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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Limbo of Infants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Limbo_of_Infants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Limbo of Infants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Limbo_of_Infants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_Fathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_Fathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Latin Fathers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_Fathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_theologians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_theologians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Medieval theologians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_theologians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_denominations_and_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_denominations_and_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In other denominations and religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_other_denominations_and_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In other denominations and religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_other_denominations_and_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protestant_and_Eastern_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_and_Eastern_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Protestant and Eastern Orthodox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_and_Eastern_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nontrinitarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nontrinitarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Nontrinitarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nontrinitarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Greek mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Limbo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Limbo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ليمبو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليمبو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Лимбо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лимбо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llimbs" title="Llimbs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llimbs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbus_(n%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD)" title="Limbus (náboženství) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Limbus (náboženství)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Limbo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbus_(Theologie)" title="Limbus (Theologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Limbus (Theologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo_(teolog%C3%ADa)" title="Limbo (teología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Limbo (teología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo_(religio)" title="Limbo (religio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Limbo (religio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linbo_(teologia)" title="Linbo (teologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Linbo (teologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88" title="لیمبو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیمبو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbes" title="Limbes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Limbes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%84%B1%EC%86%8C" title="고성소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고성소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Լիմբոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիմբոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Limbo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Limbo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Limbo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95" title="לימבו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לימבו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragarai" title="Pragarai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pragarai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbus" title="Limbus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Limbus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Limbo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Limbo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorgeborchte" title="Voorgeborchte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Voorgeborchte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%BA%E7%8D%84" title="辺獄 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="辺獄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Limbo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbus" title="Limbus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Limbus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otch%C5%82a%C5%84" title="Otchłań – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Otchłań" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Limbo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Лимб (религия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лимб (религия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbus_(n%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstvo)" title="Limbus (náboženstvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Limbus (náboženstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predpekel" title="Predpekel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Predpekel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Лимбо (теологија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лимбо (теологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbus" title="Limbus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Limbus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo_(religion)" title="Limbo (religion) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Limbo (religion)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A" title="ลิมโบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลิมโบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Limbo" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Limbo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B1_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Лімб (релігія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лімб (релігія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m_b%C3%B4" title="Lâm bô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lâm bô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbes" title="Limbes – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Limbes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls 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For other uses of the term, see <a href="/wiki/Limbo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Limbo (disambiguation)">Limbo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbo&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Follower_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_Christ_in_Limbo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Follower_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_Christ_in_Limbo.jpg/290px-Follower_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_Christ_in_Limbo.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Follower_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_Christ_in_Limbo.jpg/435px-Follower_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_Christ_in_Limbo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Follower_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_Christ_in_Limbo.jpg/580px-Follower_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_Christ_in_Limbo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3164" data-file-height="2584" /></a><figcaption><i>Christ in Limbo</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1575) by an anonymous follower of <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="St. Peter's Basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/220px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/330px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/440px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13066" data-file-height="6823" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, Vatican City</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Overview</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Organisation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theologies</a></li><li>Doctrine</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Ghost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantialitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinum_illud_munus" title="Divinum illud munus">Divinum illud munus</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Decalogus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Ex Cathedra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Deificatio</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Realms beyond the States of the Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Limbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity#Roman_Catholicism" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Paschal_mystery" title="Paschal mystery">Paschal mystery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Blessed Virgin Mary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mater Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_desire" title="Baptism of desire">Baptism of desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_blood" title="Baptism of blood">Baptism of blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">Outside the Church there is no salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invincible_ignorance_(Catholic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invincible ignorance (Catholic theology)">Invincible ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Christianity)" title="Merit (Christianity)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">Satisfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">Moral influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Bishops" title="College of Bishops">College of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_of_faith" title="Deposit of faith">Deposit of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystici_corporis_Christi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystici corporis Christi">Mystical Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Perfect community</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Other teachings</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_the_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic theology of the body">Body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Body" title="Theology of the Body">Lectures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_sexuality" title="Catholic theology of sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination#Catholicism" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">Beatific vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Official Bible</li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">Apostolic exhortation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Epistula Encyclica</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Virtues">Cardinal Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Catholic ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism#Catholic_personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li><a 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class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template talk:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a>, <b>Limbo</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/limbus" class="extiw" title="wikt:limbus">limbus</a></i>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">edge</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">boundary</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, referring to the edge of <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> condition of those who die in <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> without being assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell#New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">Hell of the Damned</a>. However, it has become the general term to refer to <a href="/wiki/Nothing" title="Nothing">nothing</a> between time and space in general. Medieval theologians of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> described the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">hell</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades" title="Christian views on Hades">hades</a>", "infernum") as divided into three distinct parts: Hell of the Damned,<sup id="cite_ref-Gehenna_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehenna-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#Limbo_of_the_Patriarchs">Limbo of the Fathers or Patriarchs</a>, and <a href="#Limbo_of_Infants">Limbo of the Infants</a>. The Limbo of the Fathers is an official <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, but the Limbo of the Infants is not.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of Limbo comes from the idea that, in the case of Limbo of the Fathers, good people were not able to achieve <a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">heaven</a> just because they were born before the birth of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>. This is also true for Limbo of the Infants in that simply because a child died before <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, does not mean they deserve punishment, though they cannot achieve <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limbo_of_the_Patriarchs">Limbo of the Patriarchs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Limbo of the Patriarchs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domenico_Beccafumi_018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Domenico_Beccafumi_018.jpg/220px-Domenico_Beccafumi_018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Domenico_Beccafumi_018.jpg/330px-Domenico_Beccafumi_018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Domenico_Beccafumi_018.jpg/440px-Domenico_Beccafumi_018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2473" /></a><figcaption><i>Jesus in Limbo</i> by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Beccafumi" title="Domenico Beccafumi">Domenico Beccafumi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The "Limbo of the Patriarchs" or "Limbo of the Fathers" (Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">limbus patrum</i></span>) is seen as the temporary state of those who, despite the sins they may have committed, died in the friendship of God but could not enter heaven until redemption by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> made it possible. The term <i>Limbo of the Fathers</i> was a medieval name for the part of the underworld (<a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades" title="Christian views on Hades">Hades</a>) where the patriarchs of the Old Testament were believed to be kept until Christ's soul descended into it by his death<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through crucifixion and freed them. The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> describes Christ's descent into Hell as meaning primarily that "the crucified one sojourned in the realm of the dead prior to his resurrection. This was the first meaning given in the apostolic preaching to Christ's descent into Hell: that Jesus, like all men, experienced death and in his soul joined the others in the realm of the dead." It adds: "But he descended there as Saviour, proclaiming the <a href="/wiki/Good_News_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good News (Christianity)">Good News</a> to the spirits imprisoned there." It does not use the word <i>Limbo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This concept of Limbo affirms that admittance to heaven is possible only through the intervention of Jesus Christ, but does not portray <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, etc. as being punished eternally in Hell. The concept of Limbo of the Patriarchs is not spelled out in Scripture, but is seen by some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> as implicit in various references: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_16" title="Luke 16">Luke 16</a>:22 speaks of the "<a href="/wiki/Bosom_of_Abraham" title="Bosom of Abraham">bosom of Abraham</a>", which both the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, following early Christian writers, understand as a temporary state of souls awaiting entrance into heaven. The end of that state is set either at the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the Dead">Resurrection of the Dead</a>, the most common interpretation in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">East</a>, or at the <a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a>, the most common interpretation in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">West</a>, but adopted also by some in the East.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jesus told the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dismas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Dismas">Good Thief</a> that the two of them would be together "this day" in <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luke_23" title="Luke 23">Luke 23</a>:43; see also <a href="/wiki/Matthew_27" title="Matthew 27">Matthew 27</a>:38); but on the Sunday of his <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a> he said that he had "not yet <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">ascended to the Father</a>" (<a href="/wiki/John_20:17" title="John 20:17">John 20:17</a>). At least one Medieval devotional source<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a course of Catholic religious instruction dating to or before the early 1900s<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> posit the view that the <a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">descent of Jesus Christ to the abode of the dead</a>, his presence among them, turned it into a paradise. It is also possible that the intended text was not "I say to you, This day you will be with me in paradise", but "I say to you this day, You will be with me in paradise". <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Radcliffe" title="Timothy Radcliffe">Timothy Radcliffe</a> explained the "today" as a reference to the "Today of eternity".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jesus is also described as preaching to "the <a href="/wiki/Spirits_in_prison" title="Spirits in prison">spirits in prison</a>" (<a href="/wiki/1_Peter_3:19" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Peter 3:19">1 Peter 3:19</a>). <a href="/wiki/Medieval_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval drama">Medieval drama</a> sometimes portrayed Christ leading a dramatic assault – the <a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a> – during the three days between the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a> and the resurrection. In this assault, Jesus freed the souls of the just and escorted them triumphantly into heaven. This imagery is still used in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a> <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> (between <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Pascha</a>) and in Eastern Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Icons" class="mw-redirect" title="Icons">icons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a>.</li> <li>The doctrine expressed by the term <i>Limbo of the Fathers</i> was taught, for instance, by <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 215</span>), who maintained: "It is not right that these should be condemned without trial, and that those alone who lived after the coming [of Christ] should have the advantage of the divine righteousness."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limbo_of_Infants">Limbo of Infants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Limbo of Infants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Salvation_of_infants" title="Salvation of infants">Salvation of infants</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chora_Anastasis1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chora_Anastasis1.jpg/310px-Chora_Anastasis1.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chora_Anastasis1.jpg/465px-Chora_Anastasis1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chora_Anastasis1.jpg/620px-Chora_Anastasis1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Byzantine depiction in the <a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Church of Chora</a> of the resurrection of Christ, raising <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> who represent all humankind, with the righteous prophets of the Old Testament observing</figcaption></figure> <p>The Limbo of Infants (Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">limbus infantium</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">limbus puerorum</i></span>) is the hypothetical permanent status of the <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">unbaptised</a> who die in <a href="/wiki/Infancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Infancy">infancy</a>, too young to have committed actual sins, but not having been freed from <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>. Recent Catholic theological speculation tends to stress the hope, although not the certainty, that these infants may attain heaven instead of the state of Limbo. Many Catholic priests and prelates say that the souls of unbaptized children must simply be "entrusted to the mercy of God", and whatever their status is cannot be known.<sup id="cite_ref-ITC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogmatic definition">defined</a> doctrine on original sin, it has none on the eternal fate of unbaptised infants, leaving theologians free to propose different theories, which <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">magisterium</a> is free to accept or reject. Nonetheless, according to Catholic dogma, baptism, or at least the desire for it, along with supernatural faith or at least the "habit of faith", are necessary for salvation. Hence, it is not immediately clear how to reconcile the mercy of God for unbaptized infants with the necessity of baptism and Catholic faith for salvation. Several theories have been proposed. Limbo is one such theory,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the word <i>limbo</i> itself is never mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the theory of limbo has weighty support in the traditional teaching of the Doctors of the Church, such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas Aquinas">Saint Thomas Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine">Saint Augustine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Alphonsus_Liguori" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Alphonsus Liguori">Saint Alphonsus Liguori</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_Fathers">Latin Fathers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Latin Fathers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In countering <a href="/wiki/Pelagius" title="Pelagius">Pelagius</a>, who denied original sin, Saint <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> was led to state that because of original sin, "such infants as quit the body without being baptized will be involved in the mildest condemnation of all. That person, therefore, greatly deceives both himself and others, who teaches that they will not be involved in condemnation; whereas the apostle says: 'Judgment from one offence to condemnation' (<a href="/wiki/Romans_5" title="Romans 5">Romans 5</a>:16), and again a little after: 'By the offence of one upon all persons to condemnation'."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 418, the <a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Carthage#Council_of_418" title="Councils of Carthage">Council of Carthage</a>, a synod of North African bishops which included Augustine of Hippo, did not explicitly endorse all aspects of Augustine's stern view about the destiny of infants who die without baptism, but stated in some manuscripts<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CCAC_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCAC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "that there is no intermediate or other happy dwelling place for children who have left this life without Baptism, without which they cannot enter the kingdom of heaven, that is, eternal life".<sup id="cite_ref-CCAC_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCAC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So great was Augustine's influence in the West, however, that the Latin Fathers of the 5th and 6th centuries (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avitus_of_Vienne" title="Avitus of Vienne">Avitus of Vienne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a>) did adopt his position.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_theologians">Medieval theologians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval theologians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the later Medieval period, some theologians continued to hold Augustine's view. In the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a> (1079–1142) said that these infants suffered no material torment or positive punishment, just the pain of loss at being denied the beatific vision. Others held that unbaptised infants suffered no pain at all: unaware of being deprived of the <a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">beatific vision</a>, they enjoyed a state of natural, not supernatural happiness. This theory was associated with but independent of the term "Limbo of Infants", which was coined about the year 1300.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If heaven is a state of supernatural happiness and union with <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, and Hell is understood as a state of torture and separation from God then, in this view, the Limbo of Infants, although technically part of hell (the outermost part, <i>limbo</i> meaning 'outer edge' or 'hem') is seen as a sort of intermediate state. </p><p>The question of Limbo is not treated in the parts of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, but is dealt with in an appendix to the supplement added after his death compiled from his earlier writings.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Limbo of Infants is there described as an eternal state of natural joy, untempered by any sense of loss at how much greater their joy might have been had they been baptised: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Every man who has the use of free-will is adapted to obtain eternal life, because he can prepare himself for grace whereby to merit eternal life; so that if he fails in this, his grief will be very great, since he has lost what he was able to possess. But children were never adapted to possess eternal life, since neither was this due to them by virtue of their natural principles, for it surpasses the entire faculty of nature, nor could they perform acts of their own whereby to obtain so great a good. Hence, they will nowise grieve for being deprived of the divine vision; nay, rather will they rejoice for that they will have a large share of God's goodness and their own natural perfections. Nor can it be said that they were adapted to obtain eternal life, not indeed by their own action, but by the actions of others around them, since they could be baptised by others, like other children of the same condition who have been baptised and obtained eternal life: for this is of superabundant grace that one should be rewarded without any act of one's own. Wherefore the lack of such a grace will not cause sorrow in children who die without Baptism, any more than the lack of many graces accorded to others of the same condition makes a wise man to grieve.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Summa Theologica</i></span>, Supplement 1 to the Third Part, article 2<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The natural happiness possessed in this place would consist in the perception of God mediated through creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As stated in the International Theological Commission's document on the question: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Because children below the age of reason did not commit actual sin, theologians came to the common view that these unbaptized children feel no pain at all or even that they enjoy a full, though only natural, happiness through their mediated union with God in all natural goods (Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1442, the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Council">Ecumenical</a> <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> spoke of baptism as necessary even for children, and required that they be baptised soon after birth.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had earlier been affirmed at the Council of Carthage in 418. The Council of Florence also stated that those who die in original sin alone go to Hell, but with pains unequal to those suffered by those who had committed actual mortal sins.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>'s attack on the necessity of infant baptism was condemned by another general council, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1547, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> explicitly decreed that baptism (or <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_desire" title="Baptism of desire">desire for baptism</a>) was the means by which one is transferred "from that state wherein man is born a child of the first Adam, to the state of grace, and of the adoption of the sons of God, through the second Adam, Jesus Christ, our Saviour.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> taught of Limbo's existence in his <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_Saint_Pius_X" title="Catechism of Saint Pius X">Catechism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, individual theologians (Bianchi in 1768, H. Klee in 1835, Caron in 1855, H. Schell in 1893) continued to formulate theories of how children who died unbaptised might still be saved. By 1952 a theologian such as <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ott" title="Ludwig Ott">Ludwig Ott</a> could, in a widely used and well-regarded manual, openly teach the possibility that children who die unbaptised might be saved for heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also told about <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a>, a major 16th-century theologian, that suggested infants dying in the womb before birth, and so before ordinary sacramental baptism could be administered, might be saved through their mother's wish for their baptism. In its 1980 instruction on children's baptism the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> stated that "with regard to children who die without having received baptism, the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God, as indeed she does in the funeral rite established for them",<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> leaving all theories as to their fate, including Limbo, as viable possibilities. In 1984, when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Joseph Ratzinger</a>, then Cardinal Prefect of that Congregation, stated that he rejected the claim that children who die unbaptised cannot attain salvation, he was speaking for many academic theologians of his training and background.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Church's teaching, expressed in the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>, is that "Baptism is necessary for salvation for those to whom the Gospel has been proclaimed and who have had the possibility of asking for this sacrament", and that "God has bound salvation to the sacrament of Baptism, but he himself is not bound by his sacraments". It recalls that, apart from the sacrament, <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_blood" title="Baptism of blood">baptism of blood</a> (as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian martyrs">Christian martyrs</a>) and in the case of <a href="/wiki/Catechumens" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechumens">catechumens</a> who die before receiving the sacrament, explicit desire for baptism, together with Catholic faith, repentance for their sins (specifically <a href="/wiki/Perfect_contrition" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect contrition">perfect contrition</a>, in the case of catechumens) and charity, ensures salvation. It also states that since Christ died for all and all are called to the same divine destiny, "every man who is ignorant of the Gospel of Christ and of his Church, but seeks the truth and does the will of God in accordance with his understanding of it, can be saved", seeing that, if they had known of the necessity of baptism, they would have desired it explicitly.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, at the Council of Trent and in the Vatican's response to <a href="/wiki/Feeneyism" title="Feeneyism">Feeneyism</a> in the 1940s, the Church affirmed in every case the necessity of Catholic faith (also called "supernatural faith"), or at least the "habit of faith", for salvation. </p><p>It then states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As regards children who have died without Baptism, the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God, as she does in her funeral rites for them. Indeed, the great mercy of God who desires that all men should be saved, and Jesus' tenderness toward children which caused him to say: "Let the children come to me, do not hinder them",<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allow us to hope that there is a way of salvation for children who have died without Baptism. All the more urgent is the Church's call not to prevent little children coming to Christ through the gift of holy Baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Merely stating that one can "hope" in a way of salvation other than baptism, the Church thus urgently reiterates its appeal to baptize infants, the only certain means to "not prevent" their "coming to Christ" for salvation. </p><p>On 20 April 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-CNSapril07_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNSapril07-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the advisory body known as the <a href="/wiki/International_Theological_Commission" title="International Theological Commission">International Theological Commission</a> released a document, originally commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, entitled "The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die without Being Baptized."<sup id="cite_ref-ITC_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After tracing the history of the various opinions that have been and are held on the eternal fate of unbaptized infants, including that connected with the theory of the Limbo of Infants, and after examining the theological arguments, the document stated its conclusion as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our conclusion is that the many factors that we have considered above give serious theological and liturgical grounds for hope that unbaptized infants who die will be saved and enjoy the beatific vision. We emphasize that these are reasons for prayerful hope, rather than grounds for sure knowledge. There is much that simply has not been revealed to us.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> We live by faith and hope in the God of mercy and love who has been revealed to us in Christ, and the Spirit moves us to pray in constant thankfulness and joy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What has been revealed to us is that the ordinary way of salvation is by the sacrament of baptism. None of the above considerations should be taken as qualifying the necessity of baptism or justifying delay in administering the sacrament. Rather, as we want to reaffirm in conclusion, they provide strong grounds for hope that God will save infants when we have not been able to do for them what we would have wished to do, namely, to baptize them into the faith and life of the Church.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> authorized publication of this document, indicating that he considers it consistent with the Church's teaching, though it is not an official expression of that teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-CNSapril07_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNSapril07-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media reports that by the document "the Pope closed Limbo"<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are thus without foundation. In fact, the document explicitly states that "the theory of <i>limbo</i>, understood as a state which includes the souls of infants who die subject to original sin and without baptism, and who, therefore, neither merit the beatific vision, nor yet are subjected to any punishment, because they are not guilty of any personal sin. This theory, elaborated by theologians beginning in the Middle Ages, never entered into the dogmatic definitions of the Magisterium. Still, that same Magisterium did at times mention the theory in its ordinary teaching up until the Second Vatican Council. It remains therefore a possible theological hypothesis" (second preliminary paragraph); and in paragraph 41 it repeats that the theory of Limbo "remains a possible theological opinion". The document thus allows the hypothesis of a limbo of infants to be held as one of the existing theories about the fate of children who die without being baptised, a question on which there is "no explicit answer" from Scripture or tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-CNSapril07_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNSapril07-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional theological alternative to Limbo was not heaven, but rather some degree of suffering in Hell. At any rate, these theories are not the official teaching of the Catholic Church, but are only opinions that the Church does not condemn, permitting them to be held by its members, just as is the theory of possible salvation for infants dying without baptism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_denominations_and_religions">In other denominations and religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In other denominations and religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_Other_Worlds.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Comparison_of_Other_Worlds.png/220px-Comparison_of_Other_Worlds.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Comparison_of_Other_Worlds.png/330px-Comparison_of_Other_Worlds.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Comparison_of_Other_Worlds.png/440px-Comparison_of_Other_Worlds.png 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of Other-wordly places in Christianity and Islam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5part-icon-Hell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/5part-icon-Hell.jpg/290px-5part-icon-Hell.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/5part-icon-Hell.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> righteous follow Christ from <a href="/wiki/Hades_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hades in Christianity">Hades</a> to <a href="/wiki/Heaven_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaven (Christianity)">heaven</a> (Russian icon).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Jewish sources are conflicted about what happens to individuals after they die, the concept of limbo does not arise. Furthermore, even the conception of Hell in Judaism is presented as a temporary stage, typically transpiring over a short period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, the judgment of the wicked in <a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a> lasts for twelve months.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This teaching is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a> (50-135 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestant_and_Eastern_Orthodox">Protestant and Eastern Orthodox</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Protestant and Eastern Orthodox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neither the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> accepts the concept of a limbo of infants;<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, while not using the expression "Limbo of the Patriarchs", the Eastern Orthodox Church lays much stress on the resurrected Christ's action of liberating <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> and other righteous figures of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> and <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, from Hades (see <a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a>). </p><p>Some Protestants have a similar understanding of those who died as believers prior to the crucifixion of Jesus residing in a place that is not Heaven, but not Hell. The doctrine holds that Hades has two "compartments", one an unnamed place of torment, the other named "Abraham's bosom". <a href="/wiki/Luke_16" title="Luke 16">Luke 16</a>:19–16:26 speaks of a chasm fixed between the two which cannot be crossed. Those in the unnamed "compartment" have no hope, and will ultimately be consigned to hell. Those in Abraham's bosom are those of whom it is written of Jesus, "When He ascended on high, He led captive a host of captives" (<a href="/wiki/Ephesians_4" title="Ephesians 4">Ephesians 4</a>:8), quoting <a href="/wiki/Psalm_68" title="Psalm 68">Psalm 68</a>:18). These individuals, the captives, now reside with God in Heaven. Both "Compartments" still exist, but Abraham's bosom is now empty, while the other chamber is not, according to this doctrine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nontrinitarian">Nontrinitarian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nontrinitarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a> teach that "there is a space between death and the resurrection of the body<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] a state of the soul in happiness or in misery until the time<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] that the dead shall come forth, and be reunited, both soul and body, and be brought to stand before God, and be judged according to their works."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also taught that "all who have died without a knowledge of [the] gospel, who would have received it if they had been permitted to tarry, shall be heirs of the celestial kingdom of God.".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a>, and others have taught that the <a href="/wiki/Soul_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul sleep">dead are unconscious</a> (or even nonexistent), awaiting their destiny on <a href="/wiki/Judgment_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment Day">Judgment Day</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Hamistagan" title="Hamistagan">hamistagan</a></i> is similar to Limbo. Hamistagan is a neutral state in which a soul that was neither good nor evil awaits <a href="/wiki/Judgment_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment Day">Judgment Day</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, which denies the existence of original sin in totality, the concept of Limbo exists as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Barzakh" title="Barzakh">Barzakh</a></i></span>, the state that exists after death, prior to the day of resurrection. During this period, sinners are punished and the adequately purified rest in comfort. Children, however, are exempt from this stage, as they are regarded as innocent and are automatically classed as Muslims (despite religious upbringing). After death, they go directly to Heaven, where they are cared for by Abraham.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Christian_Louis_Lange" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Louis Lange">Christian Louis Lange</a>, Islam also possesses a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-aʿrāf</i></span> (cf. Q.7:46) "a residual place or limbo" situated between heaven and hell where there is "neither punishment nor reward".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_mythology">Greek mythology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Greek mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Classical <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the section of <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Fields_of_Asphodel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fields of Asphodel">Fields of Asphodel</a> were a realm much resembling Limbo, to which the vast majority of people who were held to have deserved neither the <a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysian Fields</a> (Heaven) nor <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a> (Hell) were consigned for eternity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">antarabhāva</i></span>) is sometimes described as similar to limbo. It is an intermediate state in which the recently deceased experiences various phenomena before being reborn in another state, including heaven or hell. According to <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna Buddhism">Mahāyāna Buddhism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhat</a> must ultimately embrace the path of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a>, despite having reached <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a>. The <a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a> states that an arhat obtains a <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">samādhikāya</i></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">rapture-body</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and is reborn in a lotus in a transitory state of existence, unable to awaken for a whole eon. This is likened to a person intoxicated who must spend a certain period of time before becoming sober.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_circle_of_hell" title="First circle of hell">First circle of hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_state_(Christianity)" title="Intermediate state (Christianity)">Intermediate state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matarta" title="Matarta">Matarta</a> in Mandaeism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatrin" title="Shatrin">Shatrin</a> in Mandaeism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)">Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirits_in_prison" title="Spirits in prison">Spirits in prison</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collection.imamuseum.org/artwork/79340/">"Christ in Limbo"</a>. <i>Indianapolis Museum of Art Online Collection</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indianapolis+Museum+of+Art+Online+Collection&rft.atitle=Christ+in+Limbo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollection.imamuseum.org%2Fartwork%2F79340%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gehenna-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gehenna_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07207a.htm"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>: Hell</a>: "However, in the New Testament the term <a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a> is used more frequently in preference to hades, as a name for the place of punishment of the damned.<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] held in abomination by the Jews, who, accordingly, used the name of this valley to designate the abode of the damned (Targ. Jon., Gen., iii, 24; Henoch, c. xxvi). And Christ adopted this usage of the term." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=115&letter=G#345"><i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>: Gehenna: Sin and Merit</a>: "It is frequently said that certain sins will lead man into Gehenna. The name "Gehenna" itself is explained to mean that unchastity will lead to Gehenna (; 'Er. 19a); so also will adultery, idolatry, pride, mockery, hypocrisy, anger, etc. (Soṭah 4b, 41b; Ta'an. 5a; B. B. 10b, 78b; 'Ab. Zarah 18b; Ned. 22a)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09256a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Limbo"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Limbo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F09256a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/4052.htm#2">"SUMMA THEOLOGIAE: Christ's descent into hell (Tertia Pars, Q. 52)"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=SUMMA+THEOLOGIAE%3A+Christ%27s+descent+into+hell+%28Tertia+Pars%2C+Q.+52%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F4052.htm%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1R.HTM">Catechism of the Catholic Church, 633</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodoxeurope.org/page/11/1/5.aspx">Bishop Hilarion Alfeyev: <i>Christ the Conqueror of Hell</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Clark_BartlettThomas_Howard_Bestul1999" class="citation book cs1">Anne Clark Bartlett; Thomas Howard Bestul (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3auKFLqCKxEC&q=%22with+me+in+paradise%22+limbo+today&pg=PA100"><i>Cultures of Piety: Medieval English Devotional Literature in Translation</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8455-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8455-3"><bdi>0-8014-8455-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+of+Piety%3A+Medieval+English+Devotional+Literature+in+Translation&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8014-8455-3&rft.au=Anne+Clark+Bartlett&rft.au=Thomas+Howard+Bestul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3auKFLqCKxEC%26q%3D%2522with%2Bme%2Bin%2Bparadise%2522%2Blimbo%2Btoday%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois_Xavier_Schouppe2010" class="citation book cs1">François Xavier Schouppe (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2PkLrlvWctoC&pg=PA248"><i>Abridged course of religious instruction, apologetic, dogmatic, and moral: for the use of Catholic colleges and schools</i></a>. Burns & Oates. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445555904" title="Special:BookSources/9781445555904"><bdi>9781445555904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abridged+course+of+religious+instruction%2C+apologetic%2C+dogmatic%2C+and+moral%3A+for+the+use+of+Catholic+colleges+and+schools&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Burns+%26+Oates&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781445555904&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois+Xavier+Schouppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2PkLrlvWctoC%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Radcliffe2004" class="citation book cs1">Timothy Radcliffe (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qkLUB6c4h1UC&q=Radcliffe+%22with+me+in+paradise%22&pg=PA25"><i>Seven Last Words</i></a>. Burns & Oates. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-397-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-397-9"><bdi>0-86012-397-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Last+Words&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Burns+%26+Oates&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-86012-397-9&rft.au=Timothy+Radcliffe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqkLUB6c4h1UC%26q%3DRadcliffe%2B%2522with%2Bme%2Bin%2Bparadise%2522%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/clement-stromata-book6.html">Stromata, book VI, chapter VI</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITC-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ITC_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ITC_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070419_un-baptised-infants_en.html">The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die without Being Baptised, ITC</a>, 22 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070419_un-baptised-infants_en.html">Study by International Theological Commission</a>, 22 April 2007, 32–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p2s2c1a1.htm#1261"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, 1261</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%205:18&version=nrsv">Romans 5:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/15011.htm">On Merit and the Forgiveness of Sins, and the Baptism of Infants</a>; cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070419_un-baptised-infants_en.html#_ftn41">Study by the International Theological Commission</a>, 22 April 2007], 15–18]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070419_un-baptised-infants_en.html#_ftn41">Study by the International Theological Commission</a>, 22 April 2007, footnote 41]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCAC-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCAC_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCAC_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3816.htm">Canon 110 of the Code of Canons of the African Church</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070419_un-baptised-infants_en.html#_ftn41">Study by the International Theological Commission</a>, 22 April 2007, 19]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070419_un-baptised-infants_en.html#_ftn41">Study by the International Theological Commission, 22 April 2007</a>, 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070419_un-baptised-infants_en.html#_ftn41">Study by the International Theological Commission</a>, 22 April 2007, 21–25]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Summa_Theologiae/Supplement_to_the_Third_Part/EDITOR%27S_NOTE" class="extiw" title="s:Summa Theologiae/Supplement to the Third Part/EDITOR'S NOTE">Summa Theologiae, Supplement to the Third Part, EDITOR'S NOTE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Summa_Theologiae/Appendix/Question_1" class="extiw" title="s:Summa Theologiae/Appendix/Question 1"><i>Summa Theologica</i>, Supplement 1 to the Third Part, article 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feingold, Lawrence. <i>The Natural Desire to See God According to St. Thomas and His Interpreters.</i> 2nd edition. Ave Maria: Sapientia Press of Ave Maria University. 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=7529&CFID=79131013&CFTOKEN=19869646">The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptised</a>, 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtin2007" class="citation book cs1">Curtin, D. P. (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=ZkzyEAAAQBAJ&pli=1"><i>Laetentur Caeli: Bulls of Union with the Greeks, Armenians, Coptic, and Ethiopian Churches</i></a>. Dalcassian Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798869171504" title="Special:BookSources/9798869171504"><bdi>9798869171504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laetentur+Caeli%3A+Bulls+of+Union+with+the+Greeks%2C+Armenians%2C+Coptic%2C+and+Ethiopian+Churches&rft.pub=Dalcassian+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007-01&rft.isbn=9798869171504&rft.aulast=Curtin&rft.aufirst=D.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%3Fid%3DZkzyEAAAQBAJ%26pli%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/FLORENCE.HTM#5">Council of Florence Session 11 (Bull <i>Cantate Domino</i>):</a> "With regard to children, since the danger of death is often present and the only remedy available to them is the sacrament of baptism by which they are snatched away from the dominion of the devil and adopted as children of God, it admonishes that sacred baptism is not to be deferred for forty or eighty days or any other period of time"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/FLORENCE.HTM#3">Council of Florence Session 6</a> "...the souls of those who depart this life in actual mortal sin, or in original sin alone, go down straight away to hell to be punished, but with unequal pains."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Session 15, 6 July 1415</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct06.html"><i>The Council of Trent – The Sixth Session</i></a>, translated by J. Waterworth (1848 ed.), London: Dolman (retrieved from Hanover College)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Council+of+Trent+%E2%80%93+The+Sixth+Session&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1848&rft.pub=Dolman+%28retrieved+from+Hanover+College%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.hanover.edu%2Ftexts%2Ftrent%2Fct06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPius_X" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pius X. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sursumcorda.cloud/images/Catechismo-dottrina-Cristiana/Catechismo-Dottrina-Cristiana.pdf"><i>Catechismo della dottrina cristiana</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian). p. 30 (Question 100).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechismo+della+dottrina+cristiana&rft.pages=30+%28Question+100%29&rft.au=Pius+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sursumcorda.cloud%2Fimages%2FCatechismo-dottrina-Cristiana%2FCatechismo-Dottrina-Cristiana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Other emergency means of baptism for children dying without sacramental baptism, such as prayer and the desire of the parents or the Church (vicarious baptism of desire – Cajetan), or the attainment of the use of reason in the moment of death, so that the dying child can decide for or against God (baptism of desire – H. Klee), or suffering and death of the child as quasi-Sacrament (baptism of suffering – H. Schell), are indeed possible, but their actuality cannot be proved from Revelation. Cf. <a href="/wiki/Enchiridion_symbolorum,_definitionum_et_declarationum_de_rebus_fidei_et_morum" title="Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum">Denzinger</a> 712." Ludwig Ott, <i>Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma</i>, Book 2, Section 2, § 25 (p. 114 of the 1963 edition)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith1980" class="citation cs2">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (20 October 1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=7521#1c">"The Church's Mission"</a>, <i>Pastoralis Actio</i>, CatholicCulture.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Church%27s+Mission&rft.btitle=Pastoralis+Actio&rft.pub=CatholicCulture.org&rft.date=1980-10-20&rft.au=Congregation+for+the+Doctrine+of+the+Faith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Flibrary%2Fview.cfm%3Fid%3D7521%231c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s2c1a1.htm"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, 1257–1260</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2010:14&version=nrsv">Mark 10:14</a>; cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Timothy%202:4&version=nrsv">1 Timothy 2:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p2s2c1a1.htm#VI"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, 1261</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930092218/https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p2s2c1a1.htm#VI">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNSapril07-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNSapril07_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNSapril07_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNSapril07_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Service" title="Catholic News Service">Catholic News Service</a> (20 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070423134517/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0702216.htm">"Vatican commission: Limbo reflects 'restrictive view of salvation'"</a>. Retrieved 20 April 2007. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2016:12&version=nrsv">John 16:12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Thessalonians%205:18&version=nrsv">1 Thessalonians 5:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/21/world/europe/21briefs-limbo.html">"Vatican City: Pope Closes Limbo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 21 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Vatican+City%3A+Pope+Closes+Limbo&rft.date=2007-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F04%2F21%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F21briefs-limbo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/heaven-and-hell-in-jewish-tradition/">Rose, O. N. (n.d.). "Heaven and Hell in Jewish Tradition". <i>My Jewish Learning</i>. Accessed 23 January 2024.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Shabbat.33b.7?ven=William_Davidson_Edition_-_English&lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">BT Shab. 33b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Eduyot.2.10?lang=bi">Mishnah Eduyot 2:10.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/limbo3.htm">"Limbo: Recent statements by the Catholic Church, and Protestant views"</a>. <i>Religioustolerance.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religioustolerance.org&rft.atitle=Limbo%3A+Recent+statements+by+the+Catholic+Church%2C+and+Protestant+views&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Flimbo3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/alma/40?id=p21#p21">Alma 40:21</a> See <a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)">Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/137.7?lang=eng">D&C 137:7</a> See <a href="/wiki/Baptism_for_the_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism for the Dead">Baptism for the Dead</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahih-bukhari.com/Pages/Bukhari_9_88.php">Al-Bukhary, Volume 9, Book 88, Number 171</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CLLHiIT" class="citation book cs1">Lange, Christian (2016). "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies". In Christian Lange (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7"><i>Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-30121-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7">10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introducing+Hell+in+Islamic+Studies&rft.btitle=Locating+Hell+in+Islamic+Traditions&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctt1w8h1w3.7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30121-4&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctt1w8h1w3.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerrill2012" class="citation book cs1">Verrill, Wayne (2012). <i>The Yogini's Eye: Comprehensive Introduction to Buddhist Tantra</i>. Xlibris Corporation. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477150443" title="Special:BookSources/9781477150443"><bdi>9781477150443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yogini%27s+Eye%3A+Comprehensive+Introduction+to+Buddhist+Tantra&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781477150443&rft.aulast=Verrill&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Limbo_(afterlife)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Limbo (afterlife)">Limbo</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/limbo" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/limbo">limbo</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Vanhoutte, Kristof K.P. (2018) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palgrave.com/de/book/9783319789125">Limbo Reapplied. On Living in Perennial Crisis and the Immanent Afterlife</a></i>. Cham, Palgrave Macmillan.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Limbo"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Limbo">"Limbo" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Limbo&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimbo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070419_un-baptised-infants_en.html"><i>The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptized</i></a> (document of the International Theological Commission)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120529123207/http://www.romancatholicism.org/jansenism/limbo-pelagianism.htm"><i>Unbaptized Infants Suffer Fire and Limbo Is a Heretical Pelagian Fable</i></a>(a <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist Catholic">Traditionalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedevacantist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedevacantist">sedevacantist</a> perspective)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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