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decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg/450px-Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg/600px-Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1351" /></a><figcaption>The Houses of Parliament, seen over Westminster Bridge</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="w:Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a></b> (commonly referred to as the <b>British Parliament</b>, the <b>Westminster Parliament</b>) is the supreme <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/legislature" class="extiw" title="w:legislature">legislative body</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. It consists of an upper house, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> (mainly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_peer" class="extiw" title="w:Life peer">life</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_peer" class="extiw" title="w:Hereditary peer">hereditary peers</a>) and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="w:House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> (an elected lower house). Parliament alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK. At its head is the Sovereign, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a> who announces his government's legislative programme for the forthcoming <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_session" class="extiw" title="w:Legislative session">session</a> in the King's speech at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" class="extiw" title="w:State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a>. The executive authority of the government (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King-in-Parliament" class="extiw" title="w:King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a>) is formally granted on behalf of the crown. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>We may be proud that <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> is the ancient country of Parliaments. With scarcely any intervening period, Parliaments have met constantly for 600 years, and there was something of a Parliament before the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest" class="extiw" title="w:Norman Conquest">Conquest</a>. England is <b>the mother of Parliaments.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a>, Speech at Birmingham, (18 January 1865).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Parliament is not a <i>congress</i> of <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassador">ambassadors</a> from different and hostile interests; which interests each must maintain, as an agent and advocate, against other agents and advocates; but parliament is a <i>deliberative</i> assembly of <i>one</i> nation, with <i>one</i> interest, that of the whole; where, not local purposes, not local prejudices ought to guide, but the general good, resulting from the general reason of the whole. You choose a member indeed; but when you have chosen him, he is not a member of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol" class="extiw" title="w:Bristol">Bristol</a>, but he is a member of <i>parliament</i>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, Speech to the Electors of Bristol (1774-11-03); as published in <i>The Works of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke</i> (1834).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The power of discretionary disqualification by one law of Parliament, and the necessity of paying every debt of the Civil List by another law of Parliament, if suffered to pass unnoticed, must establish such a fund of rewards and terrors as will make Parliament the best appendage and support of arbitrary power that ever was invented by the wit of man. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, <i>Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents</i> (1770).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The unique continuity of the British parliamentary system has provided an unparalleled stage for political theatre over the past two hundred years. During the two centuries which separate the age of <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt</a> from the age of <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> the conduct of politics has been transformed almost beyond recognition. The electorate has grown from a few thousand well-born men to include the entire <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adult</a> population - forty-five million <a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">men</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women" title="Women">women</a> at the last <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">election</a>. <a href="/wiki/Debate" title="Debate">Debate</a> that was once conducted in elaborately rhetorical speeches, often lasting several hours, in the chamber of the House of Commons is now concentrated into thirty-second soundbites on <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, replayed infinitely on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Governments</a> come and go, <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" title="Political parties">parties</a> rise and decline, the issues and <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a> which form the content of political controversy change over time - <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> or <a href="/wiki/Order" title="Order">order</a>; the prerogatives of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">the Crown</a> or the House of Lords; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tariffs" class="extiw" title="w:tariffs">tariffs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>; <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> (or the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mixed_economy" class="extiw" title="w:mixed economy">particular balance between the two</a>); above all, <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a> or <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> and the morality and cost of foreign interventions, whether in colonial <a href="/wiki/America" class="mw-redirect" title="America">America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">continental Europe</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Yet through all these changes of style and substance, the rivalry of ambitious individuals competing for the highest offices - the same offices, for the most part - has remained a constant, and the conduct of <a href="/wiki/Politicians" title="Politicians">politicians</a> merely adapts to different contexts. There is in every age a small number of dominating personalities who embody the contending <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophies</a> of the moment; the clashing <a href="/wiki/Ego" title="Ego">egos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> <a href="/wiki/Strength" title="Strength">strengths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weakness" title="Weakness">weaknesses</a> of these key individuals shape the arguments and determine the historical outcome. These are the leaders who define their age. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell_(biographer)" class="extiw" title="w:John Campbell (biographer)">John Campbell</a>, <i>Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown</i>, p. 2</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I may confess, however, that I do not feel quite like a fish out of water in a <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative assembly</a> where <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> is spoken. I am a child of the House of Commons. I was brought up in <a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">my father</a>'s house to believe in <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. "Trust the people." That was his message. I used to see him cheered at meetings and in the streets by crowds of <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">workingmen</a> way back in those <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> days when as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a> said "the world was for the few, and for the very few." Therefore I have been in full harmony all my life with the tides which have flowed on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> against <a href="/wiki/Privilege" title="Privilege">privilege</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> and I have steered confidently towards the <a href="/wiki/The_Gettysburg_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg</a> ideal of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> of the people, by the people, for the people. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/churchill-address-to-congress.html">Address to Joint Session of the United States Congress</a>, 26 December 1941</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I have only two or three sentences to add. They will convey to the House my deep gratitude to this House of Commons, which has proved itself the strongest foundation for waging war that has ever been seen in the whole of our long history. We have all of us made our mistakes, but the strength of the Parliamentary institution has been shown to enable it at the same moment to preserve all the title-deeds of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> while waging war in the most stern and protracted form. I wish to give my hearty thanks to men of all <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" title="Political parties">Parties</a>, to everyone in every part of the House where they sit, for the way in which the liveliness of Parliamentary institutions has been maintained under the fire of the enemy, and for the way in which we have been able to persevere-and we could have persevered much longer if need had been-till all the objectives which we set before us for the procuring of the unlimited and unconditional surrender of the enemy had been achieved. I recollect well at the end of the last war, more than a quarter of a century ago, that the House, when it heard the long list of the surrender terms, the armistice terms, which had been imposed upon the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germans</a>, did not feel inclined for debate or business, but desired to offer thanks to <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Almighty God</a>, to the Great Power which seems to shape and design the fortunes of nations and the destiny of man; and I therefore beg, Sir, with your permission to move: That this House do now attend at the Church of St. Margaret, Westminster, to give humble and reverent thanks to Almighty God for our deliverance from the threat of German domination. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1941-1945-war-leader/end-of-the-war-in-europe/">Speech to the British Parliament on the End of World War II in Europe</a>, 8 April 1945</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts" class="extiw" title="w:Hogwarts">Hogwarts</a> gone wrong. <ul><li>Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Stella_Creasy" title="Stella Creasy">Stella Creasy</a>'s description of the Westminster parliament, cited in Esther Addley <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/nov/01/stella-creasy-interview">"Stella Creasy: 'New politics? I’m still waiting for that to happen'"</a> <i>The Guardian</i> (1 November 2015).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="w:Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom">Parliamentary sovereignty</a> means neither more nor less than this, namely, that Parliament thus defined has, under the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and, further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Dicey" title="A. V. Dicey">A. V. Dicey</a>, <i>Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution</i> [Eighth Edition, 1915] (1982), pp. 3-4</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The true hero of the ‘long’ revolution was neither <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William</a> nor the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a>; it was the institution of Parliament itself. Throughout the 17<sup>th</sup> century, Parliament never quite lost its nerve – except perhaps under <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a>. Sitting at Westminster, it was the unchallenged forum of the nation. Through each crisis, it gave <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarchy</a> every chance to save itself. Its membership may have been undemocratic, but its dross of <a href="/wiki/Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop">bishops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocrats</a> was leavened by new men and new interests. Neither mobs in the street nor rebellions in the provinces ever seized the initiative. The <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British people</a> were not revolutionized. The <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">events of 1688</a> did not widen the parliamentary franchise or extend constituency representation. But they were a step in the long road to democracy. As such, they were, as Cromwell would have said, a cruel necessity. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Jenkins" class="extiw" title="w:Simon Jenkins">Simon Jenkins</a>, "The English Revolution, 1642-1689," in <i>Revolutions: How They Changed History and What They Mean Today</i> (2020), ed. by Peter Furtado</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>[<a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>] is not the British Parliament, and I hope it never will become the British Parliament... Are we going to bring the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> in here and have a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Questions" class="extiw" title="w:Prime Minister's Questions">question period</a> like the prime minister has in Great Britain? <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a>, reported in Dana Milbank, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/11/AR2007061102092.html">A Jolly Good Show, but the Wrong Side of the Pond</a>" <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" class="extiw" title="w:The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2007-06-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007-06-12 (page does not exist)">2007-06-12</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>When <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> is at stake, it is your last entrenchment; you must defend it, or perish...Sir, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> knows the consequence of a war in <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a>; whoever gains, it must prove fatal to her...is this any longer a nation? Is this any longer an English Parliament, if with more ships in your harbours than in all the <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">navies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>; with above two millions of people in your <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_America" class="extiw" title="w:British America">American colonies</a>, you will bear to hear of the expediency of receiving from Spain an insecure, unsatisfactory, dishonourable Convention? <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham</a>, Denouncing the Spanish Convention of Prado in the House of Commons (6 March, 1739), reported in William Pitt, <i>The Speeches of the Right Honourable the Earl of Chatham in the Houses of Lords and Commons: With a Biographical Memoir and Introductions and Explanatory Notes to the Speeches</i> (London: Aylott & Jones, 1848), pp. 6-7.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>There are many things a parliament cannot do. It cannot make itself executive, nor dispose of offices which belong to the crown. It cannot take any man's <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>, even that of the meanest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/serfdom" class="extiw" title="w:serfdom">cottager</a>, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosures</a>, without his being heard. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham</a> <i>Speech in the House of Commons</i> (1766); reported in <i>Parliamentary History of England</i> (London, 1813), vol. 6, col. 195.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British people</a> know that, given strong <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a>, time and a little bit of <a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">hope</a>, the forces of <a href="/wiki/Goodness" title="Goodness">good</a> ultimately rally and triumph over <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>. Here among you is the cradle of self-government, the Mother of Parliaments. Here is the enduring greatness of the British contribution to <a href="/wiki/Mankind" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankind">mankind</a>, the great civilized ideas: individual <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Representation" title="Representation">representative government</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> under <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/address-members-british-parliament">Speech to the British Parliament</a> (8 June 1982)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The House of Commons is called the Lower House, in twenty Acts of Parliament; but what are twenty Acts of Parliament amongst Friends? <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Selden" title="John Selden">John Selden</a>, <i>Table Talk</i> (1689), p. 38.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The objection to judicial interference in <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> is that it undermines the democratic <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy" title="Legitimacy">legitimacy</a> of public decision making. The problem that we have here is that the government itself has sought to undermine the democratic <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy" title="Legitimacy">legitimacy</a> of public decision making by dispensing with a central feature of our constitution, namely that ministers are answerable to parliament. <b>What the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a> has done is to invent a brand new rule, that is undoubtedly controversial, a brand new constitutional rule, the effect of which is to reinstate parliament at the heart of the decision-making process. And that is not undermining <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> at all, nor is it a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a>, it is simply replacing what ought to have happened by convention, by law, in circumstances where the government has tried to kick away the conventions.</b> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Sumption" class="extiw" title="w:Jonathan Sumption">Jonathan Sumption</a> on the UK Supreme Court judgement of the <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> government's extended proroguing of parliament, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Today_Programme" class="extiw" title="w:The Today Programme">The Today Programme</a>, BBC Radio 4, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/BBCr4today/status/1176766276196323328">25 September, 2019</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The King governs by Law. Let us look back to the evils we had, in order to prevent more. There was loan, and ship-money, and extremes begat extremes. The House would then give no money. Let the King rely upon the Parliament; we have settled the Crown and the Government. 'Tis strange that we have sat so many years, and given so much money, and are still called upon for Supply. The Lords may give Supply with their own money, but we give the peoples; we are their proxies. The King takes his measures by the Parliament, and he doubts not but that all the Commons will supply for the Government; but giving at this rate that we have done, we shall be "a branch of the revenue." They will "anticipate" us too. But, let the officers say what they will, we will not make these mismanagements the King's error. 'Tis better it should fall upon us than the King. We give public money, and must see that it goes to public use. Tell your money, fix it to public ends, and take order against occasions of this nature for the future. We cannot live at the expence of Spain, that has the Indies; or France, who has so many millions of revenue. Let us look to our Government, Fleet, and Trade. 'Tis the advice that the oldest Parliament-man among you can give you; and so, God bless you! <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Waller" title="Edmund Waller">Edmund Waller</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=40374">Speech in parliament</a> (19 October 1675).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Dictionary_of_Legal_Quotations_(1904)"><span id="The_Dictionary_of_Legal_Quotations_.281904.29"></span><i>The Dictionary of Legal Quotations</i> (1904)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Dictionary of Legal Quotations (1904)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><small>Quotes reported in James William Norton-Kyshe, <i>The Dictionary of Legal Quotations</i> (1904), p. 189-193.</small></dd></dl> <ul><li>This Court is a standing Court, and the law doth adjourn it from time to time: but a Parliament is a new Court, they appear, and are always summoned by new writs. <ul><li>Rolle, C.J., <i>Case of Captain Streater on an Habeas Corpus</i> (1653), 5 How. St. Tr. 400.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The Crown used to call a Parliament annually, but there was not an annual election. These words, <i>annuo parliamento</i>, relate to the time of their meeting, and not their election. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Rooke" title="Giles Rooke">Giles Rooke</a>, J., <i>Trial of Redhead alias Yorke</i> (1795), 25 How. St. Tr. 1081.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>To one who marvelled what should be the reason that Acts and Statutes are continually made at every Parliament, without intermission, and without end, a wise man made a good and short answer, both which are well composed in verse:<br />"Quseritur, ut crescunt tot magna volumina legis?<br />In promptu causa est, crescit in orbe dolus." <ul><li>Lord <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</a>, <i>Twyne's Case</i> (1602), 3 Rep. 80.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>There is no providence or wisdom of man, nor of any council of men that can foresee and provide for all events and variety of cases, that will or may arise upon the making of a new law. <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Atkyns_(judge)" title="Robert Atkyns (judge)">Robert Atkyns</a>, L.C.B., <i>Trial of Sir Edward Halet</i> (1686), 11 How. St. Tr. 1208.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The causes of the multiplicity of the English laws are, the extent of the country which they govern; the commerce and refinement of its inhabitants; but above all, the liberty and property of the subject. <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</a>, Bk. III., ch. 25, p. 232.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Lex Parliamenti</i> is to be regarded as the law of the realm; but, supposing it to be a particular law, yet if a question arise determinable in the King's Bench, the King's Bench ought to determine it.— Bridgman, C.J., <i>Binion v. Evelin</i> (1662), Dyer, 60; Carth. 137; 1 Show. 99.</li></ul> <ul><li>If a man be committed by Parliament, and the Parliament is prorogued, the King's Bench will grant a <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus" class="extiw" title="w:Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> then does not take notice of any such law of Parliament to determine inheritance originally. If there is any such, it ought either to be by act of Parliament, and there is no such act; or it ought to be by custom, and no more is there any such custom. <ul><li>Lord Holt, <i>Rex et Reg. v. Knollys</i> (1694), 1 Ld. Raym. 11.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>This Court (Lords House of Parliament), which ought to be an example to all other Courts, will ever hold in the highest reverence the indulgent character of British justice. <ul><li>Lord Erskine, L.C., <i>Trial of Lord Viscount Melville</i> (1806), 29 How. St. Tr. 1249.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>We cannot hear the integrity and wisdom of Parliament questioned in this Court. <ul><li>Abbott, C.J., <i>King v. Edmonds and others</i> (1821), 1 St. Tr. (N. S.) 927.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The House of Commons are a great branch of the Constitution, and are chose by ourselves, and are our trustees; and it cannot be supposed, nor ought to be presumed, that they will exceed their bounds, or do anything amiss . . . this is a very foreign supposition, and what ought not to be said by any Englishman. <ul><li>Powys, J., <i>Reg. v. Paty</i> (1704), 2 Raym. 1109.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Every facility ought undoubtedly to be given to all persons applying to either House of Parliament or to any Court of Justice for the redress of any alleged grievance. <ul><li>Littledale, J., <i>Stockdale v. Hansard</i> (1837), 3 St. Tr. (N. S.) 922.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The House of Commons are the representatives of the people. <ul><li>Gould, J., <i>Reg. v. Paty</i> (1704), 2 Raym. 1107.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>It would look very strange, when the Commons of England are so fond of their right of sending representatives to Parliament, that it should be in the power of a <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriff</a>, or other officer, to deprive them of that right, and yet that they should have no remedy; it is a thing to be admired at by all mankind. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(Lord_Chief_Justice)" title="John Holt (Lord Chief Justice)">Holt</a>, C.J., <i>Ashby v. White</i> (1703), 2 Raym. 954.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I disclaim the power of legislation which is asserted to exist in this Court, and I say that, if such a right is to be created, it must be created by the Legislature properly so called. <ul><li>Jessel, M.R., <i>Day v. Brownrigg</i> (1878), L. R. 10 C. D. 302.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>It is the province of the statesman and not the lawyer to discuss, and of the legislature to determine, what is the best for the public good, and to provide for it by proper enactments. It is the province of the Judge to expound the law only—the written from the statute, the unwritten or common law from the decisions of our predecessors and of our existing Courts—from the text-writers of acknowledged authority, and upon the principles to be clearly deduced from them by sound reason and just inference—not to speculate upon what is the best, in his opinion, for the advantage of the community. <ul><li>Coleridge, J., <i>Brownlow v. Egerton</i> (1854), 23 L. J. Rep. Part 5 (N. S.), Ch. 370.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>If the legislature have not gone far enough, it is for them, not for us, to remedy the defect. <ul><li>Chambre, J., <i>Grigby v. Oakes</i> (1801), 1 Bos. & Pull. 529.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>It is for the legislature to alter the law if Parliament in its wisdom thinks an alteration desirable. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Macnaghten,_Baron_Macnaghten" title="Edward Macnaghten, Baron Macnaghten">Lord Macnaghten‎</a>, <i>Hamilton v. Baker, "The Sara"</i> (1889), L. R. 14 Ap. Ca. 227.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>To abolish a well-established <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> because it is a bad rule, is the business of the legislature. <ul><li>Stephen, J., <i>Reg. v. Coney and others</i> (1882), 15 Cox, C. C. 59.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>What the legislature has not expressly enacted, the <a href="/wiki/Judges" title="Judges">Judges</a> ought not to presume that it intended. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Baron_Chelmsford" class="extiw" title="w:Frederic Thesiger, 1st Baron Chelmsford">Lord Chelmsford</a>, <i>Mordaunt v. Moncreiffe</i> (1874), L. R. 2 Sc. & D. 387.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The decisions of the House of Lords are binding on me and upon all the Courts except itself. <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Romilly,_1st_Baron_Romilly" title="John Romilly, 1st Baron Romilly">John Romilly</a>, M.R., <i>Att.-Gen. v. The Dean and Canons of Windsor</i> (1858), 24 Beav. 715.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>By the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="w:Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution of this United Kingdom</a>, the House of Lords is the Court of Appeal in the last resort, and its decisions are authoritative and conclusive declarations of the existing state of the law, and are binding upon itself when sitting judicially, as much as upon all inferior tribunals. The observations made by members of the House, whether law members or lay members, beyond the ratio decidendi which is propounded and acted upon in giving judgment, although they may be entitled to respect, are only to be followed in as far as they may be considered agreeable to sound reason and to prior authorities. But the doctrine on which the judgment of the House is founded must be universally taken for law, and can only be altered by Act of Parliament. So it is, even where the House gives judgment in conformity to its rule of procedure, that where there is an equality of votes, semper presumitur pro negante. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Campbell" class="extiw" title="w:John Campbell, 1st Baron Campbell">Lord Campbell</a>, L.C., <i>Att.-Gen. v. Dean and Canons of Windsor</i> (1860), 8 H. L. Cas. 391; 30 L. J. Ch. 531.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/12px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/18px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/24px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span> Encyclopedic article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="w:Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> on Wikipedia</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/9px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/13px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> on Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/11px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/17px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Parliament of the United Kingdom">Portal:Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> on Wikisource</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=3484229">https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=3484229</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legislatures" title="Category:Legislatures">Legislatures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organisations_based_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Organisations based in the United Kingdom">Organisations based in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 March 2024, at 15:37.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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