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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolyusionizm" title="Evolyusionizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Evolyusionizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionisme" title="Evolutionisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Evolutionisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutsionism" title="Evolutsionism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Evolutsionism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluismo" title="Evoluismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Evoluismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فرگشت‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرگشت‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89abhl%C3%B3ideachas" title="Éabhlóideachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éabhlóideachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="진화주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진화주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucionizam" title="Evolucionizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Evolucionizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusionisme" title="Evolusionisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Evolusionisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluzionismo_(scienze_etno-antropologiche)" title="Evoluzionismo (scienze etno-antropologiche) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Evoluzionismo (scienze etno-antropologiche)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אבולוציוניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבולוציוניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83" title="Эволюциялык окуу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эволюциялык окуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucionizmus" title="Evolucionizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Evolucionizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Еволуционизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еволуционизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="उत्क्रांतिवाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उत्क्रांतिवाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionisme" title="Evolutionisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Evolutionisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="進化主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="進化主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutsion_ta%CA%BClimot" title="Evolutsion taʼlimot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Evolutsion taʼlimot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewolucjonizm_(biologia)" title="Ewolucjonizm (biologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ewolucjonizm (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эволюционизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эволюционизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%83" title="उद्विकासः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उद्विकासः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Еволуционизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еволуционизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrimcilik" title="Evrimcilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Evrimcilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Derogatory term for the theory of evolution</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the term. For the field/s of study, see <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology#Subfields" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology § Subfields</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Monochrome photo of Charles Darwin, he appears to be an older middle aged man with a neutral expression, light skin, wrinkles under his deep set but fairly wide open eyes, and a chest length white beard extending up to his temples. He is wearing a hat with a rounded top, a medium width brim and a cloth band, his shoulders which are the only part of his body beyond head in frame seem are covered by a dark, apparently black, top of unclear cut. The background behind him is non-descript, possibly a plaster wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Charles_Darwin_1880.jpg/250px-Charles_Darwin_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Charles_Darwin_1880.jpg/330px-Charles_Darwin_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Charles_Darwin_1880.jpg/500px-Charles_Darwin_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2986" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption> Charles Darwin, whose On the Origin of Species introduced the theory of evolution to society at large, photographed in 1881</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Evolutionism</b> is a term used (often derogatorily) to denote the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of evolution">theory of evolution</a>. Its exact meaning has changed over time as the study of evolution has progressed. In the 19th century, it was used to describe the belief that organisms deliberately improved themselves through progressive inherited change (<a href="/wiki/Orthogenesis" title="Orthogenesis">orthogenesis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-550-11000-3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-550-11000-3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Teleological" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleological">teleological</a> belief went on to include <a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">cultural evolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">social evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-550-11000-3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-550-11000-3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, the term "Neo-Evolutionism" was used to describe the idea that "human beings sought to preserve a familiar style of life unless change was forced on them by factors that were beyond their control."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term is most often used by <a href="/wiki/Creationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Creationist">creationists</a> to describe adherence to the scientific consensus on evolution as equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">secular religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruse_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is very seldom used within the scientific community, since the scientific position on evolution is accepted by the overwhelming majority of scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because evolutionary biology is the default scientific position, it is assumed that "scientists" or "biologists" are "evolutionists" unless specifically noted otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-Dichotomy_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dichotomy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation–evolution controversy">creation–evolution controversy</a>, creationists often call those who accept the validity of the modern evolutionary synthesis "evolutionists" and the theory itself "evolutionism". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th-century_teleological_use">19th-century teleological use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 19th-century teleological use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before its use to describe biological evolution, the term "evolution" was originally used to refer to any orderly sequence of events with the outcome somehow contained at the start.<sup id="cite_ref-Carneiro_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carneiro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first five editions of Darwin's in <i>Origin of Species</i> used the word "evolved", but the word "evolution" was only used in its sixth edition in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-penguin_origin_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penguin_origin-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> had developed the concept theory that organisms strive to evolve due to an internal "driving force" (<a href="/wiki/Orthogenesis" title="Orthogenesis">orthogenesis</a>) in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-Carneiro_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carneiro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward B. Tylor and Lewis H Morgan brought the term "evolution" to anthropology though they tended toward the older pre-Spencerian definition helping to form the concept of <a href="/wiki/Unilineal_evolution" title="Unilineal evolution">unilineal (social) evolution</a> used during the later part of what Trigger calls the Antiquarianism-Imperial Synthesis period (c1770-c1900).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term evolutionism subsequently came to be used for the now discredited theory that evolution contained a deliberate component, rather than the selection of <a href="/wiki/Beneficial_mutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Beneficial mutation">beneficial traits</a> from <a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">random variation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest" title="Survival of the fittest">differential survival</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_use_by_creationists">Modern use by creationists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern use by creationists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a></i> is widely used, but the term <i>evolutionism</i> is not used in the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">scientific community</a> to refer to <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a> as it is redundant and anachronistic.<sup id="cite_ref-Dichotomy_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dichotomy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the term has been used by creationists in discussing the <a href="/wiki/Creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation–evolution controversy">creation–evolution controversy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dichotomy_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dichotomy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Institute for Creation Research">Institute for Creation Research</a>, in order to imply placement of evolution in the category of 'religions', including <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a>, commonly uses the words <i>evolutionism</i> and <i>evolutionist</i> to describe the consensus of mainstream science and the scientists subscribing to it, thus implying through language that the issue is a matter of religious belief.<sup id="cite_ref-ICRMuseum_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICRMuseum-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/BioLogos_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="BioLogos Foundation">BioLogos Foundation</a>, an organization that promotes the idea of <a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">theistic evolution</a>, uses the term "evolutionism" to describe "the atheistic worldview that so often accompanies the acceptance of biological evolution in public discourse." It views this as a subset of <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (January 2020)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_evolution_by_natural_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternatives to evolution by natural selection">Alternatives to evolution by natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_as_fact_and_theory" title="Evolution as fact and theory">Evolution as fact and theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence of common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-550-11000-3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-550-11000-3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-550-11000-3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllen,_R._T.Allen,_Robert_W.1994" class="citation book cs1">Allen, R. T.; Allen, Robert W. (1994). <i>Chambers encyclopedic English dictionary</i>. Edinburgh: Chambers. p. 438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-550-11000-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-550-11000-8"><bdi>978-0-550-11000-8</bdi></a>. <q>a widely held 19c belief that organisms were intrinsically bound to improve themselves, that changes were progressive, and that acquired characters could be transmitted genetically. The belief was also extended to cultures and societies, and to living organisms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chambers+encyclopedic+English+dictionary&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=Chambers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-550-11000-8&rft.au=Allen%2C+R.+T.&rft.au=Allen%2C+Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarneiro2003" class="citation book cs1">Carneiro, Robert, L. (2003). <i>Evolutionism in cultural anthropology : a critical history</i>. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3766-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3766-1"><bdi>978-0-8133-3766-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionism+in+cultural+anthropology+%3A+a+critical+history&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3766-1&rft.aulast=Carneiro&rft.aufirst=Robert%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Trigger" title="Bruce Trigger">Trigger, Bruce</a> (1986) <i>A History of Archeological Thought</i> Cambridge University Press pg 290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruse-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ruse_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuse,_Michael2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ruse" title="Michael Ruse">Ruse, Michael</a> (March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/299/5612/1523">"Perceptions in science: Is Evolution a Secular Religion? -- Ruse"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>299</b> (5612): 299 (5612): 1523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1082968">10.1126/science.1082968</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12624249">12624249</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-05</span></span>. <q>A major complaint of the Creationists, those who are committed to a Genesis-based story of origins, is that evolution--and Darwinism in particular--is more than just a scientific theory. They object that too often evolution operates as a kind of secular religion, pushing norms and proposals for proper (or, in their opinion, improper) action.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Perceptions+in+science%3A+Is+Evolution+a+Secular+Religion%3F+--+Ruse&rft.volume=299&rft.issue=5612&rft.pages=299+%285612%29%3A+1523&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1082968&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12624249&rft.au=Ruse%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F299%2F5612%2F1523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nearly all scientists (97%) say humans and other living things have evolved over time", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people-press.org/reports/pdf/528.pdf">Public Praises Science; Scientists Fault Public, Media</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091108193045/http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/528.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-11-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, 9 July 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dichotomy-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dichotomy_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dichotomy_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dichotomy_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGough,_J._B.1983" class="citation web cs1">Gough, J. B. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncse.com/cej/4/2/supposed-dichotomy-between-creationism-evolution">"The Supposed Dichotomy between Creationism and Evolution"</a>. <i>NCSE</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education" title="National Center for Science Education">National Center for Science Education</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCSE&rft.atitle=The+Supposed+Dichotomy+between+Creationism+and+Evolution&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Gough%2C+J.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncse.com%2Fcej%2F4%2F2%2Fsupposed-dichotomy-between-creationism-evolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionism" class="Z3988"></span> "...to say a person is a scientist encompasses the fact that he or she is an evolutionist."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carneiro-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carneiro_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carneiro_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carneiro, Robert L.(Léonard) (2003) <i>Evolutionism in cultural anthropology: a critical history</i> Westview Press pg 1-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-penguin_origin-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-penguin_origin_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1986" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles (1986). Burrow, JW (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originofspecies000darw"><i>The Origin of Species</i></a></span> (reprint of 1st ed.). Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Classics. p. 460. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-043205-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-043205-3"><bdi>978-0-14-043205-3</bdi></a>. <q>...from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, <i>evolved</i> (italics not in original)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Species&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+Middlesex%2C+England&rft.pages=460&rft.edition=reprint+of+1st&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-14-043205-3&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginofspecies000darw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trigger, Bruce (1986) <i>A History of Archaeological Thought</i> Cambridge University Press pg 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICRMuseum-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICRMuseum_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinke,_Steven1992" class="citation web cs1">Linke, Steven (August 28, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/icr-visit/linke.html">"A Visit to the ICR Museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TalkOrigins_Archive" title="TalkOrigins Archive">TalkOrigins Archive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-05</span></span>. <q>In fact, true science supports the Biblical worldview... However, science does not support false religions (e.g. atheism, evolutionism, pantheism, humanism, etc.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Visit+to+the+ICR+Museum&rft.pub=TalkOrigins+Archive&rft.date=1992-08-28&rft.au=Linke%2C+Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Ffaqs%2Ficr-visit%2Flinke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biologos.org/questions/biologos-id-creationism">"How is BioLogos different from Evolutionism, Intelligent Design, and Creationism"</a>. The BioLogos Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-19</span></span>. <q>While BioLogos accepts evolution, it emphatically rejects evolutionism, the atheistic worldview that so often accompanies the acceptance of biological evolution in public discourse. Proponents of evolutionism believe every aspect of life will one day be explained with evolutionary theory. In this way it is a subset of scientism, the broader view that the only real truth is that which can be discovered by science. These positions are commonly held by materialists (also called philosophical naturalists) who deny the existence of the supernatural.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+is+BioLogos+different+from+Evolutionism%2C+Intelligent+Design%2C+and+Creationism&rft.pub=The+BioLogos+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiologos.org%2Fquestions%2Fbiologos-id-creationism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carneiro, Robert, <i>Evolutionism in Cultural Anthropology: A Critical History</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3766-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3766-6">0-8133-3766-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKorotayev2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Korotayev" title="Andrey Korotayev">Korotayev, Andrey</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33971106"><i>World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-cultural Perspective</i></a> (First ed.). <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-6310-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-6310-3"><bdi>978-0-7734-6310-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions+and+Social+Evolution+of+the+Old+World+Oikumene+Civilizations%3A+A+Cross-cultural+Perspective&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-6310-3&rft.aulast=Korotayev&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33971106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionism" class="Z3988"></span> (on the applicability of this notion to the study of <a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">social evolution</a>)</li> <li>Review of <i><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">Buckland's</a> <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Treatise" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgewater Treatise">Bridgewater Treatise</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> Tuesday, November 15, 1836; pg. 3; Issue 16261; col E. ("annihilates the doctrine of spontaneous and progressive evolution of life, and its impious corollary, chance")</li> <li>Review of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s <i>The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</i> <i>The Times</i> Friday, December 13, 1872; pg. 4; Issue 27559; col A. ("His [Darwin's] thorough-going 'evolutionism' tends to eliminate...")</li> <li>Ruse, Michael. 2003. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/299/5612/1523">Is Evolution a Secular Religion?</a></i> Science 299:1523-1524 (concluding that <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a> is not a religion in any sense but noting that several evolutionary biologists, such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_O._Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward O. Wilson">Edward O. Wilson</a>, in their roles as citizens concerned about getting the public to deal with reality, have made statements like "evolution is a <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">myth</a> that is now ready to take over <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>").</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2011" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Manvir (2011). <i>The Evolutionist's Doodlebook</i>. New Jersey: Fuss Klas Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9832930-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9832930-0-2"><bdi>978-0-9832930-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolutionist%27s+Doodlebook&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Fuss+Klas+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9832930-0-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Manvir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrigger2006" class="citation book cs1">Trigger, Bruce (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofarchaeo0000trig"><i>A History of Archaeological Thought</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84076-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84076-7"><bdi>978-0-521-84076-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Archaeological+Thought&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84076-7&rft.aulast=Trigger&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofarchaeo0000trig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_science" title="Template:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_science" title="Template talk:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_science517" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A priori</i> and <i>a posteriori</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mill%27s_Methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Mill's Methods">Mill's Methods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Commensurability (philosophy of science)">Commensurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience">Consilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construct_(philosophy)" title="Construct (philosophy)">Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">Correlation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_function" title="Correlation function">function</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_synthesis" title="Creative synthesis">Creative synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">Empirical evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">Experiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_power" title="Explanatory power">Explanatory power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_contextualism" title="Functional contextualism">Functional contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">Hypothesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_hypothesis" title="Alternative hypothesis">alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_hypothesis" title="Null hypothesis">null</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignoramus_et_ignorabimus" title="Ignoramus et ignorabimus">Ignoramus et ignorabimus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Inductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertheoretic_reduction" title="Intertheoretic reduction">Intertheoretic reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquiry" title="Inquiry">Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">Paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_practice" title="Evidence-based practice">Evidence-based practice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">Scientific law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_pluralism" title="Scientific pluralism">Scientific pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testability" title="Testability">Testability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">Theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theory_choice" title="Theory choice">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory-ladenness" title="Theory-ladenness">ladenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underdetermination" title="Underdetermination">Underdetermination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_science" title="Unity of science">Unity of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_and_attribute_(research)" title="Variable and attribute (research)">Variable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable" title="Control variable">control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables" title="Dependent and independent variables">dependent and independent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_science_articles" title="Index of philosophy of science articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_holism" title="Confirmation holism">Confirmation holism</a></li> <li><a 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title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy of...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_chemistry" title="Philosophy of chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Space and time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Social science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_archaeology" title="Philosophy of archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_economics" class="mw-redirect" 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sciences">Exact sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_science" title="Hard and soft science">Hard and soft science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" title="History and philosophy of science">History and philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-science" title="Non-science">Non-science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_science" title="Normative science">Normative science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questionable_cause" title="Questionable cause">Questionable cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" title="Rhetoric of science">Rhetoric of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_ignorance" title="Sociology of scientific ignorance">Sociology of scientific ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Sociology of scientific knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_science" title="List of philosophers of science">Philosophers of science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Precursors10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Duhem" title="Pierre Duhem">Pierre Duhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband">Wilhelm Windelband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi">Michael Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach" title="Hans Reichenbach">Hans Reichenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Hempel" title="Carl Gustav Hempel">Carl Gustav Hempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Imre Lakatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Ian Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Laudan" title="Larry Laudan">Larry Laudan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_science" title="Category:Philosophy of science">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/40px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/60px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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