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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Rationale_for_DNG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationale_for_DNG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Rationale for DNG</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rationale_for_DNG-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rationale for DNG subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rationale_for_DNG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Objectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technical summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNG_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNG_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>DNG conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNG_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary_of_products_that_support_DNG_in_some_way" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_of_products_that_support_DNG_in_some_way"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Summary of products that support DNG in some way</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Summary_of_products_that_support_DNG_in_some_way-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Summary of products that support DNG in some way subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Summary_of_products_that_support_DNG_in_some_way-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adobe_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adobe_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Adobe products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adobe_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_cameras_and_related_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_cameras_and_related_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Digital cameras and related software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_cameras_and_related_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third-party_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third-party_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Third-party software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third-party_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versions_of_the_specification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versions_of_the_specification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Versions of the specification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versions_of_the_specification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Standardization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patent_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patent_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Patent status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patent_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Negative" title="Digital Negative – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Digital Negative" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNG" title="DNG – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="DNG" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Negative" title="Digital Negative – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Digital Negative" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EB%84%A4%EA%B1%B0%ED%8B%B0%EB%B8%8C" title="디지털 네거티브 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디지털 네거티브" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Negative" title="Digital Negative – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Digital Negative" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNG" title="DNG – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="DNG" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Negative" title="Digital Negative – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Digital Negative" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Negative_Specification" title="Digital Negative Specification – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Digital Negative Specification" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Negative" title="Digital Negative – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Digital Negative" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Negative" title="Digital Negative – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Digital Negative" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Negative" title="Digital Negative – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Digital Negative" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNG" title="DNG – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="DNG" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNG" title="DNG – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="DNG" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Negative" title="Digital Negative – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Digital Negative" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNG" title="DNG – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="DNG" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the informal use of "digital negative", see <a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">raw image format</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">Digital Negative (DNG)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DNG_tm.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/DNG_tm.svg/64px-DNG_tm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/DNG_tm.svg/96px-DNG_tm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/DNG_tm.svg/128px-DNG_tm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="119" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><div class="monospaced"> .dng & .DNG</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">image/x-adobe-dng, image/x-raw-adobe, image/DNG</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">September 27, 2004<span class="noprint">; 20 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2004-09-27</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">1.7.1.0<br />September 2023<span class="noprint">; 1 year ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2023-09</span>)</span> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">Raw image format</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Digital_container_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital container format">Container for</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a> may be embedded in <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform" title="Extensible Metadata Platform">XMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exif" title="Exif">Exif</a> or <a href="/wiki/IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model" title="IPTC Information Interchange Model">IPTC</a> formats.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Extended from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format_/_Electronic_Photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format / Electronic Photography">TIFF/EP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/digital-negative.html">helpx<wbr />.adobe<wbr />.com<wbr />/photoshop<wbr />/digital-negative<wbr />.html</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Digital Negative</b> (<b>DNG</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Open_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Open format">open</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless">lossless</a> <a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">raw image format</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe</a> and used for <a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">digital photography</a>. It was launched on September 27, 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-adobe2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adobe2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The launch was accompanied by the first version of the DNG specification,<sup id="cite_ref-DNGspecification_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNGspecification-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plus various products, including a free-of-charge DNG converter utility. All Adobe <a href="/wiki/Photo_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo manipulation">photo manipulation</a> software (such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Lightroom" title="Adobe Lightroom">Adobe Lightroom</a>) released since the launch supports DNG.<sup id="cite_ref-PEARSONadobeproducts_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEARSONadobeproducts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DNG is based on the <a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format_/_Electronic_Photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format / Electronic Photography">TIFF/EP</a> <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">standard format</a>, and mandates significant use of <a href="/wiki/Metadata_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metadata (computing)">metadata</a>. The specification of the file format is open and not subject to any intellectual property restrictions or patents.<sup id="cite_ref-CinemaDNGnoencumbrance_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CinemaDNGnoencumbrance-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale_for_DNG">Rationale for DNG</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Negative&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rationale for DNG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Promotional plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Advert" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">promotional content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_Negative&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam" title="Wikipedia:Spam">promotional language</a> and inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, and by adding encyclopedic text written from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Adobe states that, given the existence of a wide variety of camera-brand-specific <a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">raw image formats</a>, it introduced DNG as a standardized and backward-compatible universal file format.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is based on the <a href="/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF">TIFF</a> 6.0 standard.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various professional archivists and conservationists, working in institutional settings have adopted DNG for archival purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-UPDIG_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPDIG-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ADSDA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADSDA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UofC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UofC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCPSR_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCPSR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JISC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JISC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IDEADISC_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDEADISC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JPGM_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPGM-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIMEMG_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIMEMG-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AABC_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AABC-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objectives">Objectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Negative&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The objectives of the DNG file format are:<sup id="cite_ref-adobe2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adobe2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DMDkevinconnor_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMDkevinconnor-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DNGmain_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNGmain-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DNGintromanufacturers_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNGintromanufacturers-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Digital image preservation (sometimes known as "archiving")</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/US_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Library of Congress">US Library of Congress</a> states that DNG is a recommended alternative to other raw image formats.<sup id="cite_ref-USLOCpreferences_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USLOCpreferences-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Digital Photography Best Practices and Workflow (dpBestflow) project, funded by the United States Library of Congress and run by the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Media_Photographers" title="American Society of Media Photographers">American Society of Media Photographers (ASMP)</a>, singles out DNG, and states "DNG files have proven to be significantly more useful than the proprietary raw files in our workflow".<sup id="cite_ref-dpBestflowDNG_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpBestflowDNG-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Easy and/or comprehensive exploitation by software developers</dt> <dd>Software could support raw formats without DNG, by using <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Dcraw" title="Dcraw">dcraw</a>; but DNG makes it easier, and many software products can handle, via DNG, images from cameras that they have no specific knowledge of,<sup id="cite_ref-PEARSONnotnative_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEARSONnotnative-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, any settings stored in the DNG file by software from one company are unlikely to be recognized by a product from a different company.</dd> <dt>In-camera use by camera manufacturers</dt> <dd>About 12 camera manufacturers have used DNG in-camera. About 38 camera models have used DNG.<sup id="cite_ref-PEARSONcameramakers_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEARSONcameramakers-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raw image formats for more than 230 camera models can be converted to DNG.<sup id="cite_ref-PEARSONhistory_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEARSONhistory-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Multi-vendor interoperability</dt> <dd>Unlike the proprietary RAW formats used by most cameras, DNG is supported by multiple vendors, and is readable by a multitude of software applications.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_summary">Technical summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Negative&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Technical summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A DNG file always contains data for one main image, plus metadata, and optionally contains at least one JPEG preview.<sup id="cite_ref-DNGspecification_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNGspecification-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It normally has the extension "dng" or "DNG". </p><p>DNG conforms to <a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format_/_Electronic_Photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format / Electronic Photography">TIFF/EP</a> and is structured according to <a href="/wiki/Tagged_Image_File_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagged Image File Format">TIFF</a>. DNG supports various formats of metadata (including <a href="/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchangeable image file format">Exif metadata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform" title="Extensible Metadata Platform">XMP metadata</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Press_Telecommunications_Council" title="International Press Telecommunications Council">IPTC metadata</a>) and specifies a set of mandated metadata.<sup id="cite_ref-DNGspecification4_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNGspecification4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DNG is both a raw image format and a format that supports "non-raw", or partly processed, images.<sup id="cite_ref-DNGspecification_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNGspecification-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter (non-raw) format is known as "Linear DNG".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linear DNG is still scene-referred<sup id="cite_ref-Scene-referred_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scene-referred-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can still benefit from many of the operations typically performed by a raw converter, such as white balance, the application of a camera color profile, HDR compositing, etc. All images that can be supported as raw images can <i>also</i> be supported as Linear DNG. Images from the <a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a> or similar, hence especially <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Corporation" title="Sigma Corporation">Sigma</a> cameras, can <i>only</i> be supported as Linear DNG. </p><p>DNG can contain raw image data from sensors with various configurations of <a href="/wiki/Color_filter_array" title="Color filter array">color filter array (CFA)</a>. These include: conventional <a href="/wiki/Bayer_filter" title="Bayer filter">Bayer filters</a>, using three colors and rectangular pixels; four-color CFAs, for example the <a href="/wiki/RGBE_filter" title="RGBE filter">RGBE filter</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-F828" title="Sony Cyber-shot DSC-F828">Sony Cyber-shot DSC-F828</a>; rectangular (non-square) pixels, for example as used in the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D1#D1H_and_D1X" title="Nikon D1">Nikon D1X</a>; and offset sensors (for example with octagonal pixels) such as <a href="/wiki/Super_CCD" title="Super CCD">Super CCD</a> sensors of various types, as used in various <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a> cameras. (Or combinations of these if necessary). DNG specifies metadata describing these individual parameters; this is one significant extension to <a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format_/_Electronic_Photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format / Electronic Photography">TIFF/EP</a>. </p><p>When used in a <a href="/wiki/CinemaDNG" title="CinemaDNG">CinemaDNG</a> movie clip, each frame is encoded using the above DNG image format. The clip's image stream can then be stored in one of two formats: either as video essence using frame-based wrapping in an <a href="/wiki/Material_Exchange_Format" title="Material Exchange Format">MXF</a> file, or as a sequence of DNG files in a specified file directory. </p><p>Contrary to its name (Digital Negative) the DNG format doesn't distinguish negative and positive data<sup id="cite_ref-DNGspecification_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNGspecification-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - all data is considered to be describing a positive image. While this is not an issue when working with images from digital cameras (which are always positive), working with scanned (by a <a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">film scanner</a> or <a href="/wiki/DSLR" class="mw-redirect" title="DSLR">DSLR</a> <a href="/wiki/Copy_stand" title="Copy stand">copy stand</a>) film negatives saved as raw DNG files is complicated, because the resultant image is not automatically inverted and thus impossible to be used directly. A way to get around this is using an inverted curve in the photo editing application, however this reverses the effect of the image controls (<a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a>, Shadow and Highlight details, etc.) which complicates the photo editing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Negative&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This provides a mixture of the dates of significant events (such as "the first X") and various counts of usage at the anniversaries of the launch (each 27 September). </p><p>Counts of products and companies that use DNG in some way are provided primarily for illustration. They are approximate, and include products that are no longer sold. The purpose is mainly to demonstrate that such products and companies exist, and to show trends. Convertible raw image formats (camera models whose raw images can be converted to DNG) only include official support by Adobe DNG converters; not unofficial support by Adobe products (sometimes reaching about 30), nor support by other DNG converters.<sup id="cite_ref-PEARSONhistory_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEARSONhistory-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>2003, late</i>: Adobe started work on the DNG specification.<sup id="cite_ref-DMDkevinconnor_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMDkevinconnor-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>2004, early</i>: Adobe started talking to other companies about DNG.<sup id="cite_ref-DMDkevinconnor_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMDkevinconnor-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Launch</b><i>, 2004, 27 September</i>: Adobe launched DNG. Specification version 1.0.0.0 published.<sup id="cite_ref-adobe2004_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adobe2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convertible raw image formats: 60+</li> <li><i>2005, February</i>: Specification version 1.1.0.0 published.</li> <li><i>2005, June</i>: First <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">digital back</a> to write DNG, the Leica DMR (Digital Modul R) back for the <a href="/wiki/Leica_R8" class="mw-redirect" title="Leica R8">R8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leica_R9" class="mw-redirect" title="Leica R9">R9</a>.</li> <li><i>2005, July</i>: First camera manufacturer to provide a DNG converter for its own raw file formats - <a href="/wiki/Hasselblad" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad</a>'s FlexColor.</li> <li><i>2005, July</i>: First genuine digital SLR camera to write DNG, <a href="/wiki/Hasselblad#H2D" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad H2D</a>.</li> <li><b>1st anniversary</b><i>, 2005, 27 September</i>: Camera manufacturers: 4. Camera models: 7. Software products: 70+. Convertible raw image formats: 70+.</li> <li><i>2005, October</i>: First compact camera to write DNG, <a href="/wiki/Ricoh_GR_Digital" title="Ricoh GR Digital">Ricoh GR Digital</a>.</li> <li><i>2006, July</i>: First monochrome digital back to write DNG, <a href="/wiki/MegaVision" class="mw-redirect" title="MegaVision">MegaVision</a> E Series MonoChrome.</li> <li><i>2006, September</i>: First rangefinder camera to write DNG, <a href="/wiki/Leica_M8" title="Leica M8">Leica M8</a>.</li> <li><i>2006, September</i>: First camera to offer the user a choice of proprietary raw or DNG, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K10D" title="Pentax K10D">Pentax K10D</a>.</li> <li><b>2nd anniversary</b><i>, 2006, 27 September</i>: Camera manufacturers: 8. Camera models: 9. Software products: 120+. Convertible raw image formats: 110+.</li> <li><i>2007, May</i>: First raw converter & photo-editor whose <i>first</i> raw-handling release only supported DNG, <a href="/wiki/Pixelmator" title="Pixelmator">Pixelmator</a>.</li> <li><i>2007, July</i>: First underwater camera to write DNG, Sea&Sea DX-1G. (Based on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricoh_Caplio_GX100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ricoh Caplio GX100 (page does not exist)">Ricoh Caplio GX100</a>).</li> <li><b>3rd anniversary</b><i>, 2007, 27 September</i>: Camera manufacturers: 10. Camera models: 13. Software products: 170+. Convertible raw image formats: 160+.</li> <li><i>2007, October</i>: First digital scan back system and first 360-degree panorama system to write DNG, Seitz 6x17 Digital and Seitz Roundshot D3 with D3 digital scan back.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>2008, February</i>: First software on a mobile phone to write DNG, Tea Vui Huang's "DNG Phone Camera" for Nokia.</li> <li><i>2008, April</i>: Adobe announces <a href="/wiki/CinemaDNG" title="CinemaDNG">CinemaDNG</a> initiative, using DNG as the basis for the individual raw images of a movie.</li> <li><i>2008, May</i>: Specification version 1.2.0.0 published.</li> <li><i>2008, September</i>: First movie camera to use DNG as a raw image format, Ikonoskop A-cam dII.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>4th anniversary</b><i>, 2008, 27 September</i>: Camera manufacturers: 13. Camera models: 29. Software products: 200+. Convertible raw image formats: 180+.</li> <li><i>2008, September</i>: First DNG converter running on <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> (among several other things), <a href="/wiki/DigiKam" title="DigiKam">digiKam</a>.</li> <li><i>2009, spring/summer</i>: First digiscope with built-in camera to write DNG, Zeiss Photoscope 85 T* FL.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>2009, June</i>: Specification version 1.3.0.0 published.</li> <li><b>5th anniversary</b><i>, 2009, 27 September</i>: Camera manufacturers: 14. Camera models: 38. Software products: 220+. Convertible raw image formats: 230+.</li> <li><i>2009, November</i>: First "interchangeable unit" camera to write DNG, <a href="/wiki/Ricoh_GXR" title="Ricoh GXR">Ricoh GXR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RicohGXR_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RicohGXR-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>2010, February</i>: First 3D movie camera to write DNG, Ikonoskop A-cam3D.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>2010, March</i>: First medium format camera to offer the user a choice of proprietary raw or DNG, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_645D" title="Pentax 645D">Pentax 645D</a>.</li> <li><b>6th anniversary</b><i>, 2010, 27 September</i>: Camera manufacturers: 14. Camera models: 47. Software products: 240+. Convertible raw image formats: 290+.</li> <li><i>2012, September</i>: Specification version 1.4.0.0 published.</li> <li><i>2019, May</i>: Specification version 1.5.0.0 published.</li> <li><i>2021, December</i>: Specification version 1.6.0.0 published.</li> <li><i>2023, June</i>: Specification version 1.7.0.0 published. <a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">JPEG XL</a> added as a compression method. In September, 1.7.1.0 was published as a minor refresh with additional compression parameters.</li></ul> <p>During the first 5 years when about 38 camera models were launched that wrote DNG, Adobe software added support for about 21 <a href="/wiki/Canon_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (company)">Canon</a> models, about 20 <a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> models, and about 22 <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a> models. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Negative&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reaction to DNG has been mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-PEARSONhistory_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEARSONhistory-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few camera manufacturers stated their intention to use DNG at launch. They first supported DNG about 9 months after launch. Several more niche and minority camera manufacturers added support after this (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica</a>). The largest camera manufacturers have apparently never indicated an intention to use DNG (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some software products supported DNG within 5 months of launch, with many more following. Some only support DNG from cameras writing DNG, or from cameras supported via native raw image formats.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/OpenRAW" title="OpenRAW">OpenRAW</a> was an advocacy and lobby group with the motto "Digital Image Preservation Through Open Documentation". They became <a href="/wiki/OpenRAW#Limitation" title="OpenRAW">opposed to DNG</a>. </p><p>Some photographic competitions do not accept converted files, and some do not accept DNG.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DNG_conversion">DNG conversion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Negative&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: DNG conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DNG_Converter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DNG_Converter.png/118px-DNG_Converter.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DNG_Converter.png/177px-DNG_Converter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DNG_Converter.png/236px-DNG_Converter.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>DNG Converter</figcaption></figure> <p>"DNG conversion" refers to the process of generating a DNG file from a non-DNG image. (This is in contrast to "raw conversion", which typically refers to reading and processing a <a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">raw file</a>, which might be a DNG file, and generating some other type of output from it). DNG conversion is one of the sources of DNG files, the other being direct output from cameras and <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">digital backs</a>. </p><p>Several software products are able to do DNG conversion. The original such product is <i>Adobe DNG Converter</i> or <i>DNG Converter</i>, a freely-available stand-alone utility from Adobe.<sup id="cite_ref-DNGmain_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNGmain-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Adobe products such as the <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop#Plugins" title="Adobe Photoshop">ACR plugin to Photoshop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Photoshop Lightroom">Lightroom</a> can also generate DNG files from other image files. </p><p>Most DNG converters are supplied by companies other than Adobe. For example: </p> <ul><li>The software that <a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a> supplies with all their dSLR cameras can convert PEF raw image files from Pentax cameras into DNG files.</li> <li>Flexcolor and Phocus from <a href="/wiki/Hasselblad" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad</a> can convert 3FR raw image files from Hasselblad cameras and digital backs into DNG files.</li> <li>Capture One from <a href="/wiki/Phase_One_(company)" title="Phase One (company)">Phase One</a> is a raw converter that can process not only raw image files from Phase One digital backs, but also raw image files from many other cameras too. Capture One can save images from many of those cameras to DNG.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDE_Image_Plugin_Interface" title="KDE Image Plugin Interface">KDE Image Plugin Interface</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a> that can save the images it is processing to DNG. It can be used standalone or with any image processing applications of the <a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a> desktop environment under <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>.</li> <li>A number of DNG converters have been developed by "amateurs" to enable raw images from their favored camera or digital back to be processed in a large range of raw converters. These include cases where cameras have been hacked to output raw images that have then been converted to DNG.</li></ul> <p>The process of DNG conversion involves extracting raw image data from the source file and assembling it according to the DNG specification into the required TIFF format. This optionally involves compressing it. Metadata as defined in the DNG specification is also put into that TIFF assembly. Some of this metadata is based on the characteristics of the camera, and especially of its sensor. Other metadata may be image-dependent or camera-setting dependent. A DNG converter must therefore have knowledge of the camera model concerned, and be able to process the source raw image file including key metadata. Optionally a JPEG preview is obtained and added. Finally, all of this is written as a DNG file. </p><p>DNG conversion typically leaves the original raw image file intact. For safety, many photographers retain the original raw image file on one medium while using the DNG file on another, enabling them to recover from a range of hardware, software and human failures and errors. For example, it has been reported in user forums that some versions of the Adobe DNG Converter don't preserve all the raw data from raw images from some camera models.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_of_products_that_support_DNG_in_some_way">Summary of products that support DNG in some way</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Negative&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Summary of products that support DNG in some way"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This section summarizes other more comprehensive lists.<sup id="cite_ref-DNGsupports_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNGsupports-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adobe_products">Adobe products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Negative&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Adobe products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All raw image file handling products from Adobe now support DNG.<sup id="cite_ref-PEARSONadobeproducts_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEARSONadobeproducts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Adobe DNG Converter</i> was utility software published by <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</a> on September 27, 2004. It converts different camera raw format files into the Digital Negative (DNG) standard. It also supports <a href="/wiki/Lossless_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless data compression">lossless data compression</a> when converting. The program is free of charge. It can be downloaded at Adobe's site (for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_cameras_and_related_software">Digital cameras and related software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Negative&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Digital cameras and related software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Use by camera manufacturers varies; there are about 15 camera manufacturers that use DNG, including a few that specialize in movie cameras:<sup id="cite_ref-PEARSONcameramakers_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEARSONcameramakers-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Modern smartphone cameras using iOS 10,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Android 5 or Windows 10 Mobile that are capable of shooting RAW images typically use DNG (e.g. Samsung and Nokia). <ul><li>High-end Nokia (now Microsoft) Lumia smartphones like <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Lumia_Icon" title="Nokia Lumia Icon">Nokia Lumia Icon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Lumia_930" title="Nokia Lumia 930">930</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Lumia_950" title="Microsoft Lumia 950">950</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Lumia_1020" title="Nokia Lumia 1020">1020</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Lumia_1520" title="Nokia Lumia 1520">1520</a>, were the first smartphone cameras to support DNG files.</li> <li>Samsung's high-end smartphones (Galaxy S6 or later) also uses DNG.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> Android phones using Leica-designed cameras (such as the Mate 9 and Mate 10 Pro) can save raw files to DNG format when shooting in "Pro" mode.</li></ul></li> <li>Niche camera manufacturers typically use DNG in new cameras (including a <a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">digiscope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panorama" title="Panorama">panorama</a> cameras, and at least one movie camera). The article on <a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">raw image formats</a> illustrates the complicated relationship between new raw image formats and third-party software developers. Using DNG provides immediate support for these cameras by a large range of software products.</li> <li>Some low market share but conventional camera manufacturers use DNG in new cameras. Camera manufacturers that do not supply their own software for processing raw images typically, but not always, use DNG.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a> typically offers users the option of whether to use Pentax's own raw image format (PEF) or DNG, but some, for example <a href="/wiki/Pentax_Q_series" title="Pentax Q series">Pentax Q, Q10 and Q7</a>, do not support PEF. For example, the digital SLR Camera Pentax K-x does offer the ability to save PEF or DNG or even DNG+ which saves two files, a DNG and a separate JPEG file at the same time.</li> <li>If a camera uses DNG, and that camera manufacturer supplies software, it will support DNG. It may support DNG only from their own cameras, or support it more generically.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (company)">Canon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fuji</a> do not use DNG in their cameras. If a camera manufacturer's cameras do not use DNG, its software is unlikely to support DNG unless that software is also sold independently of the cameras.</li></ul> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> that support DNG:<sup id="cite_ref-PEARSONcameramakers_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEARSONcameramakers-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casio" title="Casio">Casio</a> supports DNG in their Exilim PRO EX-F1 and Exilim EX-FH25.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DxO" class="mw-redirect" title="DxO">DxO</a> supports DNG in their DxO ONE camera (introduced 2015).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica</a>'s Digital Modul R for the <a href="/wiki/Leica_R8" class="mw-redirect" title="Leica R8">Leica R8</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leica_R9" class="mw-redirect" title="Leica R9">Leica R9</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Leica_M8" title="Leica M8">Leica M8</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leica_M9" title="Leica M9">Leica M9</a> natively support the DNG format.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MegaVision" class="mw-redirect" title="MegaVision">MegaVision</a> E Series Monochrome back.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoscan">Panoscan</a> MK-3 digital panoramic camera.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a> supports DNG in their <a href="/wiki/Pentax_645D" title="Pentax 645D">645D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_645Z" title="Pentax 645Z">645Z</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K10D" title="Pentax K10D">K10D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K20D" title="Pentax K20D">K20D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K200D" title="Pentax K200D">K200D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K2000" title="Pentax K2000">K2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-7" title="Pentax K-7">K-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-x" title="Pentax K-x">K-x</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-r" title="Pentax K-r">K-r</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-5" title="Pentax K-5">K-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-30" title="Pentax K-30">K-30</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-5_II" title="Pentax K-5 II">K-5II(s)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-50" title="Pentax K-50">K-50</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-50" title="Pentax K-50">K-500</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-3" title="Pentax K-3">K-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-3_II" title="Pentax K-3 II">K-3II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-S1" title="Pentax K-S1">K-S1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-S2" title="Pentax K-S2">K-S2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-70" title="Pentax K-70">K-70</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-1" title="Pentax K-1">K-1</a> DSLR cameras; alongside the <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-01" title="Pentax K-01">K-01</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_Q" title="Pentax Q">Q</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_Q10" title="Pentax Q10">Q10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_Q7" title="Pentax Q7">Q7</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentax_Q-S1" title="Pentax Q-S1">Q-S1</a> mirrorless cameras.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a> supports DNG in the Ricoh Digital GR, considered a professional compact, and the Ricoh Caplio GX.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh_GXR" title="Ricoh GXR">Ricoh GXR</a> <a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_interchangeable_lens_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirrorless interchangeable lens camera">mirrorless interchangeable lens camera</a> unit use also DNG.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> supports DNG in their <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsung_Pro815&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samsung Pro815 (page does not exist)">Pro815</a> "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prosumer#Etymology_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:prosumer">prosumer</a>" camera and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_GX-10" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung GX-10">GX-10</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_GX-20" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung GX-20">GX-20</a> DSLR cameras.</li> <li>Sea&Sea DX‐1G underwater camera.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seitz_Phototechnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seitz Phototechnik (page does not exist)">Seitz</a> Roundshot D3 digital back, used in cameras such as the 6×17.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Corporation" title="Sigma Corporation">Sigma</a> FP Native support, SD Quattro cameras support DNG but may require a firmware update.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Imaging" title="Silicon Imaging">Silicon Imaging</a> Silicon Imaging Digital Cinema SI-1920HDVR.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinar" title="Sinar">Sinar</a> now uses DNG as the <a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">raw</a> file standard for their eMotion series of digital backs.</li> <li>Kron Technologies supports DNG in their Chronos 1.4 and Chronos 2.1-HD high speed cameras.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IPhones" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhones">iPhones</a> and other <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> devices expose an API for third-party apps such as Halide or Lightroom CC to capture DNG images. The native Camera app processes to <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> or <a href="/wiki/HEIF" class="mw-redirect" title="HEIF">HEIF</a> by default. The <a href="/wiki/IPhone_12_Pro" title="IPhone 12 Pro">iPhone 12 Pro/Pro Max</a> and subsequent Pro and Pro Max models running <a href="/wiki/IOS_14" title="IOS 14">iOS 14.3</a> or later have the option to shoot pictures in DNG natively through ProRaw.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the Canon cameras can shoot as DNG using additional free software <a href="/wiki/CHDK" class="mw-redirect" title="CHDK">CHDK</a>. </p><p>The built-in camera function in the Adobe Lightroom Mobile app saves to DNG format. </p><p><a href="/wiki/DJI" title="DJI">DJI</a> supports DNG in its middle to high-end drones.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third-party_software">Third-party software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Negative&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Third-party software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Support by software suppliers varies; there are of the order of 200 software products that use DNG.<sup id="cite_ref-DNGsupports_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNGsupports-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of raw handling software products support DNG. Most provide generic support, while a few support it only if it is output directly from a camera. The type of support varies considerably. There appear to be very few third-party software products that process raw images but don't support DNG. This may reflect the difficulty of discovering all of those that do not.<sup id="cite_ref-PEARSONnotyet_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEARSONnotyet-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions_of_the_specification">Versions of the specification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Negative&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Versions of the specification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All versions of the specification remain valid, in the sense that DNG files conforming to old versions should still be read and processed by DNG readers capable of processing later versions. DNG has a version scheme built into it that allows the DNG specification, DNG writers, and DNG readers, to evolve at their own paces.<sup id="cite_ref-Version_control_in_DNG_files_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Version_control_in_DNG_files-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each version of the specification describes its compatibility with previous versions.<sup id="cite_ref-DNGspecification_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNGspecification-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1.0.0.0, published September 2004</dt> <dd>This version accompanied the launch of DNG and related products. It was a rare, possibly unique, example of a raw image format specification published by its owner. It was adequate for representing typical images, but it had a few errors and deficiencies (specifically the lack of support of "masked pixels" and an inadvertent deviation from the JPEG specification) that required it soon to be replaced by the next version.</dd> <dt>1.1.0.0, published February 2005</dt> <dd>This version corrected the flaws in the first version. It has proved capable of representing raw images for a large variety of cameras (both when written in-camera or via conversion from other raw image formats) for a few years, and it is the version still typically written in-camera.</dd> <dt>1.2.0.0, published May 2008</dt> <dd>This version was based on experience and feedback from other companies about DNG since its launch. It introduced many new features, especially several new options for color specification under the general heading of "Camera Profiles". These are mainly of value to software products wanting their own flavor of color handling. This version permits administrative control of Camera Profiles, including calibration signatures and copyright information.</dd> <dt>1.3.0.0, published June 2009</dt> <dd>This version added various improvements, but the major change was to introduce "Opcodes". An Opcode is an algorithm to be applied to some or all of the image data, described in the specification, and (optionally) implemented in the product that reads and processes the DNG file. The DNG file itself holds lists of Opcodes to be executed, together with the parameters to be applied on execution. In effect, the DNG file can contain lists of "function calls" to be executed at various stages in the raw conversion process. For example, the <i>WarpRectilinear</i> Opcode "applies a warp to an image and can be used to correct geometric distortion and lateral (transverse) chromatic aberration for rectilinear lenses". This is an example of an algorithm that cannot be applied to the raw image data itself before it is placed into the DNG file, because it should be executed <i>after</i> <a href="/wiki/Demosaicing" title="Demosaicing">demosaicing</a>. There are 13 Opcodes described in this version, and each Opcode is accompanied by a specification version so that more can be added in future.</dd> <dt>1.4.0.0, published September 2012</dt> <dd>This version added Floating Point Image Data, Transparent Pixels, Proxy DNG Files, and additional tags. It also added SampleFormat and Predictor.</dd> <dt>1.5.0.0, published May 2019</dt> <dd>This version added Depth Maps and processed Enhanced Image Data that can be stored alongside the raw image, with some details of the processing performed.</dd> <dt>1.6.0.0, published December 2021</dt> <dd>This version added large file support (64-bit <a href="/wiki/TIFF#BigTIFF" title="TIFF">BigTIFF</a> extension), Semantic Masks, triple-illuminant calibration profiles, and more.</dd> <dt>1.7.0.0, published June 2023</dt> <dd>This version adds support for <a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">JPEG XL</a> as a compression method.<sup id="cite_ref-DNGspecification_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNGspecification-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September, 1.7.1.0 was published as a minor refresh with additional compression parameters.</dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> <dl><dt>CinemaDNG, published September 2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/CinemaDNG" title="CinemaDNG">CinemaDNG</a> is a derivative of DNG with additional tags specifically for frames of movie clips (<i>TimeCodes</i> and <i>FrameRate</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CinemaDNGspecification_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CinemaDNGspecification-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not clear whether these tags will be added to a later version of the DNG specification, or will remain separately described only in the CinemaDNG specification.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardization">Standardization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Negative&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DNG is not a standard format, but is based on several <a href="/wiki/Open_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Open format">open formats</a> or <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">standards</a> and is being used by ISO in its revision of <a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format_/_Electronic_Photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format / Electronic Photography">TIFF/EP</a>. A timeline: </p> <ul><li><i>2001</i>: The ISO standard raw image format, ISO 12234-2, better known as TIFF/EP, was ratified and published. It also supports "non-raw", or "processed", images. TIFF/EP provided a basis for the raw image formats of a number of cameras, but they typically added their own proprietary data. Some cameras have sensors that cannot be described by that version of TIFF/EP.</li> <li><i>2004, September</i>: Adobe launched DNG. Its specification states it "is compatible with the TIFF-EP standard".<sup id="cite_ref-DNGspecification_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNGspecification-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a TIFF/EP extension with considerably more specified metadata, brought up-to-date and made fit for purpose. DNG also exploits various other <a href="/wiki/Open_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Open format">open formats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">standards</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchangeable image file format">Exif metadata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform" title="Extensible Metadata Platform">XMP metadata</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Press_Telecommunications_Council" title="International Press Telecommunications Council">IPTC metadata</a>, <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE XYZ coordinates</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICC_profile" title="ICC profile">ICC profiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PEARSONstandards_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEARSONstandards-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DNGspecification_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNGspecification-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although DNG supports more sensor configurations than TIFF/EP (for example, cameras from <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a> using <a href="/wiki/Super_CCD" title="Super CCD">Super CCD</a> sensors), it still doesn't support all sensor types as raw images, especially those using the <a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a> or similar, hence especially <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Corporation" title="Sigma Corporation">Sigma</a> cameras.</li> <li><i>2006</i>: TIFF/EP began its 5-year revision cycle.</li> <li><i>2006 to 2007</i>: Adobe offered the DNG specification to ISO to be part of ISO's revised TIFF/EP standard.<sup id="cite_ref-DPReviewISO_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPReviewISO-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>2008, September & October</i>: Minutes of ISO/TC 130/WG2 — Prepress Data Exchange, 37th Meeting: "WG 18 is revising the two-part standard (ISO 12234), which addresses digital camera removable memory. The revision of... Part 2 will add DNG into TIFF/EP." A progress report from ISO about the revision of TIFF/EP stated that the revision "...currently includes two "interoperability-profiles," "IP 1" for processed image data, using ".TIF" extension, and "IP 2" for "raw" image data, ".DNG" extension".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>2009, September</i>: Minutes of ISO/TC 130/WG2 — Prepress Data Exchange, 39th Meeting: the revision of TIFF/EP "is comprehensive to support many different use cases, including backward compatibility with current TIFF readers and support of Adobe DNG... Profile 2 (proposed extension .dng, if Adobe is in agreement) is intended for camera raw images, including un-demosaiced images... This format will be similar to DNG 1.3, which serves as the starting point for development."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patent_status">Patent status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Negative&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Patent status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, Adobe published a "patent license" for DNG that allows everyone to exploit DNG,<sup id="cite_ref-DNHlicense_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNHlicense-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the condition that the licensee prominently displays text saying it is licensed from Adobe in source and documentation, and that the license may be revoked if the licensee brings any patent action against Adobe or its affiliates related to the reading or writing of files that comply with the DNG Specification. The license does not name any patent linked to DNG, however.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, Adobe states that there are no known intellectual property encumbrances or license requirements for CinemaDNG, a superset of DNG.<sup id="cite_ref-CinemaDNGnoencumbrance_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CinemaDNGnoencumbrance-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adobe also stated that if there were a consensus that DNG should be controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards body</a>, they were open to the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-DMDkevinconnor_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMDkevinconnor-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the "patent license" now grants rights for no known patents, Adobe has not removed the patent license: as of August 2023, it remains on the Adobe website.<sup id="cite_ref-DNHlicense_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNHlicense-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Negative&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_image_viewers" title="Comparison of image viewers">Comparison of image viewers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNxHD_codec" class="mw-redirect" title="DNxHD codec">DNxHD codec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dcraw" title="Dcraw">dcraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibRaw" title="LibRaw">LibRaw</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Negative&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821073133/https://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/pressroom/pressreleases/200409/092704DNG.html">"Adobe Unifies Raw Photo Formats with Introduction of Digital Negative Specification"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</a>. September 27, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/pressroom/pressreleases/200409/092704DNG.html">the original</a> on August 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adobe+Unifies+Raw+Photo+Formats+with+Introduction+of+Digital+Negative+Specification&rft.pub=Adobe+Systems&rft.date=2004-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adobe.com%2Faboutadobe%2Fpressroom%2Fpressreleases%2F200409%2F092704DNG.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Negative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNGspecification-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DNGspecification_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNGspecification_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNGspecification_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNGspecification_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNGspecification_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNGspecification_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNGspecification_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNGspecification_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helpx.adobe.com/content/dam/help/en/camera-raw/digital-negative/jcr_content/root/content/flex/items/position/position-par/download_section_733958301/download-1/DNG_Spec_1_7_1_0.pdf"><i>Digital Negative (DNG) Specification</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Adobe</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Negative+%28DNG%29+Specification&rft.pub=Adobe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelpx.adobe.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fhelp%2Fen%2Fcamera-raw%2Fdigital-negative%2Fjcr_content%2Froot%2Fcontent%2Fflex%2Fitems%2Fposition%2Fposition-par%2Fdownload_section_733958301%2Fdownload-1%2FDNG_Spec_1_7_1_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Negative" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PEARSONadobeproducts-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PEARSONadobeproducts_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEARSONadobeproducts_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson" class="citation cs2">Pearson, Barry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514072423/http://www.barrypearson.co.uk/articles/dng/products_adobe.htm"><i>Adobe products that support DNG</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barrypearson.co.uk/articles/dng/products_adobe.htm">the original</a> on 2023-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adobe+products+that+support+DNG&rft.place=UK&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrypearson.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fdng%2Fproducts_adobe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Negative" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CinemaDNGnoencumbrance-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CinemaDNGnoencumbrance_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CinemaDNGnoencumbrance_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403032538/http://labs.adobe.com/technologies/cinemadng/fileformat.html">"File Format"</a>, <i>CinemaDNG</i>, Adobe Labs, 2009, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://labs.adobe.com/technologies/cinemadng/fileformat.html">the original</a> on 2012-04-03</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=File+Format&rft.btitle=CinemaDNG&rft.pub=Adobe+Labs&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flabs.adobe.com%2Ftechnologies%2Fcinemadng%2Ffileformat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Negative" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helpx.adobe.com/camera-raw/digital-negative.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Digital Negative (DNG)"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bennett and F. Barry Wheeler</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCPSR-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCPSR_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/dpm/dpm-eng/oldmedia/obsolescence1.html">Obsolescence - File Formats and Software</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JISC-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JISC_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JISC Digital Media - Still Images: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/stillimages/advice/choosing-a-file-format-for-digital-still-images/#fo3">Choosing a File Format for Digital Still Images - File formats for master archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116002515/http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/stillimages/advice/choosing-a-file-format-for-digital-still-images#fo3">Archived</a> 2011-11-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IDEADISC-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IDEADISC_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Digital Enterprise Alliance, Digital Image Submission Criteria (DISC) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idealliance.org/sites/default/files/DISCSPECIFICATIONS2007.pdf">Guidelines & Specifications 2007 (PDF)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPGM-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JPGM_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The J. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214052741/http://cool.conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/emg/library/pdf/vitale/2007-07-vitale-digital_image_file_formats.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-12-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AABC-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AABC_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archives Association of British Columbia: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aabc.ca/Born_Digital_Photographs.pdf">Born Digital Photographs: Acquisition and Preservation Strategies (Rosaleen Hill)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DMDkevinconnor-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DMDkevinconnor_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMDkevinconnor_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMDkevinconnor_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMDkevinconnor_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208052412/http://mediadesigner.digitalmedianet.com/articles/viewarticle.jsp?id=28283">"Adobe's Kevin Connor Speaks on Adobe's DNG Specification"</a>, <i>Digital Media Designer</i>, Digital Media net, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediadesigner.digitalmedianet.com/articles/viewarticle.jsp?id=28283">the original</a> on 2015-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Media+Designer&rft.atitle=Adobe%27s+Kevin+Connor+Speaks+on+Adobe%27s+DNG+Specification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmediadesigner.digitalmedianet.com%2Farticles%2Fviewarticle.jsp%3Fid%3D28283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Negative" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNGmain-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DNGmain_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNGmain_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adobe: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adobe.com/products/dng/">Digital Negative (DNG) - The public, archival format for digital camera raw data</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNGintromanufacturers-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DNGintromanufacturers_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adobe: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adobe.com/products/dng/pdfs/DNG_primer_manufacturers.pdf">Introducing the Digital Negative Specification: Information for manufacturers</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USLOCpreferences-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USLOCpreferences_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Planning for US Library of Congress Collections: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/content/still_preferences.shtml">Preferences in Summary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dpBestflowDNG-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dpBestflowDNG_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">dpBestflow: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpbestflow.org/node/305">Raw File Formats</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PEARSONnotnative-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PEARSONnotnative_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry Pearson: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barrypearson.co.uk/articles/dng/dng_not_native.htm">Support via DNG but not native raws</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PEARSONcameramakers-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PEARSONcameramakers_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEARSONcameramakers_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEARSONcameramakers_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry Pearson: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barrypearson.co.uk/articles/dng/products_cameras.htm">Products from Camera Manufacturers that support DNG in some way</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PEARSONhistory-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PEARSONhistory_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEARSONhistory_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEARSONhistory_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry Pearson: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barrypearson.co.uk/articles/dng/history.htm">A brief history of DNG</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNGspecification4-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DNGspecification4_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adobe: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helpx.adobe.com/content/dam/help/en/photoshop/pdf/dng_spec_1_6_0_0.pdf">DNG Specification</a> (Section 4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry Pearson: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barrypearson.co.uk/articles/dng/linear.htm">Linear DNG</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scene-referred-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scene-referred_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CIE: "Scene-referred": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eilv.cie.co.at/term/567">image state, scene-referred</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511215142/http://eilv.cie.co.at/term/567">Archived</a> 2013-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seitz Phototechnik: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roundshot.ch/xml_1/internet/de/application/d438/d925/f933.cfm">Roundshot D3 with Seitz D3 digital scan back</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seitz Phototechnik: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roundshot.ch/xml_1/internet/de/application/d438/d925/f934.cfm">Seitz 6x17 Digital with Seitz D3 digital scan back</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070815221646/http://www.roundshot.ch/xml_1/internet/de/application/d438/d925/f934.cfm">Archived</a> 2007-08-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ikonoskop: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikonoskop.com/dii/">Ikonoskop A-cam dII</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100202024139/http://www.ikonoskop.com/dii/">Archived</a> 2010-02-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zeiss: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeiss.de/c12567a80033f8e4/Contents-Frame/014594eb7a706cc4c12574c500452d24">PhotoScope 85 T* FL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RicohGXR-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RicohGXR_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricoh: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ricoh.com/r_dc/gxr/">Ricoh GXR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160622155756/http://www.ricoh.com/r_dc/gxr/">Archived</a> 2016-06-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ikonoskop: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikonoskop.com/blog/a-cam3d/">Ikonoskop A-cam3D</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100813021337/http://www.ikonoskop.com//blog/a-cam3d/">Archived</a> 2010-08-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadleigh2009" class="citation web cs1">Wadleigh, John (Oct 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photo.net/digital-darkroom-forum/00Usgn">"Competition does not accept DNG"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Competition+does+not+accept+DNG&rft.date=2009-10-30&rft.aulast=Wadleigh&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoto.net%2Fdigital-darkroom-forum%2F00Usgn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Negative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adobe-hosted User Forum: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forums.adobe.com/thread/528900?tstart=0">Reconvert with new DNG Converter?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DPReview Forum: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forums.dpreview.com/forums/read.asp?forum=1036&message=32904790">PROGRESS: version 0.9.0.0 now supports PEF files</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNGsupports-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DNGsupports_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNGsupports_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adobe: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adobe.com/products/dng/supporters.html">DNG hardware and software support</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry Pearson: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barrypearson.co.uk/articles/dng/products.htm">Products that support DNG in some way</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225230022/http://www.barrypearson.co.uk/articles/dng/products.htm">Archived</a> 2012-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adobe.com/support/downloads/product.jsp?product=106&platform=Windows">"MS Windows product download"</a>, <i>DNG converter</i>, Adobe</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MS+Windows+product+download&rft.btitle=DNG+converter&rft.pub=Adobe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adobe.com%2Fsupport%2Fdownloads%2Fproduct.jsp%3Fproduct%3D106%26platform%3DWindows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Negative" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adobe.com/support/downloads/product.jsp?product=106&platform=Macintosh">"Apple Mac product download"</a>, <i>DNG converter</i>, Adobe</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apple+Mac+product+download&rft.btitle=DNG+converter&rft.pub=Adobe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adobe.com%2Fsupport%2Fdownloads%2Fproduct.jsp%3Fproduct%3D106%26platform%3DMacintosh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Negative" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macworld.com/article/3120658/ios/camera-app-makers-tap-into-raw-power-with-ios-and-look-forward-to-dual-lenses.html">"Camera app makers tap into RAW power with iOS, and look forward to dual lenses"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adobe.com/products/dng/license.html">"Specification Patent License"</a>, <i>Digital Negative (DNG)</i>, Adobe, 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Specification+Patent+License&rft.btitle=Digital+Negative+%28DNG%29&rft.pub=Adobe&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adobe.com%2Fproducts%2Fdng%2Flicense.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Negative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/digital-negative.html#dng">"Digital Negative (DNG)"</a>. Adobe Systems Incorporated<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Graphics_file_formats" title="Template:Graphics file formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Graphics_file_formats" title="Template talk:Graphics file formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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BMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics"> BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSAVE" title="BSAVE"> BSAVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALS_Raster_file_format" title="CALS Raster file format"> CAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cineon" title="Cineon"> CIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_Perceptual_Compression" title="Cartesian Perceptual Compression"> CPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPT_(file_format)" title="CPT (file format)"> CPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectDraw_Surface" title="DirectDraw Surface"> DDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Picture_Exchange" title="Digital Picture Exchange"> DPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECW_(file_format)" title="ECW (file format)"> ECW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEXR" title="OpenEXR"> EXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FITS" title="FITS">FITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLIC_(file_format)" title="FLIC (file format)"> FLIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Lossless_Image_Format" title="Free Lossless Image Format"> FLIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlashPix" title="FlashPix"> FPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDRi_(data_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="HDRi (data format)"> HDRi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding#Main_Still_Picture" title="High Efficiency Video Coding"> HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICER_(file_format)" title="ICER (file format)">ICER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Icon_Image_format" title="Apple Icon Image format"> ICNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICO_(file_format)" title="ICO (file format)"> ICO / CUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Cytometry_Standard" title="Image Cytometry Standard"> ICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILBM" title="ILBM">ILBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">JBIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG2" title="JBIG2">JBIG2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_Network_Graphics" title="JPEG Network Graphics"> JNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossless_JPEG#JPEG-LS" title="Lossless JPEG"> JPEG-LS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">JPEG XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">JPEG XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">JPEG XS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XT" title="JPEG XT">JPEG XT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JPEG-HDR" class="mw-redirect" title="JPEG-HDR">JPEG-HDR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krita" title="Krita"> KRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-image_Network_Graphics" title="Multiple-image Network Graphics"> MNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magick_Image_File_Format" title="Magick Image File Format"> MIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearly_raw_raster_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Nearly raw raster data"> NRRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRaster" title="OpenRaster"> ORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netpbm#PAM_graphics_format" title="Netpbm"> PAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netpbm" title="Netpbm"> PBM / PGM / PPM / PNM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCX" title="PCX">PCX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Graphics_File" title="Progressive Graphics File"> PGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICtor_PIC_image_format" title="PICtor PIC image format"> PICtor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNG" title="PNG">PNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop#PSD" title="Adobe Photoshop"> PSD / PSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PaintShop_Pro" title="PaintShop Pro"> PSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QOI_(image_format)" title="QOI (image format)"> QOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_VR" title="QuickTime VR"> QTVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Raster" title="Sun Raster"> RAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGBE_image_format" title="RGBE image format"> RGBE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logluv_TIFF" title="Logluv TIFF">Logluv TIFF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics_Image" title="Silicon Graphics Image"> SGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truevision_TGA" title="Truevision TGA"> TGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format"> TIFF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">TIFF/EP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format#TIFF/IT" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format"> TIFF/IT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulead_PhotoImpact" title="Ulead PhotoImpact"> UFO / UFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format" title="Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap Format"> WBMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_BitMap" title="X BitMap"> XBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCF_(file_format)" title="XCF (file format)"> XCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_PixMap" title="X PixMap"> XPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xwd" title="Xwd"> XWD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">Raw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_Image_File_Format" title="Camera Image File Format"> CIFF</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> DNG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">Vector</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Illustrator_Artwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Illustrator Artwork"> AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CorelDRAW#CDR_file_format" title="CorelDRAW"> CDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile"> CGM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoCAD_DXF" title="AutoCAD DXF"> DXF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Metafile" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Metafile"> EMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMF%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="EMF+">EMF+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerber_format" title="Gerber format"> Gerber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku_Vector_Icon_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiku Vector Icon Format"> HVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGES" title="IGES">IGES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Graphics_Markup_Language" title="Precision Graphics Markup Language"> PGML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics"> SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_Markup_Language" title="Vector Markup Language"> VML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Metafile" title="Windows Metafile"> WMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xar_(graphics)" title="Xar (graphics)"> Xar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Image_file_format#Compound_formats" title="Image file format">Compound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computable_Document_Format" title="Computable Document Format"> CDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encapsulated_PostScript" title="Encapsulated PostScript"> EPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MODCA" title="MODCA">MODCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICT" title="PICT">PICT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript"> PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWF" title="SWF">SWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Application_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Application Markup Language"> XAML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exif" title="Exif">Exchangeable image file format (Exif)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Press_Telecommunications_Council#Photo_metadata" title="International Press Telecommunications Council">International Press Telecommunications Council § Photo metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform" title="Extensible Metadata Platform">Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF#Metadata" title="GIF">GIF § Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steganography" title="Steganography">Steganography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Graphics_file_formats" title="Category:Graphics file formats">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_na_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Non-article page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/16px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/23px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/31px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_graphics_file_formats" title="Comparison of graphics file formats">Comparison</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adobe_Inc." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adobe_Inc." title="Template:Adobe Inc."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Creative_Cloud" title="Adobe Creative Cloud">Creative Cloud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adobe_Creative_Suite" title="Adobe Creative Suite">Creative Suite</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_eLearning_Suite" title="Adobe eLearning Suite">eLearning Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Experience_Cloud" title="Adobe Experience Cloud">Experience Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Technical_Communication_Suite" title="Adobe Technical Communication Suite">Technical Communication Suite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Animate" title="Adobe Animate">Animate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat" title="Adobe Acrobat">Acrobat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_After_Effects" title="Adobe After Effects">After Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Audition" title="Adobe Audition">Audition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackets_(text_editor)" title="Brackets (text editor)">Brackets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Digital_Editions" title="Adobe Digital Editions">Digital Editions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Director" title="Adobe Director">Director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Dreamweaver" title="Adobe Dreamweaver">Dreamweaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Edge" title="Adobe Edge">Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_FrameMaker" title="Adobe FrameMaker">FrameMaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_FreeHand" title="Adobe FreeHand">FreeHand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player" title="Adobe Flash Player">Flash Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Builder" title="Adobe Flash Builder">Flash Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_GoLive" title="Adobe GoLive">GoLive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Illustrator" title="Adobe Illustrator">Illustrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_InDesign" title="Adobe InDesign">InDesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Media_Encoder" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Media Encoder">Media Encoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Media_Player" title="Adobe Media Player">Media Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Muse" title="Adobe Muse">Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_PageMaker" title="Adobe PageMaker">PageMaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Photoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Photoshop Album">Photoshop Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop_Elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Photoshop Elements">Photoshop Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Photoshop Express">Photoshop Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Photoshop Lightroom">Photoshop Lightroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Premiere_Pro" title="Adobe Premiere Pro">Premiere Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Premiere_Elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Premiere Elements">Premiere Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Premiere_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Premiere Express">Premiere Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat" title="Adobe Acrobat">Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Shockwave_Player" title="Adobe Shockwave Player">Shockwave Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Voco" title="Adobe Voco">Voco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_XD" title="Adobe XD">XD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Server</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_LiveCycle" title="Adobe LiveCycle">LiveCycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Media_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Flash Media Server">Flash Media Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlazeDS" title="BlazeDS">BlazeDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_ColdFusion" title="Adobe ColdFusion">ColdFusion</a></li> <li>JRun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Cordova" title="Apache Cordova">PhoneGap Build</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_AIR" title="Adobe AIR">AIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Flex" title="Apache Flex">Flex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Shockwave" title="Adobe Shockwave">Shockwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Font_Folio" title="Adobe Font Folio">Font Folio</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital Negative</a> (DNG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Authorware" title="Adobe Authorware">Authorware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlashPaper" title="FlashPaper">FlashPaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">Portable Document Format</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Web services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Document_Cloud" title="Adobe Document Cloud">Document Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Sign" title="Adobe Sign">Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Fonts" title="Adobe Fonts">Fonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Solutions_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Solutions Network">Solutions Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Photoshop Express">Photoshop Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Premiere_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Premiere Express">Premiere Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Spark" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Spark">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Stock" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Stock">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frame.io&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frame.io (page does not exist)">Frame.io</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Adobe" title="List of acquisitions by Adobe">Acquisitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldus_Corporation" title="Aldus Corporation">Aldus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviary_(image_editor)" title="Aviary (image editor)">Aviary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behance" title="Behance">Behance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Day Software">Day Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotolia">Fotolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livefyre" title="Livefyre">Livefyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macromedia" title="Macromedia">Macromedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magento" title="Magento">Magento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketo" title="Marketo">Marketo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixamo" title="Mixamo">Mixamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolane" title="Neolane">Neolane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR_Systems" title="OCR Systems">OCR Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniture" title="Omniture">Omniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scene7" title="Scene7">Scene7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_Magic" title="Serious Magic">Serious Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TubeMogul" title="TubeMogul">TubeMogul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chizen" title="Bruce Chizen">Bruce Chizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Geschke" title="Charles Geschke">Charles Geschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantanu_Narayen" title="Shantanu Narayen">Shantanu Narayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warnock" title="John Warnock">John Warnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Yocam" title="Del Yocam">Del Yocam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Adobe_Inc." title="Category:Adobe Inc.">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Adobe_Inc." class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Adobe Inc."><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Photography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" 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