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class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United States International Trade Commission</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/United_States_International_Trade_Commission" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:United_States_International_Trade_Commission" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>United States International Trade Commission</b> (<b>USITC</b> or <b>I.T.C.</b><sup id="cite_ref-itc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> federal government that advises the <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> branches on matters of trade. It is an independent, bipartisan entity that analyzes trade issues such as tariffs and competitiveness and publishes reports. As a quasi-judicial entity, the USITC investigates the impact of <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">imports</a> on U.S. industries, and directs actions against unfair trade practices, such as <a href="/wiki/Subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidies">subsidies</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dumping_(pricing_policy)" title="Dumping (pricing policy)">dumping</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_infringement" title="Intellectual property infringement">intellectual property infringement</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">International Trade Commission</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._International_Trade_Commission.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/U.S._International_Trade_Commission.png/150px-U.S._International_Trade_Commission.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/U.S._International_Trade_Commission.png/225px-U.S._International_Trade_Commission.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/U.S._International_Trade_Commission.png/300px-U.S._International_Trade_Commission.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="360"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">September 8, 1916</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">U.S. Tariff Commission</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data">International Trade Issues</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">402 (<a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">civilian career employees</a> as of September 30, 2017)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Amy A. Karpel, Chair</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usitc.gov/">www<wbr></wbr>.usitc<wbr></wbr>.gov</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Footnotes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background_and_statutory_authority"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background and statutory authority</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Mission"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Mission</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Commissioners"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Commissioners</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Current_commissioners"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Current commissioners</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Hearings"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Hearings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Background_and_statutory_authority">Background and statutory authority</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_International_Trade_Commission&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and statutory authority" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The USITC was established by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> on September 8, 1916, as the U.S. Tariff Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, the name was changed to the U.S. International Trade Commission by section 171 of the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Act_of_1974" title="Trade Act of 1974">Trade Act of 1974</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statutory authority for the USITC's responsibilities is provided by the following legislation: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_Act_of_1930" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariff Act of 1930">Tariff Act of 1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a> of 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Expansion_Act" title="Trade Expansion Act">Trade Expansion Act</a> of 1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Act_of_1974" title="Trade Act of 1974">Trade Act of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Agreements_Act_of_1979" title="Trade Agreements Act of 1979">Trade Agreements Act of 1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Tariff_Act_of_1984" title="Trade and Tariff Act of 1984">Trade and Tariff Act of 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Trade_and_Competitiveness_Act" title="Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act">Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act</a> of 1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act" title="Uruguay Round Agreements Act">Uruguay Round Agreements Act</a> of 1994</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_International_Trade_Commission&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mission" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USITC_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USITC_building.jpg/220px-USITC_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USITC_building.jpg/220px-USITC_building.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USITC_building.jpg/330px-USITC_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USITC_building.jpg/440px-USITC_building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>USITC, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S. International Trade Commission seeks to: </p> <ol><li>Administer U.S. trade remedy laws within its mandate in a fair and objective manner;</li> <li>Provide the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Office of the United States Trade Representative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> with independent, quality analysis, information, and support on matters of tariffs and international trade and competitiveness; and</li> <li>Maintain the <a href="/wiki/Harmonized_Tariff_Schedule_of_the_United_States" title="Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States">Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States</a>.</li></ol> <p>In so doing, the Commission serves the public by implementing U.S. law and contributing to the development and implementation of sound and informed U.S. trade policy. </p><p>The USITC's five operations are: </p> <ol><li>Import Injury Investigations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_Property" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual Property">Intellectual Property</a>-Based Import Investigations</li> <li>Research Program</li> <li>Trade Information Services</li> <li>Trade Policy Support</li></ol> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Commissioners">Commissioners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_International_Trade_Commission&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Commissioners" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The president nominates and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> confirms the six commissioners who make up the USITC. The president and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of State">secretary of state</a> sign the formal commission. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Commissioner" title="Commissioner">Commissioners</a>' terms are nine years, or, when filling a vacated seat, for the remainder of a term. Their terms are staggered to end 18 months apart. Commissioners may not be reappointed at the start of a new term unless they have served less than five years, although commissioners stay on past the end of their term until their successor is appointed and confirmed. No more than three of the commissioners may be of the same political party. </p><p>The chairman's term is for two years, and successive chairmen may not be of the same political party. Only a commissioner with more than one year of service may be designated chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_commissioners">Current commissioners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_International_Trade_Commission&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Current commissioners" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The current commissioners as of February 1, 2025<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_International_Trade_Commission&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Position </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">State </th> <th scope="col">Entered office </th> <th scope="col">Term expires </th> <th scope="col">Party </th> <th scope="col">Originally appointed by </th></tr> <tr> <th>Chair </th> <td>Amy A. Karpel </td> <td>Washington </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002019-08-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">August 26, 2019</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002023-06-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 16, 2023</span> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Democratic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Commissioner </th> <td>David S. Johanson </td> <td>Texas </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002011-12-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 8, 2011</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002018-12-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 16, 2018</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">Republican </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Commissioner </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kearns" title="Jason Kearns">Jason Kearns</a> </td> <td>Colorado </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002018-04-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">April 2, 2018</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002024-12-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 16, 2024</span> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Democratic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Commissioner </th> <td><i>Vacant</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002026-06-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 16, 2026</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Commissioner </th> <td><i>Vacant</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002029-06-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 16, 2029</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Commissioner </th> <td><i>Vacant</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002030-12-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 16, 2030</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Hearings">Hearings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_International_Trade_Commission&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hearings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Although the USITC is not a <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">administrative law judges</a> conduct trial-type official <a href="/wiki/Administrative_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative hearing">administrative hearings</a>. If a Section 337 <a href="/wiki/Smoot-Hawley_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoot-Hawley Act">Tariff Act</a> complaint has at least three votes from its six Commissioners, an official investigative hearing will be assigned to an administrative law judge. Several dozen new USITC investigations are filed every year.<sup id="cite_ref-itc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a> is normally exercised by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the parties have had the opportunity to conduct fact and expert discovery to develop their respective legal positions, the ALJ (administrative law judge) holds a formal, evidentiary hearing, or trial. There is no jury. About three months after considering the arguments of the parties, the ALJ renders an initial determination (ID). The full ITC reviews and may adopt, modify or reverse the ALJ's initial determination. The ITC's final determination is usually issued about four months after the ALJ's ID.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USITC can impose exclusion orders that keep violating products from entering the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-usitc.gov_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usitc.gov-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exclusion orders are those in which disallow products from entering the United States for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Administrative Law Judges make determinations, the final decision of relief (i.e. exclusion from import) is made by the President of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Should a party disagree with the decision, appeals may be made to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-usitc.gov_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usitc.gov-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_International_Trade_Commission&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>As part of a large group of legislation passed during the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> in the early 1900s, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> established the United States Tariff Commission in 1916, which had a purpose to apply scientific principles to the study of tariffs and to assist in recommending appropriate tariff levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Taussig" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Taussig">Frank Taussig</a>, then an <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> professor at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, was named the U.S. Tariff Commission's very first chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first offices of the U.S. Tariff Commission were located at 1322 New York Avenue, Washington D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1921, the U.S. Tariff Commission moved to the Old Post Office Building at 7th and E Street NW.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Effective January 1, 1975, the U.S. Tariff Commission was renamed the U.S. International Trade Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USITC had a number of new responsibilities under the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Act_of_1974" title="Trade Act of 1974">Trade Act of 1974</a>, and commission procedures under Section 337 of <a href="/wiki/Tariff_Act_of_1930" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariff Act of 1930">Tariff Act of 1930</a> were greatly changed, and Section 337 proceedings brought before <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Law_Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative Law Judge">Administrative Law Judges</a> had to now conform with the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Act_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative Procedure Act (United States)">Administrative Procedure Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Section 337 decisions were also made final, instead of advisory (although subject to presidential disapproval due to policy reasons), and the USITC was also authorized to issue cease and desist orders in addition to exclusion orders.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, the USITC moved its quarters from the Old Post Office Building to the building it remains in to this day, 500 E Street SW.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Past commissioners of the USITC include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Stern" title="Paula Stern">Paula Stern</a> (D-TN, sworn in October, 1978, for a term expiring in February 1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_R._Pearson" title="Daniel R. Pearson">Daniel R. Pearson</a> (R–MN; sworn on August 8, 2003, for a term expiring on June 16, 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shara_L._Aranoff" title="Shara L. Aranoff">Shara L. Aranoff</a> (D–MD; sworn on September 6, 2005, for a term expiring on December 16, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_A._Pinkert" title="Dean A. Pinkert">Dean A. Pinkert</a> (D–VA; sworn on February 26, 2007, for a term expiring on December 16, 2015)</li></ul> <p>On January 4, 1985, a USITC decision in favor of <a href="/wiki/Duracell" title="Duracell">Duracell</a> was overturned by President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. The case involved the import of alkaline batteries in competition with Duracell, the American manufacturer that developed them.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 3, 2013, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> overturned the commission's decision in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubapps2.usitc.gov/337external/3393">investigation No. 337-TA-794</a> that would have banned <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> from importing several of its older products.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2015, details from the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Entertainment_hack" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Pictures Entertainment hack">Sony Pictures Entertainment hack</a> revealed the MPAA's lobbying of the USITC to mandate US <a href="/wiki/ISPs" class="mw-redirect" title="ISPs">ISPs</a> either at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_transit" title="Internet transit">internet transit</a> level or consumer level <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">internet service provider</a>, implement <a href="/wiki/IP_address_blocking" title="IP address blocking">IP address blocking</a> against <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">pirate websites</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">linking</a> websites.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2016, it became known that the commission was charged with investigating the likely impact of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">TPP</a> on the U.S. economy and specific industries. It will calculate the estimated impact on gross domestic product, exports and imports, employment opportunities, and U.S. consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2018, in a surprise decision, the commission unanimously overturned a 292% trade tariff that had been imposed on the aircraft manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Aerospace">Bombardier Aerospace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_International_Trade_Commission&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Round" class="mw-redirect" title="Doha Round">Doha Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_System_of_Preferences" title="Generalized System of Preferences">Generalized System of Preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Administration" title="International Trade Administration">International Trade Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Office of the United States Trade Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_19_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Commercial_Service" title="United States Commercial Service">United States Commercial Service</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_International_Trade_Commission&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li>Taussig, F. W. (1926). "The United States Tariff Commission and the Tariff". <i>The American Economic Review</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 171–181.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_International_Trade_Commission&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fedscope.opm.gov/ibmcognos/cgi-bin/cognosisapi.dll?b_action=powerPlayService&m_encoding=UTF-8&BZ=1AAAB0Q5HxOB42oWOTW%7ECMAyG%7E0xctsOQ49K1PfRQkiAqjcIo2nUqJSC0fiDohX8%7Et92E1stsOXn1_rFlJ1tPs916axId3drmahP9BERnRcFCBWHge66aKaXjuW9eFxRK8nUgPZeZZ6ebNfFWLTfxbhkBLYqmbm3dsjo25cFewZvDDOu8suDqySYvvvKTvX2a6lI294rJCXia6cvQ_Ys%7EKCB84crspbXVntcSEkq%7EG3Z0pqZqnaZG7RL_4pWJ%7Eh105u%7EREVFIRJQShRAoPBSEoksh4pOtizvDQAd_47IEDN_aIm%7EPTT2yBVAA5LJnJdAeKBwM_TDEljnk_jArcA8s1NhIx4bogtf8yp_QffZquL_v4eohvgG1ZnXK">"U.S. International Trade Commission Employment - September 2017"</a>. <i>FedScope - Federal Human Resources Data</i> (Database). 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لجنة التجارة الدولية الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لجنة التجارة الدولية الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_International_Trade_Commission" title="United States International Trade Commission – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="United States International Trade Commission" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD%EC%9C%84%EC%9B%90%ED%9A%8C" title="미국 국제무역위원회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 국제무역위원회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E4%BC%9A" title="アメリカ国際貿易委員会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ国際貿易委員会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="美国国际贸易委员会 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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