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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hearing (law)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afh%C3%B8ring" title="Afhøring – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Afhøring" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anh%C3%B6rung" title="Anhörung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anhörung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiencia_(derecho)" title="Audiencia (derecho) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Audiencia (derecho)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%80_%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="جلسۀ رسیدگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جلسۀ رسیدگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_(droit)" title="Audience (droit) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Audience (droit)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EB%AC%B8" title="청문 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="청문" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hearing%22+law">"Hearing" law</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hearing%22+law+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hearing%22+law&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hearing%22+law+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hearing%22+law">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hearing%22+law&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hearing_(law)&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hearing_(law)" title="Talk:Hearing (law)">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NTSB_Board_Meeting_4-25-2017_(33455235623).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NTSB_Board_Meeting_4-25-2017_%2833455235623%29.jpg/220px-NTSB_Board_Meeting_4-25-2017_%2833455235623%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NTSB_Board_Meeting_4-25-2017_%2833455235623%29.jpg/330px-NTSB_Board_Meeting_4-25-2017_%2833455235623%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NTSB_Board_Meeting_4-25-2017_%2833455235623%29.jpg/440px-NTSB_Board_Meeting_4-25-2017_%2833455235623%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>United States' <a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board">National Transportation Safety Board</a> hearing in 2017, covering the causes to a <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-3_Otter#Accidents" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter">deHavilland Otter</a> crash in 2015.</figcaption></figure> <p>In law, a <b>hearing</b> is the formal examination of a case (civil or criminal) before a judge.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Legal_proceeding" title="Legal proceeding">proceeding</a> before a court or other decision-making body or officer, such as a <a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">government agency</a> or a legislative committee. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_(law)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A hearing is generally distinguished from a <a href="/wiki/Trial_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial (law)">trial</a> in that it is usually shorter and often less formal.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorch000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorch000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the course of litigation, oral arguments are presented in support of <a href="/wiki/Motion_(legal)" title="Motion (legal)">motions</a> at hearings. The purpose of these arguments may be to resolve the case without further trial, such as through a motion to dismiss or for <a href="/wiki/Summary_judgment" title="Summary judgment">summary judgment</a>, or to decide discrete issues of law, such as the <a href="/wiki/Admissible_evidence" title="Admissible evidence">admissibility of evidence</a>, which will determine how the trial proceeds. Limited evidence and testimony may also be presented at hearings to supplement the legal arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorch000_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorch000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_(law)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Terminology varies from country to country, and there are different types of hearings under different legal systems. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Preliminary_hearing" title="Preliminary hearing">preliminary hearing</a> (also known as evidentiary hearing, probable cause hearing, and other variant terms) is a proceeding, after a criminal complaint has been filed by the prosecutor, to determine whether there is enough evidence to require a trial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_(law)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A hearing is a part of the court process in Australia. There are different types of hearing in a case. There may be several hearings, although not all may be scheduled. These include:<sup id="cite_ref-vicfam_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vicfam-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>court mentions, where a case first is heard in court;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mb_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and/or</li> <li>directions hearing(s) (a brief hearing in front of a judge or commissioner);<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>a contest mention, where disputed issues are resolved, this is the part of the hearing where evidence may be <a href="/wiki/Adduction_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adduction (law)">adduced</a> (the process of putting forward or presenting evidence or arguments for consideration by the court<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); a "type of pre-trial hearing which aims to facilitate early guilty pleas and narrow the issues in dispute".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_(law)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A hearing is a part of the court process in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>. The term "rolled-up hearing" is also used, referring to occasions when permission is considered for a procedural application on the basis that, if permission is granted, the substantive application will be heard immediately afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_(law)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berry_confirmation_hearing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Berry_confirmation_hearing.jpg/180px-Berry_confirmation_hearing.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Berry_confirmation_hearing.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="167" /></a><figcaption>Picture from the <a href="/wiki/John_Berry_(administrator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Berry (administrator)">Berry</a> confirmation hearing by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dirksen_Senate_Office_Building" title="Dirksen Senate Office Building">Dirksen Senate Office Building</a>, Rm. 342.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional hearing">Congressional hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unofficial_hearing" title="Unofficial hearing">Unofficial hearing</a></li></ul> <p>There are several different types of hearings in the US legal system, each serving a unique purpose. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preliminary_hearing" title="Preliminary hearing">Preliminary hearings</a> are used to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to require a trial. In a preliminary hearing, a judge listens to arguments and evidence from both sides before deciding whether the case should proceed to trial.</li> <li>Motion hearings are held when a party asks the court to take a specific action in the case. For example, a party may request that certain evidence be excluded from trial or that a case be dismissed before trial. In a motion hearing, each side presents arguments and evidence to the judge, who then makes a decision based on the law and facts presented.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidentiary_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Evidentiary hearing">Evidentiary hearings</a> are used to resolve disputes related to evidence in a case. During an evidentiary hearing, parties present arguments and evidence related to the <a href="/wiki/Admissible_evidence" title="Admissible evidence">admissibility</a> of certain evidence or the validity of <a href="/wiki/Expert_witness" title="Expert witness">expert testimony</a>. The judge then makes a ruling on whether the evidence in question can be presented at trial.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(law)" title="Deposition (law)">Depositions</a> are another type of hearing commonly used in the US legal system. Depositions involve <a href="/wiki/Sworn_testimony" title="Sworn testimony">sworn testimony</a> from a witness or party in a case, taken outside of court and recorded by a <a href="/wiki/Court_reporter" title="Court reporter">court reporter</a>. Depositions are often used to gather information before trial or to impeach the credibility of a witness at trial.</li></ul> <p>In the mid-20th century, as a result of what has been called the "<a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">due process revolution</a>," a series of Supreme Court decisions expanded the rights of individuals in legal proceedings and required more formal procedures and protections. </p><p>One key decision during this period was <i><a href="/wiki/Goldberg_v._Kelly" title="Goldberg v. Kelly">Goldberg v. Kelly</a></i> (1970), which involved a challenge to the system for terminating welfare benefits in New York. The Court held that the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> requires that individuals have the opportunity to be heard and present evidence before their benefits are terminated. </p><p>The decision in <i>Goldberg</i> helped to establish the principle that many <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative decisions</a> require some form of hearing or other procedure to ensure that individuals are not deprived of their rights without due process of law. It also illustrated that what constitutes a hearing can depend on the context. In <i>Goldberg</i>, the goal of a speedy decision was held to "justify the limitation of the pre-termination hearing to minimum <a href="/wiki/Procedural_law" title="Procedural law">procedural</a> safeguards", which included such basic matters as the right to appear and to <a href="/wiki/Cross-examination" title="Cross-examination">cross-examine</a> witnesses, but did not include "a complete <a href="/wiki/Document" title="Document">record</a> and a comprehensive opinion". This has had a significant impact on the US legal system, leading to an increase in the number of hearings and other procedures required in a wide range of legal contexts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_(law)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuance" title="Continuance">Continuance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_trial" title="Jury trial">Jury trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">Lawsuit</a> (another type of legal proceeding)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_justice" title="Natural justice">Natural justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal" title="Trial by ordeal">Trial by ordeal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_(law)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/hearing-law">"Hearing | Legal Process, Evidence & Procedure | Britannica"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. 21 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hearing+%7C+Legal+Process%2C+Evidence+%26+Procedure+%7C+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fhearing-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHearing+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorch000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lorch000_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorch000_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorch1980" class="citation book cs1">Lorch, Robert (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democraticproces0000lorc"><i>Democratic Process and Administrative Law</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meillon+%26+Bright&rft.atitle=Directions+Hearings+and+Court+Mentions&rft.date=2021-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeillonandbright.com.au%2Fblog%2Fdirections-and-mentions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHearing+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courts.sa.gov.au/going-to-court/representing-yourself/directions-hearings/">"Directions hearings"</a>. <i>Courts Administration Authority of South Australia</i>. 21 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Courts+Administration+Authority+of+South+Australia&rft.atitle=Directions+hearings&rft.date=2021-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.sa.gov.au%2Fgoing-to-court%2Frepresenting-yourself%2Fdirections-hearings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHearing+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legalaid.nsw.gov.au/publications/factsheets-and-resources/subpoena-survival-guide/glossary">"Glossary"</a>. <i>Legal Aid NSW</i>. 9 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Aid+NSW&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legalaid.nsw.gov.au%2Fpublications%2Ffactsheets-and-resources%2Fsubpoena-survival-guide%2Fglossary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHearing+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.magistratescourt.tas.gov.au/going_to_court/contest-mention">"Contest Mention Information Guide"</a>. <i>Magistrates Court of Tasmania</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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