CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "dl.acm.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e6fe4c39fb8a8d8',cH: 'RCz2k7Uc3StQJX6PV2uQ9KLLCgQpnDc.wDq1OziJApw-1732351637-1.2.1.1-jo3h4JDyUEjtwt6H1OBUjIV369mZAl1hAWfQWq436hSreTtoS.zdD8p4yK1Qmogs',cUPMDTk: "\/citation.cfm?id=3234825&__cf_chl_tk=fKp0eq2IS8QSkdPekLoIQG_IwB.66imQAsz3aA7_QbU-1732351637-1.0.1.1-CKVQifFPO0NV1EwT05rPzsnSwPQKL1gLCEBY7Oa04qE",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732351637',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/citation.cfm?id=3234825&__cf_chl_f_tk=fKp0eq2IS8QSkdPekLoIQG_IwB.66imQAsz3aA7_QbU-1732351637-1.0.1.1-CKVQifFPO0NV1EwT05rPzsnSwPQKL1gLCEBY7Oa04qE",md: "EjT3tKmtvsZL6HNb3ao0.NXsUiEzaUcWn_1rq8Mzv_o-1732351637-1.2.1.1-icvVHWZXRdZIoNbUm..0.rHI9ddBoROiNlkChi.a75hrNHkXMLMdYtSBQXo7hAB1aMe4NQnhFTYoFr8cE6fYFvpdgRB._KE0Evffx91.9pceE7hbF7JsPsWrYcvsFm1IdcLoQ2r8WHH1dwJk3_Yuu8c.XYEGCEtvwVn5iv6JJvMN2K4oDwGjgaW6bTP2PbQi39WNWw9x3WHc8OY.JS5b4ne2FntDHHJR.JcScdjZwjkD5Lc0U3n8PB8l4Jt3chMuCNuj2xkx1jxRNXCyxQAAoNadmFvC6wv6.yWxp6X2_NbZmPNWyVh9yvcCP1zCzGGpW9G7k7dyiyHnq26IabHv.ic3OZYViS5VEjPUc7szt._f6HE.O2hZqc9hqcaFzMBbCIBXC2fG4USjRPR8xaHQL3lFYWKM2zTdlgVHfRLTp0g7.t3mPQvACAs.H4zKXEDXeDb8ZqHL1cBRuB4Gl4hKr8JCJjca1xNG0I4vnMIoDElGX7.C5Vv3gPmDmW9RqaxC_ij4PBT3iFVRdp1pmzQ8pNmNAm8iwOPGBtbBDaFQR7nocpDpWyv9FLeGRFXm9rUcTntb6G9RizvuidpnVXstmNHBL96VuV.p90o7eTQtvc59gVRFnbQsRgxnX5ovoHIljk0F84GQHaiTnWw8DsCjO6BYQvhS2W64F5afTK0jeK8uutqs6npFUqw.Hi6DTcEV6NLQmeSS0ZYKj1xRrCxd3BNCmeAixb3wC_lqsXG8hHKFqSrv96_Zn7Q1DvE5C5mwzxReS3R.7s7wqP_QDQfr0ykdLgBUyLNw_JFZngwhaM0usQZzerm.H4hmKWtvyGi585hwo5hV2u58i8cuEe6uuE8ym9q_.V3IAX.rETcG6Tz3hjgkSkRtxjRP_WAF5S8cNg9wmFu16wg.V4zvZDyLjghEDcFU5ZRhupqWN_Q8gts5fm20QrOX_Zl8GmsRLrCsj7OFhHqfVxrTEEP7O5p6hPCCV763lJnSwhlFFX6zElE9nNRlNr48E7oyB91.XWWAjUK1Y.VonjyAakYzmYFXdEzGX0T.B9iJ0AHbaaMygq87ohUzy02TGzoUOz1HFt4eNan2Xb3IWr7.ZeJ_cBFN64vf8JsqDV6HoLW8nVyF2I5mVss63uGjjWG.u9DtmKn7QcKVIz_qVux.VbUmDgAA.U1KB0nuRXvLKD2BPT92QNk7vKPa3l3NHJuRrdHfrGGdgr19TccbliiiuVy8WiywCq5lfIoVzXTX4HRCLf9pGj0iDcRQbUG9hL0W9Tn0ixGCVfVaSCxldEd1rUgyDfBHFcvT6bZg_PeS.ZraL13jrS5WXCRP2tNc24stX7y6P2hTsUIP1otq8wZQuBj5pUDgaQmYCnJwoTdz5axHGQ8Oi_RZxRfbyqZPYJNBs9Q_mxUvti8WjvKdz9Njx0_XHr7F2VNqB2W97tDTUc5Wo3nVZWASU1ML0yykeUMvKLtr1qZIf1rDGmTv4cgzqBeQjDM7a1yRPEkelEIi9HBR.0OWRwVVXaq1mndHloiYD3YTFxH3kvBK7y3ZicJJk68aotyH3wA92NsYwECnUMq_qodzcTjLvjD5.v5sE38OthZDPLVnz.S.HQKnEJAVFB3HadooJxZykjVXHyOjmB5PuRvnIGHn0unuPV3l87ZwHPYYvVGxWw1UZkCOeJpgMIZt3O4CPA5Sm6MsY.44ExQsA2vwplDb.xZ_hrhudroDxa8eWZfgRUmYs3ZfkESDny_sx6cts1f2bzn_IPeZ.oPUlkA78IjCnv4XGL0vY4NGT7YHOyVm7sVMCs9a51o72ZKJnRTbP7HYKZfp0QvyQ7sgPTkPjsV.IA_IOtvWUGAuFURcKFvYuI.J1aJ4Iu2s6C7rmKDqA_kW.86_LvO6Zu1j.6b7f3MYX03LEuwe29LycvVxEiwgXtyRp.HS.QB8.cKBaMbjl51PAaA0HbUS88jsJSrfsDiVD80aqPfv0wUHNBE8ATxGxKz1rlQG6Gy2Pzl3_SdFX5_Ts.jTI4cGUezVtn4.PqBamwkHmRZ.x06ba84iSrB2e1KpEv28EsSKcDh6jVyacgApPyUzkUopYOTJEhicCgXEwMcdBcmvxWTTuz9DFfTrvBqIiNQPo2wNryPoA2jM2fnn52WrGLyXz3VQSyMpaiHaBEEoCJOkK38p2qlRGSOcSBiKYx.nO6asF1hGaZXg5YUT82yr5QoaivEiTMDmN1EcU4VEb3WIrMMyCCpiQAgZYYZ9z5UrVycytrILt.08XZWLARqW_pO.fODN1dS0mluplVFIzxumWnuvfkG7DMZPP0MStrXQKv.F8pkMzLdBlljZTvT__uWV12Rp8m9NwV3dxf1h_cqmBdy5VB3SAPfjOJ9vxTBugKYUaHXmK8Bt.9fUE8G_uVCaMYtvhbJHUe69I_l0_4lhT05lYHhoOcZHMhTQREJJ5UJgaIit0.goPHJsKrHURsTBW2R0Yhmd2d0NoMc0o8V8n3Biizlo3ubT8AADXmrDHlI9j9nJN1P0b0JIHyEdwiB4qQoczfGQYTSo6RTaRbtNV5EkSf2LFHJFo1HVEyWKe1v8U8JKG79yuoOlJaYDwSnwvlkPyvqLcHz4ZLxyNV.84DWLOTGJADrym7UMabFjT58innkrz6V72KaP4WaMuNP4a_KT7hZGkDECZlSNV6VojqBItnJ5VNACn4XULLrIC5LBtAIHv1fAmDYfqCu63ULRhWXidyu3A7fDzY..hQOBQhTtKUG935rDTOT9a85Ee1IaR4XvQEh1ltf2pJ62dJ8gYfBlUqzQLBxV4dWqYwlfdSyzE4835tZ8lj.T1SUxmyzmKdtZHR5_0uVV9ghZXHDbgPHvl4zILTM6OX9R.YZR3WVvzsJY8cDjQRxOfHMFjAw3EckwNV.15HAA1jqg1Rad1UlJOH51xBOQzxCKHaoyVF7OxYmXW8D3lilBMG2Ypka9r.odk61BZcTfhDTihBsIgZQOh1_fp3U",mdrd: "EjPFLSNas_tHV6dRMKwarh9OOEesB.mgvTigpgWAHZ4-1732351637-1.2.1.1-9B4WNUJrXgLf3GTW3K3sp_eQ7cbe883IZEWwP__t1YQRlb7OZfcdhPK9dTDuiybzcgiS.zsRzBWl9_mN29TqKECNT1umG7j4qJW3yn_lyPfKjL87S6nMzK4eMilogzrECGNo3OIq7JpSkGcSkkhyR7MT7_QfCvJzybHYJ8kQYRwzCf7kGObWqaE_ddgCOS5JrKNrU4fC1J9gErEkr1txN2OiUP2sLE0vZ8qosXeWuwhx1PBpwu.pLA2OX5lK045pd.ZxW2mrpvMXfvYLBUxk2QdqpLf0nw1NvRHLw3mVEdGAYmwrmUVyAOE6KKnfJ48D5eh66.ZgMigB2A4U9Ay6yvMsmK0MVXZI_rRDBVWMGbQuIqolD2TpH3D1KnKDcp4unTiAp2cWi5Vys_MDae42QKB6ZyzM5y74xcpp4W76ZSFSMne6ZiPBDRmbSRCrc4zogr6Sf5P.pFP3yR8T9uQmZFsibsGtpv91PPGp7uDRC5wOkkodTWFY0viQeh4Z84UyyAaqyU97bRgqJQVaVqCZumGmOuO2McAq6uY.Dw5hQJkw4gMMgug1DBF_XMRUK7YDMY5R6vw5rfrp1ceMvHnGJujSgykBjY2MZRlajxYWLrepYvUXVwuWD1XhvCX58z_88jlxX9EQjQJzSAM3lpsHdHGth73gf1oYKjYG1z06pDE8QhVps8ja0UzyWyKiLTjoKP3.3d5jQ6NesY6gM8CUmY2CxI7cRwn_c5wUe1oa_5b8YFlyoz6VrBFGDrM2tvI0Y0VynP_QGN5yoKHNIDC8CSbS8djUtlTjs_v5ZxzNdwMt4g08WfM.pPaMWgorhRLLWQTHg4419CMY25iV115wXaiRamc6GTnHH6FalyJJEaAi2D1Imlpdu95Mgy2KBhtWW5WJyWFYdlaJYj.6CeaibFeFxvEUua2539XVCGHdgmXM1b3OnkZE03n19mtTD5mAKsuFO0zbetEn6q5GKMhjHJS1ZB1hTtU4PjsZZ0uYwELtHh1X0CDFjirxD_VQBUYK5_XC5daDwpPUZuHfQAuRwTuxzR9y6l31wM4H6k.u9vSl.Nlojr65cF0fuTWu0mlaT9.IwM78rKXRAh4br.1wRLWRokJdkAGqFJJc90zuuzGj0ZqQXde6Sqt0nwg2JNpaLAz9qsp8KTHMqzFDZIHnoJCHDRokXOVF2aaB0Xv343kLrjYXN5bRx4QDTgyd455wPoeckGSV2PC9ah.RTus5Cwk_C49QQw74HyegNk6pYNYgTPO5nt7dBW6o49OyITYmOslUct_Yr.lXndAo2.gYyzZ_2oKBm9X_.A52RG1iTcN0uTJCW_rqVSKcAtm01UCcdPdHZbD5Q86MYbgmwXlDBNrhkulzqoy3kG5pqeKdD6nJ7rwC1jMbMuMaLhcAX4VEmAjcN8FgWhzd5f2p8Tvt4PZiV9lkJyZuN0zt7FQ5zob2ChuHmWujvGjUHfN8pdRwmRludoR1vTaT0NNkU3dMn5ZiACJahsZPtHvLVy1tsfWI9KOwGL_TE2jIJ8UZWDD3arbM05D6qOHogypm_NI3TiHyO5nfpmIcQfbh8gnwLrDgebrgvrFXzK8F3ecWIl5ahSAQmart7o_nkxRqGdlOTRQQW7Pb3ut5IDHDwhYvFpRH9me0iMrOCeo.61_PwOmcQx3JeDsR1tkoYzbESs_kYGAHJkaEoJF5.hynerASROHAYRryeLWErRKnFr.HVpcEENGOUkBPviLkjQLUnmTCkQsGrXfyvW6oe5an6YDg12lCekt1X39zycFGlIbFKltGHEPHhUAc6Y1qi9K5BSs8LGekxepFTEKWxIqXa.pis102WUB_imYlFxsbEDjSm01ENiT5K4C76ZIsIBejofSt31vhpTt4AUgmxyQGlrGQ5EhcVjVzlumvzzE7YGfNRO9822d8zjir1qUa9ylGAXYDC.apYd7eiehr2yvDmn9hRow"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e6fe4c39fb8a8d8';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/citation.cfm?id=3234825&__cf_chl_rt_tk=fKp0eq2IS8QSkdPekLoIQG_IwB.66imQAsz3aA7_QbU-1732351637-1.0.1.1-CKVQifFPO0NV1EwT05rPzsnSwPQKL1gLCEBY7Oa04qE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>