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<span>Dating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precursors_and_associated_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors_and_associated_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Precursors and associated cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors_and_associated_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Material culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Material_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Material culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Material_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lithics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Lithics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Burials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-distance_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-distance_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Long-distance exchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-distance_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_finds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_finds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Other finds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_finds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsistence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsistence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Subsistence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subsistence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subsistence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subsistence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_of_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Development of agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domesticated_dog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domesticated_dog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Domesticated dog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domesticated_dog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeogenetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeogenetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Archaeogenetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeogenetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Natufian culture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufiese_kultuur" title="Natufiese kultuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Natufiese kultuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ثقافة نطوفية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقافة نطوفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufi_m%C9%99d%C9%99niyy%C9%99ti" title="Natufi mədəniyyəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Natufi mədəniyyəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="নাতুফীয় সংস্কৃতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাতুফীয় সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Натуфійская культура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Натуфійская культура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Натуфийска култура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Натуфийска култура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufi%C3%A0" title="Natufià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Natufià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%C3%BAfien" title="Natúfien – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Natúfien" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufisk_kultur" title="Natufisk kultur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Natufisk kultur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufien" title="Natufien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Natufien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Νατούφιος πολιτισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νατούφιος πολιτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufiense" title="Natufiense – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Natufiense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufiar_kultura" title="Natufiar kultura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Natufiar kultura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C" title="فرهنگ ناتوفی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ ناتوفی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natoufien" title="Natoufien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Natoufien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuf-kultuer" title="Natuf-kultuer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Natuf-kultuer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%ED%88%AC%ED%94%84_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="나투프 문화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나투프 문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_natufiana" title="Cultura natufiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultura natufiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התרבות הנאטופית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התרבות הנאטופית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%C3%BAf-kult%C3%BAra" title="Natúf-kultúra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Natúf-kultúra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_Natuf" title="Budaya Natuf – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Budaya Natuf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufische_cultuur" title="Natufische cultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Natufische cultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="ナトゥーフ文化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナトゥーフ文化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufisk_kultur" title="Natufisk kultur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Natufisk kultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufisk_kultur" title="Natufisk kultur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Natufisk kultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natofian" title="Natofian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Natofian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuf_madaniyati" title="Natuf madaniyati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Natuf madaniyati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_natufijska" title="Kultura natufijska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultura natufijska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_natufiana" title="Cultura natufiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura natufiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufi" title="Natufi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Natufi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Натуфийская культура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Натуфийская культура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufijska_kultura" title="Natufijska kultura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Natufijska kultura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufin_kulttuuri" title="Natufin kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Natufin kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufisk_kultur" title="Natufisk kultur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Natufisk kultur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturang_Natufian" title="Kulturang Natufian – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kulturang Natufian" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="நூத்துபியப் பண்பாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நூத்துபியப் பண்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufyan_k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC" title="Natufyan kültürü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Natufyan kültürü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological culture of the Levant, dating to around 15,000 to 11,500 years ago</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Natufian culture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:302px;max-width:302px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:300px;max-width:300px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:346px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NatufianSpread.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NatufianSpread.svg/298px-NatufianSpread.svg.png" decoding="async" width="298" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NatufianSpread.svg/447px-NatufianSpread.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NatufianSpread.svg/596px-NatufianSpread.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A map of the Levant with Natufian regions across present-day Israel, Palestine, Jordan, and a long arm extending into Lebanon and Syria</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic_(Levant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic (Levant)">Epipaleolithic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">15,000–11,500 BP</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">Type site</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shuqba_cave" title="Shuqba cave">Shuqba cave</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Natuf" title="Wadi Natuf">Wadi Natuf</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major sites</th><td class="infobox-data">Shuqba cave, <a href="/wiki/Ain_Mallaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain Mallaha">Ain Mallaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gev" title="Ein Gev">Ein Gev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kebaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebaran">Kebaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mushabian_culture" title="Mushabian culture">Mushabian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Neolithic" title="Shepherd Neolithic">Shepherd Neolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Natufian culture</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">nə-TOO-fee-ən</i></a>) is a Late <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic_(Levant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic (Levant)">Epipaleolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a><sup id="cite_ref-Moore2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, dating to around 15,000 to 11,500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The culture was unusual in that it supported a <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary</a> or semi-sedentary population even before the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. Natufian communities may be the ancestors of the builders of the first Neolithic settlements of the region, which may have been the earliest in the world. Some evidence suggests deliberate cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, by the Natufian culture at <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a>, the site of earliest evidence of agriculture in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore2000_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's oldest known evidence of the production of bread-like foodstuff has been found at Shubayqa 1, a 14,400-year-old site in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan's</a> northeastern desert, 4,000 years before the <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_agriculture_in_West_Asia" title="Origins of agriculture in West Asia">emergence of agriculture in Southwest Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the oldest known evidence of possible <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer-brewing</a>, dating to approximately 13,000 BC, was found in <a href="/wiki/Raqefet_Cave" title="Raqefet Cave">Raqefet Cave</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a>, although the beer-related residues may simply be a result of a spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, though, Natufians exploited wild cereals and hunted animals, notably <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">gazelles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kottak2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottak2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">Archaeogenetic analysis</a> has revealed derivation of later (Neolithic to Bronze Age) Levantines primarily from Natufians, besides substantial admixture from Chalcholithic <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Neolithic_Farmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Neolithic Farmers">Anatolians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Garrod" title="Dorothy Garrod">Dorothy Garrod</a> coined the term Natufian based on her excavations at the <a href="/wiki/Shuqba_cave" title="Shuqba cave">Shuqba cave</a> (Wadi an-Natuf) near the town of <a href="/wiki/Shuqba" title="Shuqba">Shuqba</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorothy_Garrod_(centre)_1928_Natufian_culture_discovery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Dorothy_Garrod_%28centre%29_1928_Natufian_culture_discovery.jpg/200px-Dorothy_Garrod_%28centre%29_1928_Natufian_culture_discovery.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Dorothy_Garrod_%28centre%29_1928_Natufian_culture_discovery.jpg/300px-Dorothy_Garrod_%28centre%29_1928_Natufian_culture_discovery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Dorothy_Garrod_%28centre%29_1928_Natufian_culture_discovery.jpg/400px-Dorothy_Garrod_%28centre%29_1928_Natufian_culture_discovery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>Dorothy Garrod (centre) discovered the Natufian culture in 1928</figcaption></figure> <p>The Natufian culture was discovered by British archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Garrod" title="Dorothy Garrod">Dorothy Garrod</a> during her excavations of <a href="/wiki/Shuqba_cave" title="Shuqba cave">Shuqba cave</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Judean_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean Hills">Judaean Hills</a>, on the West Bank of the Jordan River.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar-Yosef_159_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-Yosef_159-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the 1930s, the majority of archaeological work taking place in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">British Palestine</a> was <a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">biblical archaeology</a> focused on historic periods, and little was known about the region's prehistory. </p><p>In 1928, Garrod was invited by the <a href="/wiki/British_School_of_Archaeology_in_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem">British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem</a> (BSAJ) to excavate Shuqba cave, where prehistoric stone tools had been discovered by <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Mallon" title="Alexis Mallon">Père Mallon</a> four years earlier. She discovered a layer sandwiched between the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Palaeolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> deposits characterised by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">microliths</a>. She identified this with the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>, a transitional period between the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Palaeolithic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> which was well-represented in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> but had not yet been found in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Near East</a>. A year later, when she discovered similar material at <a href="/wiki/El-Wad_Terrace" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Wad Terrace">el-Wad Terrace</a>, Garrod suggested the name "the Natufian culture", after <a href="/wiki/Wadi_an-Natuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi an-Natuf">Wadi an-Natuf</a> that ran close to Shuqba. </p><p>Over the next two decades Garrod found Natufian material at several of her pioneering excavations in the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a> region, including el-Wad, <a href="/wiki/Kebara_Cave" title="Kebara Cave">Kebara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabun_Cave" title="Tabun Cave">Tabun</a>, as did the French archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Neuville" title="René Neuville">René Neuville</a>, firmly establishing the Natufian culture in the regional prehistoric chronology. As early as 1931, both Garrod and Neuville drew attention to the presence of stone <a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickles</a> in Natufian assemblages and the possibility that this represented a very early agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating">Dating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Climate_and_Post-Glacial_expansion_in_the_Near_East.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Climate_and_Post-Glacial_expansion_in_the_Near_East.jpg/440px-Climate_and_Post-Glacial_expansion_in_the_Near_East.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Climate_and_Post-Glacial_expansion_in_the_Near_East.jpg/660px-Climate_and_Post-Glacial_expansion_in_the_Near_East.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Climate_and_Post-Glacial_expansion_in_the_Near_East.jpg/880px-Climate_and_Post-Glacial_expansion_in_the_Near_East.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1852" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>The Natufian appeared at the time of the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Bølling–Allerød warming">Bølling–Allerød warming</a>, before temperatures dropped drastically again during the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a>. Temperatures would rise again at the end of the Younger Dryas, and with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>. Climate and Post-Glacial expansion in the Near East, based on the analysis of <a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_cores" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenland ice cores">Greenland ice cores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">The <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> ↑ <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Mesolithic cultures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolithic Europe">Mesolithic Europe</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fosna%E2%80%93Hensbacka_culture" title="Fosna–Hensbacka culture">Fosna–Hensbacka culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Komsa_culture" title="Komsa culture">Komsa culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maglemosian_culture" title="Maglemosian culture">Maglemosian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates_Mesolithic" title="Iron Gates Mesolithic">Iron Gates Mesolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kunda_culture" title="Kunda culture">Kunda culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Narva_culture" title="Narva culture">Narva culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Komornica_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Komornica culture">Komornica culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Swiderian_culture" title="Swiderian culture">Swiderian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic Transylvania">Epipaleolithic Transylvania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolithic Transylvania">Mesolithic Transylvania</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tardenoisian" title="Tardenoisian">Tardenoisian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Schela_Cladovei_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Schela Cladovei culture">Schela Cladovei culture</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolithic Southeastern Europe">Mesolithic Southeastern Europe</a></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic_Near_East" title="Epipalaeolithic Near East">Epipalaeolithic Near East</a> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Levantine_corridor" title="Levantine corridor">Levantine corridor</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Natufian</a></dd></dl> <p>Caucasus </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Trialetian_Mesolithic" title="Trialetian Mesolithic">Trialetian Mesolithic</a></dd></dl> <p>Zagros </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> ↓ <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesolithic" title="Template:Mesolithic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mesolithic" title="Template talk:Mesolithic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mesolithic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mesolithic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">The <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> ↑ <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Human_taxonomy#Hominina" title="Human taxonomy">before <i>Homo</i></a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a><br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3.3</span> <a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">Ma</a> – 300 <a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">ka</a>)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lomekwi" title="Lomekwi">Lomekwi</a> (3.3 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a> (2.6–1.7 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> (1.76–0.13 Ma) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian</a> (1.5 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a> (500–130 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clactonian" title="Clactonian">Clactonian</a> (424–400 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulo-Yabrudian_complex" title="Acheulo-Yabrudian complex">Mugharan</a> (400–220 ka)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a><br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300–50 <a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">ka</a>)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> (160–40 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian</a> (145–20 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micoquien" title="Micoquien">Micoquien</a> (130–70 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangoan" title="Sangoan">Sangoan</a> (130–10 ka)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a><br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 50–12 <a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">ka</a>)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Initial Upper Paleolithic">Initial Upper Paleolithic</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emiran" title="Emiran">Emiran</a> (50–40 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmarian" title="Ahmarian">Ahmarian</a> (46–42 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baradostian_culture" title="Baradostian culture">Baradostian</a> (36–18 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Aurignacian" title="Levantine Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a> (35–29 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a> (20–10 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebaran">Kebaran</a> (18–12.5 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian_Mesolithic" title="Trialetian Mesolithic">Trialetian</a> (16–8 ka)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Natufian</a> (14.5–11.5 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a> (12.2–10.8 ka)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe#Upper_Paleolithic_:_50,000–10,000_BP" title="Paleolithic Europe">Europe</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohunician" title="Bohunician">Bohunician</a> (48–40 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2telperronian" title="Châtelperronian">Châtelperronian</a> (44.5–36 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician" title="Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician">Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician</a> (43–32 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a> (43–26 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeletian" title="Szeletian">Szeletian</a> (41,000-37,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigordian" title="Périgordian">Périgordian</a> (35–20 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian</a> (33–24 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlovian_culture" title="Pavlovian culture">Pavlovian</a> (29–25 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean</a> (22–17 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigravettian" title="Epigravettian">Epigravettian</a> (20–10 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a> (17–12 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_culture" title="Hamburg culture">Hamburg</a> (15.5–13.1 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federmesser_culture" title="Federmesser culture">Federmesser</a> (14–12.8 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azilian" title="Azilian">Azilian</a> (14–10 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahrensburg_culture" title="Ahrensburg culture">Ahrensburg</a> (13–12 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiderian_culture" title="Swiderian culture">Swiderian</a> (11–8 ka)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa#Paleolithic" title="History of Africa">Africa</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khormusan" title="Khormusan">Khormusan</a> (42–18 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a> (25–11 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushabian_culture" title="Mushabian culture">Mushabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfan_culture" title="Halfan culture">Halfan</a> (22–14 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadan_culture" title="Qadan culture">Qadan</a> (15—11 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebilian" title="Sebilian">Sebilian</a> (15–11 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburran_industry" title="Eburran industry">Eburran</a> (15–5 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magosian" title="Magosian">Magosian</a> (10–8 ka)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Siberia" title="Prehistory of Siberia">Siberia</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret'</a> (24–15 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora">Afontova Gora</a> (21–12 ka}</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;"> ↓ <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paleolithic" title="Template:Paleolithic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paleolithic" title="Template talk:Paleolithic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paleolithic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paleolithic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> places the Natufian culture at an epoch from the terminal <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> to the very beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>, a time period between 12,500 and 9,500 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Munro2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munro2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period is commonly split into two subperiods: Early Natufian (12,000–10,800 BC) and Late Natufian (10,800–9,500 BC). The Late Natufian most likely occurred in tandem with the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> (10,800 to 9,500 BC). The <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> hosts more than a hundred kinds of cereals, fruits, nuts, and other edible parts of plants, and the flora of the Levant during the Natufian period was not the dry, barren, and thorny landscape of today, but rather <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar-Yosef_159_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-Yosef_159-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precursors_and_associated_cultures">Precursors and associated cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Precursors and associated cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Natufian developed in the same region as the earlier <a href="/wiki/Kebaran_culture" title="Kebaran culture">Kebaran culture</a>. It is generally seen as a successor, which evolved out of elements within that preceding culture. There were also other industries in the region, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mushabian_culture" title="Mushabian culture">Mushabian culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>, which are sometimes distinguished from the Kebaran culture or believed to have been involved in the evolution of the Natufian culture. </p><p>More generally there has been discussion of the similarities of these cultures with those found in coastal North Africa. Graeme Barker notes there are: "similarities in the respective archaeological records of the Natufian culture of the Levant and of contemporary foragers in coastal North Africa across the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">late Pleistocene</a> and early Holocene boundary".<sup id="cite_ref-Barker_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Isabelle De Groote and Louise Humphrey, Natufians practiced the <a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" title="Capsian culture">Capsian</a> custom of sometimes extracting their <a href="/wiki/Maxillary_central_incisor" title="Maxillary central incisor">maxillary central incisors</a> (upper front teeth).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dagon_Museum,_Mortars_from_Natufian_Culture,_Grinding_stones_from_Neolithic_pre-pottery_phase.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Dagon_Museum%2C_Mortars_from_Natufian_Culture%2C_Grinding_stones_from_Neolithic_pre-pottery_phase.JPG/220px-Dagon_Museum%2C_Mortars_from_Natufian_Culture%2C_Grinding_stones_from_Neolithic_pre-pottery_phase.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Dagon_Museum%2C_Mortars_from_Natufian_Culture%2C_Grinding_stones_from_Neolithic_pre-pottery_phase.JPG/330px-Dagon_Museum%2C_Mortars_from_Natufian_Culture%2C_Grinding_stones_from_Neolithic_pre-pottery_phase.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Dagon_Museum%2C_Mortars_from_Natufian_Culture%2C_Grinding_stones_from_Neolithic_pre-pottery_phase.JPG/440px-Dagon_Museum%2C_Mortars_from_Natufian_Culture%2C_Grinding_stones_from_Neolithic_pre-pottery_phase.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Mortars from Natufian Culture, grinding stones from Neolithic pre-pottery phase (Dagon Museum)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ofer_Bar-Yosef" title="Ofer Bar-Yosef">Ofer Bar-Yosef</a> has argued that there are signs of influences coming from North Africa to the Levant, citing the <a href="/wiki/Microburin" title="Microburin">microburin</a> technique and "microlithic forms such as arched backed bladelets and La Mouillah points."<sup id="cite_ref-Bar-Yosef_29_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-Yosef_29-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But recent research has shown that the presence of arched backed bladelets, La Mouillah points, and the use of the microburin technique was already apparent in the Nebekian industry of the Eastern Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And Maher et al. state that, "Many technological nuances that have often been always highlighted as significant during the Natufian were already present during the Early and Middle EP [Epipalaeolithic] and do not, in most cases, represent a radical departure in knowledge, tradition, or behavior."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Authors such as <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ehret" title="Christopher Ehret">Christopher Ehret</a> have built upon the little evidence available to develop scenarios of intensive usage of plants having built up first in North Africa, as a precursor to the development of true farming in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, but such suggestions are considered highly speculative until more North African archaeological evidence can be gathered.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehret_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehret-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Weiss et al. have shown that the earliest known intensive usage of plants was in the Levant 23,000 years ago at the <a href="/wiki/Ohalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohalo">Ohalo II site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/C._Loring_Brace" title="C. Loring Brace">C. Loring Brace</a> (1993) cross-analysed the craniometric traits of Natufian specimens with those of various ancient and modern groups from the Near East, Africa and Europe. The Late Pleistocene Epipalaeolithic Natufian sample was described as problematic due to its small size (consisting of only three males and one female), as well as the lack of a comparative sample from the Natufians' putative descendants in the Neolithic Near East. Brace observed that the Natufian fossils lay between those of the <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo-speaking</a> series included and the other samples (Near East, Europe), which he suggested may point to a Sub-Saharan influence in their constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent <a href="/wiki/Ancient_DNA" title="Ancient DNA">ancient DNA</a> analysis of Natufian skeletal remains by Lazaridis et al. (2016) found that the specimens instead were a mix of 50% Basal Eurasian ancestral component (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Archaeogenetics">Archaeogenetics</a>) and 50% West-Eurasian Unknown Hunter Gatherer (UHG) population related to European <a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherers" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter-Gatherers">Western Hunter-Gatherers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lazaridis2016_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2016-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Natufians have also been described by anthropologists as a Proto-Mediterranean population.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Bar-Yosef and Belfer-Cohen, "It seems that certain preadaptive traits, developed already by the Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran populations within the Mediterranean park forest, played an important role in the emergence of the new socioeconomic system known as the Natufian culture."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settlements">Settlements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_M%C3%BCzesi_bar%C4%B1nak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_M%C3%BCzesi_bar%C4%B1nak.jpg/220px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_M%C3%BCzesi_bar%C4%B1nak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_M%C3%BCzesi_bar%C4%B1nak.jpg/330px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_M%C3%BCzesi_bar%C4%B1nak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_M%C3%BCzesi_bar%C4%B1nak.jpg/440px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_M%C3%BCzesi_bar%C4%B1nak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic_Near_East" title="Epipalaeolithic Near East">Epipalaeolithic Near East</a> temporary tents (<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa Museum">Şanlıurfa Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Settlements occur mostly in Israel and Palestine. This could be deemed the core zone of the Natufian culture, but Israel is a place that has been excavated more frequently than other places hence the greater number of sites.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the years more sites have been found outside the core zone of Israel and Palestine stretching into what now is <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> desert.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlements in the Natufian culture were larger and more permanent than in preceding ones. Some Natufian sites had stone built architecture; <a href="/wiki/Ain_Mallaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain Mallaha">Ain Mallaha</a> is an example of round stone structures.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cave sites are also seen frequently during the Natufian culture. <a href="/wiki/El_Wad" title="El Wad">El Wad</a> is a Natufian cave site with occupation in the front part of the cave also called the terrace.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Natufian sites were located in forest/steppe areas and others near inland mountains. The Natufian settlements appear to be the first to exhibit evidence of food storage; not all Natufian sites have storage facilities, but they have been identified at certain sites.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natufians are also suggested to have visited <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, requiring travel over significant distances of water.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natufian-SupportingWall-Elwad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Natufian-SupportingWall-Elwad.jpg/220px-Natufian-SupportingWall-Elwad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Natufian-SupportingWall-Elwad.jpg/330px-Natufian-SupportingWall-Elwad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Natufian-SupportingWall-Elwad.jpg/440px-Natufian-SupportingWall-Elwad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Remains of a wall of a Natufian house</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Material_culture">Material culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Material culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lovers_9000BC_british_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lovers_9000BC_british_museum.jpg/170px-Lovers_9000BC_british_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lovers_9000BC_british_museum.jpg/255px-Lovers_9000BC_british_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lovers_9000BC_british_museum.jpg/340px-Lovers_9000BC_british_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="1468" /></a><figcaption>The Ain Sakhri lovers, from Ain Sakhri, near Bethleem (British Museum: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/1358965">1958,1007.1 </a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithics">Lithics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lithics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Natufian had a <a href="/wiki/Microlithic_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Microlithic industry">microlithic industry</a> centered on short <a href="/wiki/Blade" title="Blade">blades</a> and bladelets. The <a href="/wiki/Microburin_technique" title="Microburin technique">microburin technique</a> was used. Geometric microliths include <a href="/wiki/Lunate" title="Lunate">lunates</a>, trapezes, and triangles. There are backed blades as well. A special type of <a href="/wiki/Retouch_(lithics)" title="Retouch (lithics)">retouch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Helwan_retouch" title="Helwan retouch">Helwan retouch</a>) is characteristic for the early Natufian. In the late Natufian, the Harif-point, a typical <a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">arrowhead</a> made from a regular blade, became common in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>. Some scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> use it to define a separate culture, the <a href="/wiki/Harifian" class="mw-redirect" title="Harifian">Harifian</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a> blades also appear for the first time in the Natufian lithic industry. The characteristic <a href="/wiki/Sickle-gloss" title="Sickle-gloss">sickle-gloss</a> shows that they were used to cut the <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>-rich stems of cereals, indirectly suggesting the existence of incipient agriculture. Shaft straighteners made of <a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">ground stone</a> indicate the practice of <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a>. There are heavy ground-stone bowl <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(bowl)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortar (bowl)">mortars</a> as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ain_Sakhri_lovers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain Sakhri lovers">Ain Sakhri lovers</a></i>, a carved stone object held at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, is the oldest known depiction of a couple having sex. It was found in the Ain Sakhri cave in the <a href="/wiki/Judean_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean desert">Judean desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_AinSak_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_AinSak-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burials">Burials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Burials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El-Wad_Homo25_in_Rockefeller_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/El-Wad_Homo25_in_Rockefeller_Museum.jpg/220px-El-Wad_Homo25_in_Rockefeller_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/El-Wad_Homo25_in_Rockefeller_Museum.jpg/330px-El-Wad_Homo25_in_Rockefeller_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/El-Wad_Homo25_in_Rockefeller_Museum.jpg/440px-El-Wad_Homo25_in_Rockefeller_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Natufian burial – Homo 25 from <a href="/wiki/El-Wad_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Wad Cave">el-Wad Cave</a>, Mount Carmel, Israel (Rockefeller Museum)</figcaption></figure> <p>Natufian <a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">grave goods</a> are typically made of shell, teeth (of <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>), bones, and stone. There are pendants, bracelets, necklaces, earrings, and belt-ornaments as well. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_Museum_Stone_Age.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Israel_Museum_Stone_Age.jpg/170px-Israel_Museum_Stone_Age.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Israel_Museum_Stone_Age.jpg/255px-Israel_Museum_Stone_Age.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Israel_Museum_Stone_Age.jpg/340px-Israel_Museum_Stone_Age.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2419" data-file-height="3102" /></a><figcaption>Schematic human figure made of pebbles, from <a href="/wiki/Eynan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eynan">Eynan</a>, Early Natufian, 12,000 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2008, the 12,400–12,000 cal BC grave of an apparently significant Natufian female was discovered in a ceremonial pit in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilazon_Tachtit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilazon Tachtit (page does not exist)">Hilazon Tachtit</a> cave in northern Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-GrosmanMunro2008_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrosmanMunro2008-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media reports referred to this person as a "shaman".<sup id="cite_ref-NationalGeo2008_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalGeo2008-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burial contained the remains of at least three <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> and 86 tortoises, all of which are thought to have been brought to the site during a funeral feast. The body was surrounded by tortoise shells, the pelvis of a <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a>, forearm of a <a href="/wiki/Boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Boar">boar</a>, a wingtip of a <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a>, and skull of a <a href="/wiki/Beech_marten" title="Beech marten">beech marten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burston_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burston-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-distance_exchange">Long-distance exchange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Long-distance exchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At Ain Mallaha (in Northern Israel), Anatolian <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> and shellfish from the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> valley have been found. The source of <a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">malachite</a> beads is still unknown. <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a> Natufians carried <a href="/wiki/Parthenocarpic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthenocarpic">parthenocarpic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">figs</a> from <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> to the southeastern corner of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10,000 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_finds">Other finds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other finds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was a rich <a href="/wiki/Bone_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone industry">bone industry</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_hook" title="Fish hook">fish hooks</a>. Stone and bone were worked into pendants and other ornaments. There are a few human figurines made of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> (El-Wad, Ain Mallaha, Ain Sakhri), but the favorite subject of representative art seems to have been animals. Ostrich-shell containers have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>. </p><p>In 2018, the world's oldest brewery was found, with the residue of 13,000-year-old beer, in a prehistoric cave near <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> in Israel when researchers were looking for clues into what plant foods the Natufian people were eating. This is 8,000 years earlier than experts previously thought beer was invented.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study published in 2019 shows an advanced knowledge of lime plaster production at a Natufian cemetery in Nahal Ein Gev II site in the Upper Jordan Valley dated to 12 thousand (calibrated) years before present [k cal BP]. Production of plaster of this quality was previously thought to have been achieved some 2,000 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsistence">Subsistence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Subsistence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basalt_%26_Limestone_Mortar_%26_Pestle,_Natufian_Culture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Basalt_%26_Limestone_Mortar_%26_Pestle%2C_Natufian_Culture.jpg/220px-Basalt_%26_Limestone_Mortar_%26_Pestle%2C_Natufian_Culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Basalt_%26_Limestone_Mortar_%26_Pestle%2C_Natufian_Culture.jpg/330px-Basalt_%26_Limestone_Mortar_%26_Pestle%2C_Natufian_Culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Basalt_%26_Limestone_Mortar_%26_Pestle%2C_Natufian_Culture.jpg/440px-Basalt_%26_Limestone_Mortar_%26_Pestle%2C_Natufian_Culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3928" data-file-height="2805" /></a><figcaption>Mortar and pestle from <a href="/wiki/Nahal_Oren_(archaeological_site)" title="Nahal Oren (archaeological site)">Nahal Oren</a>, Natufian, 12,500–9500 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The Natufian people lived by hunting and gathering. The preservation of plant remains is poor because of the soil conditions, but at some sites such as <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a> substantial amounts of plant remains discovered through <a href="/wiki/Flotation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flotation (archaeology)">flotation</a> have been excavated.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However wild cereals like <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachios</a> have been collected throughout most of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. Animal bones show that <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gazelle" title="Mountain gazelle">mountain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">goitered</a> gazelles (<i>Gazella gazella</i> and <i>Gazella subgutturosa</i>) were the main prey. </p><p>Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> were hunted in the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">onagers</a> and caprids (<a href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">ibex</a>). Waterfowl and freshwater fish formed part of the diet in the Jordan river valley. Animal bones from Salibiya I (12,300 – 10,800 cal BP) have been interpreted as evidence for communal hunts with nets, however, the radiocarbon dates are far too old compared to the cultural remains of this settlement, indicating contamination of the samples.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_agriculture">Development of agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Development of agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A pita-like bread has been found from 12,500 BC attributed to Natufians. This bread is made of wild cereal seeds and papyrus cousin tubers, ground into flour.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to one theory,<sup id="cite_ref-NationalGeo2008_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalGeo2008-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was a sudden change in <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> event (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10,800</span> to 9500 BC), which inspired the development of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. The Younger Dryas was a 1,000-year-long interruption in the higher temperatures prevailing since the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, which produced a sudden drought in the Levant. This would have endangered the wild cereals, which could no longer compete with dryland scrub, but upon which the population had become dependent to sustain a relatively large sedentary population. By artificially clearing scrub and planting seeds obtained from elsewhere, they began to practice agriculture. However, this theory of the origin of agriculture is controversial in the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 892px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_Museum_Stone_Age_Artifact.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grinding tool from Gilgal, Natufian culture, 12,500–9500 BC"><img alt="Grinding tool from Gilgal, Natufian culture, 12,500–9500 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Israel_Museum_Stone_Age_Artifact.jpg/180px-Israel_Museum_Stone_Age_Artifact.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Israel_Museum_Stone_Age_Artifact.jpg/270px-Israel_Museum_Stone_Age_Artifact.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Israel_Museum_Stone_Age_Artifact.jpg/360px-Israel_Museum_Stone_Age_Artifact.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3928" data-file-height="2805" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grinding tool from <a href="/wiki/Gilgal_I" title="Gilgal I">Gilgal</a>, Natufian culture, 12,500–9500 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basalt_Sharpening_Stones,_Natufian_Culture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basalt sharpening stones, Eynan and Nahal Oren, Natufian Culture, 12,500–9500 BC"><img alt="Basalt sharpening stones, Eynan and Nahal Oren, Natufian Culture, 12,500–9500 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Basalt_Sharpening_Stones%2C_Natufian_Culture.jpg/158px-Basalt_Sharpening_Stones%2C_Natufian_Culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Basalt_Sharpening_Stones%2C_Natufian_Culture.jpg/237px-Basalt_Sharpening_Stones%2C_Natufian_Culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Basalt_Sharpening_Stones%2C_Natufian_Culture.jpg/317px-Basalt_Sharpening_Stones%2C_Natufian_Culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3034" data-file-height="2875" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Basalt sharpening stones, <a href="/wiki/Eynan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eynan">Eynan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nahal_Oren_(archaeological_site)" title="Nahal Oren (archaeological site)">Nahal Oren</a>, Natufian Culture, 12,500–9500 BC </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bovine-Rib_Dagger,_Natufian_Culture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bovine-rib dagger, HaYonim Cave, Natufian Culture, 12,500–9500 BC"><img alt="Bovine-rib dagger, HaYonim Cave, Natufian Culture, 12,500–9500 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bovine-Rib_Dagger%2C_Natufian_Culture.jpg/180px-Bovine-Rib_Dagger%2C_Natufian_Culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bovine-Rib_Dagger%2C_Natufian_Culture.jpg/270px-Bovine-Rib_Dagger%2C_Natufian_Culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bovine-Rib_Dagger%2C_Natufian_Culture.jpg/360px-Bovine-Rib_Dagger%2C_Natufian_Culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3686" data-file-height="1806" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bovine-rib dagger, <a href="/wiki/HaYonim_Cave" title="HaYonim Cave">HaYonim Cave</a>, Natufian Culture, 12,500–9500 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_Mortars_from_Eynan,_Natufian_period.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone mortars from Eynan, Natufian period, 12,500–9500 BC"><img alt="Stone mortars from Eynan, Natufian period, 12,500–9500 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Stone_Mortars_from_Eynan%2C_Natufian_period.jpg/180px-Stone_Mortars_from_Eynan%2C_Natufian_period.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Stone_Mortars_from_Eynan%2C_Natufian_period.jpg/270px-Stone_Mortars_from_Eynan%2C_Natufian_period.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Stone_Mortars_from_Eynan%2C_Natufian_period.jpg/360px-Stone_Mortars_from_Eynan%2C_Natufian_period.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5195" data-file-height="3182" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone mortars from <a href="/wiki/Eynan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eynan">Eynan</a>, Natufian period, 12,500–9500 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eynan_Epipaleolithic_mortar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone mortar from Eynan, Natufian period, 12,500–9500 BC"><img alt="Stone mortar from Eynan, Natufian period, 12,500–9500 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Eynan_Epipaleolithic_mortar.jpg/123px-Eynan_Epipaleolithic_mortar.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Eynan_Epipaleolithic_mortar.jpg/185px-Eynan_Epipaleolithic_mortar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Eynan_Epipaleolithic_mortar.jpg/247px-Eynan_Epipaleolithic_mortar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="3185" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone mortar from <a href="/wiki/Eynan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eynan">Eynan</a>, Natufian period, 12,500–9500 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limestone_%26_basalt_mortars_from_Eynan,_early_Natufian_circa_12500_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Limestone and basalt mortars, Eynan, Early Natufian, c. 12,000 BC"><img alt="Limestone and basalt mortars, Eynan, Early Natufian, c. 12,000 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Limestone_%26_basalt_mortars_from_Eynan%2C_early_Natufian_circa_12500_BC.jpg/180px-Limestone_%26_basalt_mortars_from_Eynan%2C_early_Natufian_circa_12500_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Limestone_%26_basalt_mortars_from_Eynan%2C_early_Natufian_circa_12500_BC.jpg/270px-Limestone_%26_basalt_mortars_from_Eynan%2C_early_Natufian_circa_12500_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Limestone_%26_basalt_mortars_from_Eynan%2C_early_Natufian_circa_12500_BC.jpg/360px-Limestone_%26_basalt_mortars_from_Eynan%2C_early_Natufian_circa_12500_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5588" data-file-height="3865" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Limestone and basalt mortars, <a href="/wiki/Eynan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eynan">Eynan</a>, Early Natufian, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 12,000 BC</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domesticated_dog">Domesticated dog</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Domesticated dog"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_domestic_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the domestic dog">Origin of the domestic dog</a></div> <p>At the Natufian site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together.<sup id="cite_ref-Clutton-Brock1995_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clutton-Brock1995-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At another Natufian site at the cave of Hayonim, humans were found buried with two canids.<sup id="cite_ref-Clutton-Brock1995_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clutton-Brock1995-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeogenetics">Archaeogenetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Archaeogenetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East#Levant" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetic history of the Middle East § Levant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Africa" title="Genetic history of Africa">Genetic history of Africa</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_West-Eurasian_PCA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ancient_West-Eurasian_PCA.jpg/250px-Ancient_West-Eurasian_PCA.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ancient_West-Eurasian_PCA.jpg/375px-Ancient_West-Eurasian_PCA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ancient_West-Eurasian_PCA.jpg/500px-Ancient_West-Eurasian_PCA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption>Principal component analysis of ancient West-Eurasian populations, including the Natufians. Natufians cluster together with modern Middle Eastern populations.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_DNA" title="Ancient DNA">Ancient DNA</a> analysis of Natufian skeletal remains found that the Natufian ancestry could be modelled as a mix of about 50% <a href="/wiki/Basal_Eurasian" title="Basal Eurasian">Basal Eurasian</a> ancestry, and 50% from a West-Eurasian Unknown Hunter Gatherer (UHG) population, which was related to European <a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherers" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter-Gatherers">Western Hunter-Gatherers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lazaridis2016_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2016-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vallini et al. (2024) modeled the amount of Basal Eurasian ancestry among Natufians at roughly 15%, with the remainder being associated with West Eurasian sources.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Natufian population also displays ancestral ties to Paleolithic <a href="/wiki/Taforalt" title="Taforalt">Taforalt</a> samples, the makers of the Epipaleolithic <a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a> culture of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, the Pre-Pottery Neolithic culture of the Levant, the Early Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Ifri_N%27Amr_Ou_Moussa" title="Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa">Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa</a> and the Late Neolithic Kelif el Boroud culture of North Africa, with samples associated with these early cultures all sharing a common genomic component dubbed the "Natufian component", which diverged from other West Eurasian lineages ~26,000 years ago, and is most closely linked to the Arabian lineage. Possible bidirectional geneflow events between these groups has also been suggested, with particular evidence for affinity between the Natufians and Iberomaurusians.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contact between Natufians and other Neolithic Levantines, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer" title="Caucasus hunter-gatherer">Caucasus hunter-gatherers</a> (CHG), <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Neolithic">Anatolian</a> and Iranian farmers is believed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> to have decreased genetic variability among later populations in the Middle East.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Migrations from the Near-East also occurred towards Africa, and the West Eurasian-like ancestry among populations in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> being best represented by the Levant Neolithic, and may be associated with the spread of Afroasiatic languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Lazaridis et al. (2016) did not find a greater genetic affinity between Natufians and sub-Saharan Africans than that existing between sub-Saharan Africans and other ancient populations of Western Eurasia, and also stated that the ancestry of a primitive population from North Africa could not be tested because modern North Africans are largely descended from late migrant populations from Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Daniel Shriner (2018), using modern populations as a reference, found 28% autosomal African ancestry in Natufian samples, with 21.2% related to North Africa and 6.8% related to <a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic-speaking</a> populations in southern Ethiopia, which reveals a plausible source for <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M215" title="Haplogroup E-M215">haplogroup E</a> in Natufians; still according to Shriner, the Natufian samples had 61.2% ancestry related to Arabs and 10.8% ancestry related to West Asians.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As summarized by Rosa Fregel, a later preprint from Lazaridis et al. (2018) has contested Loosdrecht's conclusion and argues for a minor sub-Saharan African component in Natufians, stating "that [the Iberomaurusians of] Taforalt can be better modeled as a mixture of a Dzudzuana component and a sub-Saharan African component" (or an ancient and now-extinct North African component that diverged prior to the Out-of-Africa migration) and "also argue that (...) the Taforalt people (...) contributed to the genetic composition of Natufians and not the other way around", , which, according to Lazaridis et al., would be consistent with morphological and archaeological studies that indicate a dissemination of morphological characteristics and artifacts from North Africa to the Near East, as well as explaining the presence of Y-chromosome haplogroup E in Natufians and Levantine farmers. Fregel summarizes that "More evidence will be needed to determine the specific origin of the North African Upper Paleolithic populations".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their 2017 paper, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranajit_Das&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranajit Das (page does not exist)">Ranajit Das</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)" title="Paul Wexler (linguist)">Paul Wexler</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehdi_Pirooznia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehdi Pirooznia (page does not exist)">Mehdi Pirooznia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eran_Elhaik" title="Eran Elhaik">Eran Elhaik</a> analyzed the Lazaridis et al. (2016) study concluding that the Natufians, together with one Neolithic Levantine sample, clustered in the proximity to modern <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>, and also "marginally overlapped" with <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferreira et al. (2021) and Almarri et al. (2021) found that ancient Natufians cluster with modern Arabian groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabians" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabians">Saudi Arabians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemenis" title="Yemenis">Yemenis</a>, which derive most of their ancestry from local Natufian-like hunter-gatherer peoples and have less Neolithic Anatolian ancestry than Levantines.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sirak et al. (2024) found that medieval <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Soqotri_people" title="Soqotri people">Soqotri people</a>), similar to modern Saudis, Yemenis and Bedouins, have a majority component that is "maximized in Late Pleistocene (Epipaleolithic) Natufian hunter–gatherers from the Levant".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Militarev" title="Alexander Militarev">Alexander Militarev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Shevoroshkin" title="Vitaly Shevoroshkin">Vitaly Shevoroshkin</a> and others have linked the Natufian culture to the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language" title="Proto-Afroasiatic language">proto-Afroasiatic language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which they in turn believe has a Levantine origin. Some scholars, for example <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ehret" title="Christopher Ehret">Christopher Ehret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Roger Blench</a> and others, contend that the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroasiatic Urheimat">Afroasiatic Urheimat</a> is to be found in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a>, probably in the area of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blench2006_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blench2006-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehret2004_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehret2004-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bernal1987_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernal1987-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bender1997_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bender1997-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this group, Ehret, who like Militarev believes Afroasiatic may already have been in existence in the Natufian period, would associate Natufians only with the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near Eastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic_language" title="Proto-Semitic language">Proto-Semitic</a> branch of Afroasiatic.<sup id="cite_ref-militarev2005_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-militarev2005-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Bengtson" title="John Bengtson">John Bengston</a> documented that archeological and physical anthropological evidence showed Natufians are closely related to modern Semitic-speaking people from the Levant. Under his hypothesis, Afro-Asiatic branches originated in North Africa proper (Egypt), and the age of these languages can be dated to the periods of the Natufian culture around ~12,000 years ago. He postulated this based on the biological discontinuity between Pleistocene and Holocene North Africa, where there was population replacement and admixture in this region involving external migrants from northern areas, whom were the ancestral Afro-Asiatic speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sites">Sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Natufian culture has been documented at dozens of sites. Around 90 have been excavated, including:<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aammiq_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aammiq 2 (page does not exist)">Aammiq 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Salem_(prehistoric_excavation_site)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Salem (prehistoric excavation site) (page does not exist)">Abu Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Usba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Usba (page does not exist)">Abu Usba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Choaab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain Choaab">Ain Choaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Mallaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain Mallaha">Ain Mallaha</a> (Eynan)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_Rahub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ain Rahub (page does not exist)">Ain Rahub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Sakhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain Sakhri">Ain Sakhri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ala_Safat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ala Safat (page does not exist)">Ala Safat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antelias_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antelias Cave (page does not exist)">Antelias Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azraq_18" title="Azraq 18">Azraq 18</a> (Ain Saratan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baaz_Rockshelter" title="Baaz Rockshelter">Baaz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bawwab_al_Ghazal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bawwab al Ghazal (page does not exist)">Bawwab al Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beidha_(archaeological_site)" title="Beidha (archaeological site)">Beidha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dederiyeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dederiyeh (page does not exist)">Dederiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibsi_Faraj" title="Dibsi Faraj">Dibsi Faraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Khiam" title="El Khiam">El Khiam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Kowm_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Kowm I (page does not exist)">El Kowm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Wad" title="El Wad">El Wad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erq_el_Ahmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erq el Ahmar (page does not exist)">Erq el Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fazael_IV_%26_VI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fazael IV & VI (page does not exist)">Fazael IV & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgal_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilgal II (page does not exist)">Gilgal II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Givat_Hayil_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Givat Hayil I (page does not exist)">Givat Hayil I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Har_Harif_K7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Har Harif K7 (page does not exist)">Har Harif K7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatoula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hatoula (page does not exist)">Hatoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayonim_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayonim Cave">Hayonim Cave</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayonim_Terrace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayonim Terrace (page does not exist)">Hayonim Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilazon_Tachtit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilazon Tachtit (page does not exist)">Hilazon Tachtit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hof_Shahaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hof Shahaf (page does not exist)">Hof Shahaf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huzuq_Musa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huzuq Musa (page does not exist)">Huzuq Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_ed_Dubb" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq ed Dubb">Iraq ed Dubb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq_el_Barud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraq el Barud (page does not exist)">Iraq el Barud</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq_ez_Zigan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraq ez Zigan (page does not exist)">Iraq ez Zigan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J202&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J202 (page does not exist)">J202</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J203&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J203 (page does not exist)">J203</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J406a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J406a (page does not exist)">J406a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J614&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J614 (page does not exist)">J614</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayroud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayroud">Jayroud</a> 1–3 & 9</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jebel_Saaid%C3%A9_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jebel Saaidé II (page does not exist)">Jebel Saaidé II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeftelik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeftelik (page does not exist)">Jeftelik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaus_Kozah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaus Kozah (page does not exist)">Kaus Kozah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebara">Kebara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kefar_Vitkin_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kefar Vitkin 3 (page does not exist)">Kefar Vitkin 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khallat_Anaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khallat Anaza (page does not exist)">Khallat Anaza</a> (BDS 1407)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbat_Janba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khirbat Janba (page does not exist)">Khirbat Janba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosak_Shamali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosak Shamali (page does not exist)">Kosak Shamali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maaleh_Ramon_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maaleh Ramon East (page does not exist)">Maaleh Ramon East</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maaleh_Ramon_West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maaleh Ramon West (page does not exist)">Maaleh Ramon West</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moghr_el_Ahwal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moghr el Ahwal (page does not exist)">Moghr el Ahwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mureybet" title="Mureybet">Mureybet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mushabi_IV_%26_XIX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mushabi IV & XIX (page does not exist)">Mushabi IV & XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nachcharini_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nachcharini Cave (page does not exist)">Nachcharini Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Ein_Gev_II" title="Nahal Ein Gev II">Nahal Ein Gev II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahal_Hadera_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nahal Hadera I (page does not exist)">Nahal Hadera I</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahal_Hadera_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nahal Hadera IV (page does not exist)">Nahal Hadera IV</a> (Hefsibah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Oren_(archaeological_site)" title="Nahal Oren (archaeological site)">Nahal Oren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahal_Sekher_23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nahal Sekher 23 (page does not exist)">Nahal Sekher 23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahal_Sekher_VI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nahal Sekher VI (page does not exist)">Nahal Sekher VI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahr_el_Homr_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nahr el Homr 2 (page does not exist)">Nahr el Homr 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Qarassa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Qarassa (page does not exist)">Qarassa 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramat_Harif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramat Harif (page does not exist)">Ramat Harif</a> (G8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqefet_Cave" title="Raqefet Cave">Raqefet Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosh_Horesha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosh Horesha (page does not exist)">Rosh Horesha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosh_Zin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosh Zin (page does not exist)">Rosh Zin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabra_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabra 1 (page does not exist)">Sabra 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saflulim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saflulim (page does not exist)">Saflulim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salibiya_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salibiya 1 (page does not exist)">Salibiya 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salibiya_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salibiya 9 (page does not exist)">Salibiya 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sands_of_Beirut" title="Sands of Beirut">Sands of Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shluhat_Harif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shluhat Harif (page does not exist)">Shluhat Harif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shubayqa_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shubayqa 1 (page does not exist)">Shubayqa 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shubayqa_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shubayqa 6 (page does not exist)">Shubayqa 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shukhbah_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shukhbah Cave (page does not exist)">Shukhbah Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunera_VI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shunera VI (page does not exist)">Shunera VI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunera_VII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shunera VII (page does not exist)">Shunera VII</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabaqa,_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabaqa, Jordan (page does not exist)">Tabaqa</a> (WHS 895)<sup id="cite_ref-Neeley_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neeley-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taib%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taibé (page does not exist)">Taibé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TBAS_102&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TBAS 102 (page does not exist)">TBAS 102</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TBAS_212&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TBAS 212 (page does not exist)">TBAS 212</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_at_Tariq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tor at Tariq (page does not exist)">Tor at Tariq</a> (WHS 1065)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tugra_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tugra I (page does not exist)">Tugra I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Besor_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Besor 6 (page does not exist)">Upper Besor 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Hammeh_27" title="Wadi Hammeh 27">Wadi Hammeh 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Jilat_22" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Jilat 22">Wadi Jilat 22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Judayid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Judayid (page does not exist)">Wadi Judayid</a> (J2)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Mataha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Mataha (page does not exist)">Wadi Mataha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yabrud_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yabrud 3 (page does not exist)">Yabrud 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yutil_al_Hasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yutil al Hasa (page does not exist)">Yutil al Hasa</a> (WHS 784)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_Natufian" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Natufian">"Natufian"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Natufian&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DNatufian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2000_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2000_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreHillmanLegge2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_M.T._Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew M.T. Moore">Moore, Andrew M. T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Hillman" title="Gordon Hillman">Hillman, Gordon C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Legge" title="Anthony Legge">Legge, Anthony J.</a> (2000), <i>Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510806-4"><bdi>978-0-19-510806-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Village+on+the+Euphrates%3A+From+Foraging+to+Farming+at+Abu+Hureyra&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510806-4&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Andrew+M.+T.&rft.au=Hillman%2C+Gordon+C.&rft.au=Legge%2C+Anthony+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrosman2013" class="citation book cs1">Grosman, Leore (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv8bt33h">"The Natufian Chronological Scheme – New Insights and their Implications"</a>. In Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Valla, François R. (eds.). <i>Natufian Foragers in the Levant: Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia</i> (1 ed.). 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Wang, Jiajing; Rosenberg, Danny; Zhao, Hao; Lengyel, György; Nadel, Dani (1 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X18303468">"Fermented beverage and food storage in 13,000 y-old stone mortars at Raqefet Cave, Israel: Investigating Natufian ritual feasting"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</i>. <b>21</b>: 783–793. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JArSR..21..783L">2018JArSR..21..783L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2018.08.008">10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-409X">2352-409X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165595175">165595175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=Fermented+beverage+and+food+storage+in+13%2C000+y-old+stone+mortars+at+Raqefet+Cave%2C+Israel%3A+Investigating+Natufian+ritual+feasting&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=783-793&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2018.08.008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165595175%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2352-409X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JArSR..21..783L&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Li&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jiajing&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+Danny&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Hao&rft.au=Lengyel%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft.au=Nadel%2C+Dani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2352409X18303468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEitam2019" class="citation journal cs1">Eitam, David (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352409X18307259">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of [beer]!' (R.L. Stevenson) no beer but rather cereal-Food. Commentary: Liu et al. 2018"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</i>. <b>28</b>: 101913. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2019.101913">10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101913</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198454176">198454176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=%27Yo-ho-ho%2C+and+a+bottle+of+%5Bbeer%5D%21%27+%28R.L.+Stevenson%29+no+beer+but+rather+cereal-Food.+Commentary%3A+Liu+et+al.+2018&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=101913&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2019.101913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198454176%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Eitam&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2352409X18307259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kottak2005-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kottak2005_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKottak2005" class="citation cs2">Kottak, Conrad P. (2005), <i>Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to Anthropology</i>, Boston: McGraw-Hill, pp. 155–156, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-289028-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-289028-0"><bdi>978-0-07-289028-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Window+on+Humanity%3A+A+Concise+Introduction+to+Anthropology&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=155-156&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-07-289028-0&rft.aulast=Kottak&rft.aufirst=Conrad+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazaridisNadelRollefsonMerrett2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria; Jones, Eppie R.; Roodenberg, Songül Alpaslan; Lengyel, György; Bocquentin, Fanny; Gasparian, Boris; Monge, Janet M.; Gregg, Michael; Eshed, Vered; Mizrahi, Ahuva-Sivan; Meiklejohn, Christopher; Gerritsen, Fokke; Bejenaru, Luminita; Blüher, Matthias; Campbell, Archie; Cavalleri, Gianpiero; Comas, David; Froguel, Philippe; Gilbert, Edmund; Kerr, Shona M.; Kovacs, Peter; Krause, Johannes; McGettigan, Darren; Merrigan, Michael; Merriwether, D. Andrew; O'Reilly, Seamus; Richards, Martin B.; Semino, Ornella; Shamoon-Pour, Michel; Stefanescu, Gheorghe; Stumvoll, Michael; Tönjes, Anke; Torroni, Antonio; Wilson, James F.; Yengo, Loic; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Patterson, Nick; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/reichlab/Reich_Lab/Publications_files/nature19310-s4.pdf">"Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>536</b> (7617): 419–424. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.536..419L">2016Natur.536..419L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature19310">10.1038/nature19310</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5003663">5003663</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27459054">27459054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Genomic+insights+into+the+origin+of+farming+in+the+ancient+Near+East&rft.volume=536&rft.issue=7617&rft.pages=419-424&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5003663%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27459054&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature19310&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Natur.536..419L&rft.aulast=Lazaridis&rft.aufirst=Iosif&rft.au=Nadel%2C+Dani&rft.au=Rollefson%2C+Gary&rft.au=Merrett%2C+Deborah+C.&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Novak%2C+Mario&rft.au=Gamarra%2C+Beatriz&rft.au=Sirak%2C+Kendra&rft.au=Connell%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Stewardson%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Harney%2C+Eadaoin&rft.au=Fu%2C+Qiaomei&rft.au=Gonzalez-Fortes%2C+Gloria&rft.au=Jones%2C+Eppie+R.&rft.au=Roodenberg%2C+Song%C3%BCl+Alpaslan&rft.au=Lengyel%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft.au=Bocquentin%2C+Fanny&rft.au=Gasparian%2C+Boris&rft.au=Monge%2C+Janet+M.&rft.au=Gregg%2C+Michael&rft.au=Eshed%2C+Vered&rft.au=Mizrahi%2C+Ahuva-Sivan&rft.au=Meiklejohn%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Gerritsen%2C+Fokke&rft.au=Bejenaru%2C+Luminita&rft.au=Bl%C3%BCher%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Archie&rft.au=Cavalleri%2C+Gianpiero&rft.au=Comas%2C+David&rft.au=Froguel%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Edmund&rft.au=Kerr%2C+Shona+M.&rft.au=Kovacs%2C+Peter&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft.au=McGettigan%2C+Darren&rft.au=Merrigan%2C+Michael&rft.au=Merriwether%2C+D.+Andrew&rft.au=O%27Reilly%2C+Seamus&rft.au=Richards%2C+Martin+B.&rft.au=Semino%2C+Ornella&rft.au=Shamoon-Pour%2C+Michel&rft.au=Stefanescu%2C+Gheorghe&rft.au=Stumvoll%2C+Michael&rft.au=T%C3%B6njes%2C+Anke&rft.au=Torroni%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Wilson%2C+James+F.&rft.au=Yengo%2C+Loic&rft.au=Hovhannisyan%2C+Nelli+A.&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Pinhasi%2C+Ron&rft.au=Reich%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenetics.med.harvard.edu%2Freichlab%2FReich_Lab%2FPublications_files%2Fnature19310-s4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span> Fig. 4. "Our data document continuity across the transition between hunter– gatherers and farmers, separately in the southern Levant and in the southern Caucasus–Iran highlands. The qualitative evidence for this is that PCA, ADMIXTURE, and outgroup f3 analysis cluster Levantine hunter–gatherers (Natufians) with Levantine farmers, and Iranian and CHG with Iranian farmers (Fig. 1b and Extended Data Figs 1, 3). We confirm this in the Levant by showing that its early farmers share significantly more alleles with Natufians than with the early farmers of Iran" Epipaleolithic Natufians were substantially derived from the <a href="/wiki/Non-African_(genetic_lineage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-African (genetic lineage)">Basal Eurasian</a> lineage. "We used <i>qpAdm</i> (ref. 7) to estimate Basal Eurasian ancestry in each Test population. We obtained the highest estimates in the earliest populations from both Iran (66±13% in the likely Mesolithic sample, 48±6% in Neolithic samples), and the Levant (44±8% in Epipalaeolithic Natufians) (Fig. 2), showing that Basal Eurasian ancestry was widespread across the ancient Near East. [...] The idea of Natufians as a vector for the movement of Basal Eurasian ancestry into the Near East is also not supported by our data, as the Basal Eurasian ancestry in the Natufians (44±8%) is consistent with stemming from the same population as that in the Neolithic and Mesolithic populations of Iran, and is not greater than in those populations (Supplementary Information, section 4). Further insight into the origins and legacy of the Natufians could come from comparison to Natufians from additional sites, and to ancient DNA from North Africa."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bar-Yosef_159-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bar-Yosef_159_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar-Yosef_159_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Yosef1998" class="citation cs2">Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/anthropology/v1007/baryo.pdf">"The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Evolutionary Anthropology</i>, <b>6</b> (5): 159–177, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291520-6505%281998%296%3A5%3C159%3A%3AAID-EVAN4%3E3.0.CO%3B2-7">10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35814375">35814375</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Natufian+Culture+in+the+Levant%2C+Threshold+to+the+Origins+of+Agriculture&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=159-177&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291520-6505%281998%296%3A5%3C159%3A%3AAID-EVAN4%3E3.0.CO%3B2-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35814375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bar-Yosef&rft.aufirst=Ofer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fanthropology%2Fv1007%2Fbaryo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1999" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Brian (1999). 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Loring; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1325007">"The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>103</b> (1): 242–247. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..103..242B">2006PNAS..103..242B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0509801102">10.1073/pnas.0509801102</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1325007">1325007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16371462">16371462</a>. <q>The Natufian sample from Israel is also problematic because it is so small, being constituted of three males and one female from the Late Pleistocene Epipalaeolithic (34) of Israel, and there was no usable Neolithic sample for the Near East... the small Natufian sample falls between the Niger-Congo group and the other samples used. Fig. 2 shows the plot produced by the first two canonical variates, but the same thing happens when canonical variates 1 and 3 (not shown here) are used. This placement suggests that there may have been a Sub-Saharan African element in the make-up of the Natufians (the putative ancestors of the subsequent Neolithic)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=The+questionable+contribution+of+the+Neolithic+and+the+Bronze+Age+to+European+craniofacial+form&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=242-247&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1325007%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16371462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0509801102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PNAS..103..242B&rft.au=Brace%2C+C.+Loring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1325007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazaridis2016-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis2016_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis2016_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazaridis2016" class="citation biorxiv cs1">Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. 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href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.536..419L">2016Natur.536..419L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature19310">10.1038/nature19310</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5003663">5003663</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27459054">27459054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Genomic+insights+into+the+origin+of+farming+in+the+ancient+Near+East&rft.volume=536&rft.issue=7617&rft.pages=419-424&rft.date=2016-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5003663%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Natur.536..419L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27459054&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature19310&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.aulast=Lazaridis&rft.aufirst=Iosif&rft.au=Nadel%2C+Dani&rft.au=Rollefson%2C+Gary&rft.au=Merrett%2C+Deborah+C.&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Novak%2C+Mario&rft.au=Gamarra%2C+Beatriz&rft.au=Sirak%2C+Kendra&rft.au=Connell%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Stewardson%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Harney%2C+Eadaoin&rft.au=Fu%2C+Qiaomei&rft.au=Gonzalez-Fortes%2C+Gloria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5003663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShriner2018" class="citation journal cs1">Shriner, Daniel (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6062619">"Re-analysis of Whole Genome Sequence Data From 279 Ancient Eurasians Reveals Substantial Ancestral Heterogeneity"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Genetics</i>. <b>9</b>: 268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2018.00268">10.3389/fgene.2018.00268</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-8021">1664-8021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6062619">6062619</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30079081">30079081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=Re-analysis+of+Whole+Genome+Sequence+Data+From+279+Ancient+Eurasians+Reveals+Substantial+Ancestral+Heterogeneity&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=268&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6062619%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-8021&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30079081&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffgene.2018.00268&rft.aulast=Shriner&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6062619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFregel2021" class="citation book cs1">Fregel, Rosa (17 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004500228/BP000019.xml"><i>Paleogenomics of the Neolithic Transition in North Africa</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-50022-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-50022-8"><bdi>978-90-04-50022-8</bdi></a>. <q>However, a preprint from Lazaridis et al. (2018) has contested this conclusion based on new evidence from Paleolithic samples from the Dzudzuana site in Georgia (25,000 years BCE). When these samples are considered in the analysis, Taforalt can be better modeled as a mixture of a Dzudzuana component and a sub-Saharan African component. They also argue that it is the Taforalt people who contributed to the genetic composition of Natufians and not the other way around. More evidence will be needed to determine the specific origin of the North African Upper Paleolithic populations, but the presence of an ancestral U6 lineage in the Dzudzuana people is consistent with this population being related to the back migration to Africa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paleogenomics+of+the+Neolithic+Transition+in+North+Africa&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021-11-17&rft.isbn=978-90-04-50022-8&rft.aulast=Fregel&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789004500228%2FBP000019.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazaridisBelfer-CohenMallickPatterson2018" class="citation biorxiv cs1">Lazaridis, Iosif; Belfer-Cohen, Anna; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Cheronet, Olivia; Rohland, Nadin; Bar-Oz, Guy; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Jakeli, Nino; Kvavadze, Eliso; Lordkipanidze, David; Matzkevich, Zinovi; Meshveliani, Tengiz; Culleton, Brendan J.; Kennett, Douglas J. (21 September 2018). "Paleolithic DNA from the Caucasus reveals core of West Eurasian ancestry". <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F423079">10.1101/423079</a></span>. <q>Moreover, our model predicts that West Africans (represented by Yoruba) had 12.5±1.1% ancestry from a Taforalt related group rather than Taforalt having ancestry from an unknown Sub-Saharan African source; this may have mediated the limited Neanderthal admixture present in West Africans. An advantage of our model is that it allows for a local North African component in the ancestry of Taforalt, rather than deriving them exclusively from Levantine and Sub-Saharan sources. ... and Taforalt, can all be modeled as a mixture of Dzudzuana and additional 'Deep' ancestry that may represent an even earlier split than the Basal Eurasians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=bioRxiv&rft.atitle=Paleolithic+DNA+from+the+Caucasus+reveals+core+of+West+Eurasian+ancestry&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F423079%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.aulast=Lazaridis&rft.aufirst=Iosif&rft.au=Belfer-Cohen%2C+Anna&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Cheronet%2C+Olivia&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Bar-Oz%2C+Guy&rft.au=Bar-Yosef%2C+Ofer&rft.au=Jakeli%2C+Nino&rft.au=Kvavadze%2C+Eliso&rft.au=Lordkipanidze%2C+David&rft.au=Matzkevich%2C+Zinovi&rft.au=Meshveliani%2C+Tengiz&rft.au=Culleton%2C+Brendan+J.&rft.au=Kennett%2C+Douglas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasWexlerPiroozniaElhaik2017" class="citation journal cs1">Das, Ranajit; 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Noah (8 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11009077">"Medieval DNA from Soqotra points to Eurasian origins of an isolated population at the crossroads of Africa and Arabia"</a>. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 817–829. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024NatEE...8..817S">2024NatEE...8..817S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-024-02322-x">10.1038/s41559-024-02322-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-334X">2397-334X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11009077">11009077</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38332026">38332026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Medieval+DNA+from+Soqotra+points+to+Eurasian+origins+of+an+isolated+population+at+the+crossroads+of+Africa+and+Arabia&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=817-829&rft.date=2024-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11009077%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024NatEE...8..817S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38332026&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-024-02322-x&rft.issn=2397-334X&rft.aulast=Sirak&rft.aufirst=Kendra&rft.au=Jansen+Van+Rensburg%2C+Julian&rft.au=Brielle%2C+Esther&rft.au=Chen%2C+Bowen&rft.au=Lazaridis%2C+Iosif&rft.au=Ringbauer%2C+Harald&rft.au=Mah%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Micco%2C+Adam&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Callan%2C+Kimberly&rft.au=Curtis%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Kearns%2C+Aisling&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Ann+Marie&rft.au=Workman%2C+J.+Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11009077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinfried_Nöth1994" class="citation book cs1">Winfried Nöth (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4_It_sAuMYC&pg=PA293"><i>Origins of Semiosis: Sign Evolution in Nature and Culture</i></a>. 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Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3655-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3655-2"><bdi>978-0-8135-3655-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Athena%3A+The+linguistic+evidence&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3655-2&rft.aulast=Bernal&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyFLm_M_OdK4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bender1997-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bender1997_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bender ML (1997), Upside Down Afrasian, Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 50, pp. 19–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-militarev2005-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-militarev2005_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Militarev A (2005) Once more about glottochronology and comparative method: the Omotic-Afrasian case, Аспекты компаративистики – 1 (Aspects of comparative linguistics – 1). FS S. Starostin. Orientalia et Classica II (Moscow), p. 339-408. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/fleming.pdf">http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/fleming.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBengtson2008" class="citation book cs1">Bengtson, John D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xxcdjUGfx40C"><i>In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory: Essays in the Four Fields of Anthropology : in Honor of Harold Crane Fleming</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 20–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3252-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3252-6"><bdi>978-90-272-3252-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Hot+Pursuit+of+Language+in+Prehistory%3A+Essays+in+the+Four+Fields+of+Anthropology+%3A+in+Honor+of+Harold+Crane+Fleming&rft.pages=20-22&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-272-3252-6&rft.aulast=Bengtson&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxxcdjUGfx40C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArranz-OtaeguiGonzález_CarreteroRoeRichter2018" class="citation journal cs1">Arranz-Otaegui, Amaia; González Carretero, Lara; Roe, Joe; Richter, Tobias (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379117306145">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Founder crops" v. wild plants: Assessing the plant-based diet of the last hunter-gatherers in southwest Asia"</a>. <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i>. <b>186</b>: 263–283. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018QSRv..186..263A">2018QSRv..186..263A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2018.02.011">10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.02.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791">0277-3791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=%22Founder+crops%22+v.+wild+plants%3A+Assessing+the+plant-based+diet+of+the+last+hunter-gatherers+in+southwest+Asia&rft.volume=186&rft.pages=263-283&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0277-3791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2018.02.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018QSRv..186..263A&rft.aulast=Arranz-Otaegui&rft.aufirst=Amaia&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Carretero%2C+Lara&rft.au=Roe%2C+Joe&rft.au=Richter%2C+Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0277379117306145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neeley-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neeley_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeeleyHill2017" class="citation journal cs1">Neeley, Michael P.; Hill, J. Brett (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Aerial-view-of-the-Tabaqa-WHS-895-landform-and-associated-features-Google-Earth-Image_fig5_322992147">"Archaeological and Geomorphological Investigations of the Late Epipaleolithic in West-Central Jordan: TBAS 212 in a Regional Context"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Archaeological+and+Geomorphological+Investigations+of+the+Late+Epipaleolithic+in+West-Central+Jordan%3A+TBAS+212+in+a+Regional+Context&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Neeley&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft.au=Hill%2C+J.+Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FAerial-view-of-the-Tabaqa-WHS-895-landform-and-associated-features-Google-Earth-Image_fig5_322992147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalter2005" class="citation cs2">Balter, Michael (2005), <i>The Goddess and the Bull</i>, New York: Free Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4360-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4360-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-4360-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddess+and+the+Bull&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4360-5&rft.aulast=Balter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Yosef1998" class="citation cs2">Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/anthropology/v1007/baryo.pdf">"The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Evolutionary Anthropology</i>, <b>6</b> (5): 159–177, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291520-6505%281998%296%3A5%3C159%3A%3AAID-EVAN4%3E3.0.CO%3B2-7">10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35814375">35814375</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Natufian+Culture+in+the+Levant%2C+Threshold+to+the+Origins+of+Agriculture&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=159-177&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291520-6505%281998%296%3A5%3C159%3A%3AAID-EVAN4%3E3.0.CO%3B2-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35814375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bar-Yosef&rft.aufirst=Ofer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fanthropology%2Fv1007%2Fbaryo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-YosefBelfer-Cohen1999" class="citation journal cs1">Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Belfer-Cohen, Anna (1999). "Encoding information: unique Natufian objects from Hayonim Cave, Western Galilee, Israel". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>73</b> (280): 402–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00088347">10.1017/s0003598x00088347</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160868877">160868877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Encoding+information%3A+unique+Natufian+objects+from+Hayonim+Cave%2C+Western+Galilee%2C+Israel&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=280&rft.pages=402-409&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x00088347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160868877%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bar-Yosef&rft.aufirst=Ofer&rft.au=Belfer-Cohen%2C+Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Yosef1992" class="citation cs2">Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1992), Valla, Francois R. (ed.), <i>The Natufian Culture in the Levant</i>, Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-879621-03-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-879621-03-9"><bdi>978-1-879621-03-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natufian+Culture+in+the+Levant&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=International+Monographs+in+Prehistory&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-879621-03-9&rft.aulast=Bar-Yosef&rft.aufirst=Ofer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampanaCrabtree1990" class="citation journal cs1">Campana, Douglas V.; Crabtree, Pam J. (1990). "Communal Hunting in the Natufian of the Southern Levant: The Social and Economic Implications". <i>Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 223–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fjmea.v3i2.223">10.1558/jmea.v3i2.223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mediterranean+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Communal+Hunting+in+the+Natufian+of+the+Southern+Levant%3A+The+Social+and+Economic+Implications&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-243&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fjmea.v3i2.223&rft.aulast=Campana&rft.aufirst=Douglas+V.&rft.au=Crabtree%2C+Pam+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClutton-Brock1999" class="citation cs2">Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1999), <i>A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals</i> (2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63247-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63247-8"><bdi>978-0-521-63247-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Domesticated+Mammals&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63247-8&rft.aulast=Clutton-Brock&rft.aufirst=Juliet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubreuil2004" class="citation cs2">Dubreuil, Laure (2004), "Long-term trends in Natufian subsistence: a use-wear analysis of ground stone tools", <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>, <b>31</b> (11): 1613–1629, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JArSc..31.1613D">2004JArSc..31.1613D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2004.04.003">10.1016/j.jas.2004.04.003</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Long-term+trends+in+Natufian+subsistence%3A+a+use-wear+analysis+of+ground+stone+tools&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1613-1629&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2004.04.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JArSc..31.1613D&rft.aulast=Dubreuil&rft.aufirst=Laure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro2004" class="citation journal cs1">Munro, Natalie D. (August–October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anth.uconn.edu/faculty/munro/assets/Munro2004.pdf">"Zooarchaeological measures of hunting pressure and occupation intensity in the Natufian: Implications for agricultural origins"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>45</b>: S5–S33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F422084">10.1086/422084</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42749024">42749024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Zooarchaeological+measures+of+hunting+pressure+and+occupation+intensity+in+the+Natufian%3A+Implications+for+agricultural+origins&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=S5-S33&rft.date=2004-08%2F2004-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F422084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42749024%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Natalie+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anth.uconn.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fmunro%2Fassets%2FMunro2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons2007" class="citation cs2">Simmons, Alan H. (2007), <i>The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East: Transforming the Human Landscape</i>, University of Arizona Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2966-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2966-7"><bdi>978-0-8165-2966-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Neolithic+Revolution+in+the+Near+East%3A+Transforming+the+Human+Landscape&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2966-7&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Alan+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natufian_culture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Natufian" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Natufian"><b><i>Natufian culture</i></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Natufian_Culture.html">Epi-Palaeolithic (European Mesolithic) Natufian Culture of Israel (The History of the Ancient Near East)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008072340/http://unix.temple.edu/~phansell/65online/lect8.htm"><i>Cultural Complexity (Hierarchical Societies [Socio-Economic-Political Inequalities]) in Mesopotamia: An Outline</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unix.temple.edu/~phansell/65online/lect8.htm">the original</a> on 8 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2002</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Complexity+%28Hierarchical+Societies+%5BSocio-Economic-Political+Inequalities%5D%29+in+Mesopotamia%3A+An+Outline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funix.temple.edu%2F~phansell%2F65online%2Flect8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatufian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/06/16/059311.full.pdf">The genetic structure of the world's first farmers, Lazaridis et al, 2016</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epipalaeolithic_Southwest_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epipalaeolithic_Southwest_Asia" title="Template:Epipalaeolithic Southwest Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epipalaeolithic_Southwest_Asia" title="Template talk:Epipalaeolithic Southwest Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epipalaeolithic_Southwest_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epipalaeolithic Southwest Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epipalaeolithic_Southwest_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic_Near_East" title="Epipalaeolithic Near East">Epipalaeolithic Southwest Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Epipalaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Epipalaeolithic">Early</a> (25,000–19,000 BP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Epipalaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Epipalaeolithic">Middle</a> (19,000–15,000 BP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Epipalaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Epipalaeolithic">Late</a> (15,000–11,500 BP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Cultures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebaran_culture" title="Kebaran culture">Kebaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebekian_culture" title="Nebekian culture">Nebekian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qalkhan_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qalkhan culture (page does not exist)">Qalkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_Kebaran_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric Kebaran culture">Geometric Kebaran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizzanian_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizzanian culture (page does not exist)">Nizzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushabian_culture" title="Mushabian culture">Mushabian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramonian_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramonian culture (page does not exist)">Ramonian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamran_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamran culture (page does not exist)">Hamran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harifian_culture" title="Harifian culture">Harifian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_al-Buhira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ain al-Buhira (page does not exist)">Ain al-Buhira</a> (WHS 618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAyn_Qasiyya" title="ʿAyn Qasiyya">ʿAyn Qasiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaneh_IV" title="Kharaneh IV">Kharaneh IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebara_Cave" title="Kebara Cave">Kebara Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPS-75" title="KPS-75">KPS-75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohalo_II" title="Ohalo II">Ohalo II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_Sageer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tor Sageer (page does not exist)">Tor Sageer</a> (WHNBS 242)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uwaynid_14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uwaynid 14 (page does not exist)">Uwaynid 14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uwaynid_18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uwaynid 18 (page does not exist)">Uwaynid 18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Hammeh_26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Hammeh 26 (page does not exist)">Wadi Hammeh 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Jilat_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Jilat 6">Wadi Jilat 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Madamagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Madamagh (page does not exist)">Wadi Madamagh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yutil_al-Hasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yutil al-Hasa (page does not exist)">Yutil al-Hasa</a> (WHS 784)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neve_David" title="Neve David">Neve David</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jebel_Hamra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jebel Hamra (page does not exist)">Jebel Hamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaneh_IV" title="Kharaneh IV">Kharaneh IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabaqat_al-Buma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabaqat al-Buma (page does not exist)">Tabaqat al-Buma</a> (WZ 200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFUyun_al-Hammam" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿUyun al-Hammam">ʿUyun al-Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Jilat_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Jilat 10">Wadi Jilat 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Jilat_22" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Jilat 22">Wadi Jilat 22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Mataha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Mataha (page does not exist)">Wadi Mataha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WZ_148&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WZ 148 (page does not exist)">WZ 148</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAin_Mallaha" title="ʿAin Mallaha">ʿAin Mallaha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BFAyn_al-Saratan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ʿAyn al-Saratan (page does not exist)">ʿAyn al-Saratan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azraq_18" title="Azraq 18">Azraq 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Wad" title="El Wad">El Wad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgal_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilgal II (page does not exist)">Gilgal II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilazon_Tachtit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilazon Tachtit (page does not exist)">Hilazon Tachtit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_ed-Dubb" title="Iraq ed-Dubb">ʿIraq ed-Dubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mureybet" title="Mureybet">Mureybet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shubayqa_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shubayqa 1 (page does not exist)">Shubayqa 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shubayqa_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shubayqa 6 (page does not exist)">Shubayqa 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabaqa_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabaqa (archaeological site) (page does not exist)">Tabaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Tell es-Sultan</a> (Jericho)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Qarassa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Qarassa (page does not exist)">Tell Qarassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Hammeh_27" title="Wadi Hammeh 27">Wadi Hammeh 27</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template talk:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Asia" title="Prehistoric Asia">Prehistoric Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">Dmanisi hominins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japanese Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">List of Paleolithic sites in China</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia#Paleolithic_and_Epipaleolithic_periods" title="History of Mesopotamia">Paleolithic Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwat" title="Riwat">Riwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">Solo Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Asian Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubeidiya_prehistoric_site" title="Ubeidiya prehistoric site">Ubeidiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaochangliang" title="Xiaochangliang">Xiaochangliang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic#Early_settlements" title="Neolithic">Early Neolithic settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Nemrikian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Neolithic Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric Korea">Neolithic Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic South Asia">Neolithic South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohalo">Ohalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (Mesopotamia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daimabad" title="Daimabad">Daimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Anatolia">Bronze Age Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Caucasus">Bronze Age Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age China">Bronze Age China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Korea">Bronze Age Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Bronze Age Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">List of Bronze Age sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">Archaeological periods</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_time_periods" title="List of time periods">Time periods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syria_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syria_topics" title="Template:Syria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syria_topics" title="Template talk:Syria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Syria-related_articles" title="Index of Syria-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Syrian_history" title="Timeline of Syrian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Syria" title="List of years in Syria">Years in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistorical Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_corridor" title="Levantine corridor">Levantine corridor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hureyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hureyra">Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Syria">Ancient Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Achaemenid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid Syria">Seleucid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Syria">Medieval Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a> (636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Caliphal Syria <i><span style="font-size:85%;">(Bilad al-Sham)</span></i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunid dynasty">Tulunid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zangid dynasty">Zangid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Syria">Fatimid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saljuqid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Saljuqid Syria">Saljuqid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Syria">Ayyubid Syria</a> (1174–1260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Syria">Mamluk Syria</a> (1260–1516)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> (1516–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Modern Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab kingdom</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haj_Fadel_Government" title="Haj Fadel Government">Haj Fadel Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate for Syria and Lebanon">French Mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Federation" title="Syrian Federation">Syrian Federation</a> (1922–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> (1925–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">Mandatory Republic</a> (1930–46)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_First_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent First Syrian Republic">independent First Republic</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Second Republic</a> (1950–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/80px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/120px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/160px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Syria" title="Template:Borders of Syria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Syria" title="List of rivers of Syria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Syria" title="List of volcanoes in Syria">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Al-Jazira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Hermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Syria" title="Corruption in Syria">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Syria" title="Vice President of Syria">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Syria" title="Foreign relations of Syria">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights#Territorial_claims" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province#Turkish–Syrian_dispute" title="Hatay Province">Iskandaron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_ministries_of_Syria" title="Government ministries of Syria">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Syria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Syria" title="Judiciary of Syria">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Judicial_Council" title="High Judicial Council">High council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Syria" title="Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria">Supreme Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Council of Syria">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the People's Council of Syria">Speakers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">national</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">regional command</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_Change_and_Liberation" title="Popular Front for Change and Liberation">Popular Front for Change and Liberation</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Political status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria" title="Terrorism in Syria">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Syria">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Air force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Air Defense Force">air defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Navy" title="Syrian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Syria)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Syria)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Syria and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Syria" title="Agriculture in Syria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Syria" title="Central Bank of Syria">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Syria" title="List of companies of Syria">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Syria" title="Industry in Syria">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Syria" title="International rankings of Syria">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Securities_Exchange" title="Damascus Securities Exchange">Securities Exchange <span style="font-size:85%;">(stock exchange)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria#Energy_and_mineral_resources" title="Economy of Syria">Energy and mineral resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Syria" title="Petroleum industry in Syria">Petroleum industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Syria" title="Telecommunications in Syria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Syria" title="Transport in Syria">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Syria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Syria">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Syria" title="Category:Society of 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