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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Exhortation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhortation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irreality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irreality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Irreality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irreality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Concession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Set_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Set_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> 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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Set_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Set_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Set words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Set_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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wish, command, emotion, possibility, uncertainty, doubt, judgment, opinion, necessity, or action that has not yet occurred. </p><p>It is also referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Conjunctive_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjunctive mood">conjunctive mood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">aanvoegende wijs</i>) as it often follows a <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunction</a>. As in <a href="/wiki/English_subjunctive" title="English subjunctive">English</a> the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive mood</a> in Dutch has gradually been replaced by modal <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary verbs">auxiliary verbs</a>. As a consequence of this, its contemporary use is mostly—but not completely—confined to set phrases and semi-fixed expressions. Readers of older Dutch texts frequently encounter the use of the subjunctive, especially in legal, judicial, literary and religious texts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjunctive_in_Dutch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_subjunctive">Present subjunctive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjunctive_in_Dutch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Present subjunctive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Onvoltooid Tegenwoordige Tijd</i></span> <i>(OTT)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Imperfect" title="Imperfect">imperfect</a> present tense: </p> <ul><li>First person: present <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a> + <b>e</b> (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">ik kom<b>e</b></i></span>) or if the root ends on a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>: root (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">ik ga</i></span>)</li> <li>Second person: present root +<b>et</b> or root +<b>e</b>: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">gij nem<b>et</b></i></span><i><b>'</b>, </i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zij je</i></span><i>, </i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">u lett<b>e</b></i></span></li> <li>Third person: present root +<b>e</b>: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">hij spel<b>e</b></i></span></li> <li>Plural: present infinitive: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">wij mog<b>en</b></i></span></li> <li><i>VTT</i>: OTT of <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">hebben</i></span> or <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zijn</i></span> + past participle: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">ik <b>hebbe</b> gespeeld</i></span><i>,</i> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">u <b>zij</b> gegaan</i></span><i>.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_subjunctive">Past subjunctive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjunctive_in_Dutch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Past subjunctive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Onvoltooid Verleden Tijd</i></span> <i>(OVT)</i>, imperfect past tense: </p> <ul><li>First person: past root + <b>e</b>: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Ik kwam<b>e</b></i></span>.</li> <li>Second person: past root + <b>e</b>: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Hij speeld<b>e</b></i></span>.</li> <li>Plural: past infinitive: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Wij mocht<b>en</b></i></span>.</li> <li>One exception: the past subjunctive of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch verbs">Dutch verb</a> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">worden</i></span> ('to become') is <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">wierde(n)</i></span>, not <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">werde(n)</i></span>.</li> <li><i>VVT</i>: OVT of <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">hebben</i></span> ('to have') or <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zijn</i></span> ('to be') + past participle: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Ik <b>hadde</b> gespeeld</i></span><i>,</i> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">gij <b>waret</b> gegaan</i></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_subjunctive">Future subjunctive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjunctive_in_Dutch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Future subjunctive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The future subjunctive is mostly a theoretical construct, which has almost never been used. </p> <ul><li><i>OTkT</i> (imperfect future tense): OTT of <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zullen</i></span> + present infinitive: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">ik <b>zulle</b> spelen</i></span>.</li> <li><i>OVTkT</i> (imperfect past future tense): OVT of <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zullen</i></span> + present infinitive: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">ik <b>zoude</b> spelen</i></span>.</li> <li><i>VTkT</i> (<a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a> future tense): OTkT of <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">hebben</i></span> or <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zijn</i></span> + past participle: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Ik <b>zulle</b> gespeeld hebben</i></span><i>,</i> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">gij <b>zullet</b> gegaan <b>zijn</b></i></span>.</li> <li><i>VVTkT</i> (perfect past future tense): OVTkT of <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">hebben</i></span> or <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zijn</i></span> + past participle: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Ik <b>zoude</b> gespeeld hebben</i></span>, <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">gij <b>zoudet</b> gegaan <b>zijn</b></i></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjunctive_in_Dutch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Dutch, the subjunctive mood can express a </p> <ul><li>wish: hence, it fulfills the function of the <a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">optative mood</a> (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">wensende wijs</i></span>) in other languages.</li> <li>command</li> <li>condition: hence, it fulfills the function of the <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional mood</a> (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">voorwaardelijke wijs</i></span>) in other languages.</li> <li>irreality: hence, it fulfills the function of the <a href="/wiki/Irrealis_mood" title="Irrealis mood">irrealis mood</a> in other languages.</li> <li>possibility: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potentialis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potentialis (page does not exist)">potentialis</a></i></li> <li>doubt</li> <li>uncertainty</li> <li>concession</li> <li>purpose</li> <li>exhortation: it fulfills the function of the <a href="/wiki/Hortative" title="Hortative">hortative mood</a> in other languages.</li></ul> <p>The subjunctive was quite common in the past, and is often encountered in older Dutch texts. It underwent a slow but steady decline in use, first in the spoken language and later in the written language. It was already noted by linguists in the early 20th century that the use of the subjunctive in oral language was rare.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time the use of the subjunctive in writing was also dwindling, a process that continued throughout the 20th century. </p><p>If the subjunctive is used in accordance with the rules mentioned in this article, it is still considered grammatically correct but often sounds archaic or formal. In contemporary Dutch the subjunctive is no longer actively used, save for a few exceptions and a large range of set phrases. Instead the function of the subjunctive has been replaced by a range of <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a>, the most important of which is <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zullen</i></span> ('will'), especially its past tense: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zouden</i></span> ('would'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command_or_wish">Command or wish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjunctive_in_Dutch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Command or wish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subjunctive can express a <a href="/wiki/Wish" title="Wish">wish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">command</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such the subjunctive fulfills the function of what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">optative mood</a> in some other languages. Example sentences: </p> <ul><li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Lang <b>leve</b> de koningin!</i></span> ('Long live the queen!')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><b>Mogen</b> zij in vrede rusten</i></span><i>.</i> ('May they rest in peace.')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Het <b>ga</b> je goed</i></span><i>!</i> ('May things go well for you!')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">God <b>zegene</b> en <b>beware</b> je</i></span><i>.</i> ('May God bless and save you.')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Het geluk <b>zij</b> met u</i></span><i>!</i> ('May luck be with you!')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Hiermede <b>moge</b> ik u berichten dat wij uw brief goed hebben ontvangen</i></span><i>.</i> ('I may inform you that we have received your letter.')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><b>Ware</b> hij toch verstandiger geweest</i></span><i>!</i> ('I wish he had been wiser!')</li></ul> <p>In contemporary Dutch, the optative function of the subjunctive has to a large extent been replaced by the auxiliary verb <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zullen</i></span> ('will') and to a much lesser extent by <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">laten</i></span> ('to let'). Example sentences: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Ik hoop dat hij op tijd zal komen</i></span><i>.</i> (I hope he will come on time) and <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Laat Uw Naam geheiligd worden</i></span>. ('Let Thy Name be hallowed', instead of <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Geheiligd <b>zij</b> Uw Naam</i></span> or 'Hallowed <b>be</b> Thy Name'). Many religious texts and official government or business letters still make use of the optative subjunctive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exhortation">Exhortation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjunctive_in_Dutch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exhortation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subjunctive can express an <a href="/wiki/Exhortation" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhortation">exhortation</a>. This form is <a href="/wiki/Conservative_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative (language)">archaic</a> and is usually expressed in modern Dutch with the auxiliary verb <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">moeten</i></span> ('must' or 'should') or the <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> is used. Exceptions may be found in cookbook recipe formulas, normally in combination with the third person form <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">men</i></span> ('one' or 'you'). </p> <ul><li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Men <b>neme</b> drie eieren</i></span><i>.</i> ('You should take three eggs.')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De lezer <b>bedenke</b> wel dat dit boek vijftig jaar geleden geschreven is</i></span><i>.</i>/Modern Dutch: <i>De lezer moet wel bedenken dat dit boek vijftig jaar geleden geschreven is.</i> ('The reader should keep in mind that this book was written fifty years ago.')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Men <b>zegge</b> het voort</i></span><i>.</i>/Modern Dutch: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Zeg het voort</i></span>. ('One should tell others.')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Men <b>herleze</b> mijn brief</i></span><i>.</i>/Modern Dutch: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Men moet mijn brief herlezen</i></span>. ('One should reread my letter.')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De gebruiker <b>lette</b> hierop</i></span><i>.</i>/Modern Dutch: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De gebruiker moet hierop letten</i></span>. ('The user should take note of this.')</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irreality">Irreality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjunctive_in_Dutch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Irreality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subjunctive can be used to express an <a href="/wiki/Irrealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrealis">irrealis</a> situation. Example sentences: </p> <ul><li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De man sprak over de bankoverval als <b>ware</b> het een zondaguitstapje</i></span><i>.</i> ('The man spoke about the bank robbery as if it were a Sunday trip.')</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concession">Concession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjunctive_in_Dutch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Concession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subjunctive can express a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concession" class="extiw" title="wikt:concession">concession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Example sentences: </p> <ul><li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Wie hij ook <b>zij</b></i></span><i>.</i> ('Whoever he may be.')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Wat hij ook <b>moge</b> doen</i></span><i>.</i> ('Whatever he may do.')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Hoe het ook <b>zij</b></i></span><i>.</i> ('However it may be.')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Ik ben het met zijn standpunten eens, <b>zij</b> het niet geheel van harte</i></span><i>.</i> ('I agree with his views, though not wholeheartedly.')</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Set_phrases">Set phrases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjunctive_in_Dutch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Set phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contemporary Dutch, a wide range of fixed expressions that make use of the subjunctive exist. Some examples are mentioned here. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proverbs">Proverbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjunctive_in_Dutch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Proverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some examples: </p> <ul><li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><b>Gebeure</b> wat gebeuren zal</i></span><i>. </i>('What will be, will be.')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><b>Kome</b> wat komen zal</i></span><i>. </i>('Come what may...')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><b>Koste</b> wat het kost</i></span><i>. </i>('Cost what it will...')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><b>Redde</b> wie zich redden kan</i></span><i>. </i>('Every one for oneself' [lit. 'Be saved who can save oneself'])</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formal_and_religious_language">Formal and religious language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjunctive_in_Dutch&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Formal and religious language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some examples:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Lord's Prayer: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Onze Vader Die in de Hemelen zijt, geheiligd <b>zij</b> Uw Naam, Uw Rijk <b>kome</b>, Uw Wil <b>geschiede</b> op aarde als in de Hemel</i></span><i>.</i> ('Our Father in heaven, hallowed <b>be</b> your name, your kingdom <b>come</b>, your will <b>be</b> done, on earth as in heaven.')</li> <li>Oath phrase: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Zo waarlijk <b>helpe</b> mij God almachtig</i></span><i>. </i>('So help me God,' as used in swearing an oath.)</li> <li>Formal request: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><b>Gelieve</b> gepast te betalen</i></span>. from <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><b>U gelieve</b> gepast te betalen</i></span>. ('Please pay with exact change.')<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Set_words">Set words</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjunctive_in_Dutch&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Set words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some words, the use of the subjunctive can be seen: </p> <ul><li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Dankzij</i></span> from <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">dank <b>zij</b></i></span> ('thanks to')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Hetzij</i></span> from <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">het <b>zij</b></i></span> ('be it', either)</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Tenzij</i></span> from <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">'t en <b>zij</b></i></span> (lit. 'it not be', unless)</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Godbetert</i></span> from <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">God <b>betere</b> het</i></span>. ('(I wish that) God <b>improve</b> it')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Godverdomme</i></span> from <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">God <b>verdoeme</b> (het)</i></span> ('(I wish that) God<b>damn</b> (it)')</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Godzijdank</i></span> from <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">God <b>zij</b> dank</i></span>. ('God be thanked')</li></ul> <p>The composite words can also be split in their components and form a full-fledged sentence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjunctive_in_Dutch&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">Grammatical mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive in English">Subjunctive in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Dutch_declension" title="Archaic Dutch declension">Archaic Dutch declension</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjunctive_in_Dutch&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBerckenhoff1909" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berckenhoff, F. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_taa008190901_01/_taa008190901_01_0033.php">"De dienstbaarheid van de moedertaal"</a>. <i>De Nieuwe Tallgids</i> (in Dutch). <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Nieuwe+Tallgids&rft.atitle=De+dienstbaarheid+van+de+moedertaal.&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Berckenhoff&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2F_taa008190901_01%2F_taa008190901_01_0033.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubjunctive+in+Dutch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrill1871" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brill, W.G. 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WEILAND, p. 147 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalebibliotheek.be/tekst/weil004nede01_01/weil004nede01_01.pdf">digitalebibliotheek.be</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <i>Faculteit der Letteren, Radboud Universiteit, Aanvoegende wijs (conjunctief)</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070920195058/http://www.let.ru.nl/ans/e-ans/02/04/03/body.html">let.ru.nl</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onzetaal.nl/taaladvies/alle-collegas-gelieve-gelieven">"alle collega's gelieve / gelieven | Genootschap Onze Taal"</a>. <i>Onze Taal</i>. Onze Taal<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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