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id="toc-Bourbon_Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bourbon_Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bourbon Restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bourbon_Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King's_brother_and_heir_presumptive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King's_brother_and_heir_presumptive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>King's brother and heir presumptive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King's_brother_and_heir_presumptive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ascension_and_Coronation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascension_and_Coronation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ascension and Coronation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascension_and_Coronation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Domestic policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Algeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Algeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Conquest of Algeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Algeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>July Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_exile_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_exile_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Second exile and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_exile_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Marriage and issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>In fiction and film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles X of France</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="شارل العاشر ملك فرنسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شارل العاشر ملك فرنسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X" title="Charles X – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Charles X" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_X_de_Francia" title="Carlos X de Francia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carlos X de Francia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%92%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84" title="اوْنونجو شارل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوْنونجو شارل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_10-s%C3%A8" title="Charles 10-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Charles 10-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_X_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Карл X Бурбон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карл X Бурбон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_X_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96)" title="Карл X (кароль Францыі) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карл X (кароль Францыі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_X" title="Шарл X – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шарл X" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlo_X,_kralj_Francuske" title="Karlo X, kralj Francuske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karlo X, kralj Francuske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlez_X_(Bro-C%27hall)" title="Charlez X (Bro-C'hall) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Charlez X (Bro-C'hall)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carles_X_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Carles X de França – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carles X de França" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_X." title="Karel X. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karel X." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siarl_X,_brenin_Ffrainc" title="Siarl X, brenin Ffrainc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siarl X, brenin Ffrainc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_10._af_Frankrig" title="Karl 10. af Frankrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karl 10. af Frankrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_X._(Frankreich)" title="Karl X. (Frankreich) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karl X. (Frankreich)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X" title="Charles X – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Charles X" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κάρολος Ι΄ της Γαλλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρολος Ι΄ της Γαλλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_X_de_Francia" title="Carlos X de Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carlos X de Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlo_la_10-a_(Francio)" title="Karlo la 10-a (Francio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karlo la 10-a (Francio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlos_X.a_Frantziakoa" title="Karlos X.a Frantziakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karlos X.a Frantziakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85" title="شارل دهم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شارل دهم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X" title="Charles X – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles X" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_na_Fraince_(1757-1836)" title="Charles X na Fraince (1757-1836) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Charles X na Fraince (1757-1836)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87halse_X_y_Rank" title="Çhalse X y Rank – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhalse X y Rank" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_X_de_Francia" title="Carlos X de Francia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carlos X de Francia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A4%EB%A5%BC_10%EC%84%B8" title="샤를 10세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샤를 10세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AC_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Շառլ Բուրբոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շառլ Բուրբոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlo_X.,_kralj_Francuske" title="Karlo X., kralj Francuske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karlo X., kralj Francuske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_la_10ma_di_Francia" title="Charles la 10ma di Francia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Charles la 10ma di Francia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_dari_Prancis" title="Charles X dari Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Charles X dari Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_10._Frakkakonungur" title="Karl 10. Frakkakonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Karl 10. Frakkakonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_X_di_Francia" title="Carlo X di Francia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carlo X di Francia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="שארל העשירי, מלך צרפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שארל העשירי, מלך צרפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_X_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="შარლ X (საფრანგეთი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შარლ X (საფრანგეთი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_(gazik_ke_Franca)" title="Charles X (gazik ke Franca) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Charles X (gazik ke Franca)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X" title="Charles X – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Charles X" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_X_(rex_Franciae)" title="Carolus X (rex Franciae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus X (rex Franciae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0arls_X" title="Šarls X – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šarls X" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X._vu_Frankr%C3%A4ich" title="Charles X. vu Frankräich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Charles X. vu Frankräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolis_X" title="Karolis X – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karolis X" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X._K%C3%A1roly_francia_kir%C3%A1ly" title="X. Károly francia király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="X. Károly francia király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_X" title="Шарл X – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шарл X" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_X_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="შარლ X (საფრანგეთი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შარლ X (საფრანგეთი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="شارل العاشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شارل العاشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_dari_Perancis" title="Charles X dari Perancis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Charles X dari Perancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_X_van_Frankrijk" title="Karel X van Frankrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karel X van Frankrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AB10%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E7%8E%8B)" title="シャルル10世 (フランス王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャルル10世 (フランス王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_X_av_Frankrike" title="Karl X av Frankrike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karl X av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_X_av_Frankrike" title="Karl X av Frankrike – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karl X av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_de_Fraunce" title="Charles X de Fraunce – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Charles X de Fraunce" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carles_X_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Carles X de França – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carles X de França" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84" title="لسم شارل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لسم شارل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_X" title="Karol X – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karol X" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_X_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Carlos X de França – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carlos X de França" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_al_X-lea_al_Fran%C8%9Bei" title="Carol al X-lea al Franței – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carol al X-lea al Franței" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_X_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Карл X (король Франции) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карл X (король Франции)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_o_Fraunce" title="Charles X o Fraunce – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Charles X o Fraunce" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlu_X_di_Francia" title="Carlu X di Francia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carlu X di Francia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X" title="Charles X – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles X" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_X._(Franc%C3%BAzsko)" title="Karol X. (Francúzsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karol X. (Francúzsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_X._Francoski" title="Karel X. Francoski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karel X. Francoski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_X" title="Шарл X – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шарл X" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_od_Francuske" title="Charles X od Francuske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Charles X od Francuske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarle_X_(Ranska)" title="Kaarle X (Ranska) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaarle X (Ranska)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_X_av_Frankrike" title="Karl X av Frankrike – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karl X av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_10_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA" title="พระเจ้าชาร์ลที่ 10 แห่งฝรั่งเศส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าชาร์ลที่ 10 แห่งฝรั่งเศส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X._Charles" title="X. Charles – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="X. Charles" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_X_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Карл X (король Франції) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карл X (король Франції)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%85" title="شارل دہم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شارل دہم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_c%E1%BB%A7a_Ph%C3%A1p" title="Charles X của Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Charles X của Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96" title="查理十世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="查理十世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_10k_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Fr%C3%A1ns%C3%AC" title="Charles 10k ilẹ̀ Fránsì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Charles 10k ilẹ̀ Fránsì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96" title="查理十世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="查理十世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Charles X of France" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96_(%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF)" title="查理十世 (法兰西) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查理十世 (法兰西)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7758#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Charles_X_of_France" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Charles X</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_X_de_Francia_(Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of King Charles X in his late sixties" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Carlos_X_de_Francia_%28Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%29.jpg/220px-Carlos_X_de_Francia_%28Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Carlos_X_de_Francia_%28Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%29.jpg/330px-Carlos_X_de_Francia_%28Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Carlos_X_de_Francia_%28Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%29.jpg/440px-Carlos_X_de_Francia_%28Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2059" data-file-height="2952" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch" title="Coronation of the French monarch">Coronation</a> portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1825</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_French_sovereign" title="Style of the French sovereign">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">16 September 1824 – <span class="nowrap">2 August 1830</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch" title="Coronation of the French monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 May 1825<br /><a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a><br />(as King of the French)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_France" title="List of prime ministers of France">Prime ministers</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>See list</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">The Count of Villèle</a><br />(1824–1828) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Gay,_vicomte_de_Martignac" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac">The Viscount of Martignac</a><br />(1828–1829) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">The Duke of Polignac</a><br />(1829–1830) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Casimir-Louis-Victurnien_de_Rochechouart_de_Mortemart" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir-Louis-Victurnien de Rochechouart de Mortemart">The Duke of Mortemart</a><br />(1830–1830)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimist pretender to the French throne</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pretence</th><td class="infobox-data">2 August 1830 – 6 November 1836</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIX" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIX">Louis XIX</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Charles Philippe, Count of Artois<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1757-10-09</span>)</span>9 October 1757<br /><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 November 1836<span style="display:none">(1836-11-06)</span> (aged 79)<br /><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rz" class="mw-redirect" title="Görz">Görz</a>, Austrian Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Kostanjevica_Monastery" title="Kostanjevica Monastery">Kostanjevica Monastery</a>, Slovenia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Theresa_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy">Marie Thérèse of Savoy</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1773; died 1805)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Marriage_and_issue">Detail</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_France_(1776-1783)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie of France (1776-1783)">Sophie, Mademoiselle d'Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry">Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry</a></li> <li>Marie Thérèse, Mademoiselle d'Angoulême</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Saxony,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France">Maria Josepha of Saxony</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Charles_X_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles X's signature"><img alt="Charles X's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Signature_of_Charles_X_of_France.svg/125px-Signature_of_Charles_X_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Signature_of_Charles_X_of_France.svg/188px-Signature_of_Charles_X_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Signature_of_Charles_X_of_France.svg/250px-Signature_of_Charles_X_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="210" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles X</b> (Charles Philippe; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An uncle of the uncrowned <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a> and younger brother of reigning kings <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a>, he supported the latter in exile. After the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a> in 1814, Charles (as <a href="/wiki/Heir-presumptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Heir-presumptive">heir-presumptive</a>) became the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">ultra-royalists</a>, a radical monarchist faction within the French court that affirmed <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Divine_Right_of_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Right of Kings">divine right</a> and opposed the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> concessions towards <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">liberals</a> and the guarantees of <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> granted by the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1814" title="Charter of 1814">Charter of 1814</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles gained influence within the French court after the assassination of his son <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry">Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry</a>, in 1820 and succeeded his brother Louis XVIII in 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-perilouscrown_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perilouscrown-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eoc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles's reign of almost six years proved to be deeply unpopular amongst the liberals in France from the moment of <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of Charles X">his coronation</a> in 1825, in which he tried to revive the practice of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_touch" title="Royal touch">royal touch</a>. The governments appointed under his reign reimbursed former <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">landowners</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">abolition of feudalism</a> at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bondholders</a>, increased the power of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, and reimposed capital punishment for <a href="/wiki/Sacrilege" title="Sacrilege">sacrilege</a>, leading to conflict with the liberal-majority <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">Chamber of Deputies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eoc_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles also approved the <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a> as a way to distract his citizens from domestic problems, and forced Haiti to pay a <a href="/wiki/Haiti_indemnity_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiti indemnity controversy">hefty indemnity</a> in return for lifting a blockade and recognizing Haiti's independence. He eventually appointed a conservative government under the premiership of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Jules_de_Polignac" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Jules de Polignac">Prince Jules de Polignac</a>, who was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/1830_French_legislative_election" title="1830 French legislative election">1830 French legislative election</a>. He responded with the <a href="/wiki/July_Ordinances" title="July Ordinances">July Ordinances</a> disbanding the Chamber of Deputies, limiting franchise, and reimposing <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">press censorship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a week Paris faced urban riots which led to the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> of 1830, which resulted in his abdication and the election of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a> as <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_French" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the French">King of the French</a>. Exiled once again, Charles died in 1836 in <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a>, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-perilouscrown_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perilouscrown-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the last of the French rulers from the senior branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood_and_adolescence">Childhood and adolescence</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_comte_d%27Artois_et_sa_s%C5%93ur_Madame_Clotilde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Le_comte_d%27Artois_et_sa_s%C5%93ur_Madame_Clotilde.jpg/220px-Le_comte_d%27Artois_et_sa_s%C5%93ur_Madame_Clotilde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Le_comte_d%27Artois_et_sa_s%C5%93ur_Madame_Clotilde.jpg/330px-Le_comte_d%27Artois_et_sa_s%C5%93ur_Madame_Clotilde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Le_comte_d%27Artois_et_sa_s%C5%93ur_Madame_Clotilde.jpg/440px-Le_comte_d%27Artois_et_sa_s%C5%93ur_Madame_Clotilde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3121" data-file-height="4120" /></a><figcaption>Charles Philippe with his younger sister Clotilde on a goat</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles Philippe of France was born in 1757, the youngest son of the <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis</a> and his wife, the <a href="/wiki/Dauphine_of_France" title="Dauphine of France">Dauphine</a> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Saxony_(1731%E2%80%931767)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Josepha of Saxony (1731–1767)">Marie Josèphe</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>. Charles was created <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Artois" title="Count of Artois">Count of Artois</a> at birth by his grandfather, the reigning King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As the youngest male in the family, Charles seemed unlikely ever to become king. His eldest brother, <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy_(1751%E2%80%931761)" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy (1751–1761)">Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a>, died unexpectedly in 1761, which moved Charles up one place in the line of succession. He was raised in early childhood by <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Marsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame de Marsan">Madame de Marsan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governess_of_the_Children_of_France" title="Governess of the Children of France">Governess of the Children of France</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At the death of his father in 1765, Charles's oldest surviving brother, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis Auguste</a>, became the new Dauphin (the <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> to the French throne). Their mother Marie Josèphe, who never recovered from the loss of her husband, died in March 1767 from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This left Charles an orphan at the age of nine, along with his siblings <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis Auguste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis Stanislas, Count of Provence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Clotilde_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Clotilde of France">Clotilde</a> ("Madame Clotilde"), and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Élisabeth de France">Élisabeth</a> ("Madame Élisabeth"). </p><p>Louis XV fell ill on 27 April 1774 and died on 10 May of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> at the age of 64.<sup id="cite_ref-antonia20_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antonia20-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandson Louis-Auguste succeeded him as King Louis XVI.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_private_life">Marriage and private life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comte_d%27Artois,_later_Charles_X_of_France,_by_Henri_Pierre_Danloux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Comte_d%27Artois%2C_later_Charles_X_of_France%2C_by_Henri_Pierre_Danloux.jpg/220px-Comte_d%27Artois%2C_later_Charles_X_of_France%2C_by_Henri_Pierre_Danloux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Comte_d%27Artois%2C_later_Charles_X_of_France%2C_by_Henri_Pierre_Danloux.jpg/330px-Comte_d%27Artois%2C_later_Charles_X_of_France%2C_by_Henri_Pierre_Danloux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Comte_d%27Artois%2C_later_Charles_X_of_France%2C_by_Henri_Pierre_Danloux.jpg/440px-Comte_d%27Artois%2C_later_Charles_X_of_France%2C_by_Henri_Pierre_Danloux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="2249" /></a><figcaption>Charles as Count of Artois in 1798. Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Henri-Pierre_Danloux" title="Henri-Pierre Danloux">Henri-Pierre Danloux</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1773, Charles married <a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Thérèse of Savoy">Marie Thérèse of Savoy</a>. </p><p>In 1775, Marie Thérèse gave birth to a boy, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis Antoine</a>, who was created <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Angoulême">Duke of Angoulême</a> by Louis XVI. Louis-Antoine was the first of the next generation of Bourbons, as the king and the Count of Provence had not fathered any children yet, causing the Parisian <i>libellistes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pamphleteer" title="Pamphleteer">pamphleteers</a> who published scandalous leaflets about important figures in court and politics) to lampoon Louis XVI's alleged impotence.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later, in 1778, Charles' second son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry">Charles Ferdinand</a>, was born and given the title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Berry" title="Duke of Berry">Duke of Berry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year Queen <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> gave birth to her first child, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse of France">Marie Thérèse</a>, quelling all rumours that she could not bear children. </p><p>Charles was thought of as the most attractive member of his family, bearing a strong resemblance to his grandfather Louis XV.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraser80_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser80-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife was considered quite ugly by most contemporaries, and he looked for company in numerous extramarital affairs. According to the Count of Hézecques, "few beauties were cruel to him." Among his lovers was notably <a href="/wiki/Anne_Victoire_Dervieux" title="Anne Victoire Dervieux">Anne Victoire Dervieux</a>. Later, he embarked upon a lifelong love affair with the beautiful <a href="/wiki/Louise_de_Polastron" title="Louise de Polastron">Louise de Polastron</a>, the sister-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>'s closest companion, the <a href="/wiki/Yolande_de_Polastron,_Duchesse_de_Polignac" class="mw-redirect" title="Yolande de Polastron, Duchesse de Polignac">Duchess of Polignac</a>. </p><p>Charles also struck up a firm friendship with Marie Antoinette herself, whom he had first met upon her arrival in France in April 1770 when he was twelve.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraser80_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser80-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closeness of the relationship was such that he was falsely accused by Parisian rumour mongers of having seduced her. As part of Marie Antoinette's social set, Charles often appeared opposite her in the private theatre of her favourite royal retreat, the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a>. They were both said to be very talented amateur actors. Marie Antoinette played <a href="/wiki/Milkmaid" title="Milkmaid">milkmaids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherdesses</a>, and country ladies, whereas Charles played lovers, <a href="/wiki/Valet" title="Valet">valets</a>, and farmers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Callet_-_Charles-Philippe_de_France,_comte_d%27Artois_(futur_roi_Charles_X).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Callet_-_Charles-Philippe_de_France%2C_comte_d%27Artois_%28futur_roi_Charles_X%29.jpg/220px-Callet_-_Charles-Philippe_de_France%2C_comte_d%27Artois_%28futur_roi_Charles_X%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Callet_-_Charles-Philippe_de_France%2C_comte_d%27Artois_%28futur_roi_Charles_X%29.jpg/330px-Callet_-_Charles-Philippe_de_France%2C_comte_d%27Artois_%28futur_roi_Charles_X%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Callet_-_Charles-Philippe_de_France%2C_comte_d%27Artois_%28futur_roi_Charles_X%29.jpg/440px-Callet_-_Charles-Philippe_de_France%2C_comte_d%27Artois_%28futur_roi_Charles_X%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of the Count of Artois (future Charles X) in the habit of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Order of the Holy Spirit">Order of the Holy Spirit</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Callet" title="Antoine-François Callet">Antoine-François Callet</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1775</span></figcaption></figure> <p>A famous story concerning the two involves the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle" title="Château de Bagatelle">Château de Bagatelle</a>. In 1775, Charles purchased a small <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_chasse" title="Pavillon de chasse">hunting lodge</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne" title="Bois de Boulogne">Bois de Boulogne</a>. He soon had the existing house torn down with plans to rebuild. Marie Antoinette wagered her brother-in-law that the new château could not be completed within three months. Charles engaged the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> architect <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_B%C3%A9langer" title="François-Joseph Bélanger">François-Joseph Bélanger</a> to design the building.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraser,_p._178_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser,_p._178-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He won his bet, with Bélanger completing the house in sixty-three days. It is estimated that the project, which came to include manicured gardens, cost over two million <a href="/wiki/French_livres" class="mw-redirect" title="French livres">livres</a>. Throughout the 1770s, Charles spent lavishly. He accumulated enormous debts, totalling 21 million <a href="/wiki/Livre_tournois" title="Livre tournois">livres</a>. In the 1780s, King Louis XVI paid off the debts of both his brothers, the Counts of Provence and Artois.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraser,_p._178_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser,_p._178-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1778, Charles caused a scandal when he assaulted the Duchess of Bourbon, <a href="/wiki/Bathilde_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Bathilde d'Orléans">Bathilde d'Orléans</a>, at a masked ball, while "escorting [Madame] Canillac, <a href="/wiki/Prostitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitute">a lady of the town</a> [...] After exchanging a few words, the irritated Duchess reached up and snatched off his mask whereupon he pulled her nose so hard and painfully that she wept."<sup id="cite_ref-Seward_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seward-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her husband, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a>, challenged him to a <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duel</a>, during which Charles was wounded in the hand. When the Bourbons later attended a play, they were received with "enthusiastic cheers",<sup id="cite_ref-Seward_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seward-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the two men were reconciled the next year. </p><p>In 1781, Charles acted as a proxy for <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> at the christening of his godson, the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Dauphin Louis Joseph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crisis_and_French_Revolution">Crisis and French Revolution</h2></div> <p>Charles's political awakening started with the first great crisis of the monarchy in 1786, when it became apparent that the kingdom was bankrupt from previous military endeavours (in particular the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War of Independence</a>) and needed fiscal reform to survive. Charles supported the removal of the aristocracy's financial privileges, but was opposed to any reduction in the social privileges enjoyed by either the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> or the nobility. He believed that France's finances should be reformed without the monarchy being overthrown. In his own words, it was "time for repair, not demolition."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King Louis XVI eventually convened the <a href="/wiki/Estates-General_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates-General of 1789">Estates General</a>, which had not been assembled for over 150 years, to meet in May 1789 to ratify financial reforms. Along with his sister Élisabeth, Charles was the most conservative member of the family<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and opposed the demands of the Third Estate (representing the <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">commoners</a>) to increase their voting power. This prompted criticism from his brother, who accused him of being "plus royaliste que le roi" ("more royalist than the king"). In June 1789, the representatives of the Third Estate declared themselves a <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> intent on providing France with a new constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Baron de Breteuil</a>, Charles had political alliances arranged to depose the <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">liberal</a> minister of finance, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a>. These plans backfired when Charles attempted to secure Necker's dismissal on 11 July without Breteuil's knowledge, much earlier than they had originally intended. It was the beginning of a decline in his <a href="/wiki/Political_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Political alliance">political alliance</a> with Breteuil, which ended in mutual loathing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Necker's dismissal provoked the <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">storming of the Bastille</a> on 14 July. With the concurrence of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, Charles and his family left France three days later, on 17 July, along with several other courtiers. These included the <a href="/wiki/Yolande_de_Polastron" title="Yolande de Polastron">Duchess of Polignac</a>, the queen's favourite.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His flight was historically attributed to personal fears for his own safety. However recent research indicates that the King had approved his brother's departure in advance, seeing it as a means of ensuring that one close relative would be free to act as a spokesman for the monarchy, after Louis himself had been moved from <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a> to Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_in_exile">Life in exile</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Plaque_Charles_X_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Blue_Plaque_Charles_X_of_France.jpg/220px-Blue_Plaque_Charles_X_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Blue_Plaque_Charles_X_of_France.jpg/330px-Blue_Plaque_Charles_X_of_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Blue_Plaque_Charles_X_of_France.jpg/440px-Blue_Plaque_Charles_X_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">Blue plaque</a> at 72 <a href="/wiki/South_Audley_Street" title="South Audley Street">South Audley Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>, London, his home between 1805 and 1814</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles and his family decided to seek refuge in <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a>, his wife's native country,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they were joined by some members of the <a href="/wiki/Princes_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Princes of Condé">Condé</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in Paris, Louis XVI was struggling with the National Assembly, which was committed to radical reforms and had enacted the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">Constitution of 1791</a>. In March 1791, the Assembly also enacted a <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regency</a> bill that provided for the case of the king's premature death. While his heir <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVII of France">Louis-Charles</a> was still a minor, the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Count of Provence</a>, the Duke of Orléans or, if either was unavailable, someone chosen by election should become regent, completely passing over the rights of Charles who, in the royal lineage, stood between the Count of Provence and the Duke of Orléans.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles meanwhile left <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> (in Italy) and moved to <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> in Germany, where his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Wenceslaus_of_Saxony" title="Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony">Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony</a>, was the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Prince-Elector" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Elector">Archbishop-Elector</a>. Charles prepared for a <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a> invasion of France, but a letter by Marie Antoinette postponed it until after the <a href="/wiki/French_royal_family" class="mw-redirect" title="French royal family">royal family</a> had escaped from Paris and joined a concentration of regular troops under <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Claude_Amour,_marquis_de_Bouill%C3%A9" title="François Claude Amour, marquis de Bouillé">François Claude Amour, marquis de Bouillé</a> at <a href="/wiki/Montm%C3%A9dy" title="Montmédy">Montmédy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">attempted flight</a> was stopped at <a href="/wiki/Varennes-en-Argonne" title="Varennes-en-Argonne">Varennes</a>, Charles moved on to <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a>, where he, the recently escaped Count of Provence and the Princes of Condé jointly declared their intention to invade France. The Count of Provence was sending dispatches to various European sovereigns for assistance, while Charles set up a <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">court-in-exile</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier" title="Electorate of Trier">Electorate of Trier</a>. On 25 August, the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a>, which called on other European powers to intervene in France.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On New Year's Day 1792, the National Assembly declared all <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigrants</a> traitors, repudiated their titles and confiscated their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This measure was followed by the suspension and eventually the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">abolition of the monarchy</a> in September 1792. The royal family was imprisoned, and the former king and former queen were eventually executed in 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young former dauphin died of illnesses and neglect in 1795.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> broke out in 1792, Charles escaped to Great Britain, where King <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Great Britain">George III of Great Britain</a> gave him a generous allowance. Charles lived in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and London with his mistress <a href="/wiki/Louise_de_Polastron" title="Louise de Polastron">Louise de Polastron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His older brother, dubbed Louis XVIII after the death of his nephew in June 1795, relocated to <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Jelgava_Palace" title="Jelgava Palace">Jelgava Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitau">Mitau</a>, where Charles' son Louis Antoine married Louis XVI's only surviving child, Marie Thérèse, on 10 June 1799. In 1802, Charles supported his brother with several thousand pounds. In 1807, Louis XVIII moved to the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bourbon_Restoration">Bourbon Restoration</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration in France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pauline_Auzou_-_The_Return_of_Charles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pauline_Auzou_-_The_Return_of_Charles.jpg/260px-Pauline_Auzou_-_The_Return_of_Charles.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pauline_Auzou_-_The_Return_of_Charles.jpg/390px-Pauline_Auzou_-_The_Return_of_Charles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pauline_Auzou_-_The_Return_of_Charles.jpg/520px-Pauline_Auzou_-_The_Return_of_Charles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption><i>The Return of Charles X</i> by <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Auzou" title="Pauline Auzou">Pauline Auzou</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1814, Charles covertly left his home in London to join the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Coalition forces</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">southern France</a>. Louis XVIII, by then reliant on a wheelchair, supplied Charles with <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> creating him Lieutenant General of the Kingdom of France. On 31 March, the Allies captured Paris. A week later, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> abdicated. The <a href="/wiki/French_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="French Senate">Senate</a> declared the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy, with Louis XVIII as King of France. Charles (now heir-presumptive) arrived in the capital on 12 April<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and acted as Lieutenant General of the realm until Louis XVIII arrived from the United Kingdom. During his brief tenure as regent, Charles created an <a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">ultra-royalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> that reported directly back to him without Louis XVIII's knowledge. It operated for over five years.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis XVIII was greeted with great rejoicing from the Parisians and proceeded to occupy the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagel253_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagel253-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Count of Artois lived in the <i>Pavillon de Mars</i>, and the Duke of Angoulême in the <i><a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore" title="Pavillon de Flore">Pavillon de Flore</a></i>, which overlooked the River <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Duchess of Angoulême fainted upon arriving at the palace, as it brought back terrible memories of her family's incarceration there, and of the storming of the palace and the massacre of the Swiss Guards on <a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10 August 1792</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagel253_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagel253-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the advice of the occupying allied army, Louis XVIII promulgated a liberal constitution, the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1814" title="Charter of 1814">Charter of 1814</a>, which provided for a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> legislature, an electorate of 90,000 men and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a>, Napoleon's brief return to power in 1815,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Second_White_Terror" title="Second White Terror">White Terror</a> focused mainly on the purging of a civilian administration which had almost completely turned against the Bourbon monarchy. About 70,000 officials were dismissed from their positions. The remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Napoleonic army</a> were disbanded after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> and its senior officers cashiered. Marshal <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Ney</a> was executed for treason, and Marshal <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Marie_Anne_Brune" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume Marie Anne Brune">Brune</a> was murdered by a crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 6,000 individuals who had rallied to Napoleon were brought to trial. There were about 300 <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">mob lynchings</a> in southern France, notably in Marseilles where a number of Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a> preparing to return to Egypt, were massacred in their barracks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King's_brother_and_heir_presumptive"><span id="King.27s_brother_and_heir_presumptive"></span>King's brother and heir presumptive</h2></div> <p>While the king retained the liberal charter, Charles patronised members of the ultra-royalists in parliament, such as <a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Jules de Polignac</a>, the writer <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">François-René de Chateaubriand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Vill%C3%A8le" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Villèle">Jean-Baptiste de Villèle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On several occasions, Charles voiced his disapproval of his brother's liberal ministers and threatened to leave the country unless Louis XVIII dismissed them.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis, in turn, feared that his brother's and <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">ultra-royalist</a> tendencies would send the family into exile once more (which they eventually did). </p><p>On 14 February 1820, Charles's younger son, the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry">Duke of Berry</a>, was assassinated at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Paris Opera</a>. This loss not only plunged the family into grief but also put the succession in jeopardy, as Charles's elder son, the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Duke of Angoulême</a>, was childless. The lack of male heirs in the Bourbon main line raised the prospect of the throne passing to the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Duke of Orléans</a> and his heirs, which horrified the more conservative ultras. Parliament debated the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a>, which excluded females from the succession and was long held inviolable. However, the Duke of Berry's widow, <a href="/wiki/Marie-Caroline_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies,_Duchess_of_Berry" title="Marie-Caroline of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Berry">Caroline of Naples and Sicily</a>, was found to be pregnant and on 29 September 1820 gave birth to a son, <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henry, Duke of Bordeaux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His birth was hailed as "God-given", and the people of France purchased for him the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chambord" title="Château de Chambord">Château de Chambord</a> in celebration of his birth.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, his granduncle, Louis XVIII, added the title Count of Chambord, hence <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henri, Count of Chambord</a>, the name by which he is usually known. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascension_and_Coronation">Ascension and Coronation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of Charles X">Coronation of Charles X</a></div> <p>Charles' brother King Louis XVIII's health had been worsening since the beginning of 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having both <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">dry and wet gangrene</a> in his legs and spine, he died on 16 September of that year, aged almost 69. Charles, by now aged 66, succeeded him to the throne as King Charles X.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 May 1825, King Charles was anointed at the cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>, the traditional site of <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch" title="Coronation of the French monarch">consecration of French kings</a>; it had been unused since 1775, as Louis XVIII had forgone the ceremony to avoid controversy and because his health was too precarious.<sup id="cite_ref-Price119_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price119-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in the venerable cathedral of Notre-Dame at Paris that Napoleon had consecrated his <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">revolutionary empire</a>; but in ascending the throne of his ancestors, Charles reverted to the old place of coronation used by the kings of France from the early ages of the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Redhead2012_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redhead2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last coronation to be held there was the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Louis_XVI" title="Coronation of Louis XVI">Coronation of Louis XVI</a> in 1775. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronation_of_Charles_X_of_France_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard,_circa_1827.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coronation_of_Charles_X_of_France_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%2C_circa_1827.jpg/400px-Coronation_of_Charles_X_of_France_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%2C_circa_1827.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coronation_of_Charles_X_of_France_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%2C_circa_1827.jpg/600px-Coronation_of_Charles_X_of_France_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%2C_circa_1827.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coronation_of_Charles_X_of_France_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%2C_circa_1827.jpg/800px-Coronation_of_Charles_X_of_France_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%2C_circa_1827.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1951" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_Charles_X" title="The Coronation of Charles X">The Coronation of Charles X</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard" title="François Gérard">François Gérard</a>. Consecration of Charles X as King of France in the Cathedral of Reims</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_du_Tau_-_manteau_du_sacre_de_Charles_X.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Palais_du_Tau_-_manteau_du_sacre_de_Charles_X.jpg/220px-Palais_du_Tau_-_manteau_du_sacre_de_Charles_X.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Palais_du_Tau_-_manteau_du_sacre_de_Charles_X.jpg/330px-Palais_du_Tau_-_manteau_du_sacre_de_Charles_X.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Palais_du_Tau_-_manteau_du_sacre_de_Charles_X.jpg/440px-Palais_du_Tau_-_manteau_du_sacre_de_Charles_X.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="4416" /></a><figcaption>Coronation robe of King Charles X. Preserved in the palais du Tau in Reims (Marne, France).</figcaption></figure> <p>Like the regime of the Restoration itself, the coronation was conceived as a compromise between the monarchical tradition and the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1814" title="Charter of 1814">charter of 1814</a>: it took up the main phases of traditional ceremonial such as the seven anointings or the oaths on the Gospels, all by associating with it the oath of fidelity taken by the King to the Charter of 1814 or the participation of the great princes in the ceremonial as assistants of the Archbishop of Reims. </p><p>A commission was charged with simplifying and modernizing the ceremony and making it compatible with the principles of the monarchy according to the Charter (deletion of the promises of struggle against heretics and infidels, of the twelve peers, of references to Hebrew royalty, etc.) – it lasted three and a half hours. </p><p>In fact, the choice of the coronation was applauded by the royalists in favor of a constitutional and parliamentary monarchy and not only by those nostalgic for the Ancien Régime; the fact that the ceremony was modernized and adapted to new times encouraged <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a>, a non-absolutist royalist and enthusiastic supporter of the Charter of 1814, to invite the king to be crowned. In the <a href="/wiki/Brochure" title="Brochure">brochure</a> <i>The King is Dead! Long live the king!</i> Chateaubriand explains that a coronation would have being the "link in the chain which united the oath of the new monarchy to the oath of the old monarchy"; it is continuity with the Ancien Régime more than its return that the royalists extol, Charles X having inherited the qualities of his ancestors: "pious like <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Saint Louis</a>, affable, compassionate and vigilant like <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a>, courteous like <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>, frank as <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>". </p><p>The coronation showed that dynastic continuity went hand in hand with political continuity; for Chateaubriand: "The current constitution is only the rejuvenated text of the code of our old franchises". </p><p> This coronation took several days: the May 28, vespers ceremony;  May 29, ceremony of the coronation itself, chaired by the Archbishop of Reims, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Latil" title="Jean-Baptiste de Latil">Mgr. Jean-Baptiste de Latil</a>, in the presence in particular of Chateaubriand, <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, and a large audience; May 30, award ceremony for the Knights of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Order of the Holy Spirit">Order of the Holy Spirit</a> and finally, May 31, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_touch" title="Royal touch">Royal touch of scrofula</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_X,_King_of_France_-_Lawrence_1825.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Charles_X%2C_King_of_France_-_Lawrence_1825.jpg/220px-Charles_X%2C_King_of_France_-_Lawrence_1825.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Charles_X%2C_King_of_France_-_Lawrence_1825.jpg/330px-Charles_X%2C_King_of_France_-_Lawrence_1825.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Charles_X%2C_King_of_France_-_Lawrence_1825.jpg/440px-Charles_X%2C_King_of_France_-_Lawrence_1825.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Charles_X" title="Portrait of Charles X">Portrait of Charles X</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence" title="Thomas Lawrence">Thomas Lawrence</a> 1825. Commissioned by the British king <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> it now hangs in <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The coronation of Charles X therefore appeared to be a compromise between the tradition of the Ancien Régime and the political changes that had taken place since the Revolution. The coronation nevertheless had a limited influence on the population, mentalities no longer being those of yesteryear. From then on, the coronation caused incomprehension in certain sectors of public opinion. </p><p>It was <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Luigi Cherubini</a> who composed the music for the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Mass" title="Coronation Mass">Coronation Mass</a>. For the occasion, the composer <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a> composed the Opera <i><a href="/wiki/Il_viaggio_a_Reims" title="Il viaggio a Reims">Il Viaggio a Reims</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policies">Domestic policies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A9daille_Charles_X.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/M%C3%A9daille_Charles_X.jpg/220px-M%C3%A9daille_Charles_X.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/M%C3%A9daille_Charles_X.jpg/330px-M%C3%A9daille_Charles_X.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/M%C3%A9daille_Charles_X.jpg/440px-M%C3%A9daille_Charles_X.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>Medal engraved by Alexis-Joseph Depaulis with, on the reverse, Charles X's oath on the Constitutional Charter, September 17, 1824.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like Napoleon and then Louis XVIII before him, Charles X resided mainly at the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a> and, in summer, at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Château de Saint-Cloud">Château de Saint-Cloud</a>, two monuments that no longer exist today. Occasionally he stayed at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Château de Compiègne">Château de Compiègne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Château de Fontainebleau</a>, while the Palace of Versailles, where he was born, remained uninhabited. </p><p>The reign of Charles <abbr>X</abbr> began with some liberal measures such as the abolition of press censorship, but the king renewed the term of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">Joseph de Villèlle</a>, president of the council since 1822, and gave the reins of government to the <a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">ultraroyalists</a>. </p><p>He got closer to the population by the trip he made to the north of France in September 1827,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then to the east of France in September 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was accompanied by his eldest son and heir-apparent, the Duke of Angoulême, now <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin of France</a>. </p><p>In his first act as king, Charles attempted to bring comity to the House of Bourbon by granting the style of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a> to his cousins of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a>, a title denied by Louis XVIII because of the former Duke of Orléans' vote for the death of Louis XVI. </p><p>Charles gave his prime minister, Villèlle lists of laws to be ratified in each parliament. In April 1825, the government approved legislation originally proposed by Louis XVIII to pay an <a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">indemnity</a> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">biens nationaux</a></i>) to nobles whose estates had been confiscated during the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Price116_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price116-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law gave approximately 988 million <a href="/wiki/Francs" class="mw-redirect" title="Francs">francs</a> worth of government bonds to those who had lost their lands, in exchange for their renunciation of their ownership. In the same month, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sacrilege_Act" title="Anti-Sacrilege Act">Anti-Sacrilege Act</a> was passed. Charles's government attempted to re-establish male-only <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a> for families paying over 300 francs in tax, but this was voted down in the Chamber of Deputies.<sup id="cite_ref-Price116_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price116-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That Charles was not a popular ruler in the mostly-liberal minded urban Paris became apparent in April 1827, when chaos ensued during the king's review of the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a> in Paris. In retaliation, the National Guard was disbanded but, as its members were not disarmed, it remained a potential threat.<sup id="cite_ref-Price119_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price119-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After losing his parliamentary majority in a general election in November 1827, Charles dismissed Prime Minister Villèle on 5 January 1828 and appointed <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Gay,_vicomte_de_Martignac" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac">Jean-Baptise de Martignac</a>, a man the king disliked and thought of only as provisional. On 5 August 1829, Charles dismissed Martignac and appointed <a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Jules de Polignac</a>, who, however, lost his majority in parliament at the end of August, when the Chateaubriand faction defected. Regardless, Polignac retained power and refused to recall the Chambers until March 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-Price122_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price122-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Algeria">Conquest of Algeria</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Algiers in 1830">Invasion of Algiers in 1830</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shipwreck_of_Dellys" title="Shipwreck of Dellys">Shipwreck of Dellys</a></div> <p>On 31 January 1830, the Polignac government decided to send a military expedition to Algeria to end the threat of Algerian pirates to <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> trade, hoping also to increase his government's popularity through a military victory. The pretext for the war was an outrage by the <a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">Viceroy of Algeria</a>, who had struck the French consul with the handle of his <a href="/wiki/Fly-killing_device" title="Fly-killing device">fly swat</a> in a rage over French failure to pay debts from <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">Napoleon's invasion of Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Price122_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price122-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French troops occupied Algiers on 5 July.<sup id="cite_ref-Price136_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price136-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July_Revolution">July Revolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CHARLES_X_IN_THE_ROLE_OF_THE_GREAT_NUTCRACKER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CHARLES_X_IN_THE_ROLE_OF_THE_GREAT_NUTCRACKER.jpg/220px-CHARLES_X_IN_THE_ROLE_OF_THE_GREAT_NUTCRACKER.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CHARLES_X_IN_THE_ROLE_OF_THE_GREAT_NUTCRACKER.jpg/330px-CHARLES_X_IN_THE_ROLE_OF_THE_GREAT_NUTCRACKER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CHARLES_X_IN_THE_ROLE_OF_THE_GREAT_NUTCRACKER.jpg/440px-CHARLES_X_IN_THE_ROLE_OF_THE_GREAT_NUTCRACKER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>THE GREAT NUTCRACKER OF JULY 25th. In this caricature Charles X attempts to break a billiard ball marked "charter" with his teeth, but finds the nut too hard to crack.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chambers convened on 2 March 1830, but Charles's opening speech was greeted by negative reactions from many deputies. Some introduced a bill requiring the King's minister to obtain the support of the Chambers, and on 18 March, 221 deputies, a majority of 30, voted in favor. However, the King had already decided to hold general elections, and the chamber was suspended on 19 March.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The elections of 23 June did not produce a majority favorable to the government. On 6 July, the king and his ministers decided to suspend the constitution, as provided for in Article 14 of the Charter in case of emergency. On 25 July, at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Château de Saint-Cloud">royal residence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Cloud" title="Saint-Cloud">Saint-Cloud</a>, Charles issued four <a href="/wiki/July_Ordinances" title="July Ordinances">ordinances</a> that <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censored the press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolved</a> the newly elected chamber, altered the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral system</a>, and called for elections under the new system in September.<sup id="cite_ref-Price136_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price136-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ordinances were intended to quell the popular discontent but had the opposite effect. Journalists gathered in protest at the headquarters of the <i><a href="/wiki/Le_National_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Le National (newspaper)">National</a></i> daily, founded in January 1830 by <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armand_Carrel" title="Armand Carrel">Armand Carrel</a>, and others. On Monday, 26 July, the government newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Moniteur_Universel" title="Le Moniteur Universel">Le Moniteur Universel</a></i> published the ordinances, and Thiers published a call to revolt signed by forty-three journalists:<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The legal regime has been interrupted: that of force has begun... Obedience ceases to be a duty!"<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the evening, crowds assembled in the gardens of the <a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a>, shouting "Down with the Bourbons!" and "Long live the Charter!". As the police closed off the gardens, the crowd regrouped in a nearby street where they shattered <a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">streetlamps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next morning of 27 July, police <a href="/wiki/Police_raid" title="Police raid">raided</a> and shut down newspapers including <i><a href="/wiki/Le_National_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Le National (Paris)">Le National</a></i>. When the protesters, who had re-entered the Palais-Royal gardens, heard of this, they threw stones at the soldiers, prompting them to shoot. By evening, the city was in chaos and shops were looted. On 28 July, the rioters began to erect barricades in the streets. <a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Marshal Marmont</a>, who had been called in the day before to remedy the situation, took the offensive, but some of his men defected to the rioters, and by afternoon he had to retreat to the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The members of the Chamber of Deputies sent a five-man delegation to Marmont, urging him to advise the king to assuage the protesters by revoking the four Ordinances. On Marmont's request, the prime minister applied to the king, but Charles refused all compromise and dismissed his ministers that afternoon, realizing the precariousness of the situation. That evening, the members of the Chamber assembled at <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte" title="Jacques Laffitte">Jacques Laffitte</a>'s house and elected <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe d'Orléans</a> to take the throne from King Charles, proclaiming their decision on posters throughout the city. By the end of the day, the authority of Charles' government had evaporated.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few minutes after midnight on 31 July, warned by General Gresseau that Parisians were planning to attack the Saint-Cloud residence, Charles X decided to seek refuge in Versailles with his family and the court, with the exception of the Duke of Angoulême, who stayed behind with the troops, and the Duchess of Angoulême, who was taking the waters at <a href="/wiki/Vichy" title="Vichy">Vichy</a>. Meanwhile, in Paris, Louis Philippe assumed the post of Lieutenant General of the Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles' road to Versailles was filled with disorganized troops and deserters. The Marquis de Vérac, governor of the Palace of Versailles, came to meet the king before the royal <a href="/wiki/Cort%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortège">cortège</a> entered the town, to tell him that the palace was not safe, as the Versailles national guards wearing the revolutionary tricolor were occupying the <i>Place d'Armes</i>. Charles then set out for the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Trianon</a> at five in the morning.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that day, after the arrival of the Duke of Angoulême from Saint-Cloud with his troops, Charles ordered a departure for <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet" title="Château de Rambouillet">Rambouillet</a>, where they arrived shortly before midnight. On the morning of 1 August, the Duchess of Angoulême, who had rushed from Vichy after learning of events, arrived at <a href="/wiki/Rambouillet" title="Rambouillet">Rambouillet</a>. </p><p>The following day, 2 August, King Charles X abdicated, bypassing his son the Dauphin in favor of his grandson <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henry, Duke of Bordeaux</a>, who was not yet ten years old. At first, the Duke of Angoulême (the Dauphin) refused to countersign the document renouncing his rights to the throne of France. According to the Duchess of Maillé, "there was a strong altercation between the father and the son. We could hear their voices in the next room." Finally, after twenty minutes, the Duke of Angoulême reluctantly countersigned his father's declaration:<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"My cousin, I am too deeply pained by the ills that afflict or could threaten my people, not to seek means of avoiding them. Therefore, I have made the resolution to abdicate the crown in favor of my grandson, the Duke of Bordeaux. The Dauphin, who shares my feelings, also renounces his rights in favor of his nephew. It will thus fall to you, in your capacity as Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, to proclaim the accession of Henri V to the throne. Furthermore, you will take all pertinent measures to regulate the forms of government during the new king's minority. Here, I limit myself to stating these arrangements, as a means of avoiding further evils. You will communicate my intentions to the diplomatic corps, and you will let me know as soon as possible the proclamation by which my grandson will be recognized as king under the name of Henri V."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Louis Philippe ignored the document and on 9 August had himself proclaimed <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_French" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the French">King of the French</a> by the members of the Chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_exile_and_death">Second exile and death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Coronini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Villa_Coronini.jpg/220px-Villa_Coronini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Villa_Coronini.jpg/330px-Villa_Coronini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Villa_Coronini.jpg/440px-Villa_Coronini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The Coronini Cronberg Palace in <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a>, where Charles X spent the last month of his life</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bourbonska_grobnica_NG6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bourbonska_grobnica_NG6.jpg/220px-Bourbonska_grobnica_NG6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bourbonska_grobnica_NG6.jpg/330px-Bourbonska_grobnica_NG6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bourbonska_grobnica_NG6.jpg/440px-Bourbonska_grobnica_NG6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Tombs of Charles X and his son Louis at the <a href="/wiki/Kostanjevica_Monastery" title="Kostanjevica Monastery">Kostanjevica Monastery</a> in the Slovenian town of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When it became apparent that a mob 14,000 strong was preparing to attack, the royal family left Rambouillet and, on 16 August, embarked for the United Kingdom on <a href="/wiki/Packet_steamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet steamer">packet steamers</a> provided by Louis Philippe. Informed by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British prime minister</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>, that they needed to arrive in Britain as private citizens, all family members adopted pseudonyms; Charles X styled himself "Count of Ponthieu". The Bourbons were greeted coldly by the British, who upon their arrival mockingly waved the newly adopted <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">tricolour flags</a> at them.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagel318_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagel318-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles X was quickly followed to Britain by his creditors, who had lent him vast sums during his first exile and were yet to be repaid in full. However, the family was able to use money Charles's wife had deposited in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagel318_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagel318-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bourbons were allowed to reside in <a href="/wiki/Lulworth_Castle" title="Lulworth Castle">Lulworth Castle</a> in Dorset, but quickly moved to <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a> in Edinburgh,<sup id="cite_ref-Nagel318_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagel318-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Caroline_Ferdinande_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Caroline Ferdinande of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">Duchess of Berry</a> at <a href="/wiki/Regent_Terrace" title="Regent Terrace">Regent Terrace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FrenchKing_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrenchKing-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles' relationship with his daughter-in-law proved uneasy, as the Duchess declared herself regent for her son Henry, Duke of Bordeaux, who was now the legitimist pretender to the French throne. Charles at first denied her this role, but in December agreed to support her claim<sup id="cite_ref-Nagel327_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagel327-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> once she had landed in France.<sup id="cite_ref-FrenchKing_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrenchKing-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1831 the Duchess made her way from Britain by way of the Netherlands, Prussia and Austria to her family in Naples.<sup id="cite_ref-FrenchKing_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrenchKing-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Having gained little support, she arrived in <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a> in April 1832,<sup id="cite_ref-FrenchKing_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrenchKing-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and made her way to the <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a>, where she tried to instigate an uprising against the new regime. There she was imprisoned, much to the embarrassment of her father-in-law Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagel327_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagel327-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was further dismayed when after her release the Duchess married the Count of Lucchesi Palli, a minor Neapolitan noble. In response to this <a href="/wiki/Morganatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Morganatic">morganatic</a> match, Charles banned her from seeing her children.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Francis I of Austria</a>, the Bourbons moved to <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> in winter 1832/33 and were given lodging at the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Castle" title="Prague Castle">Hradschin Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagel327_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagel327-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1833, <a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Bourbon legitimists</a> gathered in Prague to celebrate the Duke of Bordeaux's thirteenth birthday. They expected grand celebrations, but Charles X merely proclaimed his grandson's majority.<sup id="cite_ref-nagel340342_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagel340342-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the same day, after much cajoling by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a>, Charles agreed to a meeting with his daughter-in-law, which took place in <a href="/wiki/Leoben" title="Leoben">Leoben</a> on 13 October 1833. The children of the Duchess refused to meet her after they learned of her <a href="/wiki/Remarriage" title="Remarriage">second marriage</a>. Charles refused the Duchess' demands, but after protests from his other daughter-in-law, the Duchess of Angoulême, he acquiesced. In the summer of 1834, he again allowed the Duchess of Berry to see her children.<sup id="cite_ref-nagel340342_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagel340342-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the death of the Austrian emperor Francis in March 1835, the Bourbons left Prague Castle, as the new emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand</a> wished to use it for <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation ceremonies</a>. The Bourbons moved initially to <a href="/wiki/Teplitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Teplitz">Teplitz</a>. Then, as Ferdinand continued his use of Prague Castle, Kirchberg Castle was purchased for them. Moving there was postponed due to an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> in the locality.<sup id="cite_ref-nagel349350_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagel349350-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the meantime, Charles left for the warmer climate on Austria's Mediterranean coast in October 1835. Upon his arrival at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rz" class="mw-redirect" title="Görz">Görz</a> (Gorizia) in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Illyria_(1816%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Illyria (1816–49)">Kingdom of Illyria</a>, he caught <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> and died on 6 November 1836. The townspeople draped their windows in black mourning. Charles was interred in the Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady, in the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kostanjevica_Monastery" title="Kostanjevica Monastery">Kostanjevica Monastery</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a>, Slovenia), where his remains lie in a crypt with those of his family.<sup id="cite_ref-nagel349350_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagel349350-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the only King of France to be buried outside the country.<sup id="cite_ref-leparisien25092016_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leparisien25092016-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rtvslo28092016_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtvslo28092016-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A movement reportedly began in 2016 advocating for Charles X's remains to be buried along with other French monarchs in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St Denis">Basilica of St Denis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-leparisien25092016_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leparisien25092016-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rtvslo28092016_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtvslo28092016-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/Louis_Alphonse,_Duke_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou">Louis Alphonse</a>, current head of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a>, stated in 2017 that he wished the remains of his ancestors to lie undisturbed.<sup id="cite_ref-rtvslo19022017_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtvslo19022017-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_X_distribuant_des_r%C3%A9compenses_aux_artistes_exposants_du_salon_de_1824_au_Louvre,_le_15_Janvier_1825_(by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Heim).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Charles_X_distribuant_des_r%C3%A9compenses_aux_artistes_exposants_du_salon_de_1824_au_Louvre%2C_le_15_Janvier_1825_%28by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Heim%29.jpg/220px-Charles_X_distribuant_des_r%C3%A9compenses_aux_artistes_exposants_du_salon_de_1824_au_Louvre%2C_le_15_Janvier_1825_%28by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Heim%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Charles_X_distribuant_des_r%C3%A9compenses_aux_artistes_exposants_du_salon_de_1824_au_Louvre%2C_le_15_Janvier_1825_%28by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Heim%29.jpg/330px-Charles_X_distribuant_des_r%C3%A9compenses_aux_artistes_exposants_du_salon_de_1824_au_Louvre%2C_le_15_Janvier_1825_%28by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Heim%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Charles_X_distribuant_des_r%C3%A9compenses_aux_artistes_exposants_du_salon_de_1824_au_Louvre%2C_le_15_Janvier_1825_%28by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Heim%29.jpg/440px-Charles_X_distribuant_des_r%C3%A9compenses_aux_artistes_exposants_du_salon_de_1824_au_Louvre%2C_le_15_Janvier_1825_%28by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Heim%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Distributing_Awards_to_Artists" title="Charles X Distributing Awards to Artists">Charles X Distributing Awards to Artists</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Heim" title="François Joseph Heim">François Joseph Heim</a>, 1827.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/23px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/35px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/45px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Kingdom of France</a>: <ul><li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Order of the Holy Spirit">Order of the Holy Spirit</a>, <i>1 January 1771</i><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, <i>3 July 1816</i><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Louis">Military Order of St. Louis</a>, <i>10 July 1816</i><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Master and Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Michael">Order of St. Michael</a></li> <li>Grand Master and Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Lazarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Lazarus">Order of St. Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9coration_de_la_Fid%C3%A9lit%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Décoration de la Fidélité (page does not exist)">Décoration de la Fidélité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoration_of_The_Lily" class="mw-redirect" title="Decoration of The Lily">Decoration of The Lily</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span>Austrian Empire: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary" title="Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary">Order of St. Stephen</a>, <i>1825</i><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span>Denmark: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Order of the Elephant</a>, <i>2 October 1824</i><sup id="cite_ref-Berlien1846_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlien1846-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Netherlands: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_William_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Military William Order">Military William Order</a>, <i>13 May 1825</i><sup id="cite_ref-Military_William_Order_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Military_William_Order-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Order of the Black Eagle</a>, <i>4 October 1824</i><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Russian Empire:<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Order of St. Andrew</a>, <i>June 1815</i></li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Order of St. Alexander Nevsky</a>, <i>June 1815</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/45px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span>Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rue_Crown" title="Order of the Rue Crown">Order of the Rue Crown</a>, <i>1827</i><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1180" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>, <i>6 October 1761</i><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span>Two Sicilies:<sup id="cite_ref-Almanacco_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanacco-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Januarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Januarius">Order of St. Januarius</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Ferdinand_and_of_Merit" title="Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit">Order of St. Ferdinand and Merit</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Stranger Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>, <i>9 March 1825</i><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Charles X of France<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy">Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV of France</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_of_Savoy" title="Marie Adélaïde of Savoy">Marie Adélaïde of Savoy</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(son_of_Louis_XV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (son of Louis XV)">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław I of Poland</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Leszczy%C5%84ska" title="Marie Leszczyńska">Maria of Poland</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Opali%C5%84ska" title="Catherine Opalińska">Katarzyna Opalińska</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Charles X of France</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus II of Poland">Augustus II of Poland</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III of Poland</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Christiane_Eberhardine_of_Bayreuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Christiane Eberhardine of Bayreuth">Christiane Eberhardine of Bayreuth</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Saxony,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France">Maria Josepha of Saxony</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Maria Josepha of Austria">Maria Josepha of Austria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_Amalia_of_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick">Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_issue">Marriage and issue</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Charles_X_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Charles X of France">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Charles X married <a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Thérèse of Savoy">Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_III_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia">Victor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Antonietta_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Antonietta of Spain">Maria Antonietta of Spain</a>, on 16 November 1773. The couple had four children – two sons and two daughters – but the daughters did not survive childhood. Only the oldest son survived his father. The children were: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême</a> (6 August 1775 – 3 June 1844), sometimes called <a href="/wiki/List_of_shortest-reigning_monarchs#Less_than_an_hour" title="List of shortest-reigning monarchs">Louis XIX</a>. Married first cousin <a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse of France">Marie Thérèse of France</a>, no issue.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_France_(1776-1783)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie of France (1776-1783)">Sophie, Mademoiselle d'Artois</a> (5 August 1776 – 5 December 1783), died in childhood.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry">Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry</a> (24 January 1778 – 13 February 1820), married <a href="/wiki/Marie-Caroline_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies,_Duchess_of_Berry" title="Marie-Caroline of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Berry">Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile</a>, had issue.</li> <li>Marie Thérèse, Mademoiselle d'Angoulême (6 January 1783 – 22 June 1783), died in childhood.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction_and_film">In fiction and film</h2></div> <p>The Count of Artois is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Al_Weaver" title="Al Weaver">Al Weaver</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Coppola" title="Sofia Coppola">Sofia Coppola</a>'s motion picture <i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(2006_film)" title="Marie Antoinette (2006 film)">Marie Antoinette</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles X's abdication <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>: <i>"Mon cousin, je suis trop profondément peiné des maux qui affligent ou qui pourraient menacer mes peuples pour n'avoir pas cherché un moyen de les prévenir. J'ai donc pris la résolution d'abdiquer la couronne en faveur de mon petit-fils, le duc de Bordeaux. Le dauphin, qui partage mes sentiments, renonce aussi à ses droits en faveur de son neveu. Vous aurez donc, en votre qualité de lieutenant général du royaume, à faire proclamer l'avènement de Henri V à la couronne. Vous prendrez d'ailleurs toutes les mesures qui vous concernent pour régler les formes du gouvernement pendant la minorité du nouveau roi. Ici, je me borne à faire connaître ces dispositions : c'est un moyen d'éviter encore bien des maux. Vous communiquerez mes intentions au corps diplomatique, et vous me ferez connaître le plus tôt possible la proclamation par laquelle mon petit-fils sera reconnu roi sous le nom de Henri V."</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParmele1908" class="citation book cs1">Parmele, Mary Platt (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryoffr017819mbp"><i>A Short History of France</i></a>. Scribner. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryoffr017819mbp/page/n250">221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+France&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Parmele&rft.aufirst=Mary+Platt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistoryoffr017819mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-X">"Charles X | Biography, Reign, Abdication, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Charles+X+%7C+Biography%2C+Reign%2C+Abdication%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FCharles-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perilouscrown-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perilouscrown_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perilouscrown_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Munro_Price" title="Munro Price">Price, Munro</a>. <i>The Perilous Crown: France between Revolutions</i>. Macmillan. pp. 185–187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perilous+Crown%3A+France+between+Revolutions&rft.pages=185-187&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Munro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eoc-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eoc_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eoc_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrimanWinter2006" class="citation book cs1">Merriman, John M.; Winter, J. M. (2006). <i>Europe 1789 to 1914: encyclopedia of the age of industry and empire</i>. Detroit, Mich.: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6843-1496-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6843-1496-9"><bdi>978-0-6843-1496-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76769541">76769541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+1789+to+1914%3A+encyclopedia+of+the+age+of+industry+and+empire&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mich.&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76769541&rft.isbn=978-0-6843-1496-9&rft.aulast=Merriman&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.au=Winter%2C+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation cs2">Brown, Bradford C. (2009), "France, 1830 Revolution", <i>The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest</i>, American Cancer Society, pp. 1–8, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781405198073.wbierp0573">10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0573</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9807-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9807-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-9807-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=France%2C+1830+Revolution&rft.btitle=The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Revolution+and+Protest&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=American+Cancer+Society&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405198073.wbierp0573&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9807-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Bradford+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89velyne_Lever" title="Évelyne Lever">Évelyne Lever</a>, <i>Louis XVI</i>, Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris (1985), p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antonia20-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-antonia20_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonia Fraser, <i>Marie Antoinette: the Journey</i>, pp. 113–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Porset" title="Charles Porset">Charles Porset</a>, Hiram sans-culotte? Franc-maçonnerie, lumières et révolution: trente ans d'études et de recherches, Paris: Honoré Champion, 1998, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, pp. 137–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser80-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser80_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser80_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser,_p._178-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser,_p._178_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser,_p._178_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seward-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seward_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seward_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeward2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Seward" title="Desmond Seward">Seward, Desmond</a> (2022). <i>The Bourbon Kings of France</i>. London: Lume Books. p. 282-283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798367430301" title="Special:BookSources/9798367430301"><bdi>9798367430301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bourbon+Kings+of+France&rft.place=London&rft.pages=282-283&rft.pub=Lume+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9798367430301&rft.aulast=Seward&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillsher2016" class="citation news cs1">Willsher, Kim (27 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/27/france-calls-for-remains-of-king-charles-x-to-be-returned-from-slovenia">"France calls for remains of King Charles X to be returned from Slovenia"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=France+calls+for+remains+of+King+Charles+X+to+be+returned+from+Slovenia&rft.date=2016-09-27&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Willsher&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fsep%2F27%2Ffrance-calls-for-remains-of-king-charles-x-to-be-returned-from-slovenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, pp. 274–278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2003" class="citation book cs1">Price, Monro (2003). <i>The Fall of the French Monarchy</i>. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3304-8827-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3304-8827-3"><bdi>978-0-3304-8827-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+French+Monarchy&rft.pages=93-94&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-3304-8827-3&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Monro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagel2008" class="citation book cs1">Nagel, Susan (18 March 2008). <i>Marie Thérèse: Child of Terror</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5969-1057-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5969-1057-7"><bdi>978-1-5969-1057-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/177826440">177826440</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL12443706M">12443706M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se%3A+Child+of+Terror&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2008-03-18&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F177826440&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL12443706M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-5969-1057-7&rft.aulast=Nagel&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nagel, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nagel, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, pp. 399, 440, 456; Nagel, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nagel, p. 152-153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nagel, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nagel, pp. 210, 222, 233–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nagel, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagel253-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nagel253_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagel253_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nagel, pp. 253–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, pp. 52–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, pp. 72, 80–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnachie2004" class="citation book cs1">McConnachie, James (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_cmS0pYFfPsC"><i>Rough Guide to the Loire</i></a>. London: Rough Guides. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8435-3257-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8435-3257-6"><bdi>978-1-8435-3257-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rough+Guide+to+the+Loire&rft.place=London&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-8435-3257-6&rft.aulast=McConnachie&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_cmS0pYFfPsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLever1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lever, Évelyne (1988). <i>Louis XVIII</i> (in French). Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard. p. 553.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XVIII&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=553&rft.pub=Librairie+Arth%C3%A8me+Fayard&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Lever&rft.aufirst=%C3%89velyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, pp. 113–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Price119-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Price119_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price119_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, pp. 119–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redhead2012-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Redhead2012_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedhead2012" class="citation book cs1">Redhead, T. W. (January 2012). <i>The French Revolutions</i>. BoD – Books on Demand. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIZjqeZFsloC&pg=RA2-PA176">176</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8640-3428-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8640-3428-2"><bdi>978-3-8640-3428-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolutions&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2012-01&rft.isbn=978-3-8640-3428-2&rft.aulast=Redhead&rft.aufirst=T.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k28479p.texteImage">"King's journey to the Saint-Omer camp and in the northern departments , Paris, Imprimerie Royale, 1827, p. 237"</a>. <i>Imprimerie Royale</i>. 1827.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imprimerie+Royale&rft.atitle=King%27s+journey+to+the+Saint-Omer+camp+and+in+the+northern+departments+%2C+Paris%2C+Imprimerie+Royale%2C+1827%2C+p.+237&rft.date=1827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k28479p.texteImage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4259115/f2.item.texteImage">"King's trip to the eastern departments and to the Lunéville maneuver camp , Paris, Imprimerie Royale,1828, III + 213 p."</a> <i>Imprimerie Royale,1828</i>. 1828.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imprimerie+Royale%2C1828&rft.atitle=King%27s+trip+to+the+eastern+departments+and+to+the+Lun%C3%A9ville+maneuver+camp+%2C+Paris%2C+Imprimerie+Royale%2C1828%2C+III+%2B+213+p.&rft.date=1828&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k4259115%2Ff2.item.texteImage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Price116-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Price116_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price116_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, pp. 116–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Price122-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Price122_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price122_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, pp. 122–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Price136-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Price136_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price136_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, pp. 136–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, pp. 130–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castelot, André, <i>Charles X</i>, Librairie Académique Perrin, Paris, 1988, p. 454 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-2620-0545-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-2620-0545-1">2-2620-0545-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le régime légal est interrompu; celui de la force a commencé... L'obéissance cesse d'être un devoir!</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, pp. 141–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, pp. 151–154, 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, pp. 158, 161–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, pp. 173–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castelot, <i>Charles X</i>, p. 482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castelot, <i>Charles X</i>, p. 491.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, pp. 177, 181–182, 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagel318-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nagel318_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagel318_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagel318_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nagel, pp. 318–325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FrenchKing-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FrenchKing_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrenchKing_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrenchKing_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrenchKing_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie-Stuart1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_Stuart,_Baron_Mackenzie-Stuart" title="Alexander Mackenzie Stuart, Baron Mackenzie-Stuart">Mackenzie-Stuart, A. J.</a> (1995). <i>A French King at Holyrood</i>. Edinburgh: John Donald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8597-6413-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8597-6413-3"><bdi>0-8597-6413-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1026529M">1026529M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+French+King+at+Holyrood&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=John+Donald&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1026529M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-8597-6413-3&rft.aulast=Mackenzie-Stuart&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagel327-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nagel327_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagel327_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagel327_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nagel, pp. 327–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nagel, pp. 322, 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nagel340342-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nagel340342_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nagel340342_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nagel, pp. 340–342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nagel349350-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nagel349350_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nagel349350_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nagel, pp. 349–350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leparisien25092016-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leparisien25092016_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leparisien25092016_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaus2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haus, Hélène (25 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leparisien.fr/seine-saint-denis-93/et-si-les-cendres-du-roi-charles-x-etaient-transferees-a-la-basilique-saint-denis-25-09-2016-6149095.php">"Et si les cendres du roi Charles X étaient transférées à la basilique Saint-Denis?"</a> [Are the remains of Charles X to be transferred to Basilica of St Denis?]. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Parisien" title="Le Parisien">Le Parisien</a></i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Parisien&rft.atitle=Et+si+les+cendres+du+roi+Charles+X+%C3%A9taient+transf%C3%A9r%C3%A9es+%C3%A0+la+basilique+Saint-Denis%3F&rft.date=2016-09-25&rft.aulast=Haus&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leparisien.fr%2Fseine-saint-denis-93%2Fet-si-les-cendres-du-roi-charles-x-etaient-transferees-a-la-basilique-saint-denis-25-09-2016-6149095.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rtvslo28092016-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rtvslo28092016_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rtvslo28092016_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._K.2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">A. K. (28 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/drugo/francozi-zelijo-ostanke-karla-x-in-druzine-iz-slovenije-pripadajo-nasi-domovini/403811">"Francozi želijo ostanke Karla X. in družine iz Slovenije: "Pripadajo naši domovini"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [The French wish the remains of Charles X and family to be brought from Slovenia: "They belong to our homeland"] (in Slovenian). <a href="/wiki/RTV_Slovenija" class="mw-redirect" title="RTV Slovenija">RTV Slovenija</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Francozi+%C5%BEelijo+ostanke+Karla+X.+in+dru%C5%BEine+iz+Slovenije%3A+%22Pripadajo+na%C5%A1i+domovini%22&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft.au=A.+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtvslo.si%2Fkultura%2Fdrugo%2Ffrancozi-zelijo-ostanke-karla-x-in-druzine-iz-slovenije-pripadajo-nasi-domovini%2F403811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rtvslo19022017-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rtvslo19022017_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl._Ma.2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Al. Ma. (19 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/francoski-princ-burbonski-zeli-da-njegovi-predniki-ostanejo-pokopani-na-kostanjevici/415424">"Francoski princ Burbonski želi, da njegovi predniki ostanejo pokopani na Kostanjevici"</a> [A French prince of Bourbon wishes the remains of his ancestors to remain at Kostanjevica] (in Slovenian). <a href="/wiki/RTV_Slovenija" class="mw-redirect" title="RTV Slovenija">RTV Slovenija</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Francoski+princ+Burbonski+%C5%BEeli%2C+da+njegovi+predniki+ostanejo+pokopani+na+Kostanjevici&rft.date=2017-02-19&rft.au=Al.+Ma.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtvslo.si%2Fslovenija%2Ffrancoski-princ-burbonski-zeli-da-njegovi-predniki-ostanejo-pokopani-na-kostanjevici%2F415424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeulet1863" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Teulet, Alexandre (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k122126/f360.item.zoom">"Liste chronologique des chevaliers de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit depuis son origine jusqu'à son extinction (1578–1830)"</a> [Chronological list of knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit from its origin to its extinction (1578–1830)]. <i>Annuaire-bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de France</i> (in French) (2): 100<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annuaire-bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+de+l%27histoire+de+France&rft.atitle=Liste+chronologique+des+chevaliers+de+l%27ordre+du+Saint-Esprit+depuis+son+origine+jusqu%27%C3%A0+son+extinction+%281578%E2%80%931830%29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=100&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Teulet&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k122126%2Ff360.item.zoom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france-phaleristique.com/legion_honneur_textes_officiels_1.htm">"Ordre de la Légion d'honneur: Textes officiels antérieurs à 1962"</a>. <i>france-phaleristique.com</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=france-phaleristique.com&rft.atitle=Ordre+de+la+L%C3%A9gion+d%27honneur%3A+Textes+officiels+ant%C3%A9rieurs+%C3%A0+1962&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france-phaleristique.com%2Flegion_honneur_textes_officiels_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france-phaleristique.com/ordre_saint_louis.htm">"Ordre royal et militaire de Saint-Louis"</a>. <i>france-phaleristique.com</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=france-phaleristique.com&rft.atitle=Ordre+royal+et+militaire+de+Saint-Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france-phaleristique.com%2Fordre_saint_louis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm">"A Szent István Rend tagjai"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm">Archived</a> 22 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berlien1846-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berlien1846_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_Heinrich_Friedrich_Berlien1846" class="citation book cs1">Johann Heinrich Friedrich Berlien (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/derelephantenor00berlgoog"><i>Der Elephanten-Orden und seine Ritter</i></a>. Kopenhagen: Berling. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/derelephantenor00berlgoog/page/n192">159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Elephanten-Orden+und+seine+Ritter&rft.place=Kopenhagen&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Berling&rft.date=1846&rft.au=Johann+Heinrich+Friedrich+Berlien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fderelephantenor00berlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Military_William_Order-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Military_William_Order_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/onderscheidingen/dapperheidsonderscheidingen/databank-dapperheidsonderscheidingen/1825/05/13/bourbon-charles-philippe-prince-de">"Militaire Willems-Orde: Bourbon, Charles Philippe prince de"</a> [Military William Order: Bourbon, Charles Philip, Prince of]. <i>Ministerie van Defensie</i> (in Dutch). 13 May 1825<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministerie+van+Defensie&rft.atitle=Militaire+Willems-Orde%3A+Bourbon%2C+Charles+Philippe+prince+de&rft.date=1825-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensie.nl%2Fonderwerpen%2Fonderscheidingen%2Fdapperheidsonderscheidingen%2Fdatabank-dapperheidsonderscheidingen%2F1825%2F05%2F13%2Fbourbon-charles-philippe-prince-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler</i> (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10362193?page=28">p. 18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Almanach de la cour: pour l'année 1817</i>. l'Académie Imp. des Sciences. 1817. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZpKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA63">63</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZpKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA78">78</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanach+de+la+cour%3A+pour+l%27ann%C3%A9e+1817&rft.pages=63%2C+78&rft.pub=l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+Imp.+des+Sciences&rft.date=1817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sg9TAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA53"><i>Königlich Sächsischer Hof-Civil-und MilitärStaat im Jahre 1828</i></a> (in German). 1828. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6niglich+S%C3%A4chsischer+Hof-Civil-und+Milit%C3%A4rStaat+im+Jahre+1828&rft.pages=53&rft.date=1828&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsg9TAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerra1819" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guerra, Francisco (1819), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5325545189&view=1up&seq=43">"Caballeros Existentes en la Insignie Orden del Toison de Oro"</a>, <i>Calendario manual y guía de forasteros en Madrid</i> (in Spanish), p. 41<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calendario+manual+y+gu%C3%ADa+de+forasteros+en+Madrid&rft.atitle=Caballeros+Existentes+en+la+Insignie+Orden+del+Toison+de+Oro&rft.pages=41&rft.date=1819&rft.aulast=Guerra&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Ducm.5325545189%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Almanacco-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Almanacco_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hxja24&view=1up&seq=476">"Capitolo XIV: Ordini cavallereschi"</a>, <i>Almanacco Reale del Regno Delle Due Sicilie</i> (in Italian), 1829, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hxja24&view=1up&seq=479">415</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hxja24&view=1up&seq=483">419</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Capitolo+XIV%3A+Ordini+cavallereschi&rft.btitle=Almanacco+Reale+del+Regno+Delle+Due+Sicilie&rft.pages=415%2C+419&rft.date=1829&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.hxja24%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) <i>The Knights of England</i>, <b>I</b>, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n141/mode/2up">p. 53</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA11"><i>Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans</i></a> [<i>Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living</i>] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogie+ascendante+jusqu%27au+quatrieme+degre+inclusivement+de+tous+les+Rois+et+Princes+de+maisons+souveraines+de+l%27Europe+actuellement+vivans&rft.place=Bourdeaux&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Frederic+Guillaume+Birnstiel&rft.date=1768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAINPAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Artz, Frederick Binkerd. <i>France Under the Bourbon Restoration, 1814–1830</i> (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011270504;view=1up;seq=11">online free</a></li> <li>Artz, Frederick B. <i>Reaction and Revolution 1814–1832</i> (1938), covers Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.276858">online</a></li> <li>Brown, Bradford C. "France, 1830 Revolution." in by Immanuel Ness, ed., <i>The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest</i> (2009): 1–8.</li> <li>Frederking, Bettina. "'Il ne faut pas être le roi de deux peuples': strategies of national reconciliation in Restoration France." <i>French History</i> 22.4 (2008): 446–468. in English</li> <li>Rader, Daniel L. <i>The Journalists and the July Revolution in France: The Role of the Political Press in the Overthrow of the Bourbon Restoration, 1827–1830</i> (Springer, 2013).</li> <li>Weiner, Margery. <i>The French Exiles, 1789–1815</i> (Morrow, 1961).</li> <li>Wolf, John B. <i>France 1814–1919: the Rise of a Liberal Democratic Society</i> (1940) pp 1–58.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauvigny1981" class="citation journal cs1">Sauvigny, G. de Bertier de (Spring 1981). "The Bourbon Restoration: One Century of French Historiography". <i><a href="/wiki/French_Historical_Studies" title="French Historical Studies">French Historical Studies</a></i>. <b>12</b> (1): 41–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286306">10.2307/286306</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286306">286306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Bourbon+Restoration%3A+One+Century+of+French+Historiography&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-67&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F286306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F286306%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sauvigny&rft.aufirst=G.+de+Bertier+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_X_of_France" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles X of France">Charles X of France</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Charles X"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Charles_X">"Charles X" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"><i>The New Student's Reference Work</i> </a></span>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+X&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+X+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Charles X of France </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 9 October 1757</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 6 November 1836</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> </b><br />16 September 1824 – 2 August 1830 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Philippe">Louis Philippe</a> </b><br /><small><i><b>as King of the French </b></i></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #79DBFF;"><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Titles in pretence</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><small><b>— TITULAR —</b></small><br /><i><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> </b></i><br />2 August 1830 – 6 November 1836<br /><span style="font-size: 90%;">Reason for succession failure:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a></span> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIX" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIX">Louis XIX</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_France" title="Template:Princes of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_France" title="Template talk:Princes of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Princes of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>The first generation are the children of <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henri IV</a></i>; these males held the rank of <b><a href="/wiki/Fils_de_France" title="Fils de France">Son of France</a></b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Fils_de_France" title="Fils de France">Grandson of France</a></b>;</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">King Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsieur_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Monsieur d'Orléans">Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Gaston, Duke of Orléans">Gaston, Duke of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arms_of_France_%28France_Moderne%29.svg/75px-Arms_of_France_%28France_Moderne%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arms_of_France_%28France_Moderne%29.svg/113px-Arms_of_France_%28France_Moderne%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arms_of_France_%28France_Moderne%29.svg/150px-Arms_of_France_%28France_Moderne%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="701" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">King Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe I, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gaston,_Duke_of_Valois" title="Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois">Prince Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou">Prince Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Louis François, Duke of Anjou">Prince Louis François, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Valois" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois">Prince Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe II, Duke of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">King Philip V of Spain</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Berry_(1686%E2%80%931714)" title="Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)">Prince Charles, Duke of Berry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1704%E2%80%931705)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1704–1705)">Prince Louis, Duke of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1707%E2%80%931712)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1707–1712)">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">King Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis, Prince of Asturias</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Philip_of_Spain_(1712%E2%80%931719)" title="Infante Philip of Spain (1712–1719)">Infante Philip of Spain</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe, Duke of Anjou">Prince Philippe, Duke of Anjou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy_(1751%E2%80%931761)" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy (1751–1761)">Prince Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine">Prince Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">King Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">King Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King Charles X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">King Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Prince Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry">Prince Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Prince Henri, Count of Chambord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small>* <i>until <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">1713</a></i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_France" title="Template:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_France" title="Template talk:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Monarchs of France</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_French_monarchs" title="Family tree of French monarchs">Detailed family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_French_monarchs_(simple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of French monarchs (simple)">Simplified family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">List of Frankish kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">List of French monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a> (509–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_I" title="Childebert I">Childebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_I" title="Chlothar I">Chlothar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charibert_I" title="Charibert I">Charibert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntram" title="Guntram">Guntram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_I" title="Sigebert I">Sigebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_II" title="Childebert II">Childebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_II" title="Chlothar II">Chlothar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_II" title="Sigebert II">Sigebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_II" title="Clovis II">Clovis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_III" title="Chlothar III">Chlothar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_II" title="Childeric II">Childeric II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_III" title="Theuderic III">Theuderic III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_IV" title="Clovis IV">Clovis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_III" title="Childebert III">Childebert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_III" title="Dagobert III">Dagobert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_II" title="Chilperic II">Chilperic II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_IV" title="Chlothar IV">Chlothar IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_IV" title="Theuderic IV">Theuderic IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_III" title="Childeric III">Childeric III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a> (751–987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_I" title="Carloman I">Carloman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (Charles I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer" title="Louis the Stammerer">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_III_of_France" title="Louis III of France">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_II" title="Carloman II">Carloman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_France" title="Odo of France">Odo</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_France" title="Robert I of France">Robert I</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_of_France" title="Rudolph of France">Rudolph</a><sup><i>B</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_V_of_France" title="Louis V of France">Louis V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a> (987–1328)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_France" title="Robert II of France">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_France" title="Henry I of France">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> (1328–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></i> <i>(1422–1453)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1804–1814; 1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1814–1815; 1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles X</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis XIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henry V</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a> (1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Louis Philippe II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Navarre" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navarrese_monarchs" title="Template:Navarrese monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navarrese_monarchs" title="Template talk:Navarrese monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navarrese_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navarrese monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Navarre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs" title="List of Navarrese monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of Íñiguez</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_Arista_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Íñigo Arista of Pamplona">Íñigo Arista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_%C3%8D%C3%B1iguez_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="García Íñiguez of Pamplona">García Íñiguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort%C3%BAn_Garc%C3%A9s_of_Pamplona" title="Fortún Garcés of Pamplona">Fortún Garcés</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho I of Pamplona">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimeno_Garc%C3%A9s_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona">Jimeno Garcés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_I_of_Pamplona" title="García Sánchez I of Pamplona">García Sánchez I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho II of Pamplona">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_II_of_Pamplona" title="García Sánchez II of Pamplona">García Sánchez II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho III of Pamplona">Sancho III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_III_of_Pamplona" title="García Sánchez III of Pamplona">García Sánchez III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho IV of Pamplona">Sancho IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Sancho Ramírez">Sancho V</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Aragon_and_Pamplona" title="Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona">Peter I</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_the_Battler" title="Alfonso the Battler">Alfonso I</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Ram%C3%ADrez_of_Navarre" title="García Ramírez of Navarre">García Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_VI_of_Navarre" title="Sancho VI of Navarre">Sancho VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_VII_of_Navarre" title="Sancho VII of Navarre">Sancho VII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Champagne" title="Count of Champagne">House of Champagne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_I_of_Navarre" title="Theobald I of Navarre">Theobald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_II_of_Navarre" title="Theobald II of Navarre">Theobald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Navarre" title="Henry I of Navarre">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre" title="Joan I of Navarre">Joan I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip II</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_II_of_Navarre" title="Joan II of Navarre">Joan II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%89vreux" title="House of Évreux">House of Évreux</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Navarre" title="Philip III of Navarre">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre" title="Charles II of Navarre">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Navarre" title="Charles III of Navarre">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_I_of_Navarre" title="Blanche I of Navarre">Blanche I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John II</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Viana" title="Charles, Prince of Viana">Charles IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanche_II_of_Navarre" title="Blanche II of Navarre">Blanche II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Navarre" title="Eleanor of Navarre">Eleanor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Foix" title="Count of Foix">House of Foix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Phoebus" title="Francis Phoebus">Francis Phoebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Navarre" title="Catherine of Navarre">Catherine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albret" title="Albret">House of Albret</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Navarre" title="John III of Navarre">John III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albret" title="Albret">House of Albret</a> - Lower Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Navarre" title="Henry II of Navarre">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Joan III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> - Lower Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre" title="Antoine of Navarre">Antoine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry III</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis II</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis III</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis IV</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis V</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis VI</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles V</a><sup>F</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a> - Upper Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand I</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joan III</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> - Upper Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip IV</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip V</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip VI</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles V</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> - Upper Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip VII</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis II</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI" title="Ferdinand VI">Ferdinand II</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles VI</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles VII</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII">Ferdinand III</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella I</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>A</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">King of Aragon</a>. <sup>F</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of France</a>. <sup>S</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">King/Queen of Spain</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pretenders_to_the_French_throne_since_1792" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pretenders_to_the_French_throne" title="Template:Pretenders to the French throne"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pretenders_to_the_French_throne" title="Template talk:Pretenders to the French throne"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pretenders_to_the_French_throne" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pretenders to the French throne"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pretenders_to_the_French_throne_since_1792" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">Pretenders to the French throne</a> since <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">1792</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Monarchy in exile</a> (1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1792 <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li>1793 <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li>1795 1814 1815 <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the House of Capet"><img alt="Coat of arms of the House of Capet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the House of Capet</figcaption></figure><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte"><img alt="Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimist</a> (1830–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1830 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles X</a></li> <li>1836 <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis XIX</a></li> <li>1844 <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henri V</a></li> <li>1883 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Montiz%C3%B3n" title="Infante Juan, Count of Montizón">Jean III</a></li> <li>1887 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Duke_of_Madrid" title="Infante Carlos, Duke of Madrid">Charles XI</a></li> <li>1909 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Madrid" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Madrid">Jacques I</a></li> <li>1931 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">Charles XII</a></li> <li>1936 <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">Alphonse I</a></li> <li>1941 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Segovia" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia">Jacques II</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Duke_of_Anjou_and_C%C3%A1diz" title="Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz">Alphonse II</a></li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/Louis_Alphonse_de_Bourbon" title="Louis Alphonse de Bourbon">Louis XX</a> (present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a> (1848–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1848 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Louis Philippe II</a></li> <li>1894 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans">Philippe VIII</a></li> <li>1926 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Jean,_Duke_of_Guise" title="Prince Jean, Duke of Guise">Jean III</a></li> <li>1940 <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Paris_(1908%E2%80%931999)" title="Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999)">Henri VI</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Paris_(1933%E2%80%932019)" title="Henri, Count of Paris (1933–2019)">Henri VII</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Jean,_Count_of_Paris" title="Jean, Count of Paris">Jean IV</a> (present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartist</a> (1814–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1814 1815 <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon I</a></li> <li>1821 <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoléon II</a></li> <li>1832 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph</a></li> <li>1844 <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis</a></li> <li>1846 <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoléon III</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Emperor 1852–1870</a>)</small></li> <li>1873 <a href="/wiki/Louis-Napol%C3%A9on,_Prince_Imperial" title="Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial">Napoléon IV</a></li> <li>1879 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Napol%C3%A9on-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Prince Napoléon-Jérôme Bonaparte">Napoléon V Jérôme</a> / 1891 <a href="/wiki/Victor,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Victor, Prince Napoléon">Napoléon V Victor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte_(1864%E2%80%931932)" title="Louis Bonaparte (1864–1932)">Louis</a></li> <li>1926 <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Louis, Prince Napoléon">Napoléon VI</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Charles, Prince Napoléon">Napoléon VII Charles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon">Napoléon VII Jean-Christophe</a> present (<a href="/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_French_throne_(Bonapartist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of succession to the French throne (Bonapartist)">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small>*Unionist pretender from 1883-1894 as Philippe VII</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Revolution" title="Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Revolution" title="Template talk:French Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Timeline of the French Revolution">Timeline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional monarchy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_journals_appearing_under_the_French_Revolution" title="List of journals appearing under the French Revolution">Journals</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7 Jun 1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jul 1788)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Apr 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 May 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 June 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jun 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jul 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–11 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Oct 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">Nationalization of the Church properties</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Nov 1789)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Feb–Jul 1790)</span></li> <li>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Nobility</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Jun 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> <small>(14 Jul 1790)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Jun 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jul 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Aug 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Apr 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jul 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jun 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Aug 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sep 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jan 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Jun 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jul 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Aug 1793)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(painting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Sep 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(16 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(throughout the year)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fall 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobins">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Nov 1794)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_12_Germinal_Year_III" title="Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III">Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Apr 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Aug 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–99)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">5 Oct 1795</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1798</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Flor%C3%A9al_Year_VI" title="Law of 22 Floréal Year VI">Law of 22 Floréal Year VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 May 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Nov 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Dec 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Revolutionary_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Revolutionary campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li>Royalist Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a></li> <li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Namur_(1792)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Namur (1792)">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies" title="Battle of Wattignies">Battle of Wattignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26–27 Dec 1793)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) <span style="font-size:85%;">(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Oct 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3–4 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6–7 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15–17 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14–15 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Oct 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 January – 17 May 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27–28 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–7 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17–20 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Aug 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25–26 Sep 1799)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Dec 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1800–02)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Feb 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Mar 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Jul 1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jun 1802)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_Charles_d%27Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jacques_Osten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)">Pierre-Jacques Osten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Osten" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Victor_Perrin" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze <span style="font-size:85%;">(Swiss)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto <span style="font-size:85%;">(Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rosenberg" title="Andrei Rosenberg">Andrei Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal,_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d%27Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine,_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Duval_d%27Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_Club" title="Panthéon Club">Panthéon Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Social Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Influential_thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Cultural_impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cultural impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag of France</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadin" title="Muscadin">Muscadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Women in the French Revolution">Women in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incroyables_and_merveilleuses" title="Incroyables and merveilleuses">Incroyables and merveilleuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Symbolism in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influence of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_during_the_French_Revolution_and_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="List of films set during the French Revolution and French Revolutionary Wars">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="France_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:France_topics" title="Template:France topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:France_topics" title="Template talk:France topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:France_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:France topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="France_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_France" title="Political history of France">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_journalism" title="History of French journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">Liberalism and radicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brittany" title="History of Brittany">History of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Normandy" title="History of Normandy">History of Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_laws_of_the_Kingdom_of_France" title="Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France">Fundamental laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution_of_1756" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Revolution of 1756">Diplomatic Revolution of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">Coup of 2 December 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">1900 to present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">2005 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#France,_Benelux_countries" title="Great Recession in Europe">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">2015 Paris attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">2021 labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_France" title="Climate change in France">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_France" title="Borders of France">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_France" title="List of islands of France">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_France" title="List of lakes of France">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_mountains_by_prominence" title="List of French mountains by prominence">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_France" title="List of national parks of France">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_France" title="List of rivers of France">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of France">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">presidential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_France" title="Intersex rights in France">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in France">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_France" title="Legal history of France">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_France" title="Law enforcement in France">enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_criminal_law" title="French criminal law">criminal law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France#Agriculture" title="Economy of France">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_France" title="Banking in France">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_France" title="List of exports of France">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">Franc (former currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">French subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_France" title="Mining in France">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_France" title="Science and technology in France">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_France" title="List of trade unions in France">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_France" title="Category:Society of France">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_France" title="Birth control in France">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_France" title="Crime in France">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_France" title="Health care in France">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_France" title="Homelessness in France">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_life_expectancy" title="List of French departments by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_protection_in_France" title="Social protection in France">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" title="Coat of arms of France">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Remarkable_Gardens_of_France" title="List of Remarkable Gardens of France">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_France" title="Public holidays in France">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of France">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_France" title="Theatre of France">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.25em;"><div><div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline</a></li></ul> </div><div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France" title="Category:France">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_France" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject France">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7758#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7758#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7758#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118776770">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84200136">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12175467n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12175467n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Charles X <re di Francia>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/AUFV000393">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35134821">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0005111&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5146236">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1750786">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070397376">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98001844">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=151060">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhjggm2s3tdgz">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810631734405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/90009">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259759805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614934106706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15328051?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500122372">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/439810">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/837303">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118776770.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118776770">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027285693">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/67192">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/345473">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_X_of_France&oldid=1259249689">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_X_of_France&oldid=1259249689</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Charles_X_of_France" title="Category:Charles X of France">Charles X of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1757_births" title="Category:1757 births">1757 births</a></li><li><a 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