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page-Category_Google_Scholar rootpage-Category_Google_Scholar skin-vector action-view"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-mw-helplink" class="mw-indicator"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Categories" target="_blank" class="mw-helplink"><span class="mw-helplink-icon"></span>Help</a></div> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Category</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Google Scholar</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r905765184">.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="ltr"]{float:right;clear:right;margin-right:0;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="rtl"]{float:left;clear:left;margin-left:0;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox{width:258px;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:95%;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox .image img{max-width:250px;max-height:250px;width:auto}.mw-parser-output #wdinfoboxcaption{background:#FFF}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="ltr"] #wdinfoboxcaption{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="rtl"] #wdinfoboxcaption{margin-right:0}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox th,.mw-parser-output #wdinfo_taxon th{vertical-align:top;word-wrap:break-word;hyphens:auto}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox td,.mw-parser-output #wdinfo_taxon td{word-wrap:break-word;hyphens:auto}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox li:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:3px}.mw-parser-output #wdinfo_taxon{font-size:95%;table-layout:fixed;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .taxontree-lcell,.mw-parser-output .wikidatainfobox-lcell{background:#CFE3FF;padding-left:.4em;padding-right:.4em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .taxontree-rcell,.mw-parser-output .wikidatainfobox-rcell{word-wrap:break-word;hyphens:auto}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="ltr"] .taxontree-lcell,.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="ltr"] .wikidatainfobox-lcell{text-align:right;word-wrap:break-word;hyphens:auto}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="rtl"] .taxontree-lcell,.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="rtl"] .wikidatainfobox-lcell{text-align:left;word-wrap:break-word;hyphens:auto}.mw-parser-output .taxontree-fullcell{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .taxontree-hdrcell{text-align:center;background:#CFE3FF;padding-left:.4em;padding-right:.4em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .taxontree-row{}@media screen and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .wdinfo_nomobile{display:none;visibility:hidden;height:0}}.mw-parser-output .wdinfobox_horizontal{clear:both!important;display:block;box-sizing:border-box!important;width:100%!important;column-width:24em}.mw-parser-output .wdinfobox_hide{display:none}.mw-parser-output #wdcreator{display:none}.mw-parser-output .wdcreator_show{display:block!important}.mw-parser-output #wdinfo_taxon ul{list-style:none;list-style-position:inside}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="ltr"] #wdinfo_taxon ul{padding-left:0;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="rtl"] #wdinfo_taxon ul{padding-right:0;margin-right:0}.mw-parser-output .wikidatainfoboxVN ul li{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .wikidatainfoboxVN ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .wikidatainfoboxVN{padding:0;margin:0}</style><div style="display:none"><nowiki>Google Académico; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; Google Наука; Google Scholar; Google學術搜尋; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; Google學術搜尋; Google Scholar; 구글 학술 검색; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; গুগল স্কলার; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; Google学术搜索; गूगल स्कॉलर; Google Scholar; Гугл академик; Google Scholar; Google学术搜索; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; گووگڵ سکۆلار; Google Scholar; الباحث العلمي من جوجل; Google Scholar; Google Tudós; Google Akademiko; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; گوگل اسکالر; Google學術搜尋; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; גוגל סקולר; गूगल स्कॉलर; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; கூகுள் இசுகாலர்; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; Google學術搜尋; Google学术搜索; Google Scholar; Google学术搜索; Google scholar; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; Google Akademik; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; Google學術搜尋; Google Scholar; Google Acadèmic; Google Cendekia; Google Scholar; ഗൂഗിൾ സ്കോളർ; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; Академияи Google; Google Scholar; Гугл сколар; Google Scholar; Google Scholar; motore di ricerca accademica di Google; moteur de recherche spécifique de Google; пошукавая сыстэма навуковых публікацый; бесплатная поисковая система по полным текстам научных публикаций; Suchmaschine des Unternehmens Google Inc. für wissenschaftliche Dokumente; 구글의 검색 서비스의 하나; מנוע חיפוש אקדמאי מקוון מבית היוצר של גוגל; Google tərəfindən yaradılan elmi axtarış xidməti; 谷歌（Google）的學術搜索服務; web-baseret bibliografisk service for videnskabeligt litteratur; iskalnik podjetja Google Inc. za znanstvene in strokovne dokumente; Googleの提供する学術用途検索サービス; akademisk søketjeneste fra Google; Googlen hakukone; Layanan yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk melakukan pencarian materi-materi pelajaran berupa teks; wyszukiwarka internetowa; пошукова система, яка індексує текст наукових публікацій; Googleov pretraživač znanstvenih radova; ヱブサイト; servicio de búsqueda académica de Google; servei de recerca acadèmica de Google; خزمەتگوزاری گەڕانی ئەکادیمی لەلایەن گووگڵەوە; academic search service by Google; Googleov pretraživač znanstvenih radova; webový vyhledávač akademických textů od společnosti Google; Googleov pretraživač naučnih radova; Google Academico; Google Scholar; Google Znalac; Академия Google; гугл академия; Google академия; गुगल स्कॉलर; Google Académico; Google acadêmico; Google academic; گوگل اسکولار; پژوهشگر گوگل; 谷歌學術搜索; Google学术; Google学术搜索; Google學術; 谷歌学术; scholar.google.com; Google Učenjak; 論文グーグル; グーグルスカラー; Googleスカラー; グーグルスカラ; グーグル・スカラー; グーグル・スカラ; Google Scholar; google jonismet; גוגל סקולאר; Google Scholar; Google Znalac; Scholar Google; Google Scholar; Гоогле Счолар; scholar.google.com; الباحث العلمي - جوجل; جوجل البحث العلمي; غوغل سكولار; جوجل سكولار; Google Scholar; Google Scholar</nowiki></div><table id="wdinfobox" dir="ltr" class="fileinfotpl-type-information vevent infobox mw-collapsible"><caption class="fn org" id="wdinfoboxcaption"><b>Google Scholar </b></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="wdinfo_nomobile" style="text-align:center"><div>academic search service by Google</div><div class="switcher-container"><div class="center"><span class="wpImageAnnotatorControl wpImageAnnotatorCaptionOff"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Google_Scholar_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Google_Scholar_logo.png/230px-Google_Scholar_logo.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Google_Scholar_logo.png/345px-Google_Scholar_logo.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Google_Scholar_logo.png/460px-Google_Scholar_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AUploadWizard&categories=Google+Scholar">Upload media</a></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/16px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/24px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" class="extiw" title="en:Google Scholar">Wikipedia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="wikidatainfobox-lcell">Instance of</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Search_engines" title="Category:Search engines">search engine</a></li><li>bibliographic database</li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Websites" title="Category:Websites">website</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Online_databases" title="Category:Online databases">online database</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="wdinfo_nomobile"><th class="wikidatainfobox-lcell">Main subject</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_writing" title="Category:Science writing">academic writing</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="wdinfo_nomobile"><th class="wikidatainfobox-lcell">Language of work or name</th><td><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; overflow:auto;" data-expandtext="Show" data-collapsetext="Hide"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>English</li><li>German</li><li>Spanish</li><li>French</li><li>Catalan</li><li>Czech</li><li>Danish</li><li>Filipino</li><li>Croatian</li><li>Indonesian</li><li>Latvian</li><li>Lithuanian</li><li>Hungarian</li><li>Dutch</li><li>Norwegian</li><li>Polish</li><li>Portuguese</li><li>Brazilian Portuguese</li><li>Romanian</li><li>Slovak</li><li>Slovene</li><li>Finnish</li><li>Swedish</li><li>Vietnamese</li><li>Turkish</li><li>Greek</li><li>Bulgarian</li><li>Russian</li><li>Serbian</li><li>Ukrainian</li><li>…</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr class="wdinfo_nomobile"><th class="wikidatainfobox-lcell">Owned by</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="wdinfo_nomobile"><th class="wikidatainfobox-lcell">Operator</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="wdinfo_nomobile"><th class="wikidatainfobox-lcell">Maintained by</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="wdinfo_nomobile"><th class="wikidatainfobox-lcell">Has part(s)</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Google Scholar author ID</li><li>Google Scholar paper ID</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="wdinfo_nomobile"><th class="wikidatainfobox-lcell">Inception</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>November 2004</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/">official website</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%" id="wdinfo_ac" class="mw-collapsible"><tbody><tr><th style="background: #cfe3ff">Authority file</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div style="overflow-wrap: break-word; font-size: smaller"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494817" title="d:Q494817"><img alt="Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494817" class="extiw" title="d:Q494817">Q494817</a><br /><span class="wdinfo_nomobile"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/VIAF_icon.svg/18px-VIAF_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/VIAF_icon.svg/27px-VIAF_icon.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/VIAF_icon.svg/36px-VIAF_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> VIAF ID: <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/832146936606613780116/">832146936606613780116</a></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Library_of_Congress_favicon.png/18px-Library_of_Congress_favicon.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Library_of_Congress_favicon.png/27px-Library_of_Congress_favicon.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Library_of_Congress_favicon.png/36px-Library_of_Congress_favicon.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span> Library of Congress authority ID: <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2016036728">n2016036728</a></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class="wdinfo_nomobile"><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><small><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q494817">Reasonator</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q494817" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q494817">Scholia</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikidocumentaries-demo.wmcloud.org/Q494817">Wikidocumentaries</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://petscan.wmflabs.org/?language=commons&categories=Google_Scholar&project=wikimedia&ns%5B6%5D=1">PetScan</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://glamtools.toolforge.org/glamorgan.html?&category=Google_Scholar&depth=1&month=last">statistics</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://wikimap.toolforge.org/?cat=Google_Scholar&subcats=true&subcatdepth=1&cluster=true">WikiMap</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://locator-tool.toolforge.org/#/geolocate?category=Google_Scholar">Locator tool</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://kmlexport.toolforge.org/?project=commons&article=Category%3AGoogle+Scholar">KML file</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Special:Search/haswbstatement:P180%3DQ494817" title="Special:Search/haswbstatement:P180=Q494817">Search depicted</a></li></ul></div></small></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="wdinfo_nomobile"><td lang="en" colspan="2" style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494817" title="Edit infobox data on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit infobox data on Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/23px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/30px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><div class="mw-category-generated" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-subcategories"> <h2>Subcategories</h2> <p>This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. </p><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-category"><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>G</h3> <ul><li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Google_Scholar_logos" title="Category:Google Scholar logos">Google Scholar logos</a></bdi> <span title="Contains 0 subcategories, 0 pages, and 4 files" dir="ltr">(4 F)</span></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>M</h3> <ul><li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Margaret_Murray_Hanson" title="Category:Margaret Murray Hanson">Margaret Murray Hanson</a></bdi> <span title="Contains 0 subcategories, 0 pages, and 2 files" dir="ltr">(2 F)</span></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div> </div><div id="mw-category-media"> <h2>Media in category "Google Scholar"</h2> <p>The following 8 files are in this category, out of 8 total. </p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> 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src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/2013_ben_rattray_shows_scholar.ogv/2013_ben_rattray_shows_scholar.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/2013_ben_rattray_shows_scholar.ogv/2013_ben_rattray_shows_scholar.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/2013_ben_rattray_shows_scholar.ogv/2013_ben_rattray_shows_scholar.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/2013_ben_rattray_shows_scholar.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="853" data-height="480"></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_ben_rattray_shows_scholar.ogv" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:2013 ben rattray shows scholar.ogv">2013 ben rattray shows scholar.ogv</a> 21 min 44 s, 853 × 480; 359.8 MB<br> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-open-science-infrastructure_SPARC-Europe.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/2020-open-science-infrastructure_SPARC-Europe.jpeg/120px-2020-open-science-infrastructure_SPARC-Europe.jpeg" decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="120" height="85" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/2020-open-science-infrastructure_SPARC-Europe.jpeg/180px-2020-open-science-infrastructure_SPARC-Europe.jpeg 1.5x, 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data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144"><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/Citation_surfing_from_journal_to_Google_Scholar_-_1750-0680-6-1-S1.WMV.ogv/Citation_surfing_from_journal_to_Google_Scholar_-_1750-0680-6-1-S1.WMV.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="322" data-height="240"><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/Citation_surfing_from_journal_to_Google_Scholar_-_1750-0680-6-1-S1.WMV.ogv/Citation_surfing_from_journal_to_Google_Scholar_-_1750-0680-6-1-S1.WMV.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="482" data-height="360"><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/Citation_surfing_from_journal_to_Google_Scholar_-_1750-0680-6-1-S1.WMV.ogv/Citation_surfing_from_journal_to_Google_Scholar_-_1750-0680-6-1-S1.WMV.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="482" data-height="360"></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:Citation_surfing_from_journal_to_Google_Scholar_-_1750-0680-6-1-S1.WMV.ogv" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Citation surfing from journal to Google Scholar - 1750-0680-6-1-S1.WMV.ogv">Citation surfing from journal to Google Scholar - 1750-0680-6-1-S1.WMV.ogv</a> 2 min 22 s, 744 × 556; 4.69 MB<br> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" 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data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="964" data-height="720"><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Citation_surfing_in_Google_Scholar_-_1750-0680-6-1-S2.WMV.ogv/Citation_surfing_in_Google_Scholar_-_1750-0680-6-1-S2.WMV.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1446" data-height="1080"><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Citation_surfing_in_Google_Scholar_-_1750-0680-6-1-S2.WMV.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1488" data-height="1112"><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Citation_surfing_in_Google_Scholar_-_1750-0680-6-1-S2.WMV.ogv/Citation_surfing_in_Google_Scholar_-_1750-0680-6-1-S2.WMV.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144"><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Citation_surfing_in_Google_Scholar_-_1750-0680-6-1-S2.WMV.ogv/Citation_surfing_in_Google_Scholar_-_1750-0680-6-1-S2.WMV.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="322" data-height="240"><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Citation_surfing_in_Google_Scholar_-_1750-0680-6-1-S2.WMV.ogv/Citation_surfing_in_Google_Scholar_-_1750-0680-6-1-S2.WMV.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="482" data-height="360"><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Citation_surfing_in_Google_Scholar_-_1750-0680-6-1-S2.WMV.ogv/Citation_surfing_in_Google_Scholar_-_1750-0680-6-1-S2.WMV.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="482" data-height="360"></video></span></span></div> <div 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wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q494817" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-lang" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label" > <h3 id="p-lang-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">In Wikipedia</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A_(%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84)" title="الباحث العلمي (جوجل) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الباحث العلمي (جوجل)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Google Наука – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Google Наука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="গুগল স্কলার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুগল স্কলার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Acad%C3%A8mic" title="Google Acadèmic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Google Acadèmic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DA%AF%DA%B5_%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="گووگڵ سکۆلار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گووگڵ سکۆلار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Acad%C3%A9mico" title="Google Académico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Google Académico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1" title="گوگل اسکالر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوگل اسکالر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="גוגל סקולר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גוגל סקולר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="गूगल स्कॉलर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गूगल स्कॉलर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_znalac" title="Google znalac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Google znalac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Tud%C3%B3s" title="Google Tudós – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Google Tudós" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cendekia" title="Google Cendekia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Google Cendekia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EA%B8%80_%ED%95%99%EC%88%A0_%EA%B2%80%EC%83%89" title="구글 학술 검색 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구글 학술 검색" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%BC" title="ഗൂഗിൾ സ്കോളർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗൂഗിൾ സ്കോളർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="गूगल स्कॉलर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गूगल स्कॉलर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_Google" title="Академия Google – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Академия Google" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_scholar" title="Google scholar – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Google scholar" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கூகுள் இசுகாலர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கூகுள் இசுகாலர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_Google" title="Академияи Google – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Академияи Google" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Akademik" title="Google Akademik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Google Akademik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" title="Google学术搜索 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Google学术搜索" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q494817#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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