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</div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istorija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istorija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istorija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Istorija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istorija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Staro_carstvo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staro_carstvo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Staro carstvo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staro_carstvo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prvi_prelazni_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prvi_prelazni_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Prvi prelazni period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prvi_prelazni_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Srednje_carstvo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Srednje_carstvo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Srednje carstvo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Srednje_carstvo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drugi_prelazni_period_i_Hiksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drugi_prelazni_period_i_Hiksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Drugi prelazni period i Hiksi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drugi_prelazni_period_i_Hiksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novo_carstvo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novo_carstvo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Novo carstvo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novo_carstvo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treći_prelazni_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treći_prelazni_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Treći prelazni period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treći_prelazni_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vlada_i_ekonomija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vlada_i_ekonomija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vlada i ekonomija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vlada_i_ekonomija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Vlada i ekonomija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vlada_i_ekonomija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administracija_i_trgovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administracija_i_trgovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Administracija i trgovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administracija_i_trgovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socijalni_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socijalni_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Socijalni status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socijalni_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pravni_sistem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pravni_sistem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pravni sistem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pravni_sistem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Džati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Džati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Džati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Džati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Nome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etimologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Etimologija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istorija_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorija_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Istorija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istorija_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dinastički_Egipat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dinastički_Egipat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2.1</span> <span>Dinastički Egipat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dinastički_Egipat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nome_Donjeg_Egipta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nome_Donjeg_Egipta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2.1.1</span> <span>Nome Donjeg Egipta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nome_Donjeg_Egipta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nome_Gornjeg_Egipta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nome_Gornjeg_Egipta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2.1.2</span> <span>Nome Gornjeg Egipta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nome_Gornjeg_Egipta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ptolemajski_Egipat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ptolemajski_Egipat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2.2</span> <span>Ptolemajski Egipat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ptolemajski_Egipat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rimski_Egipat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rimski_Egipat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2.3</span> <span>Rimski Egipat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rimski_Egipat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomarh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomarh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Nomarh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomarh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ma'at" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ma'at"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ma'at</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ma'at-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-_Geografija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#_Geografija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span> Geografija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-_Geografija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Geografija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-_Geografija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Klima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jezik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jezik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Jezik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jezik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Jezik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jezik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egipatsko_pismo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egipatsko_pismo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Egipatsko pismo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egipatsko_pismo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pravni_i_društveni_položaj_žene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pravni_i_društveni_položaj_žene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pravni i društveni položaj žene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pravni_i_društveni_položaj_žene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kultura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kultura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Kultura</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Religija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Srednje_carstvo_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Srednje_carstvo_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Srednje carstvo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Srednje_carstvo_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pozno_carstvo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pozno_carstvo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Pozno carstvo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pozno_carstvo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novo_carstvo_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novo_carstvo_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Novo carstvo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novo_carstvo_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piramide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piramide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Piramide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piramide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zanimljivosti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zanimljivosti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Zanimljivosti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zanimljivosti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Vanjske veze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stari Egipat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 167 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-167" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">167 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antieke_Egipte" title="Antieke Egipte — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antieke Egipte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altes_%C3%84gypten" title="Altes Ägypten — Švajcarsko nemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Altes Ägypten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Švajcarsko nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8C%8D%E1%89%A5%E1%8D%85" title="ጥንታዊ ግብፅ — Amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጥንታዊ ግብፅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigo_Echipto" title="Antigo Echipto — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Antigo Echipto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijipiti_Ukot_Ikaan%CC%84" title="Ijipiti Ukot Ikaan̄ — obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ijipiti Ukot Ikaan̄" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="प्राचीन मिस्र — Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्राचीन मिस्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="مصر القديمة — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصر القديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="مصر لقديمة — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مصر لقديمة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87" title="مصر القديمه — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مصر القديمه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="প্ৰাচীন ইজিপ্ট — Asemijski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰাচীন ইজিপ্ট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asemijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exiptu_Antiguu" title="Exiptu Antiguu — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Exiptu Antiguu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D3%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="НекӀсияб Египет — Avarski" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="НекӀсияб Египет" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99dim_Misir" title="Qədim Misir — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qədim Misir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="قدیم میصر — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قدیم میصر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Боронғо Мысыр — Baškir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Боронғо Мысыр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baškir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oids_Egyptn" title="Oids Egyptn — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oids Egyptn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senuob%C4%97s_Eg%C4%97pts" title="Senuobės Egėpts — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Senuobės Egėpts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%95%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Старажытны Егіпет — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старажытны Егіпет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%AD%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Старажытны Эгіпет — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Старажытны Эгіпет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Древен Египет — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Древен Египет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%85%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB" title="အီဂျစ်ပွိုင်းလဲင်ႏစခါ — Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အီဂျစ်ပွိုင်းလဲင်ႏစခါ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="মিশরীয় সভ্যতা — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিশরীয় সভ্যতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henegipt" title="Henegipt — Bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Henegipt" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_Egipat" title="Stari Egipat — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stari Egipat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Эртын Египет — Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эртын Египет" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antic_Egipte" title="Antic Egipte — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antic Egipte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%AB_%C4%82i-g%C4%ADk" title="Gū Ăi-gĭk — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gū Ăi-gĭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шира Мисар — Čečenski" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шира Мисар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Čečenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaang_Ehipto" title="Karaang Ehipto — Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Karaang Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86" title="میسری کۆن — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میسری کۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starov%C4%9Bk%C3%BD_Egypt" title="Starověký Egypt — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Starověký Egypt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Авалхи Египет — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Авалхи Египет" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Hen_Aifft" title="Yr Hen Aifft — Velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Hen Aifft" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_gamle_Egypten" title="Det gamle Egypten — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det gamle Egypten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altes_%C3%84gypten" title="Altes Ägypten — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Altes Ägypten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1ro_Antik" title="Mısıro Antik — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mısıro Antik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αρχαία Αίγυπτος — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαία Αίγυπτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eg%C3%A9tt_ant%C3%AEg" title="Egétt antîg — Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Egétt antîg" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ancient Egypt" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikva_Egiptio" title="Antikva Egiptio — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antikva Egiptio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguo_Egipto" title="Antiguo Egipto — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antiguo Egipto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vana-Egiptus" title="Vana-Egiptus — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vana-Egiptus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinako_Egipto" title="Antzinako Egipto — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinako Egipto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguu_Egitu" title="Antiguu Egitu — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Antiguu Egitu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مصر باستان — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مصر باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muinainen_Egypti" title="Muinainen Egypti — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muinainen Egypti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vana-Eg%C3%BCpt%C3%BCs" title="Vana-Egüptüs — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vana-Egüptüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique" title="Égypte antique — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Égypte antique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ual_Egypten" title="Ual Egypten — Severno-frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ual Egypten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Severno-frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%AEc_Egjit" title="Antîc Egjit — Friulijski" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Antîc Egjit" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alde_Egypte" title="Alde Egypte — Frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alde Egypte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSean-%C3%89igipt" title="An tSean-Éigipt — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSean-Éigipt" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及 — gan kineski" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="古埃及" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89jip_antik" title="Éjip antik — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Éjip antik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Seann_%C3%88ipheit" title="An t-Seann Èipheit — Škotski Galski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Seann Èipheit" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Škotski Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigo_Exipto" title="Antigo Exipto — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antigo Exipto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eh%C3%ADto_Ymaguare" title="Ehíto Ymaguare — Gvarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ehíto Ymaguare" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Gvarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4" title="પ્રાચીન ઇજિપ્ત — Gudžarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રાચીન ઇજિપ્ત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gudžarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_%C3%87henn_Egypt" title="Yn Çhenn Egypt — Manks" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Çhenn Egypt" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מצרים העתיקה — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצרים העתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="प्राचीन मिस्र — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राचीन मिस्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana_Egypt" title="Purana Egypt — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Purana Egypt" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drevni_Egipat" title="Drevni Egipat — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drevni Egipat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93kori_Egyiptom" title="Ókori Egyiptom — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ókori Egyiptom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հին Եգիպտոս — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հին Եգիպտոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypto_antique" title="Egypto antique — Interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Egypto antique" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir_Kuno" title="Mesir Kuno — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesir Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijip%C3%B9t%C3%B9_%E1%BB%8Ckp%E1%BB%A5" title="Ijipùtù Ọkpụ — Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ijipùtù Ọkpụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taga-ugma_nga_Ehipto" title="Taga-ugma nga Ehipto — Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Taga-ugma nga Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Шира Мисаре — Ingušetski" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Шира Мисаре" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingušetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptaland_hi%C3%B0_forna" title="Egyptaland hið forna — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Egyptaland hið forna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antico_Egitto" title="Antico Egitto — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antico Egitto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88" title="古代エジプト — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代エジプト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ienshent_Iijip" title="Ienshent Iijip — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ienshent Iijip" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir_Kuna" title="Mesir Kuna — Javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mesir Kuna" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="ძველი ეგვიპტე — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძველი ეგვიპტე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%A9b%C9%A9njaaz%C9%A9_Egipiti" title="Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Egipiti — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Egipiti" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%CC%B1sa%CC%B1t_gbangbang" title="Ma̱sa̱t gbangbang — Tjap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ma̱sa̱t gbangbang" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tjap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Ежелгі Мысыр — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ежелгі Мысыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E" title="ប្រទេសអេសុីបបុរាណ — Kmerski" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រទេសអេសុីបបុរាណ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Kmerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%88%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್‌ — Kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8" title="고대 이집트 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 이집트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Важ Египет — komi-permski" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Важ Египет" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misira_kevnare" title="Misira kevnare — Kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Misira kevnare" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Важ Египет — Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Важ Египет" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen_Ejyp" title="Hen Ejyp — Korniški" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hen Ejyp" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Korniški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus_antiqua" title="Aegyptus antiqua — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aegyptus antiqua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дегь Мисри — Lezgian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дегь Мисри" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipte_antica" title="Egipte antica — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Egipte antica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aad_Egypte" title="Aad Egypte — Limburgiš" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aad Egypte" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egit_Antich" title="Egit Antich — Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Egit Antich" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senov%C4%97s_Egiptas" title="Senovės Egiptas — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senovės Egiptas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C4%81_%C4%92%C4%A3ipte" title="Senā Ēģipte — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Senā Ēģipte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejipta_tamin%27_ny_Andro_Taloha" title="Ejipta tamin' ny Andro Taloha — Malagazijski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ejipta tamin' ny Andro Taloha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagazijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Акрет Египет — Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Акрет Египет" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masia_Kuno" title="Masia Kuno — Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Masia Kuno" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Стар Египет — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стар Египет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഈജിപ്ഷ്യൻ സംസ്കാരം — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഈജിപ്ഷ്യൻ സംസ്കാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Эртний Египет — Mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эртний Египет" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%84_%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9E" title="ꯑꯂꯤꯄ ꯏꯖꯤꯞ — Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯂꯤꯄ ꯏꯖꯤꯞ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="प्राचीन इजिप्त संस्कृती — Marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्राचीन इजिप्त संस्कृती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir_Purba" title="Mesir Purba — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mesir Purba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%A1ittu_tal-qedem" title="Eġittu tal-qedem — Melteški" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Eġittu tal-qedem" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Melteški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigo_Eigito" title="Antigo Eigito — Mirandeški" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Antigo Eigito" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandeški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ရှေးဟောင်းအီဂျစ် — Burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှေးဟောင်းအီဂျစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antico_Naggitto" title="Antico Naggitto — Neapolitanski" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Antico Naggitto" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oolt_%C3%84gypten" title="Oolt Ägypten — Niski nemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oolt Ägypten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Niski nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olle_Egypte" title="Olle Egypte — donjosaksonski" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Olle Egypte" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="donjosaksonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="प्राचीन मिस्र — Nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्राचीन मिस्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="प्राचीन मिस्र — Nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्राचीन मिस्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oude_Egypte" title="Oude Egypte — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oude Egypte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_i_oldtida" title="Egypt i oldtida — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Egypt i oldtida" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldtidens_Egypt" title="Oldtidens Egypt — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oldtidens Egypt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipte_antica" title="Egipte antica — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Egipte antica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muinaine_Jegiptu" title="Muinaine Jegiptu — Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Muinaine Jegiptu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%B0" title="ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ମିଶର — Orijski" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ମିଶର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Orijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Рагон Мысыр — Osetski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Рагон Мысыр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਮਿਸਰ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਮਿਸਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandžabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staro%C5%BCytny_Egipt" title="Starożytny Egipt — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Starożytny Egipt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DD%A8%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="پراݨا مصر — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پراݨا مصر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="لرغونی مصر — Paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لرغونی مصر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigo_Egito" title="Antigo Egito — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antigo Egito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawk%27a_Ihiptu" title="Mawk'a Ihiptu — Kvenča" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mawk'a Ihiptu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kvenča" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptul_Antic" title="Egiptul Antic — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Egiptul Antic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Древний Египет — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древний Египет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%95%D2%91%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Старовікый Еґіпет — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Старовікый Еґіпет" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Былыргы Эгиипэт — Jakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Былыргы Эгиипэт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ — Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitu_Antigu" title="Egitu Antigu — Sardinijski" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Egitu Antigu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggittu_anticu" title="Eggittu anticu — Sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eggittu anticu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="قديم مصر — Sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قديم مصر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="පුරාතන මිසරය — Singaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුරාතන මිසරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ancient Egypt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starovek%C3%BD_Egypt" title="Staroveký Egypt — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Staroveký Egypt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_Egipt" title="Stari Egipt — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stari Egipt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Malo_o_Aikupito" title="Le Malo o Aikupito — Samoanski" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Le Malo o Aikupito" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egjipti_i_lasht%C3%AB" title="Egjipti i lashtë — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Egjipti i lashtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Стари Египат — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стари Египат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forntida_Egypten" title="Forntida Egypten — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Forntida Egypten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misri_ya_Kale" title="Misri ya Kale — Svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Misri ya Kale" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="பண்டைய எகிப்து — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்டைய எகிப்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%88%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81" title="పురాతన ఈజిప్టు — Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పురాతన ఈజిప్టు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B8_%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Мисри Қадим — Tađik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мисри Қадим" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tađik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="อียิปต์โบราณ — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อียิปต์โบราณ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadymy_M%C3%BCs%C3%BCr" title="Gadymy Müsür — Turkmenski" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gadymy Müsür" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaunang_Ehipto" title="Sinaunang Ehipto — Tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sinaunang Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%A6%C9%99dim%C9%99_Misir" title="Ǧədimə Misir — Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ǧədimə Misir" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r" title="Antik Mısır — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antik Mısır" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Борынгы Мисыр — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Борынгы Мисыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%95%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%85%D9%82%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B1" title="قەدىمقى مىسىر — Ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قەدىمقى مىسىر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%84%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Стародавній Єгипет — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стародавній Єгипет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="قدیم مصر — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم مصر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadimgi_Misr" title="Qadimgi Misr — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qadimgi Misr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigo_Ezito" title="Antigo Ezito — venecijanski" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Antigo Ezito" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuine_Egipt" title="Amuine Egipt — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Amuine Egipt" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_C%E1%BA%ADp_c%E1%BB%95_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i" title="Ai Cập cổ đại — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ai Cập cổ đại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadton_Ehipto" title="Hadton Ehipto — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hadton Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古埃及" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="ჯვეში ეგვიპტე — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯვეში ეგვიპტე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%9F" title="אוראלט עגיפטן — Jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוראלט עגיפטן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%81g%C3%ADpt%C3%AC_Ay%C3%A9ij%E1%BB%8D%CC%81un" title="Ẹ́gíptì Ayéijọ́un — Jorubanski" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ́gíptì Ayéijọ́un" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Jorubanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guj_Aigib" title="Guj Aigib — Zuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Guj Aigib" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9A%E2%B5%95%E2%B4%B0_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%87%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ — standardni marokanski tamazigt" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standardni marokanski tamazigt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古埃及" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="古埃及" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3%CD%98-t%C4%81i_Ai-ki%CC%8Dp" title="Kó͘-tāi Ai-ki̍p — min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kó͘-tāi Ai-ki̍p" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古埃及" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11768#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Great_Sphinx_Closeup.JPG/380px-Great_Sphinx_Closeup.JPG" decoding="async" width="380" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Great_Sphinx_Closeup.JPG/570px-Great_Sphinx_Closeup.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Great_Sphinx_Closeup.JPG/760px-Great_Sphinx_Closeup.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Glava Velike Sfinge u Gizi u Egiptu</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Stari Egipat</b> ili <b>drevni Egipat</b> je naziv koji se koristi za civilizaciju koja je nastala oko godine 3300. pne. u dolini <a href="/wiki/Nil" title="Nil">Nila</a>, na području današnje države <a href="/wiki/Egipat" title="Egipat">Egipat</a>. Ona predstavlja jednu od najstarijih civilizacija u istoriji, te je imala značajan utjecaj na razvitak <a href="/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Antička Grčka">antičke Grčke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Rimsko Carstvo">Rimskog Carstva</a> i <a href="/wiki/Zapadna_kultura" title="Zapadna kultura">zapadne civilizacije</a> uopće. </p><p>Nijedna druga civilizacija u vreme egipatskih faraona nije se mogla takmičiti sa drevnim Egiptom - moćnom državom poznatom po velelepnim građevinama i izuzetnim bogatstvom. Osnovni razlog nadmoći Egipta u to doba bila je velika geografska prednost, oličena u moćnoj reci <a href="/wiki/Nil" title="Nil">Nil</a>. Hiljada godina centar života i razvoja u Egiptu bila je upravo ova reka. Za Egipat se i danas sa pravom kaže da je dar reke Nil, jer su dve najvažnije oblasti u Egiptu velika delta (ušće) Nila i dolina Nila. </p><p>Reč "<a href="/wiki/Faraon" title="Faraon">faraon</a>" znači "velika kuća". Egipćani su se odnosili prema svojim faraonima kao prema bogovima oličenim u različitim oblicima - predstavnicima na Zemlji. Oni su verovali da zahvaljujući njihovom služenju vladar uspeva da svako jutro podigne Sunce na nebo i natera Nil da naplavi široka područja plodnim muljem krajem svakog leta. Faraon je bio svemoćan, a njegova moć apsolutno neosporna. Osnovna dužnost faraona bila je da gradi i održava hramove bogova. Dodirivanje faraonove krune ili skiptara, čak i slučajno, donosilo je smrtnu kaznu za počinioca. </p><p>Egipćani su verovali u zagrobni život. Preminule su balzamovali i sahranjivali u piramidama. Reč '<a href="/wiki/Mumija" title="Mumija">mumija</a>' dolazi iz <a href="/wiki/Arapski_jezik" title="Arapski jezik">arapskog jezika</a> i znači 'telo sacuvano pomoću voska ili katrana'. Balzamovanje je počinjalo vađenjem mozga, creva, srca i pluća koji su čuvani u četiri zasebne vaze. Zatim su u telo stavljane soli, koje su u delovanju sa suvim pustinjskim suncem, izvlačile vlagu. Osušeni leš umotali bi u stotine metara pamučnog platna. Čitav proces trajao je 70 dana. </p><p>Najimpresivnije građevine Egipta svakako su <a href="/wiki/Piramide" title="Piramide">piramide</a> koje su građene kao grobnice faraona. Do sada je pronađeno ukupno 46 piramida, a pretpostavlja se da ima i još neotkrivenih pod nepreglednim peskom pustinja. U 27. veku pre nove ere izgrađena je prva piramida i od tada su one postale osnovni način sahranjivanja vladara. Jedan od razloga što su piramide toliko fascinantne je taj što su to bile prve građevine ikada sagrađene samo slaganjem precizno isečenih ogromnih kamenih blokova jednih na druge. Jedna od najpoznatijih piramida je <a href="/wiki/Keopsova_piramida" title="Keopsova piramida">Velika piramida faraona Keopsa</a> - sagrađena od 2 miliona i 300 hiljada kamenih blokova, a svaki blok teži oko 2,5 tone. Ispred ove piramide nalazi se divovska skulptura lava s Božjim licem oblikovana po uzoru na boga-kralja Kefrena (Keopsa). <a href="/wiki/Sfinga" title="Sfinga">Sfinga</a> je nekad bila prekrivena gipsom i obojena žarkim bojama. Visoka je 20 m, a isklesana od jednog komada kamena oko 2.500 g. pre nove ere. Nos i brada su otpali (ostaci se cuvaju u <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">Britanskom muzeju</a> u Londonu), ali deo ukrasa u obliku kobre još uvek je vidljiv na čelu. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dolina_kraljeva" title="Dolina kraljeva">Dolina kraljeva</a> (Valley of the kings) danas je, zajedno s piramidama u Gizi, najznamenitije i najviše posećeno mesto u Egiptu. Tu se nalaze brojne grobnice razlicitih kraljevskih dinastija Egipta. Grobnice su imale brojne jednostavne ili kompleksne samoodbrambene mehanizme koji su trebali obeshrabriti i onemogućiti eventualne provalnike i pljačkaše grobova. Uglavnom su to bile lažne dvorane, lažni zidovi ili vrata, iskopane provalije, smrtonosne zamke i sl. Nažalost, pljačkaši grobova su uvek bili dovoljno sposobni da savladaju sve prepreke. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorija">Istorija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Istorija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Istorija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staro_carstvo">Staro carstvo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Staro carstvo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Staro carstvo"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Staro_carstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Staro carstvo">Staro carstvo</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/220px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/330px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/440px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="971" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Keopsova_piramida" title="Keopsova piramida">Keopsova piramida</a> u <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Gizi</a>, sagađena oko 2560. pne.</figcaption></figure> <p>Početak starog carstva nije određen nekom političkom prekretnicom, već se nastavlja na tradiciju ranodinastičkog Egipta. Ovaj termin nastao je u hronologiji 19. veka i za početak je uzet početak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tre%C4%87a_dinastija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treća dinastija (stranica ne postoji)">3. dinastije</a>. Karakterišu ga velika centralizacija države, značajno unapređenje u državnoj upravi, administraciji i poreskom sistemu i veliki graditeljski poduhvati od kojih su najveći <a href="/wiki/Egipatske_piramide" title="Egipatske piramide">piramide</a>, grobnice vladara <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cetvrta_dinastija_Egipta" title="Četvrta dinastija Egipta">4. dinastije</a>. Završava se raspadom Egipta na kraju <a href="/wiki/Sedma_i_osma_dinastija_Egipta" title="Sedma i osma dinastija Egipta">8. dinastije</a> oko 2160. godine. pne. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:The_seated_scribe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_seated_scribe.jpg/220px-The_seated_scribe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_seated_scribe.jpg/330px-The_seated_scribe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_seated_scribe.jpg/440px-The_seated_scribe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Statua pisara iz perioda 4. ili 5. dinastije</figcaption></figure> <p>Ogroman napredak u arhitekturi, umetnosti i tehnologiji je načinjen tokom perioda starog carstva, podstaknut povećanom poljoprivrednom produktivnošću, za šta zasluge idu dobro razvijenoj centralizovanoj administraciji. Pod rukovodstvom <a href="/wiki/Vezir" title="Vezir">vezira</a>, državni službenici su prikupljali poreze, koordinisali projekte <a href="/wiki/Navodnjavanje" title="Navodnjavanje">navodnjavanja</a> radi poboljšanja prinosa useva, prikupljali seljake da rade na izgradnji projekata i osnovali pravosudnog sistema za održavanje reda i mira. </p><p>Zbog sve veće važnosti centralizovane administracije nastala je nova klasa obrazovanih <a href="/wiki/Pisar" title="Pisar">pisara</a> i funkcionera koji su dobijali imanja od faraona kao platu za svoje usluge. Faraoni su takođe darovali zemljište hramovima kako bi ove institucije imale sredstava da obožavaju faraone posle njihovih smrti. Na kraju starog carstva, pet vekova tih <a href="/wiki/Feudalizam" title="Feudalizam">feudalnih</a> praksi su polako umanjile ekonomsku moć faraona, koji više nisu mogali da priušte održavanje veliki centralizovane administracije. Kako je moć faraona bila smanjena, regionalni guverneri zvani <a href="/wiki/Nomarh" title="Nomarh">nomarsi</a> su počeli da osporavaju autoritet faraona. To je, zajedno sa teškim <a href="/wiki/Su%C5%A1a_iz_22._veka_pne." class="mw-redirect" title="Suša iz 22. veka pne.">sušama između 2200. i 2150. godine pne.</a>, na kraju izazvalo ulazak države u 140 godina dug period gladi i sukoba poznat kao <a href="/wiki/Prvi_prelazni_period_Egipta" class="mw-redirect" title="Prvi prelazni period Egipta">prvi prelazni period</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prvi_prelazni_period">Prvi prelazni period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Prvi prelazni period" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Prvi prelazni period"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Prvi_prelazni_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Prvi prelazni period">Prvi prelazni period</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Posle kolapsa centralne vlasti krajem Starog carstva, administracija nije više mogla da održava ili stabilizuje ekonomiju zemlje. Regionalni guverneri nisu više mogli da se osloni na kralja da im pomogne u kriznim vremenima, a potonje nestašice hrane i politički sporovi eskalirali su u gladi i male građanske ratove. Ipak, uprkos teškim problemima, lokalni lideri, pošto nisu zavisili od faraona, su koristili svoju nezavisnost da uspostave uspešna kulture u svojim provincijama. Kako su stekli kontrolu na sopstvenim sredstvima, pokrajine su postala ekonomski bogatije, što pokazuju sve veće i bolje sahrane u svim društvenim slojevima.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [1] U naletima kreativnosti, pokrajinske zanatlije su usvojle i prilagodile kulturne motive ranije ograničeni samo za kraljevsku porodicu Starog carstva, a pisari su stvorili književne stilove koji su izražavalo optimizam i originalnost ovog perioda.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw146_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw146-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nezavisni od faraonove kontrole, lokalni vladari počeli da se nadmeću jedni sa drugima za kontrolu nad teritorijama i političku moć. Od 2160. pne. vladari u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herakleopolj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herakleopolj (stranica ne postoji)">Herakleopolju</a> su kontrolisali Donji Egipat, dok je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jedanesta_dinastija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jedanesta dinastija (stranica ne postoji)">rivalski klan</a> sa sedištem u <a href="/wiki/Teba_(Egipat)" title="Teba (Egipat)">Tebi</a>, preuzeo kontrolu nad Gornjim Egiptom. Kako je moć tebanske dinastije rasla i proširila svoju kontrolu na sever, sukob između dve rivalske dinastije postao je neizbežan. Oko 2055. pne. tebanske snage pod <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotepom II</a> su porazile herakleopoljske vladare, ponovo ujedinile dve države i pokrenuli period ekonomskog i kulturnog preporoda poznat kao <a href="/wiki/Srednje_kraljevstvo" title="Srednje kraljevstvo">Srednje carstvo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Srednje_carstvo">Srednje carstvo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Srednje carstvo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Srednje carstvo"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Srednje_carstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Srednje carstvo">Srednje carstvo</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Egypte_louvre_231_visage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Egypte_louvre_231_visage.jpg/220px-Egypte_louvre_231_visage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Egypte_louvre_231_visage.jpg/330px-Egypte_louvre_231_visage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Egypte_louvre_231_visage.jpg/440px-Egypte_louvre_231_visage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption>Bista <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemheta III</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Faraoni Srednjeg carstva su vratili državi stabilnost i prosepritet, stimulišu tako ponovnu pojavu umetnosti, književnosti i gradnje grandioznih objekata.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mentuhotep II i njegova 11. dinastija su vladali iz Tebe, ali je vezir Amenemhet I, nakon što je preuzeo kraljevsku vlast na početku <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvanaesta_dinastija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvanaesta dinastija (stranica ne postoji)">12. dinastije</a> oko 1985. pne. je premestio prestonicu u grad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iti-taui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iti-taui (stranica ne postoji)">Iti-taui</a> smešten u oazi <a href="/wiki/Oaza_Fajum" title="Oaza Fajum">Fajum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iz Iti-tauija faraoni dvanaeste dinastije su pokretali velike projekte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isu%C5%A1ivanje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isušivanje (stranica ne postoji)">isušivanja</a> i navodnjavanja da bi povećali poljoprivrednu proizvodnju. Faraoni 12. dinastije su išli u pljačkaške pohode u Libiju i proširili granice Egipta do <a href="/wiki/Katarakti_na_Nilu" title="Katarakti na Nilu">drugog katarakta</a>. Ponovo osvojena teritorija u Nubiji je bila bogata kamenolimima i rudom zlata, a radnici su podigli veliki odbrambenu strukturu u istočnoj delti, nazvanu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zidina_vladara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zidina vladara (stranica ne postoji)">Zidina vladara</a>, da se odbrane od stranih napada.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pošto je osigurala vojnu i političku bezbednost i veliko poljoprivredno i rudno bogatstvo, stanovništvo, umetnost i religija su napredovale. Nasuprot elitističkim stavovima prama bogovima iz perioda Starog carstva, Srednje carstvo je doživelo porast izražavanja lične pobožnosti i „demokratizacije“ zagrobnog života, pri čemu su svi ljudi posedovali dušu i mogli su biti primljeni u društvo bogova posle smrti.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Književnost Srednjeg carstva se odlikovala sofisticiranim temama i likovima i bila je napisana sigurnim, elokventim stilom,<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw146_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw146-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a reljef (umetnost)reljefi i portreti iz ovog perioda prikazuju suptilne, individualne detalje koji su dostigli novi stepen tehničke savršenosti.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poslednji veliki vladar Srednjeg carstva <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhet III</a> je dozvolio azijatskim narodima da se nasele u oblasti delte kako bi osigurao dovoljno radne snage za svoje svoje građevinske i rudarske poduhvate. Međutim, ovi ambiciozni projekti, zajedno sa nedovoljnim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poplave_Nila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poplave Nila (stranica ne postoji)">poplavama Nila</a> u kasnijim periodima njegove vladavine, su poremetili privredu i započeli spori proces propadanja tokom vladavine <a href="/wiki/Trinaesta_dinastija_Egipta" title="Trinaesta dinastija Egipta">13.</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Cetrnaesta_dinastija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Četrnaesta dinastija (stranica ne postoji)">14. dinastije</a> što je vodilo ka <a href="/wiki/Drugi_prijelazni_period_Egipta" title="Drugi prijelazni period Egipta">Drugom prelaznom periodu</a>. Za vreme 13. dinastije ponovo je počelo rasulo egipatske države. Robovi su dizali ustanke i ubijali bogataše. Tokom ovog perioda azijatski dseljenici su počeli da preuzimaju kontrolu nad oblašću delte, i na kraju zavladali Egiptom u vidu <a href="/wiki/Hiksi" title="Hiksi">Hiksa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drugi_prelazni_period_i_Hiksi">Drugi prelazni period i Hiksi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Drugi prelazni period i Hiksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Drugi prelazni period i Hiksi"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Drugi_prelazni_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugi prelazni period">Drugi prelazni period</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Kako je moć kraljeva Srednjeg carstva slabila azijatski doseljenici koji su živeli u istočnom delu delte Nila u gradu <a href="/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris">Avarisu</a> su preuzeli kontrolu nad oblašću i primorali centralnu vlast da se povuče u Tebu. Egipatski kraljevi su tretirani kao vazali i primorani da plaćaju danak.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryholt310_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryholt310-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hiksi" title="Hiksi">Hiksi</a> („strani vladari“) su oponašali egipatski model vlasti i predstavljali sebe kao njihove kraljeve, integrišući tako egipatske elemente u svoju kulturu <a href="/wiki/Bron%C4%8Dano_doba" title="Brončano doba">srednjeg bronzanog doba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nakon povlačenja u Tebu, tebanski kraljevi su se našli opkoljeni Hiksima na severu i <a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%A1" title="Kuš">Kušitima</a>, njihovim nubijskim saveznicima na jugu. Posle godina neaktivnosti i slavosti, tebanski kraljeci su skupili dovoljno snage da izazovu Hikse u rat koji je trajao više od 30 godina, sve do 1555. pne.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryholt310_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryholt310-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kraljevi <a href="/wiki/Tao_II_Hrabri" title="Tao II Hrabri">Tao II Hrabri</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a> su bili u stanju da pobede Nubijce, ali tek je Kamoseov naslednik <a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a> uspešno vodio niz ratova koji su trajno uništili postojanje Hiksa u Egiptu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novo_carstvo">Novo carstvo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Novo carstvo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Novo carstvo"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Novo_carstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Novo carstvo">Novo carstvo</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Egypt_NK_edit-sr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Egypt_NK_edit-sr.svg/220px-Egypt_NK_edit-sr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Egypt_NK_edit-sr.svg/330px-Egypt_NK_edit-sr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Egypt_NK_edit-sr.svg/440px-Egypt_NK_edit-sr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="1501" /></a><figcaption>Najveći obuhvat Novog carstva (i generalno Starog Egipta) za vreme kralja <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Tutmosa III</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:SFEC_EGYPT_ABUSIMBEL_2006-003.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SFEC_EGYPT_ABUSIMBEL_2006-003.JPG/170px-SFEC_EGYPT_ABUSIMBEL_2006-003.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SFEC_EGYPT_ABUSIMBEL_2006-003.JPG/255px-SFEC_EGYPT_ABUSIMBEL_2006-003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SFEC_EGYPT_ABUSIMBEL_2006-003.JPG/340px-SFEC_EGYPT_ABUSIMBEL_2006-003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption>Četiri kolosalne statue <a href="/wiki/Ramzes_II" title="Ramzes II">Ramzesa II</a> na ulazu u njegov hram <a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Faraoni Novog carstva su pokrenuli period dotad neviđenog napretka osiguravši granice svoje države i ojačavši diplomatske veze sa svojim susedima. Vojne kampanje vođene za vreme <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Tutmosa I</a> i naročito njegovog unuka <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Tutmosa III</a> su proširili uticaj egipatskih kraljeva. Kada je Tutmos III umro, Egipat se prostirao od <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nija (stranica ne postoji)">Nije</a> u severnoj Siriji do <a href="/wiki/Katarakti_na_Nilu" title="Katarakti na Nilu">červrtog katarakta</a> u Nubiji, čvrsto osiguravši vernost vazala i osiguravši pristup važnoj uvoznoj robi kao što su bronza i drvo.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novo carstvo je započelo veliki građevinski poduhvat da se promoviše bog <a href="/wiki/Amon" title="Amon">Amon</a>, čiji je sve uticajniji kult imao sedište u <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnaku</a>. Vladari iz ovog perioda su takođe podizali spomenike da veličaju svoje uspehe, bilo da su stvarni ili izmišljeni. Ženski faraon <a href="/wiki/Hat%C5%A1epsut" title="Hatšepsut">Hatšepsut</a> je koristila takvu propagandu da osigura svoje pravo na presto.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Njenu uspešnu vladavinu su obeležile trgovačke ekspedicije u zemlju Punt, elegantni, pogrebni hram u <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahri" title="Deir el-Bahri">Deir el-Bahriju</a>, kolosalni par obeliska i mali hram u Karnuku. Uprkos njenim uspesima, nen nećak-pastorak Tutmos III je pre kraj svoje vladavine težio da obriše tragove njenih dostignuća, verovatno u znak osvete što mu je preotela presto na početku njene vladavine.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oko 1350. pne. stabilnost Novog carstva je bila ugrožena kada je na presto stupio Amenhotep IV i uveo niz radikalnih i haotičnih reformi. Nakon što je promenio svoje ime u <a href="/wiki/Akhenaton" title="Akhenaton">Ehnaton</a>, uzdigao je prethodno malo poznato <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bo%C5%BEanstvo_sunca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Božanstvo sunca (stranica ne postoji)">boga sunca</a> <a href="/wiki/Aton" title="Aton">Atena</a> kao vrhovno božanstvo (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atenizam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atenizam (stranica ne postoji)">atenizam</a> se smatra prvom <a href="/wiki/Monoteizam" title="Monoteizam">monoteističkom</a> religijom), zabranjivao obožavanje drugih božanstava i napadao moć svešteničkog staleža.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nakon što je premestio prestonicu u novi grad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahetaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahetaton (stranica ne postoji)">Ahetaton</a> (današnja <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Amarna</a>), Ehnaton nije obraćap pažnju na spoljnu politiku i zatvorio seve u svoju novu religiju i umetnički stil. Nakon njegove smrti, obožavanje Atena je brzo napušteno, a sledeći faraooni <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamon" title="Tutankhamon">Tutankamon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aj_(faraon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aj (faraon) (stranica ne postoji)">Aj</a> i <a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a> su obrisali sva pominjanja Edžnatonove jeresi, poznate danas pod imenom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarnski_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarnski period (stranica ne postoji)">amarnski period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oko 1279. pne. na presto je stupio <a href="/wiki/Ramzes_II" title="Ramzes II">Ramzes II</a>, koji je podizao još više hramova, statua i obeliska. Kao daroviti vojskovođa, Ramzes II je vodio svoju vojsku protiv <a href="/wiki/Hetiti" title="Hetiti">Hetita</a> u <a href="/wiki/Bitka_kod_Kade%C5%A1a" title="Bitka kod Kadeša">bici kod Kadeša</a> i nakon neodlučenog ishoda, sklopio je prvi zabeleženi mirovni sporazum oko 1258. pne.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egipatsko bogastvo je prestavljalo veliki razlog za invazije, posebno <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti%C4%8Dka_Libija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antička Libija (stranica ne postoji)">Libijaca</a> i <a href="/wiki/Narodi_sa_mora" title="Narodi sa mora">Naroda sa mora</a>. U početku, Egipat je uspevao da odbije ove invazije, ali je na kraju izgubio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti%C4%8Dka_Sirija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antička Sirija (stranica ne postoji)">Siriju</a> i <a href="/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina">Palestinu</a>. Uticaj spoljašnjih pretnji je pojačan unutrašnjim problemima kao što je korupcija, pljačkanje grobnica i nemirima podanika. Visoki sveštenici <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amonov_hram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amonov hram (stranica ne postoji)">Amonovog hrama</a> u Tebi su akumulisali velike količine zemljišta i blaga, a njihov narastajući uticaj je podelio zemlju tokom <a href="/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_prijelazni_period_Egipta" title="Treći prijelazni period Egipta">Trećeg prelaznog perioda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treći_prelazni_period"><span id="Tre.C4.87i_prelazni_period"></span>Treći prelazni period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Treći prelazni period" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Treći prelazni period"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_prelazni_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Treći prelazni period">Treći prelazni period</a></i></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vlada_i_ekonomija">Vlada i ekonomija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Vlada i ekonomija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vlada i ekonomija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administracija_i_trgovina">Administracija i trgovina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Administracija i trgovina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Administracija i trgovina"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Faraon je bio apsolutni vladar države i barem teoretski, posedovao je potpunu kontrolu nad zemljom i njenim resursima. Faraon je bio vrhovni komandant vojske i šef vlade, koji se oslanjao na birokratiju zvaničnika da upravlja svojim poslovima. Za administraciju je bio zadužen sledeći po činu u komandi, džati, koji se ponašao kao kraljev predstavnik i koordinirao je preglede zemljišta, riznicu, građevinske projekte, pravni sistem i arhive. Na regionalnom nivou zemlja je bila podeljena na čak 42 <a href="/wiki/Administrativna_jedinica" title="Administrativna jedinica">administrativne jedinice</a>, zvane <a href="/wiki/Noma_(Egipat)" title="Noma (Egipat)">noma</a>, a svakom od njih upravlja nomarh, koji je za svoju nadležnost bio odgovoran džatiju. Hramovi su bili oslonac ekonomije. Nisu bile samo kuće bogosluženja, već su bile odgovorne i za prikupljanje i skladištenje bogatstva kraljevstva u sistemu žitnica i riznica kojima su upravljali nadzornici, koji su vršili preraspodelu žita i robe. </p><p>Veliki deo ekonomije je imao centralnu organizaciju i bio je strogo kontrolisan. Iako stari Egipćani nisu koristili kovanice sve do Kasnog perioda, oni su koristili jedan vid trampe, sa standardnim vrećama žita i „debena“ (jedinica težine Starog Egipta), težine od oko 91 gram bakra ili srebra, stvarajući zajednički razlomak. Radnici su plaćani u žitu; jednostavan radnik može da zaradi 5,5 vreća (200 kg) žita mesečno, dok poslovođe mogu zaraditi 7,5 vreća (250 kg). Cene su bile fiksne širom zemlje i beležene su na listama radi lakšeg trgovanja; na primer, košulja košta pet bakarnih debena, dok krava košta 140 debena. Žito je moglo služiti za razmenu sa drugom robom, prema fiksnom cenovniku. Tokom petog veka pre nove ere kovanice su uvedene u Egipat iz inostranstva. U početku su kovanice bile korišćene kao standardizovani komadi dragocenog metala više nego pravi novac, ali u predstojećim vekovima međunarodni trgovci su se oslanjali na kovanice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socijalni_status">Socijalni status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Socijalni status" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Socijalni status"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Egipatsko društvo je bilo veoma slojevito i socijalni status je bio naročito prikazan. Poljoprivrednici su činili većinu stanovništva, ali su poljoprivredni proizvodi bili u vlasništvu države, hrama ili plemićkih porodica, čija je i bila zemlja. Poljoprivrednici su takođe bili subjekti poreza na rad i trebalo je da rade na navodnjavanjima ili građevinskim projektma u napornom sistemu. Umetnici i zanatlije bili su višeg statusa od zemljoradnika, ali i oni su takođe bili pod državnom kontrolom, radeći u prodavnicama u okviru hramova i bili su plaćani direktno iz državne blagajne. Pisari i zvaničnici činili su gornju klasu u starom Egiptu, poznatu kao „klasu belih haljina“ u odnosu na belu platnenu odeću koja je bila oznaka njihovog ranga. Gornja klasa je isticala svoj socijalni status kroz umetnost i književnost. Ispod plemstva bili su sveštenici, doktori i inženjeri sa specijalnom obukom u svojoj oblasti. Nejasno je da li je ropstvo kako ga mi danas tumačimo postojalo u starom Egiptu, postoji razlika u mišljenjima između autora. </p><p>Stari Egipćani su muškarce i žene, uključujući ljude iz svih društvenih slojeva, smatrali jednakim u pogledu zakona, a čak je i najniži zemljoradnik imao pravo da podnese molbu džatiju i njegovom sudu za naknadu štete. Iako su se robovi uglavnom koristili kao sluge, mogli su ih kupovati i prodavati, oni su radili na svom putu ka slobodi i plemstvu i obično su ih lekari lečili na radnom mestu. I muškarci i žene su imali pravo da poseduju i prodaju imovinu, sklapaju ugovore, venčavaju se i razvode, primaju nasledstvo i vode pravne poslove na sudu. Bračni parovi su mogli imati zajedničku imovinu i da bi se zaštitili od razvoda pristajali su na bračne ugovore, koji su predviđali finansijske obaveze muža prema ženi i deci u slučaju da se brak okonča. U poređenju sa ljudima iz stare Grčke, Rima, pa čak i dosta modernijih krajeva sveta, žene u starom Egiptu su imale veći izbor ličnih sloboda i mogućnost za napredovanje. Žene kao što su Hatšepsut i Kleopatra VII čak su bile faraoni, dok su ostale posedovale moć kao Božanske Amonove Žene. Uprkos ovim slobodama, žene iz starog Egipta nisu često učestvovale u službenim poslovima u administraciji, imale su samo sporedne uloge u hramovima i nisu bile obrazovane kao muškarci.   </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pravni_sistem">Pravni sistem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odjeljak Pravni sistem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Pravni sistem"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zvanično, šef pravnog sistema je bio faraon, koji je bio odgovoran za donošenje zakona, sprovođenje pravde i održavanje zakona i reda, pojam koji su stari Egipćani nazivali Ma'at. Iako ne postoje pravni kodeksi iz starog Egipta, sudski dokumenti pokazuju da je egipatski zakon zasnovan na zdravorazumskom pogledu dobrog i lošeg i naglašavao je postizanje dogovora i rešavanje sukoba, a ne strogo primenjivanje gomile komplikovanih statuta. Lokalno veće starešina, poznato kao  „Kenbet“ u Novom Kraljevstvu , bilo je odgovorno za odlučivanje u sudskim slučajevima, uključujući male tužbe i manje sporove. Teži slučajevi, u koje spadaju ubistvo, velike transakcije zemlje i pljačke grobnica, bili su upućeni u „Veliki Kenbet“, kojim su predsedavali  faraon ili džati. Od tužitelja i tuženog se očekivalo da zastupaju sebe i zahtevalo se da polože zakletvu da su rekli istinu. U nekim slučajevima, država je uzimala obe uloge, tužioca i sudije i mogla je mučiti optužene  fizički radi dobijanja priznanja i imena bilo kog zaverenika. Bilo da su optužbe trivijalne ili ozbiljne, sudski pisari su dokumentovali žalbu, svedočenje i presudu slučaja radi daljeg ispitivanja. </p><p>Kažnjavanje za manje zločine podrazumevalo je izricanje novčanih kazni, batinanje,  sakaćenje lica i progonstvo, u zavisnosti od težine krivičnog dela. Ozbiljniji zločini kao što su ubistvo ili pljačke grobnica, kažnjavani su pogubljenjem, odsecanjem glave, davljenjem ili nabijanjem na kolac. Kazna bi se, takođe, mogla proširiti i na porodicu kriminalca. Počevši od Novog Kraljevstva, proroci su imali veliku ulogu u pravnom sistemu, deleći pravdu u građanskim i krivičnim predmetima. Procedura je bila da se Bogu postavi „da“ ili „ne“ pitanje, koje se odnosi na rešavanje dobrog ili lošeg problema. Bog, preko određenog broja sveštenika, presuđivao je odabirom jednog ili drugog, krećući se napred ili nazad, ili upućujući na jedan od odgovora napisanih na komadu papirusa ili na delu keramike. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Džati"><span id="D.C5.BEati"></span>Džati</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odjeljak Džati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Džati"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Džati je bio najviši zvaničnik u starom Egiptu, služio je faraonu tokom Starog, Srednjeg i Novog Kraljevstva. Džati je generalno prihvaćen kao predstavnik starog Egipta <i>tjati</i>, <i>tjaty</i>, itd..., među egiptolozima. Uvođenje džatija u tekstu o Novom Kraljevstvu definiše mnoge dužnosti <i>tjaty</i> i ustanovljava zakone ponašanja. Oni su često bili postavljani od strane faraona. Tokom 4. Dinastije i rane 5. dinastije, isključivo su birani iz kraljevske porodice, u periodu vladavine Neferirkare Kakai pa nadalje, posle su bili birani na osnovu odanosti i talenta ili su nasleđivali položaj od svojih očeva. </p><p>Odgovornosti: </p><p>Džati je imenovan od strane faraona i često je pripadao njegovoj porodici. Njegova glavna dužnost bila je da nadgleda upravrljanje zemljom, nešto kao predsednik vlade. Povremeno ovo je uključivalo i male detalje kao što je uzimanje uzorka vode iz gradskog snabdevanja. Svi ostali manje važni zvaničnici i nadzornici, kao što su poreski službenici i pisari njemu su podnosili izveštaj. Pravosuđe je bilo deo civilne uprave i džati je takođe sedeo u vrhovnom sudu. U bilo koje vreme faraon je mogao da vrši kontrolu nad bilo kojim aspektom vlade i mogao je da obori  odluke džatija. On je, takođe nadgledao sigurnost faraona i palate i nadgledao je dolaske i odlaske posetilaca. Često su se ponašali kao faraonovi nosioci pečata, takođe su i zapisivali trampu. Od 5. Dinastije pa nadalje, džatiji koji su od tada bili najveći civilni zvaničnici su nosili vrhovnu odgovornost za administraciju palate i vlade uključujući i pravosuđe, pisare, državne arhive, centralne žitnice, riznice,skladišta sa viškom robe i njihova preraspodela, ali i nadzor građevinskih projekata kao što je kraljevska piramida. U novom Kraljevstvu bila su dva džatija, jedan za Gornji Egipat, a drugi za Donji Egipat. </p><p>Postavljanje džatija: </p><p>U skladu sa „Postavljanjem džatija“, Novo Kraljevstvo opisuje u spisima njegove dužnosti , gde su bile izvesne osobine i ponašanja koje su potrebne da bi neko postao džati: </p> <ul><li>Ponašati se po zakonu</li> <li>Suditi pravedno        </li> <li>Ne ponašati se svojevoljno i tvrdoglavo</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nome">Nome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odjeljak Nome" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Nome"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Noma_(Egipat)" title="Noma (Egipat)">Nome</a> su bile <a href="/wiki/Administrativna_jedinica" title="Administrativna jedinica">administrativne jedinice</a> u starom Egiptu. Svakom nomom je upravljao nomarh. Broj noma se vremenom menjao prolazeći kroz različite periode istorije starog Egipta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Etimologija">Etimologija</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odjeljak Etimologija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Etimologija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kroz francuske nome, reč potiče iz antičke Grčke- νομός, <i>nomós</i> i znači „oblast“ ; stari Egipćani su koristili termin <i>sepat</i> ili <i>spAt.</i> </p><p>Danas se pre upotrebljava termin iz stare Grčke nastao tokom Ptolomejskog perioda, kada je upotreba grčkog jezika bila široko rasprostranjena u Egiptu. Dostupnost grčkih zapisa o Egiptu uticala je na usvajanje grčkih izraza od strane kasnijih istoričara. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Istorija_2">Istorija</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odjeljak Istorija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Istorija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Dinastički_Egipat"><span id="Dinasti.C4.8Dki_Egipat"></span>Dinastički Egipat</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odjeljak Dinastički Egipat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=16" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Dinastički Egipat"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Podela starog Egipta na nome vuče poreklo iz praistorijskog Egipta (pre 3100. pre nove ere). Te nome su prvobitno postojale kao autonomni gradovi-države, ali su se kasnije počeli objedinjavati. Prema drevnoj tradiciji, vladar Menes je završio konačno ujedinjenje. </p><p>Podela na <a href="/wiki/Noma_(Egipat)" title="Noma (Egipat)">nome</a>, ne samo da je ostala na snazi više od tri milenijuma, već su površine pojedinih noma i njihov poredak ostali izuzetno stabilni. Neke poput Ksoisa u Delti Nila ili Kenta u Gornjem Egiptu, su prvi put spomenuti na kamenu Palermo, koji je upisan u Petu dinastiju. Imena nekolicine, poput imena Bubastisa, nisu se pojavila pre Novog Kraljevstva. Pod sistemom koji je prevladavao u većem delu faraonske istorije Egipta, zemlja je bila podeljena na 42 nome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Nome_Donjeg_Egipta">Nome Donjeg Egipta</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Uredi odjeljak Nome Donjeg Egipta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=17" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Nome Donjeg Egipta"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Donji Egipat, od stare prestonice Memfisa do Sredozemnog mora, sastojao se od 20 <a href="/wiki/Noma_(Egipat)" title="Noma (Egipat)">noma</a>. Prva je bazirana oko Memfisa, Sakare i Gize, na području koje zauzima današnji Kairo. Nome su numerisane na manje ili više uredan način, od juga do severa preko delte Nila, prvo pokrivajući teritoriju na zapadu pre nego što su nastavili da se proširuju na istoku. Tako je Aleksandrija bila u trećoj nomi; Bubastis je bio u osamnaestoj. </p><p>·         Noma 1 Donjeg Egipta (noma Belih Zidova) </p><p>·         Noma 2 Donjeg Egipta (zemljište putnika) </p><p>·         Noma 3 Donjeg Egipta (stočna zemlja) </p><p>·         Noma 4 Donjeg Egipta (zemlja južnog štita) </p><p>·         Noma 5 Donjeg Egipta (severni štit) </p><p>·         Noma 6 Donjeg Egipta (planinski bik) </p><p>·         Noma 7 Donjeg Egipta (zapadna harpuna) </p><p>·         Noma 8 Donjeg Egipta (kopno istočnog harpuna) </p><p>·         Noma 9 Donjeg Egipta (zemlja Andjeti boga) </p><p>·         Noma 10 Donjeg Egipta (zemlja crna bika) </p><p>·         Noma 11 Donjeg Egipta (heseb zemlja bika) </p><p>·         Noma 12 Donjeg Egipta (zemljište teleta i krava) </p><p>·         Noma 13 Donjeg Egipta (prosperitetna skipterska zemlja) </p><p>·         Noma 14 Donjeg Egipta (najistočnija zemlja) </p><p>·         Noma 15 Donjeg Egipta (zemlja Ibis-Tehut) </p><p>·         Noma 16 Donjeg Egipta (riblje zemljište) </p><p>·         Noma 17 Donjeg Egipta (zemlja prestola) </p><p>·         Noma 18 Donjeg Egipta (zemlja princa Juga) </p><p>·         Noma 19 Donjeg Egipta (zemlja princa Severa) </p><p>·         Noma 20 Donjeg Egipta (zemlja Sopdu-Plumed Falcon) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Nome_Gornjeg_Egipta">Nome Gornjeg Egipta</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Uredi odjeljak Nome Gornjeg Egipta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=18" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Nome Gornjeg Egipta"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gornji Egipat bio je podeljen na 22 <a href="/wiki/Noma_(Egipat)" title="Noma (Egipat)">nome</a>. Prva od njih nalazila se na Elefantinu blizu granice Egipta sa Nubijom kod prve katarakte - područje modernog <a href="/wiki/Asuan" title="Asuan">Asuana</a>. Odatle je numeracija uredno napredovala nizvodno duž uske plodne zemlje koja je bila dolina Nila. Vaset (drevna Teba ili današnji Luksor) je bio u četvrtoj nomi, Amarna u četrnaestoj, a Meidum u dvadeset prvoj. </p><p>·         Noma 1 Gornjeg Egipta (zemlja naklona) </p><p>·         Noma 2 Gornjeg Egipta (prestol Horusova zemlja) </p><p>·         Noma 3 Gornjeg Egipta (zemlja svetišta) </p><p>·         Noma 4 Gornjeg Egipta (zemlja skiptera) </p><p>·         Noma 5 Gornjeg Egipta (dva sokola) </p><p>·         Noma 6 Gornjeg Egipta (zemlja krokodila) </p><p>·         Noma 7 Gornjeg Egipta (zemlja Sistrum) </p><p>·         Noma 8 Gornjeg Egipta (Velika zemlja) </p><p>·         Noma 9 Gornjeg Egipta (zemlja Boga Mina) </p><p>·         Noma 10 Gornjeg Egipta (zemlja Kobre) </p><p>·         Noma 11 Gornjeg Egipta (Sha-Set životinjska zemlja) </p><p>·         Noma 12 Gornjeg Egipta (planinska zemlja Viper) </p><p>·         Noma 13 Gornjeg Egipta (gornja Sicamore i Viper zemlja) </p><p>·         Noma 14 Gornjeg Egipta (zemlja Donjeg Samara i Viper zemlja) </p><p>·         Noma 15 Gornjeg Egipta (zemlja Haresa) </p><p>·         Noma 16 Gornjeg Egipta (Orik Nome) </p><p>·         Noma 17 Gornjeg Egipta (zemlja Anubis) </p><p>·         Noma 18 Gornjeg Egipta (set zemljište) </p><p>·         Noma 19 Gornjeg Egipta (zemljište dva Sceptresa) </p><p>·         Noma 20 Gornjeg Egipta (zemlja južne Sicamore) </p><p>·         Noma 21 Gornjeg Egipta (zemlja Severne Sicamore) </p><p>·         Noma 22 Gornjeg Egipta (zemlja noža) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ptolemajski_Egipat">Ptolemajski Egipat</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Uredi odjeljak Ptolemajski Egipat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=19" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ptolemajski Egipat"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neke nome su dodate ili preimenovane tokom grčko-rimske okupacije Egipta. Na primer, Ptolomeji su preimenovali <i>Crocodilopolitian</i> nome u <i>Arsinoe</i>. Hadrijan je stvorio novu nomu, Antinoopolite, čiji je glavni grad bio Antinopolis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Rimski_Egipat">Rimski Egipat</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Uredi odjeljak Rimski Egipat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=20" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Rimski Egipat"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nome su preživele u rimskom periodu. Pod rimskom vlašću, pojedinačne nome kovale su sopstvene kovanice, takozvane "nome-kovanice", koje još uvek odražavaju pojedinačne lokalne asocijacije i tradicije. Egipatske nome zadržali su svoj primarni značaj kao administrativne jedinice do temeljnog preuređenja birokratije za vreme vladavine Dioklecijana i Konstantina Velikog. </p><p> Od 307. godine nove ere, njihovo mesto zauzele su manje jedinice zvane <i>pagi</i>. Na kraju su se pojavili moćni lokalni zvaničnici koji su se zvali pagarhi, a kroz koje je proticala sva zaštita. Suštinska uloga pagarha bila je organizacija ubiranja poreza. Kasnije je pagarh preuzeo i neke vojne funkcije. Pagarsi su često bili bogati zemljoposednici koji su vladali <i>pagama</i> iz kojih su potekli. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nomarh">Nomarh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Uredi odjeljak Nomarh" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=21" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Nomarh"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tokom većeg dela istorije na čelu svake <a href="/wiki/Noma_(Egipat)" title="Noma (Egipat)">nome</a> je bio nomarh. Položaj nomarha je ponekad bio nasleđen, a ponekad ih je imenovao faraon. Generalno, kada je nacionalna vlada bila jača, nomarsi su bili kraljevi imenovani guverneri. Međutim, kada je centralna vlada bila slabija - kao što je to bila tokom stranih invazija ili građanskog rata – pojedinačne nome bi isticale sebe i uspostavili nasledne redoslede sukcesije. Sukobi između tih različitih naslednih nomarha bili su česti, ponajviše tokom Prvog intermedijarnog perioda, vremena u kojem je došlo do sloma centralne vlasti koja je trajala od 7. do 11. dinastije, a završila se kada je jedan od lokalnih vladara postao dovoljno jak da ponovo uspostavi kontrolu nad citavom zemljom kao faraon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ma'at"><span id="Ma.27at"></span>Ma'at</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Uredi odjeljak Ma'at" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=22" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ma'at"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malo je preživela literatura koja opisuje praksu starog egipatskog prava. Maat je bio duh u kojem je primenjena pravda, a ne stroga primena pravila. Maat je predstavljao normalne i osnovne vrednosti koje su predstavljale pozadinu primene pravde koja se morala sprovesti u duhu istine i pravičnosti. Od Pete dinastije (oko 2510–2370. pre nove ere) pa nadalje, džati odgovoran za pravdu nazivao se „Maatovim sveštenikom“, a u kasnijim periodima sudije su nosili Maatove slike. </p><p> Kasniji naučnici i filozofi takođe bi prisvajali koncepte iz Sebaita, matične literature o mudrosti. Ovi duhovni tekstovi bavili su se uobičajenim socijalnim ili profesionalnim situacijama i načinima na koji je najbolje rešiti ili rešavati ih u duhu Maat-a. Bili su to vrlo praktični saveti i veoma bazirani na slučajevima, tako da se iz njih može izvući nekoliko konkretnih i opštih pravila. </p><p> Tokom grčkog perioda u istoriji Egipta, grčko pravo je postojalo uporedo sa egipatskim pravom. Egipatski zakon sačuvao je prava žena kojima je bilo dopušteno da deluju nezavisno od muškaraca i poseduju znatnu ličnu imovinu, a vremenom je to uticalo na restriktivne skupove Grka i Rimljana. Kada su Rimljani preuzeli kontrolu nad Egiptom, u Egiptu se nametnuo rimski pravni sistem, koji je postojao širom Rimskog carstva. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="_Geografija"> Geografija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Uredi odjeljak Geografija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=23" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Geografija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Civilizacija starog Egipta se razvila u dolini reke Nila, koja se nalazi u severoistočnoj <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Africi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geomorfologija" title="Geomorfologija">Geomorfološki</a> gledano, <a href="/wiki/Egipat" title="Egipat">Egipat</a> pripada <a href="/wiki/Sredozemno_more" title="Sredozemno more">mediteranskom</a> basenu i prirodno je povezan sa <a href="/wiki/Bliski_istok" title="Bliski istok">bliskim istokom</a>. Ovo je uzrokovalo njegov razvoj u okviru starih civilizacija bliskog istoka, dok je bio izolovan od <a href="/wiki/Podsaharska_Afrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Podsaharska Afrika">podsaharske Afrike</a>. </p><p>Geografski se područje na kome se razvijala staroegipatska civilizacija može podeliti na dolinu <a href="/wiki/Nil" title="Nil">Nila</a>, koja je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluvijalna_ravnica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluvijalna ravnica (stranica ne postoji)">aluvijalna ravnica</a>, i okolne pustinjske predele. Dolina Nila se deli na sledeće oblasti, od ušća ka izvorima: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Nila" title="Delta Nila">delta Nila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donji_Egipat" title="Donji Egipat">donji Egipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gornji_Egipat" title="Gornji Egipat">gornji Egipat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donja_Nubija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donja Nubija (stranica ne postoji)">donja Nubija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gornja_Nubija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gornja Nubija (stranica ne postoji)">gornja Nubija</a></li></ul> <p>Okolne pustinje u kojima je staroegipatska civilizacija ostavila tragove, su: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libijska_pustinja" title="Libijska pustinja">Libijska pustinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dna_pustinja" title="Istočna pustinja">Istočna pustinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubijska_pustinja" title="Nubijska pustinja">Nubijska pustinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinajsko_poluostrvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinajsko poluostrvo">Sinajsko poluostrvo</a></li></ul> <p>Dolina Nila je bogata aluvijalnim nanosima, pa je izuzetno pogodna za zemljoradnju, ali je istovremeno siromašna rudnim bogatstvima. Zato su stari Egipćani iz okolnih predela eksploatisali sirovine poput raznih vrsta kamena za gradnju, <a href="/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato">zlato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srebro" title="Srebro">srebro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirkiz" title="Tirkiz">tirkiz</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bronza" title="Bronza">bronzu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klima">Klima</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Uredi odjeljak Klima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=24" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Klima"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Egipat" title="Egipat">Egipat</a> se nalazi u suptropskoj oblasti sa jako malo padavina (<a href="/wiki/Libijska_pustinja" title="Libijska pustinja">Libijska pustinja</a> je jedno od najsuvljih mesta na svetu). U praistorijskom periodu, klima je varirala između umereno vlažne do izuzetno suve, kakva je i danas. Postojale su i naseljene oaze u okolnim pustinjama. <a href="/wiki/Zemljoradnja" title="Zemljoradnja">Zemljoradnja</a>, od koje je živelo stanovništvo starog Egipta, primarno je zavisila od godišnjih poplava Nila. Ove poplave su počinjale u <a href="/wiki/Jul" title="Jul">julu</a> i trajale obično oko 100 <a href="/wiki/Dan" title="Dan">dana</a>. Davale su potrebnu količinu vlage za uzgajanje biljnih kultura i to u vrlo pogodnom trenutku i omogućavale stvaranje velikih viškova u proizvodnji. Ovoga su bili svesni i sami Egipćani od najranijih vremena, a <a href="/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Antička Grčka">starogrčki</a> istoričar <a href="/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot">Herodot</a> nazvao je Egipat „darom Nila“. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jezik">Jezik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Uredi odjeljak Jezik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=25" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Jezik"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Egipatski_jezik" title="Egipatski jezik">Egipatski jezik</a></i></div></dd></dl> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid black; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: white; text-align: center;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="16" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I6.png?19fec" height="17" title="I6 [km]" alt="km" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G17.png?3741e" height="38" title="G17 [m]" alt="m" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O49.png?dd778" height="18" title="O49" alt="O49" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: navajowhite; border-bottom: 1px solid peru; padding: 0.5em">Egipatski jezik (<i>r n kmt</i>)<br />na <a href="/wiki/Egipatski_hijeroglifi" title="Egipatski hijeroglifi">hijeroglifima</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Egipatski jezik je severno-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afroazijatski_jezici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afroazijatski jezici (stranica ne postoji)">afroazijatski</a> jezik blizak <a href="/wiki/Berberski_jezici" title="Berberski jezici">berberskim</a> i <a href="/wiki/Semitski_jezici" title="Semitski jezici">semitskim jezicima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovaj jezik ima drugu najdužu istoriju posle <a href="/wiki/Sumerski_jezik" title="Sumerski jezik">sumerskog jezika</a>, pošto je bio zapisivan od 3200. p. n. e. do <a href="/wiki/Srednji_vijek" title="Srednji vijek">srednjek veka</a> i ostao je govoreni jezik još neko vreme. Faze egipatskog jezika su <a href="/wiki/Staroegipatski_jezik" title="Staroegipatski jezik">staroegipatski</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Srednjoegipatski_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srednjoegipatski jezik (stranica ne postoji)">srednjoegipatski</a> (klasični), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasnoegipatski_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasnoegipatski jezik (stranica ne postoji)">kasnoegipatski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demotski_jezik" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Demotski jezik">demotski</a> i <a href="/wiki/Koptski_jezik" title="Koptski jezik">koptski jezik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoprieno2004161_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoprieno2004161-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egipatski tekstovi ne pokazuju dijalektske razlike pre koptskog jezika, ali je verovatno govoren u vidu regionalnih dijalekata oko Memfisa i kasnije Tebe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoprieno2004162_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoprieno2004162-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egipatski jezik je bio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinteti%C4%8Dki_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintetički jezik (stranica ne postoji)">sintetički jezik</a>, ali je kasnije postao više <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analiti%C4%8Dki_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analitički jezik (stranica ne postoji)">analitički</a>. Kasnije su Egipćani razvili prefiksni određeni i neodređeni <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clan_(gramatika)" title="Član (gramatika)">član</a>, koji je zamenio starije inflektivne sufikse. Takođe se promenio redosled reči od starije oblika predikat-subjekat-objekat u noviji subjekat-predikat-objekat.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egipatski <a href="/wiki/Egipatski_hijeroglifi" title="Egipatski hijeroglifi">hijeroflifi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hijeratsko_pismo" title="Hijeratsko pismo">hijeratsko</a> i <a href="/wiki/Demotsko_pismo" title="Demotsko pismo">demotsko pismo</a> je na kraju zamenilo više fonetsko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koptsko_pismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koptsko pismo (stranica ne postoji)">koptsko pismo</a>. Koptski jezik se još uvek koristi u verskim obredima <a href="/wiki/Koptska_pravoslavna_crkva" title="Koptska pravoslavna crkva">Koptska pravoslavna crkva</a>, a njegovi tragovi se mogu pronaći i u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egipatski_arapski_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egipatski arapski jezik (stranica ne postoji)">egipatskom arapskom jeziku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVittman1991197–227_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVittman1991197–227-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egipatsko_pismo">Egipatsko pismo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Uredi odjeljak Egipatsko pismo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=26" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Egipatsko pismo"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Egipatski_hijeroglifi" title="Egipatski hijeroglifi">Egipatski hijeroglifi</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Egipćani nisu slikali stvarne predstave iz života, već su njihove slike bile vrsta dijagrama za koje se verovalo da imaju magičnu moć. Kako bi sačuvali magičnu moć svoje <a href="/wiki/Umetnost" class="mw-redirect" title="Umetnost">umetnosti</a>, umetnici su precizno kopirali likovni stil svojih predaka, pa su tako svi umetnici drevnog Egipta slikali na isti način stvarajući veoma slične slikovne prikaze. Ovi prikazi u grobnicama usko su vezani za egipatsko slikovno pismo ili hijeroglife za koje se veruje da su nastali još pre oko 5.000 godina. Egipćani su magične <a href="/wiki/Mo%C4%87" title="Moć">moći</a> pripisivali i hijeroglifima i uglavnom su ih korisili u <a href="/wiki/Hram" title="Hram">hramovima</a> i <a href="/wiki/Grobnica" title="Grobnica">grobnicama</a>. Hijeroglifski <a href="/wiki/Simbol" title="Simbol">simboli</a>, odnosno slikovno pismo, zapravo predstavljaju cele reči povezane posebnim znacima kojima su umetnici obično opisivali život i verovanja umrlog koji je sahranjen u toj grobnici. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pravni_i_društveni_položaj_žene"><span id="Pravni_i_dru.C5.A1tveni_polo.C5.BEaj_.C5.BEene"></span>Pravni i društveni položaj žene</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Uredi odjeljak Pravni i društveni položaj žene" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=27" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Pravni i društveni položaj žene"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bračno i porodično pravo Egipta privlači najviše pažnje modernih istraživača. O njemu se najviše i pisalo, jer je sačuvano mnoštvo podataka, a njegova najmarkantnija crta je veoma dobar položaj žene. Jedan od izvora koji nam govori o položaju žene jeste antički pisac Herodot u svom delu ‘’Istorija’’. On jasno uočava razlike i privilegovan položaj žene u starom Egiptu u odnosu na ostale istočne i stare antičke civilizacije. Žene su u Egiptu uživale potpunu ravnopravnost sa muškarcima i imale punu pravnu i poslovnu sposobnost. Jedna od osnovnih odlika starog egipatskog društva je i matrijarhat, na šta nam ukazuje i običaj Egipćana da u većini slučajeva sebe označavaju po majci,a ne po ocu. Takođe i nasleđivanje prestola se predavalo po ženskoj liniji. Pored uobičajnih poslova i obaveza oko porodice i domaćinstva, žena se mogla baviti i svim drugim poslovima, profesijama i imati razne titule, pa čak i biti <a href="/wiki/Faraon" title="Faraon">faraon</a>. Zaključivala je ugovore bez saglasnosti oca ili muža i mogla je biti svedok na sudu. </p><p>U starom Egiptu brak se zaključivao bez religijskih ceremonijala uz proste svetovne formalnosti, odmah ili nakon više godina zajedničkog života. Mogao se lako i razvesti, a pravo da zahtevaju razvod su podjednako imali i muž i žena. Čini se da je takvih slučajeva bila malo, jer nema puno dokumenata u kojima se pominje, ali ako do njega ipak dodje, imovina se delila tako što mužu pripada 2/3 a ženi 1/3, koliko je ona zapravo unosila u brak mirazom, ali i imovinu koja je predbračnim ugovorom dogovorena da će pripasti ženi u slučaju razvoda. Preljuba žene je u Egiptu težak moralni prekršaj koji povlači sa sobom razvod braka i odsecanje nosa (za preljubnika batinanje i kastraciju) ali ne i smrtnu kaznu. Brak je u načelu bio <a href="/wiki/Monogamija" title="Monogamija">monogaman</a> ali se sreću i tragovi <a href="/wiki/Poligamija" title="Poligamija">poligamije</a> kod faraona, u tom slučaju prva žena je osobito poštovana. </p><p>Žena je mogla da raspolaže i upravlja imovinom. U naslednom pravu se takodje ističe njena ravnopravnost sa muškarcima. Naslednici su mogli biti i muško i žensko potomstvo, ali u praksi je često prvenstvo imao prvorođeni sin. Prvo dete dobija nesto veću imovinu, dok ostala deca imovinu rasporedjuju u jednakim delovima. Posle dece naslednici su braća i sestre, ali se često dešavalo, da bi se izbeglo davanje imovine srodnicima, da muž usvoji ženu (<a href="/wiki/Usvojenje" title="Usvojenje">adopcija</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultura">Kultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Uredi odjeljak Kultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=28" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kultura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religija">Religija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Uredi odjeljak Religija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=29" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Religija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sa razvojem stočarstva u Egiptu je nastao kult (obožavanje) domaćih životinja, poput svete krave (<b>Hator</b>) i bika (<b>Apis</b>). Postojalo je i božanstvo Nila, <b>bog Hapi</b>, jer je od Nila zavisio celokupan život u Egiptu, pa je ta reka smatrana božjim darom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Srednje_carstvo_2">Srednje carstvo</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Uredi odjeljak Srednje carstvo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=30" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Srednje carstvo"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Bog Ra</b>, kult Sunca iz Heliopolisa, postao je vrhovni bog svih Egipćana, a hram tebanskog božanstva Amona - centar državnog svetilišta.</p><blockquote><p><i>U nomama su nastala božanstava kao što su <u>bog Sunca</u> <b>Ra</b>, <b>Amon</b> i <b>Oziris</b>. <u>Bog podzemnog sveta</u> je bio Oziris predstavljan je kao pravedni bog vegetacije i plodnosti i utemeljivač zemljoradnje. Ljude je naučio svim veštinama i zanatima. Njegov brat <b>Set</b> je bio oličenje zla. On je iz zavisti ubio Ozirisa i bacio ga u more, a voda je kovčeg s telom izbacila na na obalu kod <b>grada Biblosa</b>. Ozirisova žena <b>Izida</b>, <u>boginja Meseca</u>, vaskrsla je svog muža uz pomoć <u>Anubisa</u> i on je od tada postao gospodar podzemnog sveta i odlučivao o grešnim dušama. Njegov sin <u>Horus</u> osvetio je oca i ubio Seta. Izlazak i zalazak sunca Egipćani su smatrali za smrt i vaskrsnuće boga Ra. Zbog verovanja u nastavak života posle smrti u Egiptu se ustalio običaj <b>balsamovanja</b> ili <b>mumificiranja</b> (mum-smola).</i></p></blockquote><p>Od lokalnih božanstava, veoma su poštovani <b>Pta</b>, <u>lokalni bog <b>Memfisa</b></u> (tvorac umetnosti i zaštitnik zanatlija), i <b>Atum-ra</b> iz <u>Heliopolisa</u>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pozno_carstvo">Pozno carstvo</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Uredi odjeljak Pozno carstvo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=31" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Pozno carstvo"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Najpopularnije narodno verovanje - <b>kult svetog bika Apisa</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Novo_carstvo_2">Novo carstvo</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Uredi odjeljak Novo carstvo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=32" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Novo carstvo"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U vreme Novog carstva bogovi Tebe i Heliopolisa su se stopili u jedinstveno vrhovno božanstvo <b>Amon-ra</b>. <b>Amenofis IV</b> je pod uticajem svoje žene <b>Nefertiti</b> ukinuo sve kultove i uveo <i>monoteizam</i>, tj. verovanje u jednog boga - <b>Atona</b> (<i>Sunčev disk</i>), kome je podigo svetilište u Amarni. Amenofis IV je i promenio svoje ime u <a href="/wiki/Ehnaton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ehnaton">Ehnaton</a> (sluga Atonov). To je razbesnelo narod i dovelo do pobune, pa se država našla pred rasulom. Neposredno posle Ehnatove smrti, njegov naslednik, <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamon" title="Tutankhamon">Tutankamоn</a>, ukinuo je monoteizam i vratio politeizam i <b>Amon-ra</b> je ponovo postao vrhovni bog Egipta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piramide">Piramide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Uredi odjeljak Piramide" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=33" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Piramide"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Egipatske_piramide" title="Egipatske piramide">Egipatske piramide</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Pir%C3%A2mides_Qu%C3%A9ops,_Qu%C3%A9fren_e_Miquerinos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pir%C3%A2mides_Qu%C3%A9ops%2C_Qu%C3%A9fren_e_Miquerinos.jpg/400px-Pir%C3%A2mides_Qu%C3%A9ops%2C_Qu%C3%A9fren_e_Miquerinos.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pir%C3%A2mides_Qu%C3%A9ops%2C_Qu%C3%A9fren_e_Miquerinos.jpg/600px-Pir%C3%A2mides_Qu%C3%A9ops%2C_Qu%C3%A9fren_e_Miquerinos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pir%C3%A2mides_Qu%C3%A9ops%2C_Qu%C3%A9fren_e_Miquerinos.jpg/800px-Pir%C3%A2mides_Qu%C3%A9ops%2C_Qu%C3%A9fren_e_Miquerinos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1646" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Piramide u Gizi</figcaption></figure> <p>Najimpresivnije građevine Egipta svakako su piramide koje su građene kao grobnice faraona. Do sada je pronađeno ukupno 46 piramida, a pretpostavlja se da ima i još neotkrivenih pod nepreglednim peskom <a href="/wiki/Pustinja" title="Pustinja">pustinja</a>. U 27. veku pre nove ere izgrađena je prva piramida i od tada su one postale osnovni način sahranjivanja vladara. Jedan od razloga što su piramide toliko fascinantne je taj što su to bile prve građevine ikada sagrađene samo slaganjem precizno isečenih ogromnih kamenih blokova jednih na druge. U razvoju građevinarstva Egipat je tako bio neprikosnoveno kraljevstvo više od 2.000 godina. Egipćani su verovali da je umrlom i dalje potrebno njegovo telo i razne stvari koje su sahranjivane uz telo kako bi preživeo u zagrobnom životu. Oni su znali da se u suvim pustinjama stvari veoma dobro čuvaju i birali su posebna mesta za sahranjivanje koja su i danas izuzetno dobro očuvana. Uvaženi stanovnici Egipta tog doba bili su dovoljno bogati da izgrade velelepne grobnice i bogato ih opreme <a href="/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato">zlatom</a>, dragim kamenjem, zapisima na <a href="/wiki/Papirus" title="Papirus">papirusu</a>, slikovnim prikazima i statuama. Jedna od najpoznatijih piramida je Velika piramida faraona Kufua - sagrađena je od 2 miliona i 300 hiljada <a href="/wiki/Kamen" title="Kamen">kamenih</a> blokova, a svaki blok teži oko 2,5 tone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zanimljivosti">Zanimljivosti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Uredi odjeljak Zanimljivosti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=34" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Zanimljivosti"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Stari Egipćani su razvili brojne nauke kao što su algebra, geometrija, astronomija i medicina.</li> <li>Starim Egipćanima su perike od ljudske kose ili ovčje vune služile kao ukras. Nosili su ih i muškarci i žene, na svečanostima i zvaničnim dužnostima. Tokom gozbe na perike su se stavljali kupe mirišljave masti koje bi se postepeno topile i rashladjivale lice i telo.</li> <li>U Egiptu je <a href="/wiki/Med" title="Med">med</a> bio sredstvo za postizanje i održavanje lepote, pa je tako kraljica <a href="/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra">Kleopatra</a>, između ostalog, u istoriju ušla i zbog svojih kupki od mleka i meda.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon</a> je izracunao da tri glavne piramide sadrže dovoljno kamenja za izradu zida, visokog 3 metra, debljine 30 cm, oko cele Francuske.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazilika_sv._Petra" title="Bazilika sv. Petra">Bazilika sv. Petra</a> u <a href="/wiki/Vatikan" title="Vatikan">Vatikanu</a> stala bi dva puta na površinu koju pokriva Velika piramida, što takođe odgovara površini 200 teniskih terena.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Uredi odjeljak Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=35" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reference"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41556849">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw (2002) p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw146-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw146_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw146_2-1">2,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw (2002) p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw (2002) p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clayton (1994) p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw (2002) p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw (2002) pp. 179–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robins (1997) p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw (2002) p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryholt310-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ryholt310_9-0">9,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ryholt310_9-1">9,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryholt (1997) p. 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw (2002) p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James (2005) p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/hatshepsut.html">„Hatshepsut”</a>. Digital Egypt for Universities, University College London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 9. 12. 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Hatshepsut&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Digital+Egypt+for+Universities%2C+University+College+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk%2Fchronology%2Fhatshepsut.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clayton (1994) p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldred (1988) p. 259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cline (2001) p. 273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyldesley (2001) pp. 76–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James (2005) p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Loprieno (1995b), pp. 2137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoprieno2004161-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoprieno2004161_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoprieno2004">Loprieno 2004</a>: str. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoprieno2004162-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoprieno2004162_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoprieno2004">Loprieno 2004</a>: str. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Loprieno (1995b), pp. 2137–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVittman1991197–227-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVittman1991197–227_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVittman1991">Vittman 1991</a>: str. 197–227</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Uredi odjeljak Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=36" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41379810">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><span class="citation book">Aldred, Cyril (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/00book1496783233"><i>Akhenaten, King of Egypt</i></a>. London, England: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-500-05048-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-500-05048-1">0-500-05048-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akhenaten%2C+King+of+Egypt&rft.aulast=Aldred%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Aldred%2C+Cyril&rft.date=1988&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.isbn=0-500-05048-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F00book1496783233&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Allen, James P. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middleegyptianin0000alle"><i>Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-521-77483-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-521-77483-7">0-521-77483-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Egyptian%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Language+and+Culture+of+Hieroglyphs&rft.aulast=Allen%2C+James+P.&rft.au=Allen%2C+James+P.&rft.date=2000&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-77483-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddleegyptianin0000alle&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Badawy, Alexander (1968). <i>A History of Egyptian Architecture. Vol III</i>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-520-00057-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-520-00057-9">0-520-00057-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Egyptian+Architecture.+Vol+III&rft.aulast=Badawy&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Badawy%2C%26%2332%3BAlexander&rft.date=1968&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.isbn=0-520-00057-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Billard, Jules B. (1978). <i>Ancient Egypt: Discovering its Splendors</i>. Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egypt%3A+Discovering+its+Splendors&rft.aulast=Billard&rft.aufirst=Jules+B.&rft.au=Billard%2C%26%2332%3BJules+B.&rft.date=1978&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Cerny, J (1975). <i>Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380–1000 BC</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-521-08691-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-521-08691-4">0-521-08691-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+from+the+Death+of+Ramesses+III+to+the+End+of+the+Twenty-First+Dynasty%27+in+The+Middle+East+and+the+Aegean+Region+c.1380%E2%80%931000%26nbsp%3BBC&rft.aulast=Cerny&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Cerny%2C%26%2332%3BJ&rft.date=1975&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-08691-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Clarke, Somers; R. Engelbach (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianc0000clar"><i>Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture</i></a>. New York, New York: Dover Publications, Unabridged Dover reprint of <i>Ancient Egyptian Masonry: The Building Craft</i> originally published by Oxford University Press/Humphrey Milford, London, (1930). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-486-26485-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-486-26485-8">0-486-26485-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Construction+and+Architecture&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Somers&rft.au=Clarke%2C%26%2332%3BSomers&rft.au=R.+Engelbach&rft.date=1990&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Unabridged+Dover+reprint+of+%27%27Ancient+Egyptian+Masonry%3A+The+Building+Craft%27%27+originally+published+by+Oxford+University+Press%2FHumphrey+Milford%2C+London%2C+%281930%29&rft.isbn=0-486-26485-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientegyptianc0000clar&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Clayton, Peter A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara00clay"><i>Chronicle of the Pharaohs</i></a>. London, England: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-500-05074-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-500-05074-0">0-500-05074-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+Pharaohs&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rft.au=Clayton%2C%26%2332%3BPeter+A.&rft.date=1994&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.isbn=0-500-05074-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronicleofphara00clay&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Cline, Eric H.; O'Connor, David Kevin (2001). <i>Amenhotep III: Perspectives on His Reign</i>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. str. 273. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-472-08833-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-472-08833-5">0-472-08833-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amenhotep+III%3A+Perspectives+on+His+Reign&rft.aulast=Cline%2C+Eric+H.%3B+O%27Connor%2C+David+Kevin&rft.au=Cline%2C+Eric+H.%3B+O%27Connor%2C+David+Kevin&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B273&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.isbn=0-472-08833-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Dodson, Aidan (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptianrockcutt0000dods"><i>Egyptian Rock Cut Tombs</i></a>. Buckinghamshire, UK: Shire Publications Ltd. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-7478-0128-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-7478-0128-2">0-7478-0128-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Rock+Cut+Tombs&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft.au=Dodson%2C%26%2332%3BAidan&rft.date=1991&rft.place=Buckinghamshire%2C+UK&rft.pub=Shire+Publications+Ltd&rft.isbn=0-7478-0128-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegyptianrockcutt0000dods&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeroyalfam0000dods_a3h8"><i>The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. London, England: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-500-05128-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-500-05128-3">0-500-05128-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Royal+Families+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.aulast=Dodson%2C+Aidan&rft.au=Dodson%2C+Aidan&rft.au=Hilton%2C+Dyan&rft.date=2004&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.isbn=0-500-05128-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteroyalfam0000dods_a3h8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">El-Daly, Okasha (2005). <i>Egyptology: The Missing Millennium</i>. London, England: UCL Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/1-84472-062-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/1-84472-062-4">1-84472-062-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptology%3A+The+Missing+Millennium&rft.aulast=El-Daly&rft.aufirst=Okasha&rft.au=El-Daly%2C%26%2332%3BOkasha&rft.date=2005&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.isbn=1-84472-062-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Filer, Joyce (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disease00file"><i>Disease</i></a>. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-292-72498-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-292-72498-5">0-292-72498-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disease&rft.aulast=Filer%2C+Joyce&rft.au=Filer%2C+Joyce&rft.date=1996&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.isbn=0-292-72498-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisease00file&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Gardiner, Sir Alan (1957). <i>Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs</i>. Oxford, England: Griffith Institute. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-900416-35-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-900416-35-1">0-900416-35-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Grammar%3A+Being+an+Introduction+to+the+Study+of+Hieroglyphs&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Sir+Alan&rft.au=Gardiner%2C%26%2332%3BSir+Alan&rft.date=1957&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Griffith+Institute&rft.isbn=0-900416-35-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Hayes, W. C. (October 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_1964-10_23_4/page/217">„Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter III. The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Communities of Northern Egypt”</a>. <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i> <b>23</b> (4): 217–272. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F371778">10.1086/371778</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2968">0022-2968</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Most+Ancient+Egypt%3A+Chapter+III.+The+Neolithic+and+Chalcolithic+Communities+of+Northern+Egypt&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=W.+C.&rft.au=Hayes%2C%26%2332%3BW.+C.&rft.date=October+1964&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=217%E2%80%93272&rft.edition=No.+4&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F371778&rft.issn=0022-2968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_1964-10_23_4%2Fpage%2F217&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Imhausen, Annette; Robson, Eleanor, Dauben, Joseph W., Plofker, Kim & Berggren, J. Lennart (2007). Katz, V. J., Jr.. ur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathematicsofegy0000unse"><i>The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-691-11485-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-691-11485-4">0-691-11485-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mathematics+of+Egypt%2C+Mesopotamia%2C+China%2C+India%2C+and+Islam%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.aulast=Imhausen%2C+Annette%3B+Robson%2C+Eleanor%2C+Dauben%2C+Joseph+W.%2C+Plofker%2C+Kim+%26+Berggren%2C+J.+Lennart&rft.au=Imhausen%2C+Annette%3B+Robson%2C+Eleanor%2C+Dauben%2C+Joseph+W.%2C+Plofker%2C+Kim+%26+Berggren%2C+J.+Lennart&rft.date=2007&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-691-11485-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmathematicsofegy0000unse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">James, T.G.H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishmuseumcon00jame"><i>The British Museum Concise Introduction to Ancient Egypt</i></a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-472-03137-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-472-03137-6">0-472-03137-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Museum+Concise+Introduction+to+Ancient+Egypt&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=T.G.H.&rft.au=James%2C%26%2332%3BT.G.H.&rft.date=2005&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.isbn=0-472-03137-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishmuseumcon00jame&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Kemp, Barry (1991). <i>Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization</i>. London, England: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-415-06346-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-415-06346-9">0-415-06346-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egypt%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Civilization&rft.aulast=Kemp%2C+Barry&rft.au=Kemp%2C+Barry&rft.date=1991&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=0-415-06346-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Lichtheim, Miriam (1975). <i>Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol 1</i>. London, England: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-520-02899-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-520-02899-6">0-520-02899-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Literature%2C+vol+1&rft.aulast=Lichtheim&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft.au=Lichtheim%2C%26%2332%3BMiriam&rft.date=1975&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.isbn=0-520-02899-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Lichtheim, Miriam (1980). <i>Ancient Egyptian Literature, A Book of Readings. Vol III: The Late Period</i>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Literature%2C+A+Book+of+Readings.+Vol+III%3A+The+Late+Period&rft.aulast=Lichtheim&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft.au=Lichtheim%2C%26%2332%3BMiriam&rft.date=1980&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Loprieno, Antonio (1995a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianl0000lopr"><i>Ancient Egyptian: A linguistic introduction</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-521-44849-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-521-44849-2">0-521-44849-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian%3A+A+linguistic+introduction&rft.aulast=Loprieno&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Loprieno%2C%26%2332%3BAntonio&rft.date=1995a&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-44849-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientegyptianl0000lopr&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Loprieno, Antonio (1995b). „Ancient Egyptian and other Afroasiatic Languages”. u: Sasson, J. M.. <i>Civilizations of the Ancient Near East</i>. <b>4</b>. New York, New York: Charles Scribner. str. 2137–2150. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/1-56563-607-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/1-56563-607-4">1-56563-607-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+and+other+Afroasiatic+Languages&rft.atitle=Civilizations+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.aulast=Loprieno&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Loprieno%2C%26%2332%3BAntonio&rft.date=1995b&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B2137%E2%80%932150&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner&rft.isbn=1-56563-607-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Loprieno, Antonio (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo0000unse_t8o9">„Ancient Egyptian and Coptic”</a>. u: Woodward, Roger D.. <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo0000unse_t8o9/page/160">160</a>–192. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-521-56256-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-521-56256-2">0-521-56256-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+and+Coptic&rft.atitle=The+Cambridge+Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Ancient+Languages&rft.aulast=Loprieno&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Loprieno%2C%26%2332%3BAntonio&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeencyclo0000unse_t8o9%2Fpage%2F160+160%5D%E2%80%93192&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-56256-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeencyclo0000unse_t8o9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Lucas, Alfred (1962). <i>Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, 4th Ed</i>. London, England: Edward Arnold Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/1-85417-046-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/1-85417-046-5">1-85417-046-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Materials+and+Industries%2C+4th+Ed&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft.au=Lucas%2C%26%2332%3BAlfred&rft.date=1962&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold+Publishers&rft.isbn=1-85417-046-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Mallory-Greenough, Leanne M. (2002). „The Geographical, Spatial, and Temporal Distribution of Predynastic and First Dynasty Basalt Vessels”. <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</i> (London, England: Egypt Exploration Society) <b>88</b>: 67–93. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3822337">10.2307/3822337</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3822337">3822337</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Geographical%2C+Spatial%2C+and+Temporal+Distribution+of+Predynastic+and+First+Dynasty+Basalt+Vessels&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Egyptian+Archaeology&rft.aulast=Mallory-Greenough&rft.aufirst=Leanne+M.&rft.au=Mallory-Greenough%2C%26%2332%3BLeanne+M.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=88&rft.pages=67%E2%80%9393&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Egypt+Exploration+Society&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F3822337&rft.jstor=3822337&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Manuelian, Peter Der (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptworldofphar00unse"><i>Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs</i></a>. Bonner Straße, Cologne Germany: Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/3-89508-913-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/3-89508-913-3">3-89508-913-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%3A+The+World+of+the+Pharaohs&rft.aulast=Manuelian%2C+Peter+Der&rft.au=Manuelian%2C+Peter+Der&rft.date=1998&rft.place=Bonner+Stra%C3%9Fe%2C+Cologne+Germany&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann+Verlagsgesellschaft+mbH&rft.isbn=3-89508-913-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegyptworldofphar00unse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">McDowell, A. G. (1999). <i>Village life in ancient Egypt: laundry lists and love songs</i>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-19-814998-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-19-814998-0">0-19-814998-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Village+life+in+ancient+Egypt%3A+laundry+lists+and+love+songs&rft.aulast=McDowell%2C+A.+G.&rft.au=McDowell%2C+A.+G.&rft.date=1999&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-19-814998-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Meskell, Lynn (2004). <i>Object Worlds in Ancient Egypt: Material Biographies Past and Present (Materializing Culture)</i>. Oxford, England: Berg Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/1-85973-867-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/1-85973-867-2">1-85973-867-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Object+Worlds+in+Ancient+Egypt%3A+Material+Biographies+Past+and+Present+%28Materializing+Culture%29&rft.aulast=Meskell%2C+Lynn&rft.au=Meskell%2C+Lynn&rft.date=2004&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.isbn=1-85973-867-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Midant-Reynes, Béatrix (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofegyp0000mida"><i>The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Pharaohs</i></a>. Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-631-21787-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-631-21787-8">0-631-21787-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+Egypt%3A+From+the+First+Egyptians+to+the+First+Pharaohs&rft.aulast=Midant-Reynes&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9atrix&rft.au=Midant-Reynes%2C%26%2332%3BB%C3%A9atrix&rft.date=2000&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.isbn=0-631-21787-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprehistoryofegyp0000mida&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Nicholson, Paul T. (2000). <i>Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-521-45257-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-521-45257-0">0-521-45257-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Materials+and+Technology&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Paul+T.&rft.au=Nicholson%2C%26%2332%3BPaul+T.&rft.date=2000&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-45257-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Oakes, Lorna (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptillu00unse"><i>Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Reference to the Myths, Religions, Pyramids and Temples of the Land of the Pharaohs</i></a>. New York, New York: Barnes & Noble. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-7607-4943-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-7607-4943-4">0-7607-4943-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egypt%3A+An+Illustrated+Reference+to+the+Myths%2C+Religions%2C+Pyramids+and+Temples+of+the+Land+of+the+Pharaohs&rft.aulast=Oakes%2C+Lorna&rft.au=Oakes%2C+Lorna&rft.date=2003&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.isbn=0-7607-4943-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientegyptillu00unse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Robins, Gay (2000). <i>The Art of Ancient Egypt</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-674-00376-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-674-00376-4">0-674-00376-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.aulast=Robins&rft.aufirst=Gay&rft.au=Robins%2C%26%2332%3BGay&rft.date=2000&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-674-00376-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Ryholt, Kim (January 1997). <i>The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period</i>. Copenhagen, Denmark: Museum Tusculanum. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/87-7289-421-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/87-7289-421-0">87-7289-421-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Situation+in+Egypt+During+the+Second+Intermediate+Period&rft.aulast=Ryholt%2C+Kim&rft.au=Ryholt%2C+Kim&rft.date=January+1997&rft.place=Copenhagen%2C+Denmark&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum&rft.isbn=87-7289-421-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Scheel, Bernd (1989). <i>Egyptian Metalworking and Tools</i>. Haverfordwest, Great Britain: Shire Publications Ltd. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-7478-0001-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-7478-0001-4">0-7478-0001-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Metalworking+and+Tools&rft.aulast=Scheel&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=Scheel%2C%26%2332%3BBernd&rft.date=1989&rft.place=Haverfordwest%2C+Great+Britain&rft.pub=Shire+Publications+Ltd&rft.isbn=0-7478-0001-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Shaw, Ian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw"><i>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-19-280458-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-19-280458-8">0-19-280458-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Shaw%2C%26%2332%3BIan&rft.date=2003&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-19-280458-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofa00shaw&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Siliotti, Alberto (1998). <i>The Discovery of Ancient Egypt</i>. Edison, New Jersey: Book Sales, Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-7858-1360-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-7858-1360-8">0-7858-1360-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.aulast=Siliotti%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Siliotti%2C+Alberto&rft.date=1998&rft.place=Edison%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Book+Sales%2C+Inc&rft.isbn=0-7858-1360-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Strouhal, Eugen (1989). <i>Life in Ancient Egypt</i>. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-8061-2475-X" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-8061-2475-X">0-8061-2475-X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.aulast=Strouhal&rft.aufirst=Eugen&rft.au=Strouhal%2C%26%2332%3BEugen&rft.date=1989&rft.place=Norman%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.isbn=0-8061-2475-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Tyldesley, Joyce A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ramessesegyptsgr0000tyld"><i>Ramesses: Egypt's greatest pharaoh</i></a>. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ramessesegyptsgr0000tyld/page/76">76</a>–77. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-14-028097-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-14-028097-9">0-14-028097-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramesses%3A+Egypt%27s+greatest+pharaoh&rft.aulast=Tyldesley%2C+Joyce+A.&rft.au=Tyldesley%2C+Joyce+A.&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Framessesegyptsgr0000tyld%2Fpage%2F76+76%5D%E2%80%9377&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+England&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.isbn=0-14-028097-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Framessesegyptsgr0000tyld&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Vittman, G. (1991). „Zum koptischen Sprachgut im Ägyptisch-Arabisch”. <i>Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes</i> (Vienna, Austria: Institut für Orientalistik, Vienna University) <b>81</b>: 197–227.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zum+koptischen+Sprachgut+im+%C3%84gyptisch-Arabisch&rft.jtitle=Wiener+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Kunde+des+Morgenlandes&rft.aulast=Vittman&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Vittman%2C%26%2332%3BG.&rft.date=1991&rft.volume=81&rft.pages=197%E2%80%93227&rft.place=Vienna%2C+Austria&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Orientalistik%2C+Vienna+University&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Walbank, Frank William (1984). <i>The Cambridge ancient history</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-521-23445-X" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-521-23445-X">0-521-23445-X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+ancient+history&rft.aulast=Walbank%2C+Frank+William&rft.au=Walbank%2C+Frank+William&rft.date=1984&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-23445-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Wasserman, James; Faulkner, Raymond Oliver; Goelet, Ogden; Von Dassow, Eva (1994). <i>The Egyptian Book of the dead, the Book of going forth by day: being the Papyrus of Ani</i>. San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-8118-0767-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-8118-0767-3">0-8118-0767-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Egyptian+Book+of+the+dead%2C+the+Book+of+going+forth+by+day%3A+being+the+Papyrus+of+Ani&rft.aulast=Wasserman%2C+James%3B+Faulkner%2C+Raymond+Oliver%3B+Goelet%2C+Ogden%3B+Von+Dassow%2C+Eva&rft.au=Wasserman%2C+James%3B+Faulkner%2C+Raymond+Oliver%3B+Goelet%2C+Ogden%3B+Von+Dassow%2C+Eva&rft.date=1994&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.isbn=0-8118-0767-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Wilkinson, R. H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completetempleso00wilk"><i>The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. London, England: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-500-05100-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-500-05100-3">0-500-05100-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Temples+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C%26%2332%3BR.+H.&rft.date=2000&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.isbn=0-500-05100-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletetempleso00wilk&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Baines, John and Jaromir Malek (2000). <i>The Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt</i> (revised izd.). Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-8160-4036-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-8160-4036-2">0-8160-4036-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+Atlas+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.aulast=Baines%2C+John+and+Jaromir+Malek&rft.au=Baines%2C+John+and+Jaromir+Malek&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.isbn=0-8160-4036-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Bard, KA (1999). <i>Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt</i>. NY, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-415-18589-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-415-18589-0">0-415-18589-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.aulast=Bard&rft.aufirst=KA&rft.au=Bard%2C%26%2332%3BKA&rft.date=1999&rft.place=NY%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=0-415-18589-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Grimal, Nicolas (1992) (German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000grim_o8d3"><i>A History of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. Blackwell Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-631-19396-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-631-19396-0">0-631-19396-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.aulast=Grimal&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Grimal%2C%26%2332%3BNicolas&rft.date=1992&rft.pub=Blackwell+Books&rft.isbn=0-631-19396-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofancient0000grim_o8d3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Helck, Wolfgang; Otto, Eberhard, ur. (1972–1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lexikondergyptol00helc"><i>Lexikon der Ägyptologie</i></a>. O. Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/3-447-01441-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/3-447-01441-5">3-447-01441-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexikon+der+%C3%84gyptologie&rft.date=1972%E2%80%931992&rft.pub=O.+Harrassowitz&rft.isbn=3-447-01441-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flexikondergyptol00helc&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Lehner, Mark (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completepyramids00lehn"><i>The Complete Pyramids</i></a>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-500-05084-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-500-05084-8">0-500-05084-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Pyramids&rft.aulast=Lehner%2C+Mark&rft.au=Lehner%2C+Mark&rft.date=1997&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.isbn=0-500-05084-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletepyramids00lehn&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Redford, Donald B., ur. (2001). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-19-510234-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-19-510234-7">0-19-510234-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-19-510234-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Wilkinson, R.H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0"><i>The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-500-05120-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-500-05120-8">0-500-05120-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Gods+and+Goddesses+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=R.H.&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C%26%2332%3BR.H.&rft.date=2003&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.isbn=0-500-05120-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletegodsgodd00wilk_0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stari_Egipat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Sima Avramović i Vojislav Stanimirović, ‘’Uporedna pravna tradicija’’, šesnaesto izdanje, Pravni fakultet, Beograd, 2021</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_veze">Vanjske veze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Uredi odjeljak Vanjske veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Egipat&action=edit&section=37" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske veze"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 300px"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egypt" title="commons:Category:Ancient Egypt"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 20px;"><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egypt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ancient Egypt">Stari Egipat</a></b></i> na <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica_-_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica - Главна страница">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> </div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/">BBC History: Egyptians</a>—provides a reliable general overview and further links</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancient.eu.com/egypt/">Ancient History Encyclopedia</a> on Egypt</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN&id=9ToLAAAAIAAJ&dq=PtahHotep&as_brr=1">Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book Door Marshall Clagett, 1989</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aldokkan.com/science/metallurgy.htm">Ancient Egyptian Metallurgy</a> A site that shows the history of Egyptian metalworking</li> <li><i>Napoleon on the Nile: Soldiers, Artists, and the Rediscovery of Egypt</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arthistory.about.com/od/from_exhibitions/ig/Napoleon-on-the-Nile/Joseph--1874.htm">Art History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602082144/http://arthistory.about.com/od/from_exhibitions/ig/Napoleon-on-the-Nile/Joseph--1874.htm">Arhivirano</a> 2008-06-02 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/">Ancient Egypt</a>—maintained by the British Museum, this site provides a useful introduction to Ancient Egypt for older children and young adolescents</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/">Digital Egypt for Universities.</a> Outstanding scholarly treatment with broad coverage and cross references (internal and external). Artifacts used extensively to illustrate topics.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancient-egypt-priests.com/">Priests of Ancient Egypt</a> In-depth-information about Ancient Egypt's priests, religious services and temples. Much picture material and bibliography. In English and German.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/nelc_uee?rmode=showAll">UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/women_01.shtml">Ancient Egypt and the Role of Women</a> by Dr Joann Fletcher</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41348688">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-prikaži"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Drevni_Egipat" title="Šablon:Drevni Egipat"><abbr title="Pogledajte šablon" style=";background:#F1F1DE;;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-razgovor"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor_o_%C5%A1ablonu:Drevni_Egipat" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Drevni Egipat"><abbr title="Razgovarajte o šablonu" style=";background:#F1F1DE;;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Drevni_Egipat&action=edit"><abbr title="Uredite šablon" style=";background:#F1F1DE;;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drevni_Egipat" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drevni_Egipat" class="mw-redirect" title="Drevni Egipat">Drevni Egipat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background:#F1F1DE;">Lokacije</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nil" title="Nil">Nil</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gornji_i_Donji_Egipat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gornji i Donji Egipat (stranica ne postoji)">Gornji i Donji Egipat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abidos_(Egipat)" title="Abidos (Egipat)">Abidos</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aleksandrija" title="Aleksandrija">Aleksandrija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Al_Fayyum" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Fayyum">Al Fayyum/Atef-Pehu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Amarna/Akhetaten</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dahshur" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahshur">Dahshur</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dolina_Kraljeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolina Kraljeva">Dolina Kraljeva</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dolina_Kraljica" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolina Kraljica">Dolina Kraljica</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edfu" title="Edfu">Edfu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elefantina" title="Elefantina">Elefantina/Abu/Yebu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a> • <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(drevni)" title="Heliopolis (drevni)">Heliopolis/Annu/Iunu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Luxor" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxor">Luxor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Memfis_(Egipat)" title="Memfis (Egipat)">Memphis/Ineb Hedj</a> • <a href="/wiki/Philae" class="mw-redirect" title="Philae">Philae/Pilak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kift" title="Kift">Kift/Koptos</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1id_(grad)" title="Rašid (grad)">Rašid (Rosetta)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sakara" title="Sakara">Sakara</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tanis_(Egipat)" title="Tanis (Egipat)">Tanis/Djanet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teba_(Egipat)" title="Teba (Egipat)">(Teba)/Niwt/Waset</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background:#F1F1DE;">Mitologija</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;text-align:center; background:#F1F1DE;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Eneada" title="Eneada">Eneada</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heliopolis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heliopolis (stranica ne postoji)">Heliopolisa</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0u" title="Šu">Šu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nut" title="Nut">Nut</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oziris" title="Oziris">Oziris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Izida" title="Izida">Izida</a> • <a href="/wiki/Set" title="Set">Set</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neftis" title="Neftis">Neftis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;text-align:center; background:#F1F1DE;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Ostala veća božanstva</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Amon" title="Amon">Amon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apop" title="Apop">Apop</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apis_(egipatska_mitologija)" title="Apis (egipatska mitologija)">Apis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aton" title="Aton">Aton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bast" title="Bast">Bast</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoth">Thoth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hator" title="Hator">Hator</a> • <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a> • <a href="/wiki/Khonsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ma%27at" title="Ma'at">Ma'at</a> • <a href="/wiki/Min_(bog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Min (bog)">Min</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neit" title="Neit">Neit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a> • <a href="/wiki/Uapuat" title="Uapuat">Uapuat</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heryshaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heryshaf (stranica ne postoji)">Heryshaf</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;text-align:center; background:#F1F1DE;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogdoada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogdoada (stranica ne postoji)">Ogdoada</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermopolis" title="Hermopolis">Hermopolisa</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Amon" title="Amon">Amon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Amaunet" title="Amaunet">Amaunet</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huh_i_Hauhet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huh i Hauhet (stranica ne postoji)">Huh i Hauhet</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuk_i_Kauket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuk i Kauket (stranica ne postoji)">Kuk i Kauket</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;text-align:center; background:#F1F1DE;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Ratna božanstva</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anhur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anhur (stranica ne postoji)">Anhur</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bast" title="Bast">Bast</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maahes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maahes (stranica ne postoji)">Maahes</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakhet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pakhet (stranica ne postoji)">Pakhet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;text-align:center; background:#F1F1DE;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Deificirani koncepti</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Khonsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hapy">Hapy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ma%27at" title="Ma'at">Ma'at</a> • <a href="/wiki/Min_(bog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Min (bog)">Min</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renenutet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renenutet (stranica ne postoji)">Renenutet</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šai (stranica ne postoji)">Šai</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_(mitologija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hu (mitologija) (stranica ne postoji)">Hu</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saa (stranica ne postoji)">Saa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;text-align:center; background:#F1F1DE;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Ostala božanstva</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bes">Bes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hnum" title="Hnum">Hnum</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seker (stranica ne postoji)">Seker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Se%C5%A1at" title="Sešat">Sešat</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawaret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tawaret (stranica ne postoji)">Tawaret</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background:#F1F1DE;">Smrt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mumija" title="Mumija">Mumija</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cetiri_Horusova_sina" title="Četiri Horusova sina">Četiri Horusova sina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kanopske_vaze" title="Kanopske vaze">Kanopske vaze</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Knjiga_mrtvih" title="Knjiga mrtvih">Knjiga mrtvih</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=KV_(Egipat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KV (Egipat) (stranica ne postoji)">KV</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Posmrtni_hram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posmrtni hram (stranica ne postoji)">Posmrtni hram</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ushabti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ushabti (stranica ne postoji)">Ushabti</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background:#F1F1DE;">Građevine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Egipatske_piramide" title="Egipatske piramide">Piramide</a> • <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Hram u Karnaku</a> • <a href="/wiki/Velika_sfinga_u_Gizi" title="Velika sfinga u Gizi">Sfinga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Svjetionik_u_Aleksandriji" title="Svjetionik u Aleksandriji">Veliki svjetionik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aleksandrijska_biblioteka" title="Aleksandrijska biblioteka">Velika biblioteka</a> • <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahri" title="Deir el-Bahri">Deir el-Bahri</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memnonski_kolosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memnonski kolosi (stranica ne postoji)">Memnonski kolosi</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramesseum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramesseum (stranica ne postoji)">Ramesseum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background:#F1F1DE;">Pismo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Egipatski_hijeroglifi" title="Egipatski hijeroglifi">Egipatski hijeroglifi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Egipatske_brojke" class="mw-redirect" title="Egipatske brojke">Egipatske brojke</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transliteracija_drevnog_egipatskog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transliteracija drevnog egipatskog (stranica ne postoji)">Transliteracija drevnog egipatskog</a> • <a href="/wiki/Demotsko_egipatsko_pismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Demotsko egipatsko pismo">Demotsko pismo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hijeratsko_pismo" title="Hijeratsko pismo">Hijeratsko pismo</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background:#F1F1DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egipatska_kronologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egipatska kronologija (stranica ne postoji)">Kronologija</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Historija_drevnog_Egipta" title="Historija drevnog Egipta">Drevni Egipat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ptolemejski_Egipat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemejski Egipat">Ptolemejski Egipat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_(rimska_provincija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus (rimska provincija)">Rimski Egipat</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background:#F1F1DE;">Popisi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popis_egipatskih_dinastija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popis egipatskih dinastija (stranica ne postoji)">Popis egipatskih dinastija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Popis_faraona" class="mw-redirect" title="Popis faraona">Popis faraona</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background:#F1F1DE;">Znanost i kultura</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drevna_egipatska_medicina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drevna egipatska medicina 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