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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Нумерация Беккера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нумерация Беккера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekkerin_numerointi" title="Bekkerin numerointi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bekkerin numerointi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%81%E7%A2%BC" title="貝克爾頁碼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="貝克爾頁碼" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standard form of referencing to works in the Corpus Aristotelicum</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Immanuel_Bekker_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Immanuel_Bekker_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/220px-Immanuel_Bekker_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Immanuel_Bekker_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/330px-Immanuel_Bekker_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Immanuel_Bekker_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/August_Immanuel_Bekker" title="August Immanuel Bekker">August Immanuel Bekker</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bekker numbering</b> or <b>Bekker pagination</b> is the standard form of citation to the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Aristotelicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Aristotelicum">works of Aristotle</a>. It is based on the page numbers used in the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Prussian Academy of Sciences</a> edition of the complete works of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (1831–1837) and takes its name from the editor of that edition, the classical <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologist</a> <a href="/wiki/August_Immanuel_Bekker" title="August Immanuel Bekker">August Immanuel Bekker</a> (1785–1871); because the academy was located in Berlin, Germany, the system is occasionally referred to by the alternative name <b>Berlin numbering</b> or <b>Berlin pagination</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bekker numbers consist of up to three ordered coordinates, or pieces of information: a number, the letter a or b, and another number, which refer respectively to the page number of Bekker's edition of the Greek text of Aristotle's works, the page column (a standard page of Bekker's edition has exactly two columns), and the line number (total lines typically ranging from 20 to 40 on a given column or page in Bekker's edition). For example, the Bekker number denoting the beginning of Aristotle's <i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i> is 1094a1, which corresponds to page 1094 of Bekker's edition, first column (column a), line 1.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All modern editions or translations of Aristotle intended for scholarly readers use Bekker numbers, in addition to or instead of page numbers. Contemporary scholars writing on Aristotle use the Bekker number so that the author's citations can be checked by readers without having to use the same edition or translation that the author used. </p><p>While Bekker numbers are the dominant method used to refer to the works of Aristotle, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomist">Thomist</a> scholars often use the medieval method of reference by book, chapter, and sentence, albeit generally in addition to Bekker numbers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_pagination" title="Stephanus pagination">Stephanus pagination</a> is the comparable system for referring to the works of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diels-Kranz_numbering" class="mw-redirect" title="Diels-Kranz numbering">Diels–Kranz numbering</a> is the comparable system for <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic philosophy</a>. Unlike Stephanus pagination, which is based upon a three-volume translation of Plato's works and which recycles low page numbers across the three volumes, introducing the possibility for ambiguity if the Platonic work or volume is not specified, Bekker page numbers cycle from 1 through the end of the <i>Corpus Aristotelicum</i> regardless of volume, without starting over for some other given volume. Bekker numbering therefore has the advantage that its notation is unambiguous as compact numerical information, although it relies upon the ordering of Aristotle's works as presented in Bekker's edition. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aristotle's_works_by_Bekker_numbers"><span id="Aristotle.27s_works_by_Bekker_numbers"></span>Aristotle's works by Bekker numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bekker_numbering&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Aristotle's works by Bekker numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following list is complete. The titles are given in accordance with the standard set by the Revised Oxford Translation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin titles, still often used by scholars, are also given. </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa;padding:1.0em;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Key</b></span><hr /> <table style="font-size:95%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:6.5em;text-align:right;">*</td><td style="width:16.0em;text-align:left;">Authenticity disputed.</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:6.5em;text-align:right;">[ ]</td><td style="width:16.0em;text-align:left;">Generally agreed to be spurious.</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%;line-height:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Bekker_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekker numbers">Bekker<br />number</a> </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Work </td> <td style="font-weight:bold;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Latin name </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0.5em 0 0;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;">Logic </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Organon" title="Organon">Organon</a></b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">1a </td> <td style="padding-left:2.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Categories_(Aristotle)" title="Categories (Aristotle)">Categories</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Categoriae</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">16a </td> <td style="padding-left:2.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/On_Interpretation" title="On Interpretation">On Interpretation</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Interpretatione</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">24a </td> <td style="padding-left:2.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Prior_Analytics" title="Prior Analytics">Prior Analytics</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Analytica Priora</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">71a </td> <td style="padding-left:2.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Posterior_Analytics" title="Posterior Analytics">Posterior Analytics</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Analytica Posteriora</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">100a </td> <td style="padding-left:2.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Topics_(Aristotle)" title="Topics (Aristotle)">Topics</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Topica</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">164a </td> <td style="padding-left:2.0em;padding-right:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/On_Sophistical_Refutations" class="mw-redirect" title="On Sophistical Refutations">On Sophistical Refutations</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Sophisticis Elenchis</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.15em;font-size:120%;"><b>Physics</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(natural philosophy)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">184a </td> <td style=""><i><a href="/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle)" title="Physics (Aristotle)">Physics</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Physica</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">268a </td> <td style=""><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Heavens" title="On the Heavens">On the Heavens</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Caelo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">314a </td> <td style=""><i><a href="/wiki/On_Generation_and_Corruption" title="On Generation and Corruption">On Generation and Corruption</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Generatione et Corruptione</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">338a </td> <td style=""><i><a href="/wiki/Meteorology_(Aristotle)" title="Meteorology (Aristotle)">Meteorology</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Meteorologica</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">391a </td> <td style="">[<i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Universe" title="On the Universe">On the Universe</a></i>] </td> <td style="font-size:90%">[<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Mundo</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">402a </td> <td style=""><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Soul" title="On the Soul">On the Soul</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Anima</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="line-height:0.5em;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Parva_Naturalia" title="Parva Naturalia">Parva Naturalia</a></b></i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("Short Works on Nature")</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">436a </td> <td style="padding-left:2.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibilia_(Aristotle)" title="Sense and Sensibilia (Aristotle)">Sense and Sensibilia</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Sensu et Sensibilibus</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">449b </td> <td style="padding-left:2.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/On_Memory" title="On Memory">On Memory</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Memoria et Reminiscentia</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">453b </td> <td style="padding-left:2.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/On_Sleep" title="On Sleep">On Sleep</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Somno et Vigilia</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">458a </td> <td style="padding-left:2.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/On_Dreams" title="On Dreams">On Dreams</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Insomniis</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">462b </td> <td style="padding-left:2.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/On_Divination_in_Sleep" title="On Divination in Sleep">On Divination in Sleep</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Divinatione per Somnum</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">464b </td> <td style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:2.0em;line-height:1.25em;"><i><a href="/wiki/On_Length_and_Shortness_of_Life" title="On Length and Shortness of Life">On Length and Shortness<br />of Life</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Longitudine et Brevitate Vitae</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">467b </td> <td style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:2.0em;line-height:1.25em;padding-right:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/On_Youth,_Old_Age,_Life_and_Death,_and_Respiration" title="On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration">On Youth, Old Age, Life<br />and Death, and Respiration</a></i> </td> <td style="padding-top:0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Juventute et Senectute, De<br />Vita et Morte, De Respiratione</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="line-height:0.5em;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">481a </td> <td style="">[<i><a href="/wiki/On_Breath" title="On Breath">On Breath</a></i>] </td> <td style="font-size:90%">[<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Spiritu</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="line-height:0.5em;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">486a </td> <td style=""><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historia Animalium</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">639a </td> <td style=""><i><a href="/wiki/Parts_of_Animals" title="Parts of Animals">Parts of Animals</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Partibus Animalium</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">698a </td> <td style=""><i><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Animals" title="Movement of Animals">Movement of Animals</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Motu Animalium</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">704a </td> <td style=""><i><a href="/wiki/Progression_of_Animals" title="Progression of Animals">Progression of Animals</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Incessu Animalium</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">715a </td> <td style=""><i><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_Animals" title="Generation of Animals">Generation of Animals</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Generatione Animalium</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="line-height:0.5em;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">791a </td> <td style="">[<i><a href="/wiki/On_Colors" title="On Colors">On Colors</a></i>] </td> <td style="font-size:90%">[<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Coloribus</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">800a </td> <td style="">[<i><a href="/wiki/On_Things_Heard" title="On Things Heard">On Things Heard</a></i>] </td> <td style="font-size:90%">[<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De audibilibus</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">805a </td> <td style="">[<i><a href="/wiki/Physiognomonics" title="Physiognomonics">Physiognomonics</a></i>] </td> <td style="font-size:90%">[<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Physiognomonica</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">815a </td> <td style="">[<i><a href="/wiki/On_Plants" title="On Plants">On Plants</a></i>] </td> <td style="font-size:90%">[<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Plantis</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">830a </td> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;">[<i><a href="/wiki/On_Marvellous_Things_Heard" title="On Marvellous Things Heard">On Marvellous Things Heard</a></i>] </td> <td style="font-size:90%">[<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De mirabilibus auscultationibus</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">847a </td> <td style="">[<i><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_(Aristotle)" title="Mechanics (Aristotle)">Mechanics</a></i>] </td> <td style="font-size:90%">[<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Mechanica</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">859a </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Problems_(Aristotle)" title="Problems (Aristotle)">Problems</a></i>* </td> <td style="font-size:90%;"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Problemata</i></span>* </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">968a </td> <td style="">[<i><a href="/wiki/On_Indivisible_Lines" title="On Indivisible Lines">On Indivisible Lines</a></i>] </td> <td style="font-size:90%">[<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Lineis Insecabilibus</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">973a </td> <td style="padding-top:0.15em;line-height:1.25em;">[<i><a href="/wiki/The_Situations_and_Names_of_Winds" title="The Situations and Names of Winds">The Situations and Names<br />of Winds</a></i>] </td> <td style="font-size:90%">[<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ventorum Situs</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">974a </td> <td style="padding-top:0.15em;line-height:1.25em;">[<i><a href="/wiki/On_Melissus,_Xenophanes,_and_Gorgias" title="On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias">On Melissus, Xenophanes,<br />and Gorgias</a></i>] </td> <td style="font-size:90%">[<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Melisso, Xenophane, Gorgia</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.15em;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;">Metaphysics </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">980a </td> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Metaphysica</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.15em;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;">Ethics and politics </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">1094a </td> <td style=""><i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ethica Nicomachea</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">1181a </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Magna_Moralia" title="Magna Moralia">Great Ethics</a></i>* </td> <td style="font-size:90%;"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Magna Moralia</i></span>* </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">1214a </td> <td style=""><i><a href="/wiki/Eudemian_Ethics" title="Eudemian Ethics">Eudemian Ethics</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ethica Eudemia</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">1249a </td> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;">[<i><a href="/wiki/On_Virtues_and_Vices" title="On Virtues and Vices">On Virtues and Vices</a></i>] </td> <td style="font-size:90%">[<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Virtutibus et Vitiis Libellus</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">1252a </td> <td style=""><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Politica</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">1343a </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Economics_(Aristotle)" title="Economics (Aristotle)">Economics</a></i>* </td> <td style="font-size:90%;"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Oeconomica</i></span>* </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.15em;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;">Rhetoric and poetics </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">1354a </td> <td style=""><i><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)" title="Rhetoric (Aristotle)">Rhetoric</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ars Rhetorica</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">1420a </td> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_to_Alexander" title="Rhetoric to Alexander">Rhetoric to Alexander</a></i>] </td> <td style="font-size:90%">[<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rhetorica ad Alexandrum</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right;">1447a </td> <td style=""><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ars Poetica</i></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aristotelian_works_lacking_Bekker_numbers">Aristotelian works lacking Bekker numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bekker_numbering&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aristotelian works lacking Bekker numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution_of_the_Athenians"><i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bekker_numbering&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Constitution of the Athenians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Athenians_(Aristotle)" title="Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle)">Constitution of the Athenians</a></i> (or <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Athenaiōn Politeia</i></span></i>) was not included in Bekker's edition because it was first edited in 1891 from papyrus rolls acquired in 1890 by the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. The standard reference to it is by section (and subsection) numbers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fragments">Fragments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bekker_numbering&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fragments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surviving fragments of the many lost works of Aristotle were included in the fifth volume of Bekker's edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Rose_(classicist)" title="Valentin Rose (classicist)">Valentin Rose</a>. These are not cited by Bekker numbers, however, but according to fragment numbers. Rose's first edition of the fragments of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> was <i>Aristoteles Pseudepigraphus</i> (1863). As the title suggests, Rose considered these all to be spurious. The numeration of the fragments in a revised edition by Rose, published in the <a href="/wiki/Teubner" class="mw-redirect" title="Teubner">Teubner</a> series, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aristotelisquif00arisgoog">Aristotelis qui ferebantur librorum fragmenta</a></i>, Leipzig, 1886, is still commonly used (indicated by <i>R<sup>3</sup></i>), although there is a more current edition with a different numeration by Olof Gigon (published in 1987 as a new vol. 3 in <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>'s reprint of the Bekker edition), and a new de Gruyter edition by <a href="/wiki/Eckart_Sch%C3%BCtrumpf" title="Eckart Schütrumpf">Eckart Schütrumpf</a> is in preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a selection of the fragments in English translation, see W.D. Ross, <i>Select Fragments</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksofaristotle12arisuoft">Oxford 1952</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Barnes" title="Jonathan Barnes">Jonathan Barnes</a> (ed.), <i>The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation</i>, vol. 2, Princeton 1984, pp. 2384–2465. </p><p>The works surviving only in fragments include the dialogues <i>On Philosophy</i> (or <i>On the Good</i>), <i>Eudemus</i> (or <i>On the Soul</i>), <i>On Justice</i>, and <i>On Good Birth</i>. The possibly spurious work, <i><a href="/wiki/On_Ideas" title="On Ideas">On Ideas</a></i> survives in quotations by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a> in his commentary on Aristotle's <i>Metaphysics</i>. For the dialogues, see also the editions of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rudolf_Walzer" title="Richard Rudolf Walzer">Richard Rudolf Walzer</a>, <i>Aristotelis Dialogorum fragmenta, in usum scholarum</i> (Florence 1934), and Renato Laurenti, <i>Aristotele: I frammenti dei dialoghi</i> (2 vols.), Naples: Luigi Loffredo, 1987. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_citations">Use in citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bekker_numbering&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use in citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To cite a work of the Corpus Aristotelicum or part thereof, Bekker numbers may be combined with book, chapter, and line numbers to give a precise reference. By academic convention, and regardless of the <a href="/wiki/Citation_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Citation style">citation style</a> otherwise generally followed throughout an <a href="/wiki/Academic_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic work">academic work</a>, the pagination in a citation to Aristotle would be in the general form of: Book number(s).Chapter number(s),Bekker number(s)Line number(s).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, a citation of (<i>Metaphysics</i>, 1.9, 991b9-20) would refer to lines 9–20 on page 991b of chapter 9 in Book I of the <i>Metaphysics</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bekker_numbering&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_pagination" title="Stephanus pagination">Stephanus pagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diels%E2%80%93Kranz_numbering" title="Diels–Kranz numbering">Diels–Kranz numbering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bekker_numbering&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aristotelis Opera edidit Academia Regia Borussica</i>, ex recognitione Immanuelis Bekkeri, 5 voll. Berlin, Georgium Reimerum, 1831-1870 (the last volume contains the <i>Index Aristotelicus</i> by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bonitz" title="Hermann Bonitz">Hermann Bonitz</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Barnes, <i>The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle</i>, Cambridge 1995 xxi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Complete Works of Aristotle</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Barnes" title="Jonathan Barnes">Jonathan Barnes</a>, 2 vols., Princeton University Press, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2005/12/14/cu-boulder-expert-wins-75000-award-research-aristotle">CU-Boulder Expert Wins $75,000 Award For Research On Aristotle,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418233125/http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2005/12/14/cu-boulder-expert-wins-75000-award-research-aristotle">Archived</a> 2016-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> University of Colorado Office of News Services, December 14, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getproofed.com/writing-tips/citing-plato-and-aristotle-stephanus-and-bekker-numbers/">"Citing Plato and Aristotle: Stephanus and Bekker Numbers"</a>. <i>Proofed</i>. 2019-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Proofed&rft.atitle=Citing+Plato+and+Aristotle%3A+Stephanus+and+Bekker+Numbers&rft.date=2019-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgetproofed.com%2Fwriting-tips%2Fciting-plato-and-aristotle-stephanus-and-bekker-numbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABekker+numbering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bekker_numbering&oldid=1255512968">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bekker_numbering&oldid=1255512968</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Referencing_systems" title="Category:Referencing systems">Referencing systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1831_introductions" title="Category:1831 introductions">1831 introductions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Aristotle" title="Category:Works by Aristotle">Works by Aristotle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_philosophy_studies" title="Category:Ancient Greek philosophy studies">Ancient Greek philosophy studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_Greek_philosophy" title="Category:Classical Greek philosophy">Classical Greek philosophy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 08:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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