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links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American lawyer and Jewish leader</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the American lawyer and Jewish leader. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Louis_Marshall_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Louis Marshall (disambiguation)">Louis Marshall (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Louis Marshall</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Marshall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Louis-Marshall.jpg/200px-Louis-Marshall.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Louis-Marshall.jpg/300px-Louis-Marshall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Louis-Marshall.jpg/400px-Louis-Marshall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">c. 1915</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1856-12-14</span>)</span>December 14, 1856<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 11, 1929<span style="display:none">(1929-09-11)</span> (aged 72)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, Switzerland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Lawyer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Florence Lowenstein</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">James Marshall<br /> Ruth Marshall<br /> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marshall_(wilderness_activist)" title="Bob Marshall (wilderness activist)">Bob Marshall</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall_(conservationist)" title="George Marshall (conservationist)">George Marshall</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Louis Marshall</b> (December 14, 1856 – September 11, 1929) was an American <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporate</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">constitutional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> lawyer as well as a <a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">mediator</a> and Jewish community leader who worked to secure religious, political, and cultural freedom for all <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority</a> groups. Among the founders of the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a> (AJC), he defended Jewish and minority rights. He was also a <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservationist</a>, and the force behind re-establishing the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_New_York_State_College_of_Forestry" title="History of the New York State College of Forestry">New York State College of Forestry</a> at <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a>, which evolved into today's <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_College_of_Environmental_Science_and_Forestry" title="State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry">State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry</a> (ESF).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marshall&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Louis Marshall was born on December 14, 1856, in <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a>, to two Jewish immigrants, recently arrived from Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded just eight years earlier, in 1847, Syracuse was a booming transportation, financial, and manufacturing hub on the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a>, as the United States <a href="/wiki/Westward_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Westward expansion">expanded West</a>. On the brink of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the city was also a well-known stop on the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshall's father, Jacob Marshall, had arrived in New York City at 19 years of age on September 1, 1849, from Neidenstein, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, in Germany; his mother arrived from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, Germany, in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Louis Marshall, the family name had been spelled "Marschall", with a "c", in "<a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Bavaria">Rhenish Bavaria</a> ... near the French boundary".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall's friend and colleague, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Adler" title="Cyrus Adler">Cyrus Adler</a> noted in his remembrances of Marshall that the latter's "father migrated to the United states in 1849, the year which marked the beginning of migration from Germany following the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the German states">revolutionary movements of 1848</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From New York City, Jacob Marshall had "worked his way up the Erie Canal to Syracuse, where he opened a hide, fur, and leather business. It was marginally profitable."<sup id="cite_ref-Glover7-9_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glover7-9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis was the eldest of six children. He had one brother, Benjamin, two years younger, and four sisters: Marie, Bertha, Clara, and Ida; 13 years separated Louis and his youngest sister, Ida.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family resided at 222 Cedar Street, "in the old Seventh Ward of Syracuse", an area today approximately where the <a href="/wiki/Onondaga_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Onondaga County">Onondaga County</a> Justice Center (county jail) is located.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From childhood, Marshall was both a scholar and a <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguist</a>. His first language was German: "I spoke German before I knew a word of English, and so long as my mother lived (she died in 1910) I never spoke to her otherwise than in German."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis' mother, Zilli (or Zella), was "well educated for her times ... reading to [her children] in German, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a>, the standard literature of mid-century."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshall attended "the Seventh Ward Public school"<sup id="cite_ref-Adler,_p._22_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adler,_p._22-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later Syracuse High School, from which he graduated in 1874, one of eight males in a graduating class of 22.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition he attended German and Hebrew schools along with his sisters.<sup id="cite_ref-Adler,_p._22_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adler,_p._22-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his various school settings, Marshall applied himself to studying French, German, Latin, Greek and Hebrew. The latter he also learned from his father.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in life, Marshall taught himself <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon high school graduation, Marshall "began the study of law, in accordance with the fashion of that day, in a lawyer's office, that of Nathaniel B. Smith",<sup id="cite_ref-Adler,_p._22_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adler,_p._22-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he served a two-year apprenticeship. This under his belt, his next step towards a career in law was to "enroll in <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia University's law school</a> (then Dwight Law School)".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Marshall, "I really do not know if I am considered an alumnus of the Law School at Columbia University or not. If I am, then it is very peculiar that it has not been until I arrived at the mature age of seventy-two that I should have received a letter which is addressed to me as a 'Dear Fellow Alumnus'. I attended the Law School from September, 1876, to June, 1877. ... I never received a degree because two years actual attendance was required."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marshall&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawyer">Lawyer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marshall&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lawyer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After completing his legal studies on January 1, 1878, Marshall joined the law firm of <a href="/wiki/William_C._Ruger" title="William C. Ruger">William C. Ruger</a> in Syracuse. A few years later, in 1885, he became a member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Bar_Association" title="New York State Bar Association">New York State Bar Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Handlin,_p._xii_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handlin,_p._xii-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Adler, "the day he was admitted to the Bar, Marshall became a partner in Ruger's firm". Later, when Ruger was appointed chief justice of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Court of Appeals">New York State Court of Appeals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Glover9_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glover9-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the law firm became Jenny, Brooks & Marshall."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Marshall rose to prominence not only in New York, but nationally: "In 1891 he was part of a national delegation that asked President <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> to intervene on behalf of persecuted Russian Jews."<sup id="cite_ref-Glover7-9_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glover7-9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the age of 40, Marshall had argued over 150 cases before the Court of Appeals. </p><p>Marshall was recruited by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Untermyer" title="Samuel Untermyer">Samuel Untermyer</a>, a classmate at Columbia,<sup id="cite_ref-Glover9_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glover9-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to join the law firm of <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Guggenheimer" title="Randolph Guggenheimer">Guggenheimer</a> and Untermyer in New York City. Moving there in February 1894, he became heavily involved in Jewish religious and political affairs. He also was involved in <a href="/wiki/Alternative_dispute_resolution" title="Alternative dispute resolution">alternative dispute resolution</a> (ADR), acting with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the mediator in a strike of 60,000 to 70,000 cloakmakers in New York City in 1910,<sup id="cite_ref-Handlin,_p._xxi_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handlin,_p._xxi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1919 was the <a href="/wiki/Arbitrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrator">arbitrator</a> in a clothing-workers' strike. </p><p>As his life became stable and more organized he acquired a circle of intimate friends. It was his habit to have lunch and relax at Monch's Restaurant with a group of lawyers during the work-week, where they would debate each other, with Loewenstein, the waiter, serving as Judge and jury.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the years 1910 and 1911, while <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> was president, two openings occurred on the United States Supreme Court. Several of Taft's prominent friends urged him to appoint Marshall, who had the reputation of an outstanding Constitutional lawyer and public citizen. A justice of the Supreme Court was the only elected or appointed office Marshall had ever wanted or sought; Taft eventually chose two other men for the positions.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1914, he was part of the legal team representing <a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank</a>, a Jewish pencil factory manager convicted of raping and murdering a 13-year-old employee named Mary Phagan. Marshall initiated an ultimately unsuccessful appeal of the case to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>. </p><p>Marshall was active in protecting the human and civil rights of Jews and on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (of which he was a director),<sup id="cite_ref-rez1177_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rez1177-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fought major legal battles on behalf of all minorities. By the end of his legal career, Marshall had "argue[d] more cases before the U.S. Supreme Court than any other private lawyer of his generation."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Syracuse <i>Post-Standard'</i>s editorial on Marshall, written upon his death in 1929, portrayed his motivation as: "Always, it was justice ... Justice to all who were in need of justice ... justice to the people who, like himself, were of Jewish origin. ... His was an intense Americanism. ... He was a man who helped humanity ... unafraid, a man whose hand was ready to lift a load ... necessary for the lessening of misfortune or oppression, a worker in our common life who because he was a worker, became a leader, a man who crowded his years with service for the benefit of those about him—altogether an eminent American citizen whom a multitude will hold in grateful remembrance."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_leader">Jewish leader</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marshall&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jewish leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1905, Marshall was promoted to chairman of the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">Jewish Theological Seminary of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbinical</a> school.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After serving as an officer for several years at <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Emanu-El_of_New_York" title="Congregation Emanu-El of New York">Congregation Emanu-El of the City of New York</a>, a Reform congregation, he became its president in 1916. (Marshall was related by marriage to Emanu-El's spiritual leader, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Judah_Magnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah Magnes">Judah L. Magnes</a>, whose wife, Beatrice Lowenstein, was Marshall's sister-in-law.)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the implicit contradiction, to Marshall there was only one Judaism. </p><p>In 1906, with <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Schiff" title="Jacob Schiff">Jacob Schiff</a> and Cyrus Adler,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall helped found the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a> (AJC) as a means for keeping watch over legislation and diplomacy relevant to American Jews, and to convey requests, information, and political threats to US government officials. Marshall eventually became the AJC's primary strategist and lobbyist. After being elected its president in 1912,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he held the post until his death. In this position, he opposed Congressional bills that would prevent many illiterate Jews from entering the US. Despite a Presidential veto, one of the bills was enacted in 1917, after a Congressional override. </p><p>Marshall was a strong advocate of abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">literacy test</a> and said, "We are practically the only ones who are fighting [the literacy test] while a 'great proportion' [of the people] is 'indifferent to what is done'". Marshall was also the leader of the movement that led to the <a href="/wiki/Abrogation_doctrine" title="Abrogation doctrine">abrogation</a>, in 1911, of the US-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1832. </p><p>At the end of World War I, Marshall attended the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> at Versailles, France, in 1919, as President of the American Jewish Committee and Vice-President of the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Congress" title="American Jewish Congress">American Jewish Congress</a>. There, he helped formulate clauses for the "full and equal civil, religious, political, and national rights" of Jews in the constitutions of the newly created states of eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These provisions Marshall believed to be "the most important contribution to human liberty in modern history."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He fought a proposal to have the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">US Census Bureau</a> enumerate Jews as a race. Although he had some differences with political Zionists, Marshall contributed to efforts that led to the establishment of Israel as a Jewish homeland in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>. He was instrumental in organizing the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">American Jewish Relief Committee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which brought together Zionists and non-Zionists for the management of Jewish colonization efforts. </p><p>In 1920, Marshall also attempted to stop a newspaper owned by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a></i>, from spreading <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitic</a> propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall and Untermyer entered the fight against the alleged libelous attacks featured in the paper, which led to a 1927 lawsuit against the automaker in federal court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_servant">Public servant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marshall&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Public servant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the course of his career, Marshall served in a variety of notable public service positions, at every level. "In 1890, at the age of thirty-four, he was appointed by Governor <a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">Hill</a> to a special commission to revise the judiciary article of the [New York state] constitution ...".<sup id="cite_ref-Handlin,_p._xii_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handlin,_p._xii-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1894, was elected to serve as delegate to the New York State <a href="/wiki/New_York_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Constitution">Constitutional</a> Convention, representing the 24th District.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1902, Marshall was appointed chairman of a commission investigating the slum conditions on New York City's Lower East Side, where many Jewish immigrants had settled. In 1908, he was appointed chairman of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_State_Immigration_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York State Immigration Commission (page does not exist)">New York State Immigration Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Handlin,_p._xxi_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handlin,_p._xxi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1910, Marshall was appointed a trustee of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a>. In 1911, he became president of the board of trustees of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University (now the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry), a post he kept until his death in 1929. </p><p>At the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1915, Marshall again served as a delegate, this time being elected to an at-large position.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Adler, Marshall "was the only man who sat in three [New York state] constitutional conventions ..."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, Marshall was honored with an appointment as a director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.<sup id="cite_ref-rez1177_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rez1177-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that post, "he fought against racial segregation in housing and against the disenfranchisement of the white primary. ... Defending the rights of Negro voters, he secured a ruling of the Supreme Court in the case of <a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Herndon" title="Nixon v. Herndon">Nixon v. Herndon</a> that the Texas white primary law was unconstitutional."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservationist">Conservationist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marshall&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conservationist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marshall had both a public and a personal interest in <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a>. In his home state of New York, he spearheaded efforts to protect the <a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains" title="Adirondack Mountains">Adirondack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catskill_Mountains" title="Catskill Mountains">Catskill Mountains</a>; at the state's 1894 <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutional</a> convention, he helped establish the New York <a href="/wiki/Forest_Preserve_(New_York)" title="Forest Preserve (New York)">Forest Preserve</a>. </p><p>Louis Marshall was a framer of Article 14, the "Forever Wild" clause, in the New York State constitutional Amendment to the New York State Constitution, which went into effect on January 1, 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The lands of the state, now owned or hereafter acquired, constituting the forest preserve as now fixed by law, shall be forever kept as wild forest lands. They shall not be leased, sold or exchanged, or be taken by any corporation, public or private, nor shall the timber thereon be sold, removed or destroyed.</p></blockquote> <p>The devastating forest fires of 1899, in the Adirondack Forest Preserve, which burned 80,000 acres (320 km<sup>2</sup>) provoked Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_F._Fox" title="William F. Fox">William F. Fox</a>, Superintendent of New York's state-owned forests, to urge replacing fire wardens with a cadre of professional forest rangers. However, it took more than a decade, the terrible forest fires of 1903 and 1908, and the help of Louis Marshall before the present New York State Forest Ranger system was finally established in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall was also a driving force behind the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/SUNY-ESF_Ranger_School" title="SUNY-ESF Ranger School">New York State Ranger School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wanakena,_New_York" title="Wanakena, New York">Wanakena, New York</a>, which was founded in 1912,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a similar school was established at <a href="/wiki/Paul_Smith%27s_College" title="Paul Smith's College">Paul Smith's College</a>. </p><p>Later, "an ardent conservationist, he fought earnestly every effort to encroach upon the ... Preserve he had helped create. The efforts of highway builders to slash roads through the woods, of power interests to divert the rivers to their own use, and of hunters and fishermen to act without restraint all met his unqualified opposition."<sup id="cite_ref-Handlin,_p._xlii_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handlin,_p._xlii-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A trustee of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_for_the_Protection_of_the_Adirondacks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association for the Protection of the Adirondacks (page does not exist)">Association for the Protection of the Adirondacks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he led a floor fight in 1915, successfully protecting the Forever Wild clause of the New York State Constitution. </p><p>Marshall's interest in conservation extended to the national stage. In an intervention at the US Supreme Court, he had a key influence on a landmark case underscoring the right and responsibility of the Federal government for environmental protection and conservation. In a friend of the court brief on <i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Holland" title="Missouri v. Holland">The State of Missouri v. Ray V. Holland, US Game Warden</a></i> on behalf of the Association for the Protection of the Adirondacks, Marshall successfully persuaded the Court to uphold the <a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty_Act_of_1918" title="Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918">Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918</a>, between the US and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-rez1177_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rez1177-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As characterized by Adler, Marshall argued that "the United States did have the power to create such legislation; that Congress was well within its rights; and that the Act was constitutional"; and further that, "If Congress possessed plenary powers to legislate for the protection of the public domain, then it had to take into account all possibility for such protection",<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including protection of migratory birds, "these natural guardians" against "hostile insects, which, if not held in check ... would result in the inevitable destruction" of "both prairie and forest lands".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Handlin, Marshall's intervention "was a major factor in the decision.".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "It is not only a sin to kill a mockingbird, it is also a crime,’ Judge <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Caproni" class="mw-redirect" title="Valerie Caproni">Valerie Caproni</a> wrote in a forceful decision.".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an address at the <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Albany" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York at Albany">University of the State of New York at Albany</a> on October 21, 1921, Marshall argued passionately that "the people of this State have for a century been guilty of criminal recklessness in the manner in which they have permitted their magnificent forests to be destroyed. The entire country is beginning to perceive a glimmer of the calamity that confronts it if a policy of forestation is not carried into execution speedily. Our water courses will dry up. Our most fertile agricultural lands will become arid. The wild life of the forest, the fishes that were once abundant in our streams are threatened with extermination unless there is a speedy remedy ..."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a more personal level, Marshall took a keen interest in the natural environment. Marshall became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Mountain_Club" title="Adirondack Mountain Club">Adirondack Mountain Club</a> after its founding in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-Handlin,_p._xlii_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handlin,_p._xlii-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_perspective">Political perspective</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marshall&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political perspective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alienated by what he perceived as the <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a> of the Democratic Party, and the "half-baked theories" of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall was a lifelong <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>, endorsing Republican candidates for election and working closely with Republican congressmen and state legislators.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although sympathetic with labor he was doubtful about the constitutionality of many laws passed on its behalf. He was suspicious of politicians like <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> who choreographed their political campaigns to appeal emotionally to the masses; and he considered those in favor of a <a href="/wiki/Direct_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct primary">direct primary</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> "misguided", "demagogues" or "rogues".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_life_and_legacy">Family life and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marshall&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Family life and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As full as was his professional life, family played a central role in Marshall's life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raising_a_family">Raising a family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marshall&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Raising a family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 6, 1895, he married Florence Lowenstein, a cousin of his partner, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Untermyer" title="Samuel Untermyer">Samuel Untermyer</a>. Lowenstein "was the daughter of Sophia Mendelson Lowenstein of New York and Benedict Lowenstein, a wealthy Bavarian immigrant ... She had been educated at The Normal College (now <a href="/wiki/Hunter_College" title="Hunter College">Hunter College</a>) in New York".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a few years, Louis and Florence Marshall had four children: James, Ruth, Robert (known as Bob), and George. They lived comfortably in a three-story brownstone house at Number 47 East 72nd Street<sup id="cite_ref-Glover7-9_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glover7-9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Manhattan, a block and a half from <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>; the US Census of 1900 indicates that four servants resided with the Marshalls at this address. The children attended the <a href="/wiki/Ethical_Culture_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical Culture School">Ethical Culture School</a> across Central Park from their home.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adler relates that "... everything centered around the up-bringing of these children. He was a good pal to his boys, and used to play <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> with them, the sport which he most admired.".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_away_from_home">Home away from home</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marshall&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Home away from home"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1899, together with five other families, the Marshalls bought 500 acres (2.0 km<sup>2</sup>) of shoreline on <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saranac_Lake" title="Lower Saranac Lake">Lower Saranac Lake</a> in the Adirondacks and hired architect <a href="/wiki/William_L._Coulter" title="William L. Coulter">William L. Coulter</a> to design and build a "great camp" to be called <a href="/wiki/Knollwood_Club" title="Knollwood Club">Knollwood</a>. Many summers were spent there.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to James Glover, </p> <blockquote><p>Since the Marshall family never owned a car, they would travel by rail ... to Saranac Lake Village. From there it was a mile and a half ride by rowboat across the lake, or a four-mile surrey ride around the lake. ... The walls were decorated with an assortment of moose antlers, prize fish mounted on plaques, and the heavily antlered head of an elk ... If the elk could have seen with its glass eyes, it ... never would have seen the water, for Louis Marshall would not allow any of the trees blocking the view to be cut.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Upon Florence Lowenstein Marshall's death of cancer on May 27, 1916, at age 43, daughter Ruth became surrogate mother for her younger siblings.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall found respite in nature: </p> <blockquote><p>There was scarcely a day, in New York, when he did not walk through Central Park; and he treasured the periods he could spend at Knollwood. The silence of the forest paths brought a "healing to the soul." Feasting his eyes upon the hemlocks and the birches, often he felt as if his lost wife were at his side, and that made of Knollwood "one of the sacred places of the earth."<sup id="cite_ref-Handlin,_p._xlii_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handlin,_p._xlii-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_their_father's_footsteps"><span id="In_their_father.27s_footsteps"></span>In their father's footsteps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marshall&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In their father's footsteps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In adulthood, Marshall's children followed in his footsteps. The eldest, James, became a lawyer, joining his father's firm, later starting his own. James rose to prominence in New York City, where he served on and was president of the city's Board of Education under Mayor <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">Fiorello La Guardia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James also co-founded the Natural Resources Defense Council and authored several books on psychology and the law. He married <a href="/wiki/Lenore_Marshall" title="Lenore Marshall">Lenore Guinzburg</a>, who became noted for her writing as well as discovering and editing the work of author <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>. Together, James and Lenore founded the New Hope Foundation "to foster world peace and understanding". Ruth married <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Billikopf" title="Jacob Billikopf">Jacob Billikopf</a>, a Philadelphia labor arbitrator 16 years her senior; like her mother, Ruth died young of cancer, at age 38.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drawing deeply from their childhood experiences in the Adirondacks, the younger boys, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marshall_(wilderness_activist)" title="Bob Marshall (wilderness activist)">Bob</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall_(conservationist)" title="George Marshall (conservationist)">George</a>, became noted conservationists. The sprawling <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marshall_Wilderness" title="Bob Marshall Wilderness">Bob Marshall Wilderness</a>, comprising over a million acres (4000 km<sup>2</sup>) of pristine wilderness straddling the <a href="/wiki/Continental_divide" title="Continental divide">continental divide</a> in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, is named after Bob, who was director of the Forestry Division of the federal <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> Division of Recreation and Lands, and co-founder of <a href="/wiki/The_Wilderness_Society_(United_States)" title="The Wilderness Society (United States)">The Wilderness Society</a>. George was involved with The Wilderness Society for more than 50 years, and served on the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a>, as well. </p><p>James Marshall's son <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Marshall_(publisher)" title="Jonathan Marshall (publisher)">Jonathan Marshall</a> owned and published the <i>Scottsdale Daily Progress</i> newspaper. Jonathan ran unsuccessfully for United States Senate against <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> in 1974. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_life">End of life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marshall&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: End of life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Louis Marshall died on September 11, 1929, at age 72, while attending a <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> conference in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zurich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rez1177_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rez1177-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The occasion of his visit to Switzerland was perhaps deeply ironic, as Marshall had been a non-Zionist for most of his life. At the time of his death, he was president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was attending the conference in that capacity. Marshall was in Zurich for the first gathering of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Extended Jewish Agency</a>, an institution organized by him and <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a> to enhance Zionist perspective and foster diaspora-Jewish identity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>True to the values and principles by which he led his life, in his last will and testament, he tithed ten percent of his personal net worth to the "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">Jewish Theological Seminary of America</a> and to twelve other educational and charitable institutions".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Syracuse <i><a href="/wiki/The_Post-Standard" title="The Post-Standard">Post-Standard</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s editorial, written upon Marshall's death in 1929, depicts his motivation as: "Always, it was justice. ... justice to all who were in need of justice. ... justice to the people who, like himself, were of Jewish origin. ... His was an intense Americanism. ... He was a man who helped humanity. ... unafraid, a man whose hand was ready to lift a load ... necessary for the lessening of misfortune or oppression, a worker in our common life who because he was a worker, became a leader, a man who crowded his years with service for the benefit of those about him- altogether an eminent American citizen whom a multitude will hold in grateful remembrance."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshall, his wife, daughter Ruth, and son Bob are buried in the <a href="/wiki/Salem_Fields_Cemetery" title="Salem Fields Cemetery">Salem Fields Cemetery</a>, in Brooklyn, New York. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marshall&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to his son's biographer, in 1923 Louis Marshall was named the fourth "most outstanding Jew in the world" by a "Reader's poll by the <i>Jewish Tribune</i> ... None of the three men who topped him in the poll—<a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, Weizmann, and <a href="/wiki/Israel_Zangwill" title="Israel Zangwill">Israel Zangwill</a>—were Americans".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927, on the occasion of Marshall's 70th birthday, the accolade "Champion of Liberty" was bestowed upon him by US Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Cardozo" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Cardozo">Benjamin Cardozo</a>: "He is a great lawyer; a great champion of ordered liberty; a great leader of his people; a great lover of mankind."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memorial essay on Marshall's life, Adler notes that Marshall "had received several honorary degrees: <a href="/wiki/LL.D." class="mw-redirect" title="LL.D.">LL.D.</a> from Syracuse University, and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Humane_Letters" title="Doctor of Humane Letters">D.H.L.</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Union_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Union College">Hebrew Union College</a> and from the Jewish Theological Seminary, and of these he was very appreciative."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>'s first Jewish student organization (that served as a dormitory, kosher dining room and a social center for the university's Jewish students), which was organized in 1924 and initially generically named the Jewish Students’ Association at Penn, after the death of Louis Marshall was renamed after him as the Louis Marshall Society (until January 1, 1944, when it merged with Hillel and took on the Hillel name).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Marshall_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Louis_Marshall_Memorial.jpg/220px-Louis_Marshall_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Louis_Marshall_Memorial.jpg/330px-Louis_Marshall_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Louis_Marshall_Memorial.jpg/440px-Louis_Marshall_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="2342" /></a><figcaption>Louis Marshall Memorial Hall (Marshall Hall), on the campus of SUNY-ESF</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Adler, in January 1930, as a tribute to Louis Marshall, New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, "recommended an appropriation of $600,000 for a new building at Syracuse University to house the College of Forestry"; he recommended further that new building be named after Louis Marshall, "in memory of his splendid services to the State".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later, February 23, 1933, Louis Marshall Memorial Hall, the second building erected at the New York State College of Forestry, was dedicated in Marshall's honor.<sup id="cite_ref-Alpert,_Herbert_2001_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alpert,_Herbert_2001-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A full portrait of Louis Marshall hangs to this day in the college's Board Room, in Bray Hall. </p><p>On January 19, 2001, Marshall Hall was rededicated to Marshall and his son, Bob, by SUNY-ESF President <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_B._Murphy,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelius B. Murphy, Jr.">Cornelius B. Murphy, Jr.</a> According to Murphy, "Louis Marshall is largely the reason that everyone from the college is here today. Louis Marshall was recruited by Chancellor Day in 1910 to make the concept of the 'forestry college' at Syracuse University a reality. Louis was tenacious, prodding both the Governor and the Legislature to take action. Louis Marshall ... lobbied for the $250,000 appropriation to make a building a reality. I think that it is safe to say that Louis Marshall was our father, our first leader and our first forester. Today we rededicate this building to his memory and accomplishments." The rededication included unveiling matching bronze plaques honoring Marshall and his son, ESF alumnus, Bob Marshall.<sup id="cite_ref-Alpert,_Herbert_2001_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alpert,_Herbert_2001-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall-Street-Syracuse-2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Marshall-Street-Syracuse-2014.jpg/220px-Marshall-Street-Syracuse-2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Marshall-Street-Syracuse-2014.jpg/330px-Marshall-Street-Syracuse-2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Marshall-Street-Syracuse-2014.jpg/440px-Marshall-Street-Syracuse-2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="1527" /></a><figcaption>Marshall Street, Syracuse, New York</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Street,_Syracuse" title="Marshall Street, Syracuse">Marshall Street</a>, the anchor street of the business district immediately adjacent to Syracuse University, is named in his honor. Just off of that street is the indoor mini-mall known as Marshall Square, also named after him, as is elementary school P.S. 276, in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York. </p><p>There is a Louis Marshall Street in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Theological_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish Theological Seminary">The Jewish Theological Seminary</a> (JTS) hosts an annual, "Louis Marshall Award Dinner". The Louis Marshall Award is presented to individuals who demonstrate the exemplary ethics and philanthropic commitment embodied by Louis Marshall, an esteemed constitutional lawyer and former board chair of JTS. Founded in 1886 as a rabbinical school, the Jewish Theological Seminary today is the academic and spiritual center of Conservative Judaism worldwide, encompassing a world-class library and five schools.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marshall&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">History of the Jews in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History of antisemitism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history_of_the_United_States" title="Environmental history of the United States">Environmental history of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People_v._the_Brooklyn_Cooperage_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="People v. the Brooklyn Cooperage Company">People v. the Brooklyn Cooperage Company</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marshall&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marshall&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315135440/http://archives.syr.edu/exhibits/sunyesf_1900-1919.html">"Syracuse University Archives: Exhibits - "SUNY ESF and SU: 100 Years of Collaboration" – 1900–1919"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.syr.edu/exhibits/sunyesf_1900-1919.html">the original</a> on March 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syracuse+University+Archives%3A+Exhibits+-+%22SUNY+ESF+and+SU%3A+100+Years+of+Collaboration%22+%E2%80%93+1900%E2%80%931919&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.syr.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fsunyesf_1900-1919.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106194845/http://www.syracuse.ny.us/Pdfs/Renewing">"Renewing Syracuse"</a>. City of Syracuse. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syracuse.ny.us/Pdfs/Renewing%20Syracuse/Summer%202004/Issue%207%20Page%207.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renewing+Syracuse&rft.pub=City+of+Syracuse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syracuse.ny.us%2FPdfs%2FRenewing%2520Syracuse%2FSummer%25202004%2FIssue%25207%2520Page%25207.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, Louis, Letter to Charles H. Sedgwick, April 13, 1914. In Reznikoff, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, Louis, Letter to William Prescott Greenlaw, July 6, 1926. In Reznikoff, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, Louis. April 24, 1929. Letter to Edward G. Friton. In Reznikoff, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, Cyrus, "Louis Marshall: A Biographical Sketch", <i>American Jewish Year Book, 1930–31, p. 21</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glover7-9-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glover7-9_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glover7-9_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glover7-9_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Glover, pp. 7–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Census Records, 1880, Syracuse, NY.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, James C. (December 12, 1926). "Marshall Looks Back Over 70 Years". <i>The New York Times Magazine</i>. pp. 9, 18. Quoted in Reznikoff, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to Charles Schwager, December 17, 1928. In Reznikoff, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handlin, Oscar. "Introduction". In <i>Louis Marshall: Champion of Liberty</i>, ed. Charles Reznikoff, p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adler,_p._22-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adler,_p._22_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adler,_p._22_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adler,_p._22_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kohler, Max J. "Louis Marshall". <i>Dictionary of American Biography</i>. Vol. XII, pp. 326–328. Quoted in Reznikoff, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Edward. 1893. <i>A History of the Schools of Syracuse from its Early Settlement to January 1, 1893</i>. Syracuse: C.W. Bardeen, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handlin, p. xi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, Jonathan. 2009. <i>Dateline History: The Life of Journalist Jonathan Marshall</i>. Phoenix: Acacia Publishing, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glover, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to Harold R. Medina, March 9, 1929. In Reznikoff, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handlin,_p._xii-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handlin,_p._xii_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handlin,_p._xii_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Handlin, p. xii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glover9-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glover9_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glover9_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Glover, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raider, Mark A. 2008. "Introduction" [Special Issue: Louis Marshall and American Jewish Leadership], <i>American Jewish History</i> 94(1-2), p. x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handlin,_p._xxi-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handlin,_p._xxi_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handlin,_p._xxi_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Handlin, p. xxi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handlin XVIII, line 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alpert, p.37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rez1177-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rez1177_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rez1177_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rez1177_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rez1177_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reznikoff, p. 1177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raider, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alpert</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handlin, p. xix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handlin, p. xxiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handlin, p. xxvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alder, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, Louis. 1919. Passport application, January 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handlin, p. xxxiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_International_Jew/Volume_4/Chapter_76" class="extiw" title="s:The International Jew/Volume 4/Chapter 76">"America's Jewish Enigma - Louis Marshall"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a></i>, issue of November 26, 1921, reprinted in <i><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></i>, Volume 4, Chapter 76 at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/cncn7.html">Delegates to State Constitutional Convention, 1894</a>". The Political Graveyard. Accessed November 15, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/cncn8.html">Delegates to State Constitutional Convention, 1915</a>". The Political Graveyard. Accessed November 15, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handlin, p. xl</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angus, Christopher. 2002. <i>The Extraordinary Adirondack Journey of Clarence Petty: Wilderness Guide, Pilot, and Conservationist</i>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-0741-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-0741-5">0-8156-0741-5</a>. p.15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York State Conservationist "Golden Anniversary" issue, August 1995, pp. 22–25; Reprinted from the <i>New York State Conservationist</i>, December 1965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angus, p.120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, Louis. Letter to the Forest, Fish and Game Commissioner of NY and copy to Governor Hughes, September 25, 1908. Subject: Adirondack Fire Emergency ... Replacing lax, ad hoc Fire Wardens. In Reznikoff, pp. 1014–1018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handlin,_p._xlii-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handlin,_p._xlii_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handlin,_p._xlii_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handlin,_p._xlii_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Handlin, p. xlii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham, Frank Jr. 1978. <i>The Adirondack Park: A Political History</i>, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.protectadks.org/data/content/view/38/39/">100 Years of Wilderness Stewardship</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>". Protect the Adirondacks. Accessed March 23, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, pp. 27–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, as quoted in Adler, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handlin, p. xviii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/08/11/quoting-kill-mockingbird-judge-struck-down-trumps-rollback-historic-law-protecting-birds/">"Quoting 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' judge strikes down Trump administration rollback of historic law protecting birds - The Washington Post"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Quoting+%27To+Kill+a+Mockingbird%2C%27+judge+strikes+down+Trump+administration+rollback+of+historic+law+protecting+birds+-+The+Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fclimate-environment%2F2020%2F08%2F11%2Fquoting-kill-mockingbird-judge-struck-down-trumps-rollback-historic-law-protecting-birds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audubon.org/news/victory-federal-judge-rules-administrations-bird-killing-policy-illegal">"Victory! Federal Judge Rules Administration's Bird-Killing Policy is Illegal"</a>. August 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victory%21+Federal+Judge+Rules+Administration%27s+Bird-Killing+Policy+is+Illegal&rft.date=2020-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.audubon.org%2Fnews%2Fvictory-federal-judge-rules-administrations-bird-killing-policy-illegal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Reznikoff, p. 1080</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handlin, p. xvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/jpabsp92.htm">Jewish Political Studies Review Abstracts</a></i> 4(1-2), (Spring 5752/1992) at www.jcpa.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handlin p.xvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glover, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glover, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glover, pp. 20–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glover, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glover, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/records/html/collections/education/marshall.shtml">James Marshall Papers, 1930–86</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604011615/http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/records/html/collections/education/marshall.shtml">Archived</a> 2011-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." NYC Department of Records. Accessed November 15, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, Jonathan. 2009. <i>Dateline History: The Life of Journalist Jonathan Marshall</i>. Phoenix: Acacia Publishing, pp. 12, 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>American Jewish Year Book, 1930–31</i>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>American Jewish Year Book, 1930–31</i>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Louis-Marshall-1856-1929-Herbert-Alpert/product-reviews/0595482309/ref=sr_1_2_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1">Amazon.com: Customer Reviews: Louis Marshall: 1856–1929</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glover, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reznikoff, Charles, ed. 1957. <i>Louis Marshall: Champion of Liberty. Selected Papers and Addresses.</i> 2 vols. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, frontispiece.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history/diversity-timeline/1916-1966">"Timeline of Diversity at Penn: 1916-1966"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+of+Diversity+at+Penn%3A+1916-1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fpenn-history%2Fdiversity-timeline%2F1916-1966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, pp. 54–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alpert,_Herbert_2001-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alpert,_Herbert_2001_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alpert,_Herbert_2001_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alpert, Herbert. (February 22, 2001). <i>Syracuse Jewish Observer</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.il/maps/place/Louis+Marshall+St,+Tel+Aviv/@32.092509,34.787969,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x151d4bedab3d864f:0xb2908cf1391c2416?hl=en">Louis Marshall Street visible on map of Tel Aviv</a> from <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jtsa.edu/x12311.xml">JTS to Honor Visionary Leader Gershon Kekst at Louis B. Marshall Award Dinner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219025206/http://www.jtsa.edu/x12311.xml">Archived</a> 2012-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". JTS. Accessed March 23, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jtsa.edu/x10914.xml">JTS to Honor Robert S. Kaplan at Louis Marshall Award Dinner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607180940/http://www.jtsa.edu/x10914.xml">Archived</a> 2011-06-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". JTS. March 23, 2010.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marshall&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adler, Cyrus. 1930. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1930_1931_3_SpecialArticles.pdf">Louis Marshall: A Biographical Sketch</a>". pp. 21–55 in <i>American Jewish Year Book, 1930–31</i>, Vol. 32, ed. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Schneiderman" title="Harry Schneiderman">Schneiderman, Harry</a>. Philadelphia: The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Publication Society of America">Jewish Publication Society of America</a>.</li> <li>Alpert, Herbert. 2008. <i>Louis Marshall, 1856–1929: A Life Devoted to Justice and Judaism</i>. Bloomington, IL: iUniverse. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-48230-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-48230-6">978-0-595-48230-6</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Rifkind, Robert D. 2008. "Confronting Antisemitism in America: Louis Marshall and Henry Ford." <i>American Jewish History</i> (2008) 94#1/2 pp. 71-90.</li> <li>Silver, Mathew. 2008. "Louis Marshall and the Democratization of Jewish Identity," <i>American Jewish History</i> 94(1): 41–69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_jewish_history/v094/94.1-2.silver.html">online in Project MUSE</a></li> <li>Silver, M. M. 2013. <i>Louis Marshall and the Rise of Jewish Ethnicity in America: A Biography</i>. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Primary sources</dt></dl> <ul><li>Reznikoff, Charles, ed. 1957. <i>Louis Marshall: Champion of Liberty. Selected Papers and Addresses.</i> 2 vols. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Marshall&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louis_Marshall" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Louis Marshall">Louis Marshall</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.cjh.org/109144">Guide to the Papers of Louis Marshall (1856–1929)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a>, New York, New York.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esf.edu/welcome/campus/marshall.htm">ESF.edu Louis Marshall Memorial Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a> College of Environmental Science and Forestry <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esf.edu/newspubs/news/2001/01.16.marshalls.htm">ESF.edu ESF Celebrates Bob Marshall's Legacy</a>", State University of New York (January 16, 2001)</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Marshall, Louis"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Marshall,_Louis">"Marshall, Louis" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marshall%2C+Louis&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:American_Jewish_Committee" title="Template:American Jewish Committee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Jewish_Committee" title="Template talk:American Jewish Committee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Jewish_Committee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Jewish Committee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Jewish_Committee83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayer_Sulzberger" title="Mayer Sulzberger">Mayer Sulzberger</a> (1906–1912)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis B. Marshall</a> (1912–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Adler" title="Cyrus Adler">Cyrus Adler</a> (1929–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_M._Stroock" title="Sol M. Stroock">Sol M. Stroock</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim" title="Maurice Wertheim">Maurice Wertheim</a> (1941–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Proskauer" title="Joseph M. Proskauer">Joseph M. Proskauer</a> (1943–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Blaustein" title="Jacob Blaustein">Jacob Blaustein</a> (1949–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_B._Ehrmann" title="Herbert B. Ehrmann">Herbert B. Ehrmann</a> (1959–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_B._Abram" title="Morris B. Abram">Morris B. Abram</a> (1964–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Arthur J. Goldberg</a> (1968–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_E._Hoffman" title="Philip E. Hoffman">Philip E. Hoffman</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Winter" title="Elmer Winter">Elmer L. Winter</a> (1973–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynard_Wishner" title="Maynard Wishner">Maynard I. Wishner</a> (1980–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_H._Moses" title="Alfred H. Moses">Alfred H. Moses</a> (1991–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Tanner" title="Harold Tanner">Harold Tanner</a> (2001–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L._Tichnor" title="Michael L. Tichnor">Michael L. Tichnor</a> (2022–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CEOs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Harris_(advocate)" title="David Harris (advocate)">David Harris</a> (1990–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Deutch" title="Ted Deutch">Ted Deutch</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_E._Cohen" title="Elliot E. Cohen">Elliot E. Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_D._Gaer" title="Felice D. Gaer">Felice D. Gaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Goodman_(activist)" title="Jerry Goodman (activist)">Jerry Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avital_Leibovich" title="Avital Leibovich">Avital Leibovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Perlmutter" title="Nathan Perlmutter">Nathan Perlmutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Norman Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._James_Rudin" title="A. James Rudin">A. James Rudin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Schiff" title="Jacob Schiff">Jacob Schiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Schneiderman" title="Harry Schneiderman">Harry Schneiderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Stern" title="Kenneth S. Stern">Kenneth S. Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_H._Tanenbaum" title="Marc H. Tanenbaum">Marc H. Tanenbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Jewish_Film_Festival" title="Atlanta Jewish Film Festival">Atlanta Jewish Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim-Jewish_Advisory_Council" title="Muslim-Jewish Advisory Council">Muslim-Jewish Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Interchange" title="Project Interchange">Project Interchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AJC_Transatlantic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="AJC Transatlantic Institute">Transatlantic Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Year_Book" title="American Jewish Year Book">American Jewish Year Book</a></i> (1908–2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality" title="The Authoritarian Personality">The Authoritarian Personality</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i> (1945–2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Present_Tense_(magazine)" title="Present Tense (magazine)">Present Tense</a></i> (1973–1990)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Progressive_Jewish_Thought_and_the_New_Anti-Semitism" title="Progressive Jewish Thought and the New Anti-Semitism">Progressive Jewish Thought and the New Anti-Semitism</a>" (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Syracuse,_New_York1153" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syracuse,_New_York" title="Template:Syracuse, New York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syracuse,_New_York" title="Template talk:Syracuse, New York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syracuse,_New_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syracuse, New York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Syracuse,_New_York1153" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">City of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Walsh" title="Ben Walsh">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_metropolitan_area" title="Syracuse metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_Lake" title="Onondaga Lake">Onondaga Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_County,_New_York" title="Onondaga County, New York">Onondaga County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_New_York" title="Central New York">Central New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes" title="Finger Lakes">Finger Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syracuse,_New_York" title="History of Syracuse, New York">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga Nation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Peacemaker" title="Great Peacemaker">Great Peacemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiawatha" title="Hiawatha">Hiawatha</a></li></ul></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sainte_Marie_among_the_Iroquois" title="Sainte Marie among the Iroquois">Sainte Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Le_Moyne" title="Simon Le Moyne">Simon Le Moyne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Syracuse,_New_York" title="Ethnic groups in Syracuse, New York">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Syracuse,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Syracuse, New York">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Syracuse,_New_York" title="List of mayors of Syracuse, New York">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Syracuse,_New_York" title="List of people from Syracuse, New York">Notable citizens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkinson_(Syracuse_pioneer)" title="John Wilkinson (Syracuse pioneer)">John Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Joseph_May" title="Samuel Joseph May">Samuel Joseph May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis Marshall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroads_in_Syracuse,_New_York" title="Railroads in Syracuse, New York">Railroads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_station_(New_York_Central_Railroad)" title="Syracuse station (New York Central Railroad)">Syracuse station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OnTrack" title="OnTrack">OnTrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_town_creation_in_Central_New_York" title="Timeline of town creation in Central New York">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rescue" title="Jerry Rescue">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transportation_in_Syracuse,_New_York" title="Category:Transportation in Syracuse, New York">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Hancock_International_Airport" title="Syracuse Hancock International Airport">airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Walsh_Regional_Transportation_Center" title="William F. Walsh Regional Transportation Center">Transportation Center/Amtrak train station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_New_York_Regional_Transportation_Authority#CNY_Centro_(Syracuse_area)" title="Central New York Regional Transportation Authority">bus service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate highways</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_81" title="Interstate 81">I-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_481" title="Interstate 481">I-481</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_90" title="Interstate 90">I-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_690" title="Interstate 690">I-690</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_Field_Air_National_Guard_Base" title="Hancock Field Air National Guard Base">Air National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Myers_Squibb" title="Bristol Myers Squibb">Bristol Myers Squibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_Global" title="Carrier Global">Carrier Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_USA" title="Destiny USA">Destiny USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Syracuse" title="Downtown Syracuse">Downtown Syracuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armory_Square" title="Armory Square">Armory Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Square" title="Clinton Square">Clinton Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Circle_(Syracuse,_New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbus Circle (Syracuse, New York)">Columbus Circle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_%26_Gere" title="O'Brien & Gere">O'Brien & Gere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Indian_Nation#Businesses" title="Oneida Indian Nation">Oneida Nation Enterprises</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Stone_Resort_Casino" title="Turning Stone Resort Casino">Turning Stone Resort Casino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymour_%26_Flanigan" title="Raymour & Flanigan">Raymour & Flanigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Data" title="Seneca Data">Seneca Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRC_Inc." title="SRC Inc.">SRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Hill,_Syracuse" title="University Hill, Syracuse">University Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wegmans" title="Wegmans">Wegmans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Syracuse,_New_York" title="Category:Education in Syracuse, New York">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_%26_Stratton_College" title="Bryant & Stratton College">Bryant & Stratton College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_State_University" title="Empire State University">Empire State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Moyne_College" title="Le Moyne College">Le Moyne College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_Community_College" title="Onondaga Community College">Onondaga Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_College_of_Environmental_Science_and_Forestry" title="State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry">SUNY Environmental Science and Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Oswego" title="State University of New York at Oswego">SUNY Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_City_School_District" title="Syracuse City School District">Syracuse City School District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Upstate_Medical_University" title="State University of New York Upstate Medical University">SUNY Upstate Medical University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Syracuse" title="Sports in Syracuse">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Mets" title="Syracuse Mets">Syracuse Mets</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NBT_Bank_Stadium" title="NBT Bank Stadium">NBT Bank Stadium</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Crunch" title="Syracuse Crunch">Syracuse Crunch</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Upstate_Medical_University_Arena" title="Upstate Medical University Arena">Upstate Medical University Arena</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Orange" title="Syracuse Orange">Syracuse Orange</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/JMA_Wireless_Dome" title="JMA Wireless Dome">JMA Wireless Dome</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_football" title="Syracuse Orange football">football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_men%27s_basketball" title="Syracuse Orange men's basketball">men's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_women%27s_basketball" title="Syracuse Orange women's basketball">women's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_men%27s_lacrosse" title="Syracuse Orange men's lacrosse">men's lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_women%27s_lacrosse" title="Syracuse Orange women's lacrosse">women's lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_men%27s_soccer" title="Syracuse Orange men's soccer">men's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_women%27s_soccer" title="Syracuse Orange women's soccer">women's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_field_hockey" title="Syracuse Orange field hockey">women's field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Syracuse Orange women's ice hockey">women's ice hockey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Moyne_Dolphins" title="Le Moyne Dolphins">Le Moyne Dolphins</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Moyne_Events_Center" title="Le Moyne Events Center">Le Moyne Events Center</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Moyne_Dolphins_men%27s_basketball" title="Le Moyne Dolphins men's basketball">men's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Moyne_Dolphins_women%27s_basketball" title="Le Moyne Dolphins women's basketball">women's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Moyne_Dolphins_baseball" title="Le Moyne Dolphins baseball">baseball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_Community_College#Sport" title="Onondaga Community College">OCC Lazers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_College_of_Environmental_Science_and_Forestry#Athletics" title="State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry">ESF Mighty Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_country" title="Ski country">Ski country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Syracuse,_New_York" title="Category:Culture of Syracuse, New York">Culture</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Parks_in_Syracuse,_New_York" title="Category:Parks in Syracuse, New York">parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_annual_events_in_Syracuse" title="List of annual events in Syracuse">Annual events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnet_Park" title="Burnet Park">Burnet Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal_Museum" title="Erie Canal Museum">Erie Canal Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everson_Museum_of_Art" title="Everson Museum of Art">Everson Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pass_Arboretum" title="James Pass Arboretum">Pass Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_J._Rubenstein_Museum_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Milton J. Rubenstein Museum of Science and Technology">Museum of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Fair" title="New York State Fair">New York State Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Work" title="Light Work">Light Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornden_Park" title="Thornden Park">Thornden Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Mohawk_Building" title="Niagara Mohawk Building">Niagara Mohawk Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Erie_Canal_State_Historic_Park" title="Old Erie Canal State Historic Park">Old Erie Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_Creekwalk" title="Onondaga Creekwalk">Onondaga Creekwalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_Lake_Park" title="Onondaga Lake Park">Onondaga Lake Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra_Ra_Riot" title="Ra Ra Riot">Ra Ra Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosamond_Gifford_Zoo" title="Rosamond Gifford Zoo">Rosamond Gifford Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York_in_fiction" title="Syracuse, New York in fiction">Syracuse in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Stage" title="Syracuse Stage">Syracuse Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornden_Park" title="Thornden Park">Thornden Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Syracuse,_New_York" title="Category:Syracuse, New York">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Syracuse,_New_York-related_lists" 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