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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">John Logie Baird</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-fr-revisiontag" class="flaggedrevs_short plainlinks noprint"><div class="flaggedrevs_short_basic"><img class="flaggedrevs-icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf21/extensions/FlaggedRevs/frontend/modules/img/doc-magnify.png" alt="Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page." title="Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page."/><img id="mw-fr-revisiontoggle" class="fr-toggle-arrow" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf21/extensions/FlaggedRevs/frontend/modules/img/arrow-down.png" 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and new users are subject to review"><img alt="Page protected with pending changes level 1" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Padlock-silver-light.svg/20px-Padlock-silver-light.svg.png" width="20" height="20" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Padlock-silver-light.svg/30px-Padlock-silver-light.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Padlock-silver-light.svg/40px-Padlock-silver-light.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></div> <table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em"> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">John Logie Baird</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Logie_Baird00.jpg" class="image"><img alt="John Logie Baird00.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/John_Logie_Baird00.jpg/220px-John_Logie_Baird00.jpg" width="220" height="294" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5f/John_Logie_Baird00.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5f/John_Logie_Baird00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="365"/></a> <div>John Logie Baird</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Born</th> <td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1888-08-14</span>)</span>14 August 1888<br/> <span class="birthplace"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helensburgh" title="Helensburgh">Helensburgh</a>, <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbartonshire" title="Dunbartonshire">Dunbartonshire</a>, Scotland</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Died</th> <td>14 June 1946<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1946-06-14</span>)</span> (aged 57)<br/> <span class="deathplace"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexhill-on-Sea" title="Bexhill-on-Sea">Bexhill</a>, <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, England</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Resting place</div> </th> <td class="label">Baird family grave in <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helensburgh_Cemetery" title="Helensburgh Cemetery">Helensburgh Cemetery</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Residence</th> <td>Scotland and England</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Nationality</th> <td class="category">Scottish</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Education</th> <td><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larchfield_Academy" title="Larchfield Academy" class="mw-redirect">Larchfield Academy</a>, Helensburgh</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Alma mater</th> <td><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Technical_College" title="Royal Technical College" class="mw-redirect">Royal Technical College</a> (now <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">University of Strathclyde</a>), Glasgow</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Occupation</th> <td class="role">Inventor<br/> businessman</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Organization</th> <td class="org">Consulting Technical Adviser, <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_Ltd" title="Cable & Wireless Ltd" class="mw-redirect">Cable & Wireless Ltd</a> (1941–)<br/> director, John Logie Baird Ltd<br/> director, Capital and Provincial Cinemas Ltd</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Known for</th> <td>Inventor of television, including the first <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_television" title="Colour television" class="mw-redirect">colour television</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Religion</th> <td class="category">None<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Spouse(s)</span></th> <td>Margaret Albu (m. 1931)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Children</th> <td>Diana Baird and Malcolm Baird</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Parent(s)</th> <td>Rev John Baird, Minister, <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kirk,_Helensburgh" title="West Kirk, Helensburgh" class="mw-redirect">West Kirk, Helensburgh</a><br/> Jessie Morrison Inglis</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <div style="line-height:1.2em;">Member of the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Society" title="Physical Society" class="mw-redirect">Physical Society</a> (1927)<br/> Member of the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_Society" title="Television Society" class="mw-redirect">Television Society</a> (1927)<br/> Honorary Fellow of the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a> (1937)</div> </td> </tr> </table> <p><b>John Logie Baird</b> <small><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect">FRSE</a></small> (<span class="nowrap"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'l' in 'lie'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">l</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/oʊ/ long 'o' in 'bode'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">oʊ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'g' in 'guy'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ɡ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/i/ 'y' in 'happy'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">i</span></a></span> <span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'b' in 'buy'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">b</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ɛr/ 'err' in 'merry'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ɛr</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'d' in 'dye'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">d</span></a></span><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> 14 August 1888 – 14 June 1946) was a Scottish engineer, innovator and inventor of the world's first <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">mechanical television</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> the first publicly demonstrated colour television system; and the first purely electronic <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_television" title="Colour television" class="mw-redirect">colour television</a> picture tube. Baird's early technological successes and his role in the practical introduction of broadcast television for home entertainment have earned him a prominent place in television's history.</p> <p>In 2002, Baird was ranked number 44 in the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s list of the "<a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a>" following a UK-wide vote.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2006, Baird was named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history, having been listed in the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a>'s 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_years"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early years</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Television_experiments"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Television experiments</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#First_public_demonstrations"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">First public demonstrations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Broadcasting"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Broadcasting</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Other_inventions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Other inventions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Later_years"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Later years</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Legacy_and_honours"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy and honours</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References_and_notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References and notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_years">Early years</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Logie_Baird&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Baird was born at <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="background-color: #fff9f9; color: DarkSlateGray; border: 1px solid #ffdcdc;">8 AM</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what time zone? (February 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> on 14 August 1888 in <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helensburgh" title="Helensburgh">Helensburgh</a>, <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbartonshire" title="Dunbartonshire">Dunbartonshire</a>, and was the youngest of four children of the Reverend John Baird, the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>'s minister for the local St Bride's Church and Jessie Morrison Inglis, the orphaned niece of a wealthy family of shipbuilders from <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>He was educated at <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larchfield_Academy" title="Larchfield Academy" class="mw-redirect">Larchfield Academy</a> (now part of <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomond_School" title="Lomond School">Lomond School</a>) in Helensburgh; the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College</a>; and the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>. His degree course was interrupted by the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War" title="First World War" class="mw-redirect">First World War</a> and he never returned to <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_graduate" title="College graduate" class="mw-redirect">graduate</a>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Television_experiments">Television experiments</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Logie_Baird&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Television experiments">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Logie_Baird,_1st_Image.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/John_Logie_Baird%2C_1st_Image.jpg/220px-John_Logie_Baird%2C_1st_Image.jpg" width="220" height="344" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e6/John_Logie_Baird%2C_1st_Image.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e6/John_Logie_Baird%2C_1st_Image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="349"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Logie_Baird,_1st_Image.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The first known photograph of a moving image produced by Baird's "televisor", circa 1926 (The subject is Baird's business partner Oliver Hutchinson.)</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Logie_Baird,_Apparatus.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/John_Logie_Baird%2C_Apparatus.jpg/220px-John_Logie_Baird%2C_Apparatus.jpg" width="220" height="94" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/John_Logie_Baird%2C_Apparatus.jpg/330px-John_Logie_Baird%2C_Apparatus.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c6/John_Logie_Baird%2C_Apparatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="171"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Logie_Baird,_Apparatus.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> John Logie Baird with his television apparatus, circa 1925</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baird_experimental_broadcast.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Baird_experimental_broadcast.jpg/220px-Baird_experimental_broadcast.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5f/Baird_experimental_broadcast.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5f/Baird_experimental_broadcast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="189"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baird_experimental_broadcast.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> An early experimental television broadcast</div> </div> </div> <p>The development of television was the result of work by many inventors. Among them, Baird was a prominent pioneer and made major advances in the field. Many historians credit Baird with being the first to produce a live, moving, <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyscale" title="Greyscale" class="mw-redirect">greyscale</a> television image from <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflected_light" title="Reflected light" class="mw-redirect">reflected light</a>. Baird achieved this, where other inventors had failed, by obtaining a better photoelectric cell and improving the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_conditioning" title="Signal conditioning">signal conditioning</a> from the photocell and the video amplifier.</p> <p>Between 1902 and 1907, <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Korn" title="Arthur Korn">Arthur Korn</a> invented and built the first successful signal-conditioning circuits for image transmission. The circuits overcame the image-destroying lag effect that is part of selenium photocells. Korn's compensation circuit allowed him to send still <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">fax</a> pictures by telephone or wireless between countries and even over oceans, while his circuit operated without benefit of electronic amplification.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Korn's success at transmitting halftone still images suggested that such compensation circuits might work in television. Baird was the direct beneficiary of Korn's research and success.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In his first attempts to develop a working television system, Baird experimented with the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipkow_disk" title="Nipkow disk">Nipkow disk</a>. <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gottlieb_Nipkow" title="Paul Gottlieb Nipkow">Paul Gottlieb Nipkow</a> had invented this scanning disc system in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambramson87_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambramson87-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Television historian Albert Abramson calls Nipkow's patent "the master television patent".<sup id="cite_ref-Abramson87_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abramson87-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Nipkow's work is important because Baird and many others chose to develop it into a broadcast medium.</p> <p>In early 1923, and in poor health, Baird moved to 21 Linton Crescent, <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a>, on the south coast of England and later rented a workshop in the Queen's Arcade in the town. Baird built what was to become the world's first working television set using items including an old hatbox and a pair of scissors, some darning needles, a few bicycle light lenses, a used tea chest, and sealing wax and glue that he purchased.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> In February 1924, he demonstrated to the <i>Radio Times</i> that a semi-mechanical <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogue_television" title="Analogue television" class="mw-redirect">analogue television</a> system was possible by transmitting moving silhouette images. In July of the same year, he received a 1000-volt electric shock, but survived with only a burnt hand. His landlord, Mr Tree, asked him to quit his workshop and he moved to upstairs rooms in <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho" title="Soho">Soho</a>, London, where he made a technical breakthrough<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Baird gave the first public demonstration of moving silhouette images by television at <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfridges" title="Selfridges">Selfridges</a> department store in London in a three-week series of demonstrations beginning on 25 March 1925.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Logie_Baird_and_Stooky_Bill.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_Logie_Baird_and_Stooky_Bill.png/350px-John_Logie_Baird_and_Stooky_Bill.png" width="350" height="265" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_Logie_Baird_and_Stooky_Bill.png/525px-John_Logie_Baird_and_Stooky_Bill.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_Logie_Baird_and_Stooky_Bill.png/700px-John_Logie_Baird_and_Stooky_Bill.png 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="811"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Logie_Baird_and_Stooky_Bill.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Baird in 1925 with his televisor equipment and dummies "James" and "Stooky Bill".</div> </div> </div> <p>In his laboratory on 2 October 1925, Baird successfully transmitted the first television picture with a greyscale image: the head of a ventriloquist's dummy nicknamed "<a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stooky_Bill" title="Stooky Bill">Stooky Bill</a>" in a 30-line vertically scanned image, at five pictures per second.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> Baird went downstairs and fetched an office worker, 20-year-old William Edward Taynton, to see what a human face would look like, and Taynton became the first person to be televised in a full tonal range.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Looking for publicity, Baird visited the <i>Daily Express</i> newspaper to promote his invention. The news editor was terrified and he was quoted by one of his staff as saying: "For God's sake, go down to reception and get rid of a lunatic who's down there. He says he's got a machine for seeing by wireless! Watch him — he may have a razor on him."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="First_public_demonstrations">First public demonstrations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Logie_Baird&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First public demonstrations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>On 26 January 1926, Baird repeated the transmission for members of the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a> and a reporter from <i><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> in his laboratory at 22 <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frith_Street" title="Frith Street">Frith Street</a> in the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho" title="Soho">Soho</a> district of London.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> By this time, he had improved the scan rate to 12.5 pictures per second. It was the first demonstration of a television system that could broadcast live moving images with tone graduation.</p> <p>He demonstrated the world's first colour transmission on 3 July 1928, using scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures, each spiral with a filter of a different primary colour; and three light sources at the receiving end, with a commutator to alternate their illumination.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> That same year he also demonstrated stereoscopic television.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 1932, Baird was the first person in the United Kingdom to demonstrate ultra-short wave transmissions. (Today, we refer to "ultra short waves" as the VHF band.) Contrary to some reports, these transmissions were far from the first VHF telecasts. In 1931, the US <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission" title="Federal Radio Commission">Federal Radio Commission</a> allocated VHF television bands. From 1931 to 1933, station W9XD in <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin" title="Milwaukee, Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a>, transmitted some of the first VHF television signals. The station's 45-line, triply interlaced pictures used the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulises_Armand_Sanabria" title="Ulises Armand Sanabria">U. A. Sanabria</a> television technology.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Logie_Baird&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Broadcasting">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>In 1927, Baird transmitted a long-distance television signal over 438 miles (705 km) of telephone line between London and <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>; Baird transmitted the world's first long-distance television pictures to the Central Hotel at Glasgow Central Station.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> This transmission was Baird's response to a 225-mile, long-distance telecast between stations of AT&T Bell Labs. The Bell stations were in New York and Washington, DC. The earlier telecast took place in April 1927, a month before Baird's demonstration.<sup id="cite_ref-Abramson87_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abramson87-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Baird then set up the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Manville" title="Edward Manville">Baird Television Development Company Ltd</a>, which in 1928 made the first transatlantic television transmission, from London to <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartsdale" title="Hartsdale" class="mw-redirect">Hartsdale</a>, New York, and the first television programme for the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. In November 1929, Baird and <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Natan" title="Bernard Natan">Bernard Natan</a> established France's first television company, Télévision-Baird-Natan. He televised the first live transmission of the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Derby" title="Epsom Derby">Epsom Derby</a> in 1931. He demonstrated a theatre television system, with a screen two feet by five feet (60 cm by 150 cm), in 1930 at the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliseum_Theatre" title="Coliseum Theatre" class="mw-redirect">London Coliseum</a>, Berlin, Paris, and <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> By 1939 he had improved his theatre projection system to televise a boxing match on a screen 15 ft (4.6 m) by 12 ft (3.7 m).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>From 1929 to 1932, the BBC transmitters were used to broadcast television programmes using the 30-line Baird system, and from 1932 to 1935, the BBC also produced the programmes in their own studio at 16 Portland Place. On 3 November 1936, from <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Palace" title="Alexandra Palace">Alexandra Palace</a> located on the high ground of the north London ridge, the BBC began alternating Baird 240-line transmissions with EMI's electronic scanning system which had recently been improved to 405 lines after a merger with Marconi. The Baird system at the time involved an intermediate film process, where footage was shot on cinefilm which was rapidly developed and scanned. The trial was due to last 6 months but the BBC ceased broadcasts with the Baird system in February 1937, due in part to a disastrous fire in the Baird facilities at Crystal Palace. It was becoming apparent to the BBC that the Baird system would ultimately fail due in large part to the lack of mobility of the Baird system's cameras, with their developer tanks, hoses, and cables.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Baird's television systems were replaced by the electronic television system developed by the newly formed company EMI-<a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi</a> under <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Shoenberg" title="Isaac Shoenberg">Isaac Shoenberg</a>, which had access to patents developed by <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Zworykin" title="Vladimir Zworykin" class="mw-redirect">Vladimir Zworykin</a> and <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>. Similarly, <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_T._Farnsworth" title="Philo T. Farnsworth" class="mw-redirect">Philo T. Farnsworth</a>'s electronic "Image Dissector" camera was available to Baird's company via a patent-sharing agreement. However, the Image Dissector camera was found to be lacking in light sensitivity, requiring excessive levels of illumination. Baird used the Farnsworth tubes instead to scan cinefilm, in which capacity they proved serviceable though prone to drop-outs and other problems. Farnsworth himself came to London to Baird's <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_School" title="Crystal Palace School">Crystal Palace</a> laboratories in 1936, but was unable to fully solve the problem; the fire that burned Crystal Palace to the ground later that year further hampered the Baird company's ability to compete.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Baird made many contributions to the field of electronic television after mechanical systems had taken a back seat. In 1939, he showed colour television using a <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" title="Cathode ray tube">cathode ray tube</a> in front of which revolved a disc fitted with colour filters, a method taken up by <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> and RCA in the United States. In 1941, he patented and demonstrated a system of three-dimensional television at a definition of 500 lines. On 16 August 1944, he gave the world's first demonstration of a fully electronic <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_television" title="Colour television" class="mw-redirect">colour television</a> display. His 600-line colour system used triple <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlacing" title="Interlacing" class="mw-redirect">interlacing</a>, using six scans to build each picture.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1943, the Hankey Committee was appointed to oversee the resumption of television broadcasts after the war. Baird persuaded them to make plans to adopt his proposed 1000-line Telechrome electronic colour system as the new post-war broadcast standard. The picture quality on this system would have been comparable to today's HDTV (<a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">High Definition</a> Television). The Hankey Committee's plan lost all momentum partly due to the challenges of postwar reconstruction. The monochrome 405-line standard remained in place until 1985 in some areas, and it was three<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> decades until the introduction of the 625-line system in 1964 and (<a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>) colour in 1967. A demonstration of large screen three-dimensional television by the BBC was reported in March 2008, over 60 years after Baird's demonstration.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Logie_Baird&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Baird's mechanical scanning did not cease with the development of electronic systems. Improved versions of mechanical scanning survive today in long wavelength <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra-red" title="Infra-red" class="mw-redirect">infra-red</a> cameras used for military purposes, principally to provide night vision capability for fighter pilots. The picture from the camera is typically superimposed on the pilot's forward view by displaying it in the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_up_display" title="Head up display" class="mw-redirect">head up display</a>. They have also found a use in airborne police helicopters providing, not only night vision, but the ability to detect heat sources (such as people) during the day. These systems do not use the disc of lenses that Baird used, but instead use discs of prisms to scan the image onto a cooled infra-red detector. Electronic pick up tubes are unsuitable for this application because there is no suitable target material with a sensistivity to long wavelength infra red light. Further, the glass bulb is opaque to such wavelengths.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_inventions">Other inventions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Logie_Baird&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other inventions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Some of Baird's early inventions were not fully successful. In his twenties he tried to create <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamonds" title="Diamonds" class="mw-redirect">diamonds</a> by heating <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> and shorted out Glasgow's electricity supply. Later Baird invented a glass razor which was rust-resistant, but shattered. Inspired by pneumatic tyres he attempted to make pneumatic shoes, but his prototype contained semi-inflated balloons which burst. He also invented a thermal undersock (the Baird undersock), which was moderately successful. Baird suffered from cold feet, and after a number of trials, he found that an extra layer of cotton inside the sock provided warmth.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Baird's numerous other developments demonstrated his particular talent at invention. He was a visionary and began to dabble with electricity. In 1928, he developed an early video recording device, which he dubbed <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonovision" title="Phonovision">Phonovision</a>. The system consisted of a large Nipkow disk attached by a mechanical linkage to a conventional 78-rpm record-cutting lathe. The result was a disc that could record and play back a 30-line video signal. Technical difficulties with the system prevented its further development, but some of the original phonodiscs have been preserved, and have since been restored by Donald McLean, a Scottish electrical engineer.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Baird's other developments were in <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fibre-optics</a>, radio direction finding, <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision" title="Night vision">night viewing</a> and <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>. There is discussion about his exact contribution to the development of radar, for his wartime defence projects have never been officially acknowledged by the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_government" title="UK government" class="mw-redirect">UK government</a>. According to Malcolm Baird, his son, what is known is that in 1926 Baird filed a patent for a device that formed images from reflected radio waves, a device remarkably similar to radar, and that he was in correspondence with the British government at the time. The radar contribution is in dispute. According to some experts, Baird's "noctovision" is not radar. Unlike radar (except Doppler radar), Noctovision is incapable of determining the distance to the scanned subject. Noctovision also cannot determine the coordinates of the subject in three-dimensional space.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Later_years">Later years</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Logie_Baird&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later years">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width:52px"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204"/></a></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references or sources</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help improve this section by <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <small><i>(October 2013)</i></small></span></td> </tr> </table> <p>From December 1944 until his death two years later, Baird lived at a house in Station Road, <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexhill-on-Sea" title="Bexhill-on-Sea">Bexhill-on-Sea</a>, East Sussex, immediately north of the station itself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Baird died in Bexhill on 14 June 1946 after a stroke in February.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The old house was demolished in 2007.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Sea Road-Station Road skyline now features a new block of 51 flats on the site, renamed "Baird Court".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>John Logie Baird is buried with his mother, father and wife in <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helensburgh_Cemetery" title="Helensburgh Cemetery">Helensburgh Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy_and_honours">Legacy and honours</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Logie_Baird&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy and honours">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Australian television's <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logie_Award" title="Logie Award" class="mw-redirect">Logie Awards</a> were named in honour of John Logie Baird's contribution to the invention of the television.<br/> In 2014, <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMPTE" title="SMPTE" class="mw-redirect">SMPTE</a> inducted John Logie Baird into The Honor Roll which "posthumously recognizes individuals who were not awarded Honorary Membership during their lifetimes but whose contributions would have been sufficient to warrant such an honor." <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Logie_Baird&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logie_Award" title="Logie Award" class="mw-redirect">Logie Awards</a> – Australian television</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">History of television</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References_and_notes">References and notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Logie_Baird&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References and notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <dl> <dd><i>This article incorporates material from the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizendium" title="Citizendium">Citizendium</a> article "<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" class="extiw" title="citizendium:John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a>", which is licensed under the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License</a> but not under the <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>.</i></dd> </dl> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">R. W. Burns (2000). <i>John Logie Baird, Television Pioneer</i>. IET. p. 10. <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852967973" title="Special:BookSources/9780852967973">9780852967973</a>. <q>Even Baird's conversion to agnosticism while living at home does not appear to have stimulated a rebuke from the Reverend John Baird. Moreover, Baird was freely allowed to try to persuade others—including visiting clergy—to his beliefs.</q></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Logie+Baird&rft.aulast=R.+W.+Burns&rft.au=R.+W.+Burns&rft.btitle=John+Logie+Baird%2C+Television+Pioneer&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780852967973&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=IET&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/american/baird">"Baird"</a>: <i><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i> – Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/baird_logie.shtml">John Logie Baird (1888–1946)</a> www.bbc.co.uk, accessed 2 June 2013</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2208671.stm">"BBC – 100 great British heroes"</a>. BBC News. 21 August 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Logie+Baird&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+100+great+British+heroes&rft.date=21+August+2002&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F2208671.stm&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/john-logie-baird/index.html">"John Logie Baird was voted the second most popular Scottish scientist"</a>. <i>Scottish Science Hall of Fame</i>. National Library of Scotland. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Logie+Baird&rft.atitle=John+Logie+Baird+was+voted+the+second+most+popular+Scottish+scientist&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nls.uk%2Fscientists%2Fbiographies%2Fjohn-logie-baird%2Findex.html&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Science+Hall+of+Fame&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Scotland&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/john-logie-baird/index.html">"John Logie Baird (1888–1946)."</a> <i>Scottish Science Hall of Fame</i>. Retrieved: 8 November 2010.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burns, John Logie Baird, television pioneer p.1</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Thorne Baker, Wireless Pictures and Television. London: Constable & Company, 1926., pp. 28, 29, 81.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terry and Elizabeth Korn. Trailblazer to Television: The Story of Arthur Korn. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1950. See preface by Austin J. Cooley, Chief Engineer, Times Facsimile Corp.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell W. Burns, John Logie Baird: TV Pioneer. N.c.: Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2001, pp. 33–34.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ambramson87-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ambramson87_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Abramson, <i>The History of Television, 1880 to 1941</i>, McFarland, 1987, pp. 13–15.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Abramson87-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abramson87_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abramson87_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 99–101.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-AMH-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMH_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMH_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">American Media History, Fellow, p. 278</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. W. Burns, <i>Television: An International History of the Formative Years</i>, p. 264.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald F. McLean, <i>Restoring Baird's Image</i>, p. 37.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/13071/20040303-0000/www.acmi.net.au/AIC/BAIRD_BIO.html">"Pandora Archive"</a>. Pandora.nla.gov.au. 23 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Logie+Baird&rft.btitle=Pandora+Archive&rft.date=23+August+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpandora.nla.gov.au%2Fpan%2F13071%2F20040303-0000%2Fwww.acmi.net.au%2FAIC%2FBAIRD_BIO.html&rft.pub=Pandora.nla.gov.au&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamm and Baird, <i>John Logie Baird: A Life</i>, p. 69</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.google.com/patents?id=JRVAAAAAEBAJ">U.S. Patent 1925554</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. F. Tiltman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.bairdtelevision.com/stereo.html">How "Stereoscopic" Television is Shown</a>, <i>Radio News</i>, Nov. 1928.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph H. Udelson, The Great Television Race: A History of the American Television Industry 1925 – 1941, pp. 42, 73.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=History%20Places&vxClipId=1380_SMG1671&vxBitrate=300">Interview with Paul Lyons</a>, Historian and Control and Information Officer at Glasgow Central Station</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.L. Baird, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.bairdtelevision.com/1932.html">Television in 1932</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Baird Television Limited – Growing Demand For Home Receivers – Success of Large Screen Projections in Cinemas – etc.</i> <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> newspaper, 3 April 1939 p23 column A.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamm and Baird, <i>John Logie Baird: A Life</i>, p. 286</span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamm and Baird, <i>John Logie Baird: A Life</i>, pp. 286–289.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.bairdtelevision.com/colour.html">The World's First High Definition Colour Television System</a>. McLean, p. 196.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Abramson, <i>The History of Television, 1942 to 2000</i>, McFarland & Company, 2003, pp. 13–14. <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786412208" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7864-1220-8</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald McLean's TV Dawn website <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.tvdawn.com/">http://www.tvdawn.com/</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell Burns, John Logie Baird (N.C.: The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2001), 119.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=13787631">John Logie Baird</a> at <i><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></i></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="31" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://www.smpte.org/news-events/news-releases/2014honorsandawards">"SMPTE® Announces 2014 Honorees and Award Winners | Society of Motion Picture & Television Engineers"</a>. <i>SMPTE</i>. SMPTE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2014</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Logie+Baird&rft.atitle=SMPTE%C2%AE+Announces+2014+Honorees+and+Award+Winners+%26%23124%3B+Society+of+Motion+Picture+%26+Television+Engineers&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smpte.org%2Fnews-events%2Fnews-releases%2F2014honorsandawards&rft.jtitle=SMPTE&rft.pub=SMPTE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Logie_Baird&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <dl> <dt>Books</dt> </dl> <ul> <li>Baird, John Logie, <i>Television and Me: The Memoirs of John Logie Baird</i>. Edinburgh: <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercat_Press" title="Mercat Press">Mercat Press</a>, 2004. <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841830631" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-84183-063-1</a></li> <li>Burns, Russell, <i>John Logie Baird, television pioneer</i>. London: The <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="Institution of Electrical Engineers">Institution of Electrical Engineers</a>, 2000. <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852967977" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-85296-797-7</a></li> <li>Kamm, Antony, and Malcolm Baird, <i>John Logie Baird: A Life</i>. Edinburgh: NMS Publishing, 2002. <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1901663760" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-901663-76-0</a></li> <li>McArthur, Tom, and Peter Waddell, <i>The Secret Life of John Logie Baird</i>. London: Hutchinson, 1986. <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0091587204" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-09-158720-4</a>.</li> <li>McLean, Donald F., <i>Restoring Baird's Image</i>. The Institute of Electrical Engineers, 2000. <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852967950" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-85296-795-0</a>.</li> <li>Rowland, John, <i>The Television Man: The Story of John Logie Baird</i>. New York: Roy Publishers, 1967.</li> <li>Tiltman, Ronald Frank, <i>Baird of Television</i>. New York: Arno Press, 1974. (Reprint of 1933 ed.) <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0405060610" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-405-06061-0</a>.</li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Patents</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://www.google.com/patents/US1699270">U.S. Patent 1,699,270</a></span></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Logie_Baird&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Logie_Baird&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links.2C_images.2C_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <small><i>(October 2013)</i></small></span></td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://books.google.com/books?id=ud4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=Popular+Science+1935+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&hl=en&ei=hKgrTpn_EeWssQLa5sW7Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&sqi=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=true">"Television for Millions" <i>Popular Mechanics</i>, September 1935</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.bairdtelevision.com/">The Baird Television Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.digitalcentury.com/encyclo/update/baird.html">Baird on DigitalCentury.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.mztv.com/baird.html">Mechanical TV: Baird Television</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/baird_logie.shtml">Baird bio on BBC site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/580156/index.html">John Logie Baird biography at BFI Screenonline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.terramedia.co.uk/documents/baird_televisor.htm">How to build a Baird televisor</a> – also contains many detailed references to Baird's history</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.helensburghheroes.com/heroes/john_logie_baird">John Logie Baird's entry on Helensburgh Heroes web site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.gizmohighway.com/pages/people/john_logie_baird.htm">John Logie Baird – Gizmohighway Technology Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.nbtv.org/">Narrow Bandwidth Television Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.tvdawn.com/tvimage.htm">Phonovision</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.virtualscotland.co.uk/scotland_articles/famous-scots/john-logie-baird.htm">John Logie Baird biography at Virtual Scotland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.hawestv.com/">Hawestv.com</a> Technical history. Describes mechanical TV viewing. Controversies about TV inventions. Schematics. Build a mechanical TV.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.google.com/patents?id=tAR5AAAAEBAJ">Television Apparatus</a>, US patent, filed 1926.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.google.com/patents?id=jBMoAAAAEBAJ">Method of and Means for Transmitting Signals</a>, US patent for Baird's "Noctovision" infrared television system, filed 1927.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://www.google.com/patents?id=JRVAAAAAEBAJ">Television Apparatus and the Like</a>, US patent for Baird's colour television system, filed 1929 (in UK, 1928).n]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://books.google.com/books?id=uN4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA878&dq=Popular+Science+1933+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&hl=en&ei=ajQdTvrsPKbksQKlm8m7CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q&f=true">"Electron Camera Shoots Television Images" <i>Popular Mechanics</i>, June 1935</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/http://books.google.com/books?id=uN4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA879&dq=Popular+Science+1933+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&hl=en&ei=ajQdTvrsPKbksQKlm8m7CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q&f=true">"London Station To Serve Ten Million People" <i>Popular Mechanics</i>, June 1935</a></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Telecommunications&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunications</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div class="floatright"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telecom-icon.svg" class="image" title="Telecommunications symbol"><img alt="Telecommunications symbol" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/50px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" width="50" height="50" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/75px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/100px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"/></a></div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_line#History" title="Semaphore line">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_prepaid_mobile_phone" title="History of the prepaid mobile phone">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_communication_technology" title="Timeline of communication technology">Timeline of communication technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencing#History" title="Videoconferencing">Videoconferencing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophone#Early_history" title="Videophone">Videophone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Pioneers</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">John Logie Baird</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Papin_Tissot" title="Camille Papin Tissot">Camille Papin Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br/> media</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_line" title="Telephone line">Telephone lines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave#Communication" title="Microwave">Terrestrial microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1" title="IEEE P1906.1">Molecules</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br/> and switching</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">Terminal node</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> (<a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_MIMO#SDMA" title="Multi-user MIMO">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access" title="Code division multiple access">Code-division</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Networks</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_network" title="Television network">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By continent</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Africa_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Africa</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Algeria" title="Telecommunications in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Angola" title="Telecommunications in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Benin" title="Telecommunications in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Botswana" title="Telecommunications in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Telecommunications in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burundi" title="Telecommunications in Burundi" class="mw-redirect">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cameroon" title="Telecommunications in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cape_Verde" title="Telecommunications in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chad" title="Telecommunications in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Comoros" title="Telecommunications in Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Djibouti" title="Telecommunications in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Eritrea" title="Telecommunications in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ethiopia" title="Telecommunications in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Gabon" title="Telecommunications in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Gambia" title="Telecommunications in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ghana" title="Telecommunications in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Telecommunications in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Telecommunications in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kenya" title="Telecommunications in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lesotho" title="Telecommunications in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liberia" title="Telecommunications in Liberia" class="mw-redirect">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Libya" title="Telecommunications in Libya" class="mw-redirect">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Madagascar" title="Telecommunications in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malawi" title="Telecommunications in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mali" title="Telecommunications in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mauritania" title="Telecommunications in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mauritius" title="Telecommunications in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Morocco" title="Telecommunications in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mozambique" title="Telecommunications in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Namibia" title="Telecommunications in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Niger" title="Telecommunications in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria" title="Telecommunications in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Rwanda" title="Telecommunications in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Telecommunications in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Senegal" title="Telecommunications in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Seychelles" title="Telecommunications in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Telecommunications in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Somalia" title="Telecommunications in Somalia" class="mw-redirect">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Africa" title="Telecommunications in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sudan" title="Telecommunications in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Swaziland" title="Telecommunications in Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tanzania" title="Telecommunications in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Togo" title="Telecommunications in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tunisia" title="Telecommunications in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uganda" title="Telecommunications in Uganda" class="mw-redirect">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zambia" title="Telecommunications in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zimbabwe" title="Telecommunications in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br/> recognition</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" class="mw-redirect">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Somaliland" title="Telecommunications in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Canary Islands" class="mw-redirect">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ceuta" title="Telecommunications in Ceuta" class="mw-redirect">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Melilla" title="Telecommunications in Melilla" class="mw-redirect">Melilla</a> / <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Plazas de soberanía (page does not exist)">Plazas de soberanía</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Madeira" title="Telecommunications in Madeira" class="mw-redirect">Madeira</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mayotte" title="Telecommunications in Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Telecommunications in Réunion">Réunion</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(France)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Helena" title="Telecommunications in Saint Helena" class="mw-redirect">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ascension_Island" title="Telecommunications in Ascension Island" class="mw-redirect">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Telecommunications in Tristan da Cunha" class="mw-redirect">Tristan da Cunha</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Western_Sahara" title="Telecommunications in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Asia_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Asia</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Afghanistan" title="Telecommunications in Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bahrain" title="Telecommunications in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bangladesh" title="Telecommunications in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bhutan" title="Telecommunications in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brunei" title="Telecommunications in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burma" title="Telecommunications in Burma">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cambodia" title="Telecommunications in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_East_Timor" title="Telecommunications in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Indonesia" title="Telecommunications in Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iran" title="Telecommunications in Iran" class="mw-redirect">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Israel" title="Telecommunications in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Japan" title="Telecommunications in Japan" class="mw-redirect">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jordan" title="Telecommunications in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Korea" title="Telecommunications in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Korea" title="Telecommunications in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kuwait" title="Telecommunications in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Telecommunications in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Laos" title="Telecommunications in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lebanon" title="Telecommunications in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="Telecommunications in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Maldives" title="Telecommunications in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mongolia" title="Telecommunications in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nepal" title="Telecommunications in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Oman" title="Telecommunications in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Qatar" title="Telecommunications in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Telecommunications in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Singapore" title="Telecommunications in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Telecommunications in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Syria" title="Telecommunications in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tajikistan" title="Telecommunications in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Thailand" title="Telecommunications in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkmenistan" title="Telecommunications in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Telecommunications in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uzbekistan" title="Telecommunications in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vietnam" title="Telecommunications in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Yemen" title="Telecommunications in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br/> limited recognition</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic" class="mw-redirect">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Northern Cyprus" class="mw-redirect">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Palestinian_territories" title="Telecommunications in the Palestinian territories" class="mw-redirect">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Taiwan" title="Telecommunications in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hong_Kong" title="Telecommunications in Hong Kong" class="mw-redirect">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Macau" title="Telecommunications in Macau">Macau</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Europe_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Telecommunications in Europe" class="mw-redirect">Telecommunications in Europe</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Andorra" title="Telecommunications in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Austria" title="Telecommunications in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belarus" title="Telecommunications in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belgium" title="Telecommunications in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bulgaria" title="Telecommunications in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Croatia" title="Telecommunications in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Denmark" title="Telecommunications in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Estonia" title="Telecommunications in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iceland" title="Telecommunications in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Latvia" title="Telecommunications in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liechtenstein" title="Telecommunications in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lithuania" title="Telecommunications in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Luxembourg" title="Telecommunications in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malta" title="Telecommunications in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Moldova" title="Telecommunications in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Monaco" title="Telecommunications in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montenegro" title="Telecommunications in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Norway" title="Telecommunications in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Poland" title="Telecommunications in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Portugal" title="Telecommunications in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Romania" title="Telecommunications in Romania" class="mw-redirect">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_San_Marino" title="Telecommunications in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Serbia" title="Telecommunications in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovakia" title="Telecommunications in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovenia" title="Telecommunications in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sweden" title="Telecommunications in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br/> recognition</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kosovo" title="Telecommunications in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic" class="mw-redirect">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Northern Cyprus" class="mw-redirect">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Transnistria" title="Telecommunications in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Gibraltar" title="Telecommunications in Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jersey" title="Telecommunications in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Telecommunications in the Isle of Man" class="mw-redirect">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other entities</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union" class="mw-redirect">European Union</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:North_America_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in North America</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Sovereign states</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Telecommunications in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Bahamas" title="Telecommunications in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Barbados" title="Telecommunications in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belize" title="Telecommunications in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Costa_Rica" title="Telecommunications in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cuba" title="Telecommunications in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Dominica" title="Telecommunications in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_El_Salvador" title="Telecommunications in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Grenada" title="Telecommunications in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guatemala" title="Telecommunications in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Haiti" title="Telecommunications in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Honduras" title="Telecommunications in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jamaica" title="Telecommunications in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mexico" title="Telecommunications in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nicaragua" title="Telecommunications in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Panama" title="Telecommunications in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Telecommunications in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Telecommunications in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Telecommunications in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Telecommunications in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_States" title="Telecommunications in the United States" class="mw-redirect">United States</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Dependencies and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Anguilla" title="Telecommunications in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Aruba" title="Telecommunications in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bermuda" title="Telecommunications in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Telecommunications in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greenland" title="Telecommunications in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guadeloupe" title="Telecommunications in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Martinique" title="Telecommunications in Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montserrat" title="Telecommunications in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Navassa_Island" title="Telecommunications in Navassa Island" class="mw-redirect">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Telecommunications in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Telecommunications in Saint Barthélemy" class="mw-redirect">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Telecommunications in Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Saba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Saba (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Oceania_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Oceania</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_East_Timor" title="Telecommunications in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Fiji" title="Telecommunications in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Indonesia" title="Telecommunications in Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kiribati" title="Telecommunications in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Marshall Islands" class="mw-redirect">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Telecommunications in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nauru" title="Telecommunications in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Palau" title="Telecommunications in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Papua New Guinea" class="mw-redirect">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Samoa" title="Telecommunications in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tonga" title="Telecommunications in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tuvalu" title="Telecommunications in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vanuatu" title="Telecommunications in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Associated states<br/> of New Zealand</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Niue" title="Telecommunications in Niue" class="mw-redirect">Niue</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br/> and other territories</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_American_Samoa" title="Telecommunications in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_French_Polynesia" title="Telecommunications in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guam" title="Telecommunications in Guam" class="mw-redirect">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Caledonia" title="Telecommunications in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic" title="Template talk:South America topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:South_America_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in South America</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Argentina" title="Telecommunications in Argentina" class="mw-redirect">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bolivia" title="Telecommunications in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chile" title="Telecommunications in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Colombia" title="Telecommunications in Colombia" class="mw-redirect">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ecuador" title="Telecommunications in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guyana" title="Telecommunications in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Paraguay" title="Telecommunications in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Peru" title="Telecommunications in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Suriname" title="Telecommunications in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uruguay" title="Telecommunications in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Venezuela" title="Telecommunications in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_French_Guiana" title="Telecommunications in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Telecommunications in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" class="mw-redirect"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Category" 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style="color:#aaa;">Short description</td> <td>Scottish engineer; first person to demonstrate a working television.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of birth</td> <td>13 August 1888</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of birth</td> <td>Helensburgh, Argyll and Bute, Scotland</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of death</td> <td>14 June 1946</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of death</td> <td>Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex, England</td> </tr> </table>     <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="জন লগি বেয়ার্ড – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Джон Лоўгі Бэрд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9B%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Τζον Λόγκι Μπερντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="جان لوگی برد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%A1%9C%EC%A7%80_%EB%B2%A0%EC%96%B4%EB%93%9C" title="존 로지 베어드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="जॉन लॉगी बेयर्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93" title="ג'ון לוגי ביירד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Logijs_B%C4%93rds" title="Džons Logijs Bērds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Џон Логи Берд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ജോണ്‍ ലോഗി ബേര്‍ഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="जॉन लोगी बेअर्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="جون لويجى بيرد – Egyptian Spoken Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ジョン・ロジー・ベアード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88" title="جان لوئی بیارڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Бэрд, Джон Лоуги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="ජෝන් ලොගී බෙයාඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="جۆن لۆگی بێرد – Sorani Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Џон Логи Берд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="ஜான் லோகி பைர்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="จอห์น โลจี เบร์ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Джон Берд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="جان بیئر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%9D%B0%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="约翰·罗杰·贝尔德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a action="edit" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123102/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133544#sitelinks-wikipedia" text="Edit links" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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