 archaeogenetic and archaeological study published in Scientific Reports of 36 samples from Cis-Ural region and 9 Hungarian conquerors confirmed connection of paternal Hg N-Z1936 (> N-B545/Y24365) and maternal Hg N1a1 via common ancient population in addition to archaeological, historical and linguistic sources, implying the Hungarian homeland was "probably in the southern Trans-Ural region, where the <a href="/wiki/Kushnarenkovo_culture" title="Kushnarenkovo culture">Kushnarenkovo culture</a> was disseminated [where] Lomovatovo and Nevolino cultures are archaeologically related to ancient Hungarians".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsáky_et_al.2020-289">[289]</a> A genetic study published in the European Journal of Human Genetics in July 2020 examined the skeletal remains of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a> descendant and King <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary" title="Béla III of Hungary">Béla III of Hungary</a> and unknown Árpád member named as "II/52" / "HU52" from the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Royal Basilica of Székesfehérvár</a>. It was established that the male lineage of the Árpáds belonged to the Y-haplogroup <a href="/wiki/R1a" class="mw-redirect" title="R1a">R1a</a> subclade R-Z2125 > R-Z2123 > R-Y2632 > R-Y2633 > <a href="/wiki/R-SUR51" class="mw-redirect" title="R-SUR51">R-SUR51</a>. The subclade was also found in nearest contemporary matches of 48 Bashkirs from the <a href="/wiki/Burzyansky_District" title="Burzyansky District">Burzyansky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abzelilovsky_District" title="Abzelilovsky District">Abzelilovsky</a> districts of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Idel-Ural" title="Idel-Ural">Volga-Ural</a> region, and 1 individual from the region of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. The Árpád members and one individual from Serbia share additional private SNPs making a novel subclade R-SUR51 > R-ARP, and as the mentioned individual has additional private SNPs it branches from the medieval Árpáds forming R-ARP > R-UVD. Based on the data of the distribution, appearance and coalescence estimation of R-Y2633, the dynasty traces ancient origin near northern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> about 4,500 years ago, with a separation date of R-ARP from the closest kin Bashkirs from the Volga-Ural region to 2,000 years ago, while the individual from Serbia (R-UVD) descends from the Árpáds about 900 years ago. As the separation of haplogroup N-B539 between the Hungarians and Bashkirs is estimated to have occurred 2,000 years ago, it implies that the ancestors of Hungarians having Ugric and Turkic ancestry left the Volga Ural region about 2,000 years ago, and started a migration that eventually culminated in settlement in the Carpathian Basin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagy_et_al.2020-303">[303]</a> An archaeogenetic study published in scientific journal <a href="/wiki/Current_Biology" title="Current Biology">Current Biology</a> in May 2022 examined "48 from 10th century Conquering Hungarian elite cemeteries, 65 from commoner cemeteries of the Hungarian conquer-early Árpádian Period (10-11th centuries)". According to autosomal analysis, the Hungarian elite core can be modeled as ~50% Mansi-like, ~35% Sarmatian-like, and ~15% Hun/Xiongnu-like, and the Mansi-Sarmatian admixture event is suggested to have taken place in the Southern Ural region at 643–431 BCE, while Mansi-Hun around 217-315 CE. However, most individuals can be modeled as two-way admixtures of "Conq_Asia_Core" and "Eur_Core". The elite males carried, among others, East Eurasian Y-DNA haplogroups N1a, D1a, C2a, with Q1a and R1a-Z94 being sign of Hun-related ancestry, "generally accompanied by Asian maternal lineages". Notably, almost exclusively in the elite were present I2-Y3120 subclades, "very often accompanied by Asian maternal lineages, indicating that I2a1a2b1a1a could be more typical for the immigrants than to the local population". The study also showed "that a common 'proto-Ugric' gene pool appeared in the Bronze Age from the admixture of <a href="/wiki/Mezhovskaya_culture" title="Mezhovskaya culture">Mezhovskaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nganasan_people" title="Nganasan people">Nganasan people</a>, supporting genetic and linguistic data".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaróti_et_al.2022-304">[304]</a> Another study published in 2022, taking into account the genetic data originating from ancient proto-<a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugric_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob-Ugric peoples">Ob-Ugric</a> people from Western Siberia (6th–13th century), the pre-Conquest period and subsisting Hungarians from the <a href="/wiki/Volga-Ural_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga-Ural region">Volga-Ural region</a> (6th–14th century) and their neighbours, emphasises the connection of Hungarian Conquerors with <a href="/wiki/Sargat_culture" title="Sargat culture">Iron Age Sargat culture</a>. The earliest traces of their ancestors' settlements can be found in the territory bordered by the Rivers <a href="/wiki/Tobol" title="Tobol">Tobol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irtysh" title="Irtysh">Irtysh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ishim_(river)" title="Ishim (river)">Ishim</a> in the Trans-Urals and the western zone of south-western Siberia from where they crossed the River Volga and moved to the territory lying to the north of the Black Sea, at the beginning of the 9th century. According to the study there was "little or no biological connection between the ancestors of Hungarians and proto-Ob-Ugric groups in Western Siberia, despite their close geographical proximity for 1500–2000 years after their split estimated by linguistic models and chronology." and that "In the Carpathian Basin, the new settlers and the local population started admixing only in the second half of the 10th century". The study also concludes that man and women came together in the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> with some maternal lineages originating in the east also surviving in the area. The main paternal lineages of the Hungarian conquerors belong to the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup N (mtDNA)">haplogroup N</a>, at a total of 36.8%, with variable amounts (from 6.1% to 1%) still found in the modern Hungarian population.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_representation">Artistic representation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Artistic representation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrival_of_the_Hungarians_(%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Feszty).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Feszty Panorama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Arrival_of_the_Hungarians_%28%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Feszty%29.jpg/190px-Arrival_of_the_Hungarians_%28%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Feszty%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Arrival_of_the_Hungarians_%28%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Feszty%29.jpg/285px-Arrival_of_the_Hungarians_%28%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Feszty%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Arrival_of_the_Hungarians_%28%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Feszty%29.jpg/380px-Arrival_of_the_Hungarians_%28%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Feszty%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4386" data-file-height="3044" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Seven_chieftains_of_the_Hungarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven chieftains of the Hungarians">seven chieftains of the Hungarians</a>, a detail of the Feszty Panorama</figcaption></figure> The most famous perpetuation of the events is the <a href="/wiki/Arrival_of_the_Hungarians" title="Arrival of the Hungarians">Arrival of the Hungarians</a> or Feszty Panorama which is a large <a href="/wiki/Cyclorama" title="Cyclorama">cyclorama</a> (a circular <a href="/wiki/Panoramic_painting" title="Panoramic painting">panoramic painting</a>) by Hungarian painter <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Feszty" title="Árpád Feszty">Árpád Feszty</a> and his assistants. It was completed in 1894 for the 1,000th anniversary of the event.<a href="#cite_note-itthon.hu-306">[306]</a> Since the 1,100th anniversary of the event in 1995, the painting has been displayed in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%93pusztaszer_National_Heritage_Park" title="Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park">Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy" title="Mihály Munkácsy">Mihály Munkácsy</a> also depicted the event under the name of Conquest for the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Parliament_Building" title="Hungarian Parliament Building">Hungarian Parliament Building</a> in 1893.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Hungary portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hungarian rulers">List of Hungarian rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_tribes" title="Magyar tribes">Magyar tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Origin of the Székelys">Origin of the Székelys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontler199942-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler199942_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontler199942_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKontler1999">Kontler 1999</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a191-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a191_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a191_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a191_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a191_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a191_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a191_2-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFKristó1996a">Kristó 1996a</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1999note_2_on_p._23-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETóth1999note_2_on_p._23_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTóth1999">Tóth 1999</a>, note 2 on p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoman2003145-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoman2003145_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoman2003">Roman 2003</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-:282-5"><a href="#cite_ref-:282_5-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231221015211/https://www.tankonyvkatalogus.hu/pdf/OH-TOR05TB__teljes.pdf">Történelem 5. az általános iskolások számára</a> [History 5. for primary school students] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Oktatási Hivatal (Hungarian Educational Authority). 2020. pp. 15, 112, 116, 137, 138, 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-6178-37-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-6178-37-4"><bdi>978-615-6178-37-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tankonyvkatalogus.hu/pdf/OH-TOR05TB__teljes.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelem+5.+az+%C3%A1ltal%C3%A1nos+iskol%C3%A1sok+sz%C3%A1m%C3%A1ra&rft.pages=15%2C+112%2C+116%2C+137%2C+138%2C+141&rft.pub=Oktat%C3%A1si+Hivatal+%28Hungarian+Educational+Authority%29&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-615-6178-37-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tankonyvkatalogus.hu%2Fpdf%2FOH-TOR05TB__teljes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-6"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzőke2014" class="citation book cs1">Szőke, Béla Miklós (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real.mtak.hu/20927/1/Szokekotet_angol_u_085622.294918.pdf">The Carolingian Age in the Carpathian Basin</a> (PDF). Budapest: Hungarian National Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-5209-17-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-5209-17-8"><bdi>978-615-5209-17-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carolingian+Age+in+the+Carpathian+Basin&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Hungarian+National+Museum&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-615-5209-17-8&rft.aulast=Sz%C5%91ke&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9la+Mikl%C3%B3s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F20927%2F1%2FSzokekotet_angol_u_085622.294918.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:82_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzabados2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szabados, György (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real.mtak.hu/46728/1/Szabados_2016_Mesterhazy_75_kotet_u.pdf">"Vázlat a magyar honfoglalás Kárpát-medencei hátteréről"</a> [Outline of the background of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin] (PDF). Népek és kultúrák a Kárpát-medencében [Peoples and cultures in the Carpathian Basin] (in Hungarian). Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-5209-56-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-5209-56-7"><bdi>978-615-5209-56-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V%C3%A1zlat+a+magyar+honfoglal%C3%A1s+K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1t-medencei+h%C3%A1tter%C3%A9r%C5%91l&rft.btitle=N%C3%A9pek+%C3%A9s+kult%C3%BAr%C3%A1k+a+K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1t-medenc%C3%A9ben&rft.pub=Magyar+Nemzeti+M%C3%BAzeum&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-615-5209-56-7&rft.aulast=Szabados&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F46728%2F1%2FSzabados_2016_Mesterhazy_75_kotet_u.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1b-8"><a href="#cite_ref-:1b_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzabados2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szabados, György (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36486693">Folytonosság és/vagy találkozás? "Avar" és "magyar" a 9. századi Kárpát-medencében</a> [Continuity and/or encounter? "Avar" and "Hungarian" in the 9th century Carpathian Basin] (in Hungarian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folytonoss%C3%A1g+%C3%A9s%2Fvagy+tal%C3%A1lkoz%C3%A1s%3F+%22Avar%22+%C3%A9s+%22magyar%22+a+9.+sz%C3%A1zadi+K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1t-medenc%C3%A9ben&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Szabados&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36486693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:252-9"><a href="#cite_ref-:252_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangPosthFurtwänglerSümegi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Chuan-Chao; Posth, Cosimo; Furtwängler, Anja; Sümegi, Katalin; Bánfai, Zsolt; Kásler, Miklós; Krause, Johannes; Melegh, Béla (28 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8478946">"Genome-wide autosomal, mtDNA, and Y chromosome analysis of King Bela III of the Hungarian Arpad dynasty"</a>. Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 19210. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1119210W">2021NatSR..1119210W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-98796-x">10.1038/s41598-021-98796-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8478946">8478946</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34584164">34584164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+autosomal%2C+mtDNA%2C+and+Y+chromosome+analysis+of+King+Bela+III+of+the+Hungarian+Arpad+dynasty&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19210&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8478946%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34584164&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-98796-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSR..1119210W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Chuan-Chao&rft.au=Posth%2C+Cosimo&rft.au=Furtw%C3%A4ngler%2C+Anja&rft.au=S%C3%BCmegi%2C+Katalin&rft.au=B%C3%A1nfai%2C+Zsolt&rft.au=K%C3%A1sler%2C+Mikl%C3%B3s&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Melegh%2C+B%C3%A9la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8478946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:272-10"><a href="#cite_ref-:272_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudárPetek2016" class="citation book cs1">Sudár, Balázs; Petek, Zsolt (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arpad.abtk.hu/images/kiadvanyok/4-honfoglalas-es-megtelepedes.pdf">Magyar őstörténet 4 – Honfoglalás és megtelepedés</a> [Hungarian Prehistory 4 - Conquest and Settlement] (PDF). Helikon Kiadó, MTA BTK Magyar Őstörténeti Témacsoport (Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Hungarian Prehistory Research Team). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-227-755-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-227-755-4"><bdi>978-963-227-755-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magyar+%C5%91st%C3%B6rt%C3%A9net+4+%E2%80%93+Honfoglal%C3%A1s+%C3%A9s+megteleped%C3%A9s&rft.pub=Helikon+Kiad%C3%B3%2C+MTA+BTK+Magyar+%C5%90st%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti+T%C3%A9macsoport+%28Hungarian+Academy+of+Sciences+%E2%80%93+Hungarian+Prehistory+Research+Team%29&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-963-227-755-4&rft.aulast=Sud%C3%A1r&rft.aufirst=Bal%C3%A1zs&rft.au=Petek%2C+Zsolt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farpad.abtk.hu%2Fimages%2Fkiadvanyok%2F4-honfoglalas-es-megtelepedes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:312-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:312_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:312_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRévész2014" class="citation book cs1">Révész, László (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dtk.tankonyvtar.hu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/7105/08_revesz_laszlo.pdf">The Era of the Hungarian Conquest</a> (PDF). 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001148–149-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2001148–149_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, pp. 148–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadgearu2005b115-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadgearu2005b115_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadgearu2005b">Madgearu 2005b</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001148-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2001148_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, pp. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998169-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETóth1998169_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETóth1998169_130-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTóth1998">Tóth 1998</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998169.,_230–231-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETóth1998169.,_230–231_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTóth1998">Tóth 1998</a>, pp. 169., 230–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-:28-132"><a href="#cite_ref-:28_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Oktatási Hivatal (Hungarian Educational Authority). 2020. pp. 15, 112, 116, 137, 138, 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-6178-37-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-6178-37-4"><bdi>978-615-6178-37-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tankonyvkatalogus.hu/pdf/OH-TOR05TB__teljes.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 December 2023. 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Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 19210. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1119210W">2021NatSR..1119210W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-98796-x">10.1038/s41598-021-98796-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8478946">8478946</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34584164">34584164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+autosomal%2C+mtDNA%2C+and+Y+chromosome+analysis+of+King+Bela+III+of+the+Hungarian+Arpad+dynasty&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19210&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8478946%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34584164&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-98796-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSR..1119210W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Chuan-Chao&rft.au=Posth%2C+Cosimo&rft.au=Furtw%C3%A4ngler%2C+Anja&rft.au=S%C3%BCmegi%2C+Katalin&rft.au=B%C3%A1nfai%2C+Zsolt&rft.au=K%C3%A1sler%2C+Mikl%C3%B3s&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Melegh%2C+B%C3%A9la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8478946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-134"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzabados2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szabados, György (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rubicon.hu/cikkek/almostol-szent-istvanig">"Álmostól Szent Istvánig"</a> [From Álmos to Saint Stephen]. Rubicon (Hungarian Historical Information Dissemination) (in Hungarian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rubicon+%28Hungarian+Historical+Information+Dissemination%29&rft.atitle=%C3%81lmost%C3%B3l+Szent+Istv%C3%A1nig&rft.date=2022-05&rft.aulast=Szabados&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frubicon.hu%2Fcikkek%2Falmostol-szent-istvanig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-135"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzabados2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szabados, György (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real.mtak.hu/46728/1/Szabados_2016_Mesterhazy_75_kotet_u.pdf">"Vázlat a magyar honfoglalás Kárpát-medencei hátteréről"</a> [Outline of the background of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin] (PDF). Népek és kultúrák a Kárpát-medencében [Peoples and cultures in the Carpathian Basin] (in Hungarian). Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-5209-56-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-5209-56-7"><bdi>978-615-5209-56-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V%C3%A1zlat+a+magyar+honfoglal%C3%A1s+K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1t-medencei+h%C3%A1tter%C3%A9r%C5%91l&rft.btitle=N%C3%A9pek+%C3%A9s+kult%C3%BAr%C3%A1k+a+K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1t-medenc%C3%A9ben&rft.pub=Magyar+Nemzeti+M%C3%BAzeum&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-615-5209-56-7&rft.aulast=Szabados&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F46728%2F1%2FSzabados_2016_Mesterhazy_75_kotet_u.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-136"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzőke2014" class="citation book cs1">Szőke, Béla Miklós (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real.mtak.hu/20927/1/Szokekotet_angol_u_085622.294918.pdf">The Carolingian Age in the Carpathian Basin</a> (PDF). Budapest: Hungarian National Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-5209-17-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-5209-17-8"><bdi>978-615-5209-17-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carolingian+Age+in+the+Carpathian+Basin&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Hungarian+National+Museum&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-615-5209-17-8&rft.aulast=Sz%C5%91ke&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9la+Mikl%C3%B3s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F20927%2F1%2FSzokekotet_angol_u_085622.294918.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:27-137"><a href="#cite_ref-:27_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudárPetek2016" class="citation book cs1">Sudár, Balázs; Petek, Zsolt (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arpad.abtk.hu/images/kiadvanyok/4-honfoglalas-es-megtelepedes.pdf">Magyar őstörténet 4 – Honfoglalás és megtelepedés</a> [Hungarian Prehistory 4 - Conquest and Settlement] (PDF). Helikon Kiadó, MTA BTK Magyar Őstörténeti Témacsoport (Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Hungarian Prehistory Research Team). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-227-755-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-227-755-4"><bdi>978-963-227-755-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magyar+%C5%91st%C3%B6rt%C3%A9net+4+%E2%80%93+Honfoglal%C3%A1s+%C3%A9s+megteleped%C3%A9s&rft.pub=Helikon+Kiad%C3%B3%2C+MTA+BTK+Magyar+%C5%90st%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti+T%C3%A9macsoport+%28Hungarian+Academy+of+Sciences+%E2%80%93+Hungarian+Prehistory+Research+Team%29&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-963-227-755-4&rft.aulast=Sud%C3%A1r&rft.aufirst=Bal%C3%A1zs&rft.au=Petek%2C+Zsolt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farpad.abtk.hu%2Fimages%2Fkiadvanyok%2F4-honfoglalas-es-megtelepedes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:31-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:31_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:31_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRévész2014" class="citation book cs1">Révész, László (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dtk.tankonyvtar.hu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/7105/08_revesz_laszlo.pdf">The Era of the Hungarian Conquest</a> (PDF). Budapest: Hungarian National Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786155209185" title="Special:BookSources/9786155209185"><bdi>9786155209185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Era+of+the+Hungarian+Conquest&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Hungarian+National+Museum&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9786155209185&rft.aulast=R%C3%A9v%C3%A9sz&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdtk.tankonyvtar.hu%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F7105%2F08_revesz_laszlo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-139"><a href="#cite_ref-:32_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNégyesiVeszprémy2011" class="citation book cs1">Négyesi, Lajos; Veszprémy, László (2011). 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Budapest: MoD Zrínyi Média Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-327-515-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-327-515-3"><bdi>978-963-327-515-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1000-1100+years+ago%E2%80%A6Hungary+in+the+Carpathian+Basin&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=MoD+Zr%C3%ADnyi+M%C3%A9dia+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-963-327-515-3&rft.aulast=N%C3%A9gyesi&rft.aufirst=Lajos&rft.au=Veszpr%C3%A9my%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F09100%2F09132%2F09132.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512012125/https://www.tankonyvkatalogus.hu/pdf/OH-TOR09TA__teljes.pdf">Történelem tankönyv 9</a> [History School Book] (PDF). Oktatási Hivatal (Hungarian Educational Authority). 2020. pp. 120, 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-6178-22-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-6178-22-0"><bdi>978-615-6178-22-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tankonyvkatalogus.hu/pdf/OH-TOR09TA__teljes.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelem+tank%C3%B6nyv+9.&rft.pages=120%2C+170&rft.pub=Oktat%C3%A1si+Hivatal+%28Hungarian+Educational+Authority%29&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-615-6178-22-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tankonyvkatalogus.hu%2Fpdf%2FOH-TOR09TA__teljes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998170-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETóth1998170_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTóth1998">Tóth 1998</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth1998170.,_226.,_234-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETóth1998170.,_226.,_234_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTóth1998">Tóth 1998</a>, pp. 170., 226., 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a181–182-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristó1996a181–182_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKristó1996a">Kristó 1996a</a>, pp. 181–182. </li> 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Human Molecular Genetics. 31 (19): 3266–3280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddac106">10.1093/hmg/ddac106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9523560">9523560</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35531973">35531973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Molecular+Genetics&rft.atitle=Tracing+genetic+connections+of+ancient+Hungarians+to+the+6th-14th+century+populations+of+the+Volga-Ural+region&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=3266-3280&rft.date=2022-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9523560%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35531973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddac106&rft.aulast=Szeifert&rft.aufirst=Bea&rft.au=Gerber%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Cs%C3%A1ky%2C+Veronika&rft.au=Lang%C3%B3%2C+P%C3%A9ter&rft.au=Stashenkov%2C+Dmitrii&rft.au=Khokhlov%2C+Aleksandr&rft.au=Sitdikov%2C+Ayrat&rft.au=Gazimzyanov%2C+Ilgizar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9523560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-itthon.hu-306"><a href="#cite_ref-itthon.hu_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903092543/http://itthon.hu/site/upload/mtrt/kiadvanyok/puszta/english/05.html">"The Puszta and Lake Tisza"</a>. Tourism portal of Hungary. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itthon.hu/site/upload/mtrt/kiadvanyok/puszta/english/05.html">the original</a> on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Puszta+and+Lake+Tisza&rft.pub=Tourism+portal+of+Hungary&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitthon.hu%2Fsite%2Fupload%2Fmtrt%2Fkiadvanyok%2Fpuszta%2Fenglish%2F05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); Anonymus and Master Roger; CEU Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9776-95-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9776-95-1">978-963-9776-95-1</a>.</li> <li>Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation by Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-021-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88402-021-5">0-88402-021-5</a>.</li> <li>Liudprand of Cremona: Retribution (2007). In: The Complete Works of Liudprand of Cremona (Translated by Paolo Squatriti); The Catholic University of Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1506-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1506-8">978-0-8132-1506-8</a>.</li> <li>Royal Frankish Annals (1972). In: Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories (Translated by Bernhard Walter Scholz with Barbara Rogers); The University of Michigan Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-06186-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-06186-0">0-472-06186-0</a>.</li> <li>Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited and translated by László Veszprémy and Frank Schaer with a study by Jenő Szűcs) (1999). CEU Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9116-31-9" title="Special:BookSources/963-9116-31-9">963-9116-31-9</a>.</li> <li>The Annals of Fulda (Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II) (Translated and annotated by Timothy Reuter) (1992). Manchester University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-3458-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-3458-2">0-7190-3458-2</a>.</li> <li>The Annals of St-Bertin (Ninth-Century Histories, Volume I) (Translated and annotated by Janet L. Nelson) (1991). Manchester University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3426-8">978-0-7190-3426-8</a>.</li> <li>The Chronicle of Regino of Prüm (2009). In: History and Politics in Late Carolingian and Ottonian Europe: The Chronicle of Regino of Prüm and Adalbert of Magdeburg (Translated and annotated by Simon MacLean); Manchester University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7135-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7135-5">978-0-7190-7135-5</a>.</li> <li>The History of al-Tabarī, Volume XXXVIII: The Return of the Caliphate to Baghdad (Translated by Franz Rosenthal) (1985). State University of New York Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-876-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-876-4">0-87395-876-4</a>.</li> <li>The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8008-4015-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8008-4015-1">0-8008-4015-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossSherbowitz-Wetzor1953" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf">The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor</a> (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America. p. 325. Retrieved 26 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Primary+Chronicle%2C+Laurentian+Text.+Translated+and+edited+by+Samuel+Hazzard+Cross+and+Olgerd+P.+Sherbowitz-Wetzor&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=The+Mediaeval+Academy+of+America&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Hazzard&rft.au=Sherbowitz-Wetzor%2C+Olgerd+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mgh-bibliothek.de%2Fdokumente%2Fa%2Fa011458.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"> (First edition published in 1930. The first 50 pages are a scholarly introduction.) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossSherbowitz-Wetzor2013" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (2013) [1953]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140530225833/http://www.utoronto.ca/elul/English/218/PVL-selections.pdf">SLA 218. Ukrainian Literature and Culture. Excerpts from The Rus' Primary Chronicle (Povest vremennykh let, PVL)</a> (PDF). Toronto: Electronic Library of Ukrainian Literature, University of Toronto. p. 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.utoronto.ca/elul/English/218/PVL-selections.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SLA+218.+Ukrainian+Literature+and+Culture.+Excerpts+from+The+Rus%27+Primary+Chronicle+%28Povest+vremennykh+let%2C+PVL%29&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Electronic+Library+of+Ukrainian+Literature%2C+University+of+Toronto&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Hazzard&rft.au=Sherbowitz-Wetzor%2C+Olgerd+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.utoronto.ca%2Felul%2FEnglish%2F218%2FPVL-selections.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrowskiBirnbaum2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ostrowski, Donald; Birnbaum, David J. (7 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pvl.obdurodon.org/pvl.html">"Rus' primary chronicle critical edition – Interlinear line-level collation"</a>. pvl.obdurodon.org (in Church Slavic). Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pvl.obdurodon.org&rft.atitle=Rus%27+primary+chronicle+critical+edition+%E2%80%93+Interlinear+line-level+collation&rft.date=2014-12-07&rft.aulast=Ostrowski&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Birnbaum%2C+David+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpvl.obdurodon.org%2Fpvl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>The Taktika of Leo VI (Text, translation, and commentary by George T. Dennis) (2010). Dumbarton Oaks. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-359-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-359-3">978-0-88402-359-3</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Secondary sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarford2001" class="citation book cs1">Barford, P. M. (2001). The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3977-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3977-9"><bdi>0-8014-3977-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Slavs%3A+Culture+and+Society+in+Early+Medieval+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8014-3977-9&rft.aulast=Barford&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartl2002" class="citation book cs1">Bartl, Július (2002). Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86516-444-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-86516-444-4"><bdi>0-86516-444-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slovak+History%3A+Chronology+%26+Lexicon&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-86516-444-4&rft.aulast=Bartl&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BAlius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowlus1994" class="citation book cs1">Bowlus, Charles R. (1994). Franks, Moravians and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788–907. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-3276-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-3276-3"><bdi>0-8122-3276-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franks%2C+Moravians+and+Magyars%3A+The+Struggle+for+the+Middle+Danube%2C+788%E2%80%93907&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8122-3276-3&rft.aulast=Bowlus&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuranbaevaMladineo2011" class="citation book cs1">Buranbaeva, Oksana; Mladineo, Vanja (2011). Culture and Customs of Hungary. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38369-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38369-4"><bdi>978-0-313-38369-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Hungary&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38369-4&rft.aulast=Buranbaeva&rft.aufirst=Oksana&rft.au=Mladineo%2C+Vanja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsáky_et_al.2020" class="citation journal cs1">Csáky, Veronika; et al. (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7645724">"Early medieval genetic data from Ural region evaluated in the light of archaeological evidence of ancient Hungarians"</a>. Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 19137. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..1019137C">2020NatSR..1019137C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-75910-z">10.1038/s41598-020-75910-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7645724">7645724</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33154399">33154399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Early+medieval+genetic+data+from+Ural+region+evaluated+in+the+light+of+archaeological+evidence+of+ancient+Hungarians&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19137&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7645724%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33154399&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-020-75910-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSR..1019137C&rft.aulast=Cs%C3%A1ky&rft.aufirst=Veronika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7645724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsányi_et_al.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Csányi, Bernadett; et al. (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-1809.2008.00440.x">"Y-chromosome analysis of ancient Hungarian and two modern Hungarian-speaking populations from the Carpathian Basin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Genetics" title="Annals of Human Genetics">Annals of Human Genetics</a>. 72 (4): 519–534. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-1809.2008.00440.x">10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00440.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18373723">18373723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Y-chromosome+analysis+of+ancient+Hungarian+and+two+modern+Hungarian-speaking+populations+from+the+Carpathian+Basin&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=519-534&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-1809.2008.00440.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18373723&rft.aulast=Cs%C3%A1nyi&rft.aufirst=Bernadett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1469-1809.2008.00440.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsősz_et_al.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Csősz, Aranka; et al. 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Szegedi Középkorász Muhely. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-482-113-8" title="Special:BookSources/963-482-113-8"><bdi>963-482-113-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungarian+History+in+the+Ninth+Century&rft.pub=Szegedi+K%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkor%C3%A1sz+Muhely&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=963-482-113-8&rft.aulast=Krist%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Gyula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristó1996b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kristó, Gyula (1996b). Magyar honfoglalás, honfoglaló magyarok [Hungarian Land-taking, Land-taking Hungarians] (in Hungarian). Szegedi Középkorász Muhely. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-09-3836-7" title="Special:BookSources/963-09-3836-7"><bdi>963-09-3836-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magyar+honfoglal%C3%A1s%2C+honfoglal%C3%B3+magyarok+%5BHungarian+Land-taking%2C+Land-taking+Hungarians%5D&rft.pub=Szegedi+K%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkor%C3%A1sz+Muhely&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=963-09-3836-7&rft.aulast=Krist%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Gyula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaár_et_al.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Maár, Kitti; et al. 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The University of Michigan Press. pp. 103–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11498-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11498-6"><bdi>978-0-472-11498-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Three%3A+Salt+Trade+and+Warfare%3A+The+Rise+of+Romanian-Slavic+Military+Organization+in+Early+Medieval+Transylvania&rft.btitle=East+Central+%26+Eastern+Europe+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=103-120&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-472-11498-6&rft.aulast=Madgearu&rft.aufirst=Alexandru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadgearu2005b" class="citation book cs1">Madgearu, Alexandru (2005b). The Romanians in the Anonymous Gesta Hungarorum: Truth and Fiction. Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-7784-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/973-7784-01-4"><bdi>973-7784-01-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanians+in+the+Anonymous+Gesta+Hungarorum%3A+Truth+and+Fiction&rft.pub=Romanian+Cultural+Institute%2C+Center+for+Transylvanian+Studies&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=973-7784-01-4&rft.aulast=Madgearu&rft.aufirst=Alexandru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakkai1994" class="citation book cs1">Makkai, László (1994). 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Indiana University Press. pp. 1–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-7081-01-1" title="Special:BookSources/963-7081-01-1"><bdi>963-7081-01-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hungary+before+the+Hungarian+conquest%3B+The+Hungarians%27+prehistory%2C+their+conquest+of+Hungary+and+their+raids+to+the+West+to+955&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Hungary&rft.pages=1-14&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=963-7081-01-1&rft.aulast=Makkai&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakkai2001" class="citation book cs1">Makkai, László (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.niif.hu/03400/03407/html/58.html">Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526), History of Transylvania, Volume I</a>. Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-479-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-479-7"><bdi>0-88033-479-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transylvania+in+the+Medieval+Hungarian+Kingdom+%28896%E2%80%931526%29%2C+History+of+Transylvania%2C+Volume+I&rft.pub=Institute+of+History+of+the+Hungarian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-88033-479-7&rft.aulast=Makkai&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.niif.hu%2F03400%2F03407%2Fhtml%2F58.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaróti_et_al.2022" class="citation journal cs1">Maróti, Zoltán; Neparáczki, Endre; Schütz, Oszkár (25 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.04.093">"The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Current_Biology" title="Current Biology">Current Biology</a>. 32 (13): 2858–2870.e7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022CBio...32E2858M">2022CBio...32E2858M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.04.093">10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35617951">35617951</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249050620">249050620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=The+genetic+origin+of+Huns%2C+Avars%2C+and+conquering+Hungarians&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=2858-2870.e7&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.04.093&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249050620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35617951&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022CBio...32E2858M&rft.aulast=Mar%C3%B3ti&rft.aufirst=Zolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=Nepar%C3%A1czki%2C+Endre&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCtz%2C+Oszk%C3%A1r&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2022.04.093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagy_et_al.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Nagy, D.; et al. (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.21490">"Comparison of lactase persistence polymorphism in ancient and present-day Hungarian populations"</a>. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 145 (2): 262–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.21490">10.1002/ajpa.21490</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21365615">21365615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+lactase+persistence+polymorphism+in+ancient+and+present-day+Hungarian+populations&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=262-269&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.21490&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21365615&rft.aulast=Nagy&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fajpa.21490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagy_et_al.2020" class="citation cs2">Nagy, P.L.; Olasz, J.; Neparáczki, E.; et al. 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Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-426-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-426-0"><bdi>978-0-86516-426-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Slovak+History%3A+A+Struggle+for+Sovereignty+in+Central+Europe&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86516-426-0&rft.aulast=Spiesz&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft.au=Caplovic%2C+Dusan&rft.au=Bolchazy%2C+Ladislaus+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinei2003" class="citation book cs1">Spinei, Victor (2003). The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century (Translated by Dana Badulescu). Romanian Cultural Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-85894-5-2" title="Special:BookSources/973-85894-5-2"><bdi>973-85894-5-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Migrations+in+the+East+and+South+East+of+Europe+from+the+Ninth+to+the+Thirteenth+Century+%28Translated+by+Dana+Badulescu%29&rft.pub=Romanian+Cultural+Institute&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=973-85894-5-2&rft.aulast=Spinei&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinei2009" class="citation book cs1">Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century. Koninklijke Brill NV. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17536-5"><bdi>978-90-04-17536-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanians+and+the+Turkic+Nomads+North+of+the+Danube+Delta+from+the+Tenth+to+the+Mid-Thirteenth+century&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill+NV&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17536-5&rft.aulast=Spinei&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzakács2006" class="citation book cs1">Szakács, Béla Zsolt (2006). "Between Chronicle and Legend: Image Cycles of St Ladislaus in Fourteenth-Century Hungarian Manuscripts". In Kooper, Erik (ed.). The Medieval Chronicle, IV. Rodopi. pp. 149–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2088-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2088-7"><bdi>978-90-420-2088-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Chronicle+and+Legend%3A+Image+Cycles+of+St+Ladislaus+in+Fourteenth-Century+Hungarian+Manuscripts&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Chronicle%2C+IV&rft.pages=149-176&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2088-7&rft.aulast=Szak%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9la+Zsolt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzőke2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szőke, Béla Miklós (2003). "A Karoling-kor (811–896) [Carolingian Age (811–896)]". In Visy, Zsolt; Nagy, Mihály; B. Kiss, Zsuzsa (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ace.hu/curric/elte-archeometria/irodalom/Magyar_regeszet_az_ezredfordulon.pdf">Magyar régészet az ezredfordulón [Hungarian Archaeology at the Turn of the Millennium]</a> (PDF) (in Hungarian). Nemzeti Kulturális Örökség Minisztériuma. pp. 312–317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-86291-7-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-86291-7-3"><bdi>978-963-86291-7-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Karoling-kor+%28811%E2%80%93896%29+%5BCarolingian+Age+%28811%E2%80%93896%29%5D&rft.btitle=Magyar+r%C3%A9g%C3%A9szet+az+ezredfordul%C3%B3n+%5BHungarian+Archaeology+at+the+Turn+of+the+Millennium%5D&rft.pages=312-317&rft.pub=Nemzeti+Kultur%C3%A1lis+%C3%96r%C3%B6ks%C3%A9g+Miniszt%C3%A9riuma&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-963-86291-7-3&rft.aulast=Sz%C5%91ke&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9la+Mikl%C3%B3s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ace.hu%2Fcurric%2Felte-archeometria%2Firodalom%2FMagyar_regeszet_az_ezredfordulon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTóth1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tóth, Sándor László (1998). Levédiától a Kárpát-medencéig [From Levedia to the Carpathian Basin] (in Hungarian). Szegedi Középkorász Muhely. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-482-175-8" title="Special:BookSources/963-482-175-8"><bdi>963-482-175-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lev%C3%A9di%C3%A1t%C3%B3l+a+K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1t-medenc%C3%A9ig+%5BFrom+Levedia+to+the+Carpathian+Basin%5D&rft.pub=Szegedi+K%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkor%C3%A1sz+Muhely&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=963-482-175-8&rft.aulast=T%C3%B3th&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A1ndor+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTóth1999" class="citation book cs1">Tóth, Sándor László (1999). "The Territories of the Hungarian Tribal Federation around 950 (Some Observations on ConstantineVII's "Tourkia")". In Prinzing, Günter; Salamon, Maciej (eds.). Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa, 950–1453: Beiträge zu einer table-ronde des XIX International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996 [Byzantium and East Central Europe, 950–1453: Contributions to the Round-table Discussions of the 19th International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996]. Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 23–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-04146-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-04146-3"><bdi>3-447-04146-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Territories+of+the+Hungarian+Tribal+Federation+around+950+%28Some+Observations+on+ConstantineVII%27s+%22Tourkia%22%29&rft.btitle=Byzanz+und+Ostmitteleuropa%2C+950%E2%80%931453%3A+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zu+einer+table-ronde+des+XIX+International+Congress+of+Byzantine+Studies%2C+Copenhagen+1996+%5BByzantium+and+East+Central+Europe%2C+950%E2%80%931453%3A+Contributions+to+the+Round-table+Discussions+of+the+19th+International+Congress+of+Byzantine+Studies%2C+Copenhagen+1996%5D&rft.pages=23-34&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=3-447-04146-3&rft.aulast=T%C3%B3th&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A1ndor+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Fodor, István (1982). In Search of a New Homeland: The Prehistory of the Hungarian People and the Conquest. Corvina Kiadó. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-1311-260" title="Special:BookSources/963-1311-260">963-1311-260</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoredt1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Horedt, Kurt (1986). Siebenbürgen im Frühmittelalter [Transylvania in the Early Middle Ages] (in German). Habelt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7749-2195-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-7749-2195-4"><bdi>3-7749-2195-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siebenb%C3%BCrgen+im+Fr%C3%BChmittelalter+%5BTransylvania+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages%5D&rft.pub=Habelt&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=3-7749-2195-4&rft.aulast=Horedt&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNägler2005" class="citation book cs1">Nägler, Thomas (2005). "Transylvania between 900 and 1300". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas (eds.). The History of Transylvania, Vol. I. (Until 1541). Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 199–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-7784-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/973-7784-00-6"><bdi>973-7784-00-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transylvania+between+900+and+1300&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Transylvania%2C+Vol.+I.+%28Until+1541%29&rft.pages=199-231&rft.pub=Romanian+Cultural+Institute+%28Center+for+Transylvanian+Studies%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=973-7784-00-6&rft.aulast=N%C3%A4gler&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+conquest+of+the+Carpathian+Basin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/00000/00088/00088.jpg">"The Carpathian Basin before the Hungarian Conquest in the 9th Century"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9VRGfwFlhQ">"Honfoglalás: The Time of the Hungarian Conquest (a video on YouTube)"</a></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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[\"CITEREFEndre2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFóthi_et_al.2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgescu1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrzesik2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGyörgy_Szabados2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajdú2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoredt1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiss1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKontler1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristó1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristó1996a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristó1996b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacartney1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadgearu2005a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadgearu2005b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakkai1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakkai2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaróti_et_al.2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaár_et_al.2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagy_et_al.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagy_et_al.2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeparáczki_et_al.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeparáczki_et_al.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeparáczki_et_al.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNägler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNégyesiVeszprémy2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOlajos2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstrowskiBirnbaum2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPohl1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPop1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPop2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPost_et_al.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriskin_et_al.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRévész2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRóna-Tas1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpieszCaplovicBolchazy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpinei2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpinei2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudárPetek2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSzabados2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSzabados2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzabados2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSzakács2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzeifertGerberCsákyLangó2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzőke2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzőke2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTóth1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTóth1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangPosthFurtwänglerSümegi2021\"] = 2,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Bracket\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 51,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 13,\n [\"History of Hungary\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 12,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 11,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 4,\n [\"Refend\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 349,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","480","20.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","360","15.0"],["?","280","11.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","240","10.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","5.8"],["type","140","5.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","2.5"],["(for 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