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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Theory and practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_and_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_and_effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_and_effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uses and effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses_and_effectiveness-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses and effectiveness subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses_and_effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pregnancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Adverse effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parallel_uses_of_mugwort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallel_uses_of_mugwort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Parallel uses of mugwort</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallel_uses_of_mugwort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxa" title="Moxa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moxa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Moxování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Moxování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Moxibustion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxibusti%C3%B3n" title="Moxibustión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Moxibustión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksado" title="Moksado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Moksado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxibustio" title="Moxibustio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Moxibustio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فتیله‌گذاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فتیله‌گذاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moxibustion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9C%B8" title="뜸 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뜸" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="मोक्सीबस्टन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोक्सीबस्टन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksibusi" title="Moksibusi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Moksibusi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxibustione" title="Moxibustione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Moxibustione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%94" title="מוקסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוקסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksibustija" title="Moksibustija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Moksibustija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxibustie" title="Moxibustie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moxibustie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%B8" title="灸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="灸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termopunktura" title="Termopunktura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Termopunktura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxabust%C3%A3o" title="Moxabustão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Moxabustão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxa" title="Moxa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Moxa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Traditional Chinese medical practice</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Moxibustion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Moxibustion_by_Li_Tang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Moxibustion_by_Li_Tang.jpg/280px-Moxibustion_by_Li_Tang.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Moxibustion_by_Li_Tang.jpg/420px-Moxibustion_by_Li_Tang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Moxibustion_by_Li_Tang.jpg/560px-Moxibustion_by_Li_Tang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1967" data-file-height="2252" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Moxibustion</i> by <a href="/wiki/Li_Tang_(painter)" title="Li Tang (painter)">Li Tang</a>, Song dynasty</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009071">D009071</a></span></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937737" class="extiw" title="d:Q937737">edit on 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medicine" title="Category:Alternative medicine">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Outline-body-aura.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/60px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/90px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/120px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">General information</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alternative_medicine" title="History of alternative medicine">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_alternative_medicine" title="Terminology of alternative medicine">Terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_veterinary_medicine" title="Alternative veterinary medicine">Alternative veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a> (health fraud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine#19th_century:_rise_of_modern_medicine" title="History of medicine">Rise of modern medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_nihilism" title="Therapeutic nihilism">Therapeutic nihilism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Fringe medicine and science</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupressure" title="Acupressure">Acupressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_diet" title="Alkaline diet">Alkaline diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied 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Age)">Breathwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19" title="List of unproven methods against COVID-19">Fake COVID-19 treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_urine" title="Camel urine">Camel urine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_cancer_treatments" title="Alternative cancer treatments">Cancer treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal_cleanse" title="Activated charcoal cleanse">Charcoal cleanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic_treatment_techniques" title="Chiropractic treatment techniques">Chiropractic treatment techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloidal_silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloidal silver">Colloidal silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_enema" title="Coffee enema">Coffee enema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorpuncture" title="Colorpuncture">Colorpuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craniosacral_therapy" title="Craniosacral therapy">Craniosacral therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_amalgam_controversy" title="Dental amalgam controversy">Dental amalgam controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a 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background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Alternative diagnoses</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerotoxic_syndrome" title="Aerotoxic syndrome">Aerotoxic syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_hypersensitivity" title="Candida hypersensitivity">Candida hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_Lyme_disease" title="Chronic Lyme disease">Chronic Lyme disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_legs" title="Heavy legs">Heavy legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_chemical_sensitivity" title="Multiple chemical sensitivity">Multiple chemical sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PANDAS" title="PANDAS">PANDAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_temperature_syndrome" title="Wilson's temperature syndrome">Wilson's temperature syndrome</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Template:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Template talk:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valentini_Moxa_1714.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Valentini_Moxa_1714.jpg/170px-Valentini_Moxa_1714.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Valentini_Moxa_1714.jpg/255px-Valentini_Moxa_1714.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Valentini_Moxa_1714.jpg/340px-Valentini_Moxa_1714.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1561" data-file-height="2481" /></a><figcaption>Moxibustion in Michael Bernhard Valentini's <i>Museum Museorum</i> (Frankfurt am Main, 1714)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Moxibustion</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%81%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:灸">灸</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jiǔ</span></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a> therapy which consists of burning dried <a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">mugwort</a> (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moxa" class="extiw" title="wikt:moxa">moxa</a></i>) on particular points on the body. It plays an important role in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medical</a> systems of China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Mongolia. Suppliers usually age the mugwort and grind it up to a fluff; practitioners burn the fluff or process it further into a <a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">cigar</a>-shaped stick. They can use it indirectly, with <a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">acupuncture</a> needles, or burn it on the patient's skin. </p><p>Moxibustion is promoted as a treatment for a wide variety of conditions, but its use is not backed by good evidence and it carries a risk of <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ee150_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ee150-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxibustion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Western remarks on moxibustion can be found in letters and reports written by Portuguese missionaries in 16th-century Japan. They called it <i>botão de fogo</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">fire button</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), a term originally used for round-headed Western <a href="/wiki/Cautery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cautery">cautery</a> irons. Hermann Buschoff, who published the first Western book on this matter in 1674 (English edition 1676), used the Japanese pronunciation <i>mogusa</i>. As the <i>u</i> is not very strongly enunciated, he spelled it "Moxa". Later authors <a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">blended</a> "Moxa" with the Latin word <i><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustio</a></i> ("burning").<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name of the herb Artemisia (mugwort) species used to produce Moxa is called <i>ài</i> or <i>àicǎo</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">艾</span></span>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">艾草</span></span>) in Chinese<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>yomogi</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">蓬</span></span>) in Japan. The Chinese names for moxibustion are <i>jiǔ</i> ( <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">灸</span></span>) or <i>jiǔshù</i> ( <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">灸術</span></span>); the Japanese use the same characters and pronounce them as <i>kyū</i> and <i>kyūjutsu</i>. In Korean the reading is <i>tteum</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">뜸</span></span>). Korean folklore attributes the development of moxibustion to the legendary emperor <a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tteum_(moxibustion).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="a Korean set of tteum"><img alt="a Korean set of tteum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tteum_%28moxibustion%29.jpg/144px-Tteum_%28moxibustion%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tteum_%28moxibustion%29.jpg/216px-Tteum_%28moxibustion%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tteum_%28moxibustion%29.jpg/289px-Tteum_%28moxibustion%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">a Korean set of <i>tteum</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tteum_(moxibustion)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="application of tteum on the back of a hand"><img alt="application of tteum on the back of a hand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tteum_%28moxibustion%29_2.jpg/180px-Tteum_%28moxibustion%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tteum_%28moxibustion%29_2.jpg/270px-Tteum_%28moxibustion%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tteum_%28moxibustion%29_2.jpg/360px-Tteum_%28moxibustion%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">application of <i>tteum</i> on the back of a hand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moxa-samples-from-Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samples of Japanese Moxa. Left to right: processed mugwort (1st stage); processed mugwort (2nd stage); coarse Moxa for indirect moxibustion; usual quality for indirect and direct moxibustion; superior quality for direct moxibustion."><img alt="Samples of Japanese Moxa. Left to right: processed mugwort (1st stage); processed mugwort (2nd stage); coarse Moxa for indirect moxibustion; usual quality for indirect and direct moxibustion; superior quality for direct moxibustion." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Moxa-samples-from-Japan.jpg/180px-Moxa-samples-from-Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Moxa-samples-from-Japan.jpg/270px-Moxa-samples-from-Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Moxa-samples-from-Japan.jpg/360px-Moxa-samples-from-Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4410" data-file-height="1524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Samples of Japanese Moxa. Left to right: processed mugwort (1st stage); processed mugwort (2nd stage); coarse Moxa for indirect moxibustion; usual quality for indirect and direct moxibustion; superior quality for direct moxibustion.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibuki_moxa_set.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional moxibustion set from Maibara (Japan)"><img alt="Traditional moxibustion set from Maibara (Japan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ibuki_moxa_set.jpg/180px-Ibuki_moxa_set.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ibuki_moxa_set.jpg/270px-Ibuki_moxa_set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ibuki_moxa_set.jpg/360px-Ibuki_moxa_set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="945" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional moxibustion set from <a href="/wiki/Maibara,_Shiga" title="Maibara, Shiga">Maibara</a> (Japan)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stick-on-moxa-rolls-japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stick–on moxa (left) and moxa rolls (right) used for indirect moxa heat treatment. The stick-on moxa is a modern product sold in Japan, Korea, and China. Usually the base is self-adhesive to the treatment point."><img alt="Stick–on moxa (left) and moxa rolls (right) used for indirect moxa heat treatment. The stick-on moxa is a modern product sold in Japan, Korea, and China. Usually the base is self-adhesive to the treatment point." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Stick-on-moxa-rolls-japan.jpg/134px-Stick-on-moxa-rolls-japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Stick-on-moxa-rolls-japan.jpg/201px-Stick-on-moxa-rolls-japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Stick-on-moxa-rolls-japan.jpg/268px-Stick-on-moxa-rolls-japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="3696" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stick–on moxa (left) and moxa rolls (right) used for indirect moxa heat treatment. The stick-on moxa is a modern product sold in Japan, Korea, and China. Usually the base is self-adhesive to the treatment point.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory_and_practice">Theory and practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxibustion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theory and practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hara_Shimetaro-Ijishimbun-1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hara_Shimetaro-Ijishimbun-1927.jpg/170px-Hara_Shimetaro-Ijishimbun-1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hara_Shimetaro-Ijishimbun-1927.jpg/255px-Hara_Shimetaro-Ijishimbun-1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hara_Shimetaro-Ijishimbun-1927.jpg/340px-Hara_Shimetaro-Ijishimbun-1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2633" data-file-height="3885" /></a><figcaption>First page of <a href="/wiki/Shimetar%C5%8D_Hara" title="Shimetarō Hara">Shimetarō Hara</a>: "Effects of Moxa on hemoglobin and RBC count". <i>Iji Shinbun</i>, no. 1219, 10 Sept. 1927. (Summary in <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Practitioners use moxa to warm regions and <a href="/wiki/Acupuncture_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Acupuncture point">meridian points</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the intention of stimulating <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulation</a> through the points and inducing a smoother flow of <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a>. Some believe it can treat conditions associated with the "cold" or "yang deficiencies" in Chinese Medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is claimed that moxibustion mitigates against cold and dampness in the body, and can be used to treat lymphedema following intrapelvic lymph node dissection,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and help turn <a href="/wiki/Breech_birth" title="Breech birth">breech babies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Practitioners claim moxibustion to be especially effective in the treatment of chronic problems, "deficient conditions" (weakness), and <a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">gerontology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pien_Ch%27iao" class="mw-redirect" title="Pien Ch'iao">Bian Que</a> (<i>fl.</i> <i>circa</i> 500 BCE), one of the most famous semi-legendary doctors of Chinese antiquity and the first specialist in moxibustion, discussed the benefits of moxa over acupuncture in his classic work <i>Bian Que Neijing</i>. He asserted that moxa could add new energy to the body and could treat both excess and deficient conditions. </p><p>Practitioners may use acupuncture needles made of various materials in combination with moxa, depending on the direction of <i>qi</i> flow they wish to stimulate. </p><p>There are several methods of moxibustion. Three of them are direct scarring, direct non-scarring, and indirect moxibustion. Direct scarring moxibustion places a small cone of moxa on the skin at an acupuncture point and burns it until the skin blisters, which then scars after it heals.<sup id="cite_ref-MAT_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct non-scarring moxibustion removes the burning moxa before the skin burns enough to scar, unless the burning moxa is left on the skin too long.<sup id="cite_ref-MAT_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indirect moxibustion holds a cigar made of moxa near the acupuncture point to heat the skin, or holds it on an acupuncture needle inserted in the skin to heat the needle.<sup id="cite_ref-MAT_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also stick-on moxa. </p><p><i>Chuanwu lingji lu</i> (the Record of Sovereign Teachings), by Zhang Youheng, was a treatise on acu-moxa completed in 1869 and featuring several colour illustrations of the points on the body where moxa could be applied to treat the complaint. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart;_Cervix_point_Wellcome_L0039501.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The cervix point was used to treat retained placenta and intrauterine death."><img alt="The cervix point was used to treat retained placenta and intrauterine death." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Cervix_point_Wellcome_L0039501.jpg/180px-C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Cervix_point_Wellcome_L0039501.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Cervix_point_Wellcome_L0039501.jpg/270px-C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Cervix_point_Wellcome_L0039501.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Cervix_point_Wellcome_L0039501.jpg/360px-C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Cervix_point_Wellcome_L0039501.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="3146" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The cervix point was used to treat retained placenta and intrauterine death.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart;_Neiting_Wellcome_L0039489.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Neiting point was used to remedy retrograde cold (jueni) in the limbs; aversion to noise; profuse breakout of pox; painful, inflamed throats; unremitting toothache; yawning and somnolence; lack of appetite for food and drink; tinnitus (lit. cricket chirp [chanming] in the ear); ague (nüeji), etc."><img alt="The Neiting point was used to remedy retrograde cold (jueni) in the limbs; aversion to noise; profuse breakout of pox; painful, inflamed throats; unremitting toothache; yawning and somnolence; lack of appetite for food and drink; tinnitus (lit. cricket chirp [chanming] in the ear); ague (nüeji), etc." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Neiting_Wellcome_L0039489.jpg/180px-C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Neiting_Wellcome_L0039489.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Neiting_Wellcome_L0039489.jpg/270px-C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Neiting_Wellcome_L0039489.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Neiting_Wellcome_L0039489.jpg/360px-C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Neiting_Wellcome_L0039489.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="3146" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Neiting point was used to remedy retrograde cold (jueni) in the limbs; aversion to noise; profuse breakout of pox; painful, inflamed throats; unremitting toothache; yawning and somnolence; lack of appetite for food and drink; tinnitus (lit. cricket chirp [chanming] in the ear); ague (nüeji), etc.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart;_Yanglingquan_Wellcome_L0039497.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Yanglingquan point was used pain and swelling in the feet and knees; wind-cold-damp blockage disease (bi); one-sided paralysis; heavy, aching feeling in the back, making it difficult to sit or stand; facial oedema (fuzhong); distention and feeling of fullness (zhangman) in the chest, etc."><img alt="The Yanglingquan point was used pain and swelling in the feet and knees; wind-cold-damp blockage disease (bi); one-sided paralysis; heavy, aching feeling in the back, making it difficult to sit or stand; facial oedema (fuzhong); distention and feeling of fullness (zhangman) in the chest, etc." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Yanglingquan_Wellcome_L0039497.jpg/180px-C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Yanglingquan_Wellcome_L0039497.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Yanglingquan_Wellcome_L0039497.jpg/270px-C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Yanglingquan_Wellcome_L0039497.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Yanglingquan_Wellcome_L0039497.jpg/360px-C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Yanglingquan_Wellcome_L0039497.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="3146" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Yanglingquan point was used pain and swelling in the feet and knees; wind-cold-damp blockage disease (bi); one-sided paralysis; heavy, aching feeling in the back, making it difficult to sit or stand; facial oedema (fuzhong); distention and feeling of fullness (zhangman) in the chest, etc.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart;_Taichong_Wellcome_L0039494.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Taichong point was indicated for acute and chronic infantile convulsions (lit. wind fright, jingfeng); epilepsy (dianxian) and spasms; sore throat; distention and feeling of fullness (zhangman) in the chest and sides; cold-damp beri-beri (jiaoqi); difficulty in walking; hernia (shanqi); dim vision; backache, etc."><img alt="The Taichong point was indicated for acute and chronic infantile convulsions (lit. wind fright, jingfeng); epilepsy (dianxian) and spasms; sore throat; distention and feeling of fullness (zhangman) in the chest and sides; cold-damp beri-beri (jiaoqi); difficulty in walking; hernia (shanqi); dim vision; backache, etc." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Taichong_Wellcome_L0039494.jpg/180px-C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Taichong_Wellcome_L0039494.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Taichong_Wellcome_L0039494.jpg/270px-C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Taichong_Wellcome_L0039494.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Taichong_Wellcome_L0039494.jpg/360px-C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Taichong_Wellcome_L0039494.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="3146" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Taichong point was indicated for acute and chronic infantile convulsions (lit. wind fright, jingfeng); epilepsy (dianxian) and spasms; sore throat; distention and feeling of fullness (zhangman) in the chest and sides; cold-damp beri-beri (jiaoqi); difficulty in walking; hernia (shanqi); dim vision; backache, etc.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart;_Malign_attack_Wellcome_L0039507.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The zhong 'e point was targeted for corpse infection (shizhu) and inimical visitation (kewu), malign attack (zhong 'e) [forms of demonic possession], etc. Moxibustion takes place on the left for male patients and the right for female patients."><img alt="The zhong 'e point was targeted for corpse infection (shizhu) and inimical visitation (kewu), malign attack (zhong 'e) [forms of demonic possession], etc. Moxibustion takes place on the left for male patients and the right for female patients." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Malign_attack_Wellcome_L0039507.jpg/180px-C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Malign_attack_Wellcome_L0039507.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Malign_attack_Wellcome_L0039507.jpg/270px-C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Malign_attack_Wellcome_L0039507.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Malign_attack_Wellcome_L0039507.jpg/360px-C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Malign_attack_Wellcome_L0039507.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="3146" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The zhong 'e point was targeted for corpse infection (shizhu) and inimical visitation (kewu), malign attack (zhong 'e) [forms of demonic possession], etc. Moxibustion takes place on the left for male patients and the right for female patients.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart;_Scrofula_point_Wellcome_L0039512.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scrofula was to be treated at the point where it occurred, with garlic-partition moxibustion (gesuan jiufa)."><img alt="Scrofula was to be treated at the point where it occurred, with garlic-partition moxibustion (gesuan jiufa)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Scrofula_point_Wellcome_L0039512.jpg/180px-C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Scrofula_point_Wellcome_L0039512.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Scrofula_point_Wellcome_L0039512.jpg/270px-C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Scrofula_point_Wellcome_L0039512.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Scrofula_point_Wellcome_L0039512.jpg/360px-C19_Chinese_MS_moxibustion_point_chart%3B_Scrofula_point_Wellcome_L0039512.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="3146" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scrofula was to be treated at the point where it occurred, with garlic-partition moxibustion (gesuan jiufa).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_and_effectiveness">Uses and effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxibustion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses and effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most research into moxibustion comes from China and is generally of low quality.<sup id="cite_ref-ee150_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ee150-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claims are made for its effectiveness for a wide variety of conditions, with some practitioners promoting it as a <a href="/wiki/Panacea_(medicine)" title="Panacea (medicine)">panacea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ee150_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ee150-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxibustion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is some evidence to suggest that moxibustion, when included along with other procedures that are usual to care for a person who is at risk of a breech birth, may decrease the chances that the baby presents in the breech position and may decrease the chances of a person requiring oxytocin to help labour start or progress.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This evidence is considered to be of the "moderate" level of certainty by a 2023 Cochrane Systematic Review, however, the safety profile was not clear in these studies as adverse effects were not well considered or properly reported.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the need or role of turning the baby by performing an <a href="/wiki/External_cephalic_version" title="External cephalic version">external cephalic version</a> to prevent a breech birth along with these treatments is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence that moxibustion, when combined with standard care practices, helps reduce the risk of a person requiring a <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">caesarean section</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also not clear if there are any benefits for preventing early <a href="/wiki/Membrane_rupture" class="mw-redirect" title="Membrane rupture">membrane ruptures</a> or a protective effect on the <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbilical cord blood">umbilical cord blood</a> <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> level.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxibustion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moxibustion has also been studied for the treatment of pain,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">ulcerative colitis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Systematic reviews have found that these studies are of low quality and positive findings could be due to <a href="/wiki/Publication_bias" title="Publication bias">publication bias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxibustion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moxibustion carries a risk of <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effects</a> including burns and infection.<sup id="cite_ref-ee150_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ee150-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some side effects that have been reported include nausea, throat irritation, and abdominal pain from contractions when used in pregnancy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parallel_uses_of_mugwort">Parallel uses of mugwort</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxibustion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parallel uses of mugwort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mugwort amongst other herbs was often bound into <a href="/wiki/Smudge_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Smudge stick">smudge sticks</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash people</a> from southern California have a similar ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europeans placed sprigs of mugwort under pillows to provoke dreams; and the herb had associations with the practice of <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxibustion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a> – Pseudoscientific needling treatment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_needle_acupuncture" title="Fire needle acupuncture">Fire needle acupuncture</a> – A form of acupuncture<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping therapy</a> – Pseudoscience whereby suction is applied to the skin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieba" title="Jieba">Jieba</a> – Ritual scars on Buddhist monks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_moxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric moxa">Electric moxa</a> – Treatment device designed by Golding Bird</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxibustion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ee150-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ee150_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ee150_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ee150_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ee150_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFErnst_E2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edzard_Ernst" title="Edzard Ernst">Ernst E</a> (2019). <i>Alternative Medicine – A Critical Assessment of 150 Modalities</i>. Springer. pp. 182–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-12601-8">10.1007/978-3-030-12601-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-12600-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-12600-1"><bdi>978-3-030-12600-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34148480">34148480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Medicine+%26ndash%3B+A+Critical+Assessment+of+150+Modalities&rft.pages=182-183&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34148480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-12601-8&rft.isbn=978-3-030-12600-1&rft.au=Ernst+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoxibustion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang_Michel2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang Michel">Wolfgang Michel</a> (2005). "Far Eastern Medicine in Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Century Germany". <i>Gengo Bunka Ronkyū <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">言語文化論究</span></span></i>. <b>20</b>. Kyushu University, Faculty of Languages and Cultures: 67–82. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2324%2F2878">2324/2878</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1341-0032">1341-0032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gengo+Bunka+Ronky%C5%AB+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3E%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E7%A9%B6%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text&rft.atitle=Far+Eastern+Medicine+in+Seventeenth+and+Early+Eighteenth+Century+Germany&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=67-82&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2324%2F2878&rft.issn=1341-0032&rft.au=Wolfgang+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoxibustion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi_Zhaoguo2013" class="citation book cs1">Li Zhaoguo (2013). <i>English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Theory and Practice</i>. <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">上海三联书店</span></span>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5426-4084-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5426-4084-0"><bdi>978-7-5426-4084-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Translation+of+Traditional+Chinese+Medicine%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh%22%3E%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%89%E8%81%94%E4%B9%A6%E5%BA%97%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Chinese-language+text&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-7-5426-4084-0&rft.au=Li+Zhaoguo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoxibustion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is a great variety of further Chinese names (<i>bingtai</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">冰台</span></span>、<i>ecao</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">遏草</span></span>、<i>xiang'ai</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">香艾</span></span>、<i>qiai</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">蕲艾</span></span>、<i>aihao</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">艾蒿</span></span>、<i>jiucao</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">灸草</span></span>﹑<i>yicao</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">医草</span></span>﹑<i>huangcao</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">黄草</span></span>﹑<i>airong</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">艾绒</span></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedhamLu_GD2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, J</a>; Lu GD (2002). <i>Celestial lancets: a history and rationale of acupuncture and moxa</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0&pg=PA262">262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1458-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1458-8"><bdi>0-7007-1458-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celestial+lancets%3A+a+history+and+rationale+of+acupuncture+and+moxa&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7007-1458-8&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Lu+GD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoxibustion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not all acupuncture points can be used for moxibustion. A few of them are preferred in both classical literature and modern research: Zusanli (ST-36), Dazhui (GV-14).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yinovacenter.com/chinese-medicine/moxibustion/">"Moxibustion | Chinese Medicine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moxibustion+%26%23124%3B+Chinese+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yinovacenter.com%2Fchinese-medicine%2Fmoxibustion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoxibustion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanakuraNiwaKometaniNakazawa2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kanakura, Y; Niwa, K; Kometani, K; Nakazawa, K; Yamaguchi, Y; Ishikawa, H; Watanabe, A; Tokunaga, Y (2002). 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Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59714-048-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59714-048-5"><bdi>978-1-59714-048-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chumash+Ethnobotany%3A+Plant+Knowledge+among+the+Chumash+People+of+Southern+California&rft.pub=Santa+Barbara+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59714-048-5&rft.aulast=Timbrook&rft.aufirst=Janice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoxibustion" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2002" class="citation journal cs1">Knight, Katherine (1 January 2002). "A Precious Medicine: Tradition and Magic in Some Seventeenth-Century Household Remedies". <i>Folklore</i>. <b>113</b> (2): 237–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587022000015347">10.1080/0015587022000015347</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-587X">0015-587X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162291104">162291104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=A+Precious+Medicine%3A+Tradition+and+Magic+in+Some+Seventeenth-Century+Household+Remedies&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237-247&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162291104%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0015-587X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587022000015347&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoxibustion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxibustion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Moxibustion" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Moxibustion">Moxibustion</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/moxibustion" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/moxibustion">moxibustion</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Michel-Zaitsu" title="Wolfgang Michel-Zaitsu">W Michel</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2324/2878">Far Eastern Medicine in Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Century Germany</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2324/2936">Hermann Buschoff, <i>The gout, more narrowly searcht, and found out; together with the certain cure thereof</i>. London 1676. W Michel ed. Fukuoka, March 2003. (Japanese introduction by the editor, English text)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120007878">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120007878">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="moxování"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph445006&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX539491">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550845905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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