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<main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Heinrich Kramer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هينريتش كرامر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هينريتش كرامر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Heinrich Kramer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Heinrich Kramer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heinrich Kramer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Χάινριχ Κράμερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάινριχ Κράμερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Kramer" title="Enrique Kramer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enrique Kramer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Heinrich Kramer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Institoris" title="Henri Institoris – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henri Institoris" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Heinrich Kramer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Heinrich Kramer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_Institor" title="Henricus Institor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Henricus Institor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هينريخ كرامر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هينريخ كرامر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heinrich Kramer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC" title="ハインリヒ・クラーマー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハインリヒ・クラーマー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Heinrich Kramer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Heinrich Kramer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Kraemer" title="Heinrich Kraemer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Heinrich Kraemer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Крамер, Генрих – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крамер, Генрих" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" 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.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Special:EditPage/Heinrich Kramer">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Heinrich+Kramer%22">"Heinrich Kramer"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Heinrich+Kramer%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Heinrich+Kramer%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Heinrich+Kramer%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Heinrich+Kramer%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Heinrich+Kramer%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprenger_-_Malleus_maleficarum,_1669_-_BEIC_9477645.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sprenger_-_Malleus_maleficarum%2C_1669_-_BEIC_9477645.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Sprenger_-_Malleus_maleficarum%2C_1669_-_BEIC_9477645.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sprenger_-_Malleus_maleficarum%2C_1669_-_BEIC_9477645.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Sprenger_-_Malleus_maleficarum%2C_1669_-_BEIC_9477645.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sprenger_-_Malleus_maleficarum%2C_1669_-_BEIC_9477645.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Sprenger_-_Malleus_maleficarum%2C_1669_-_BEIC_9477645.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3270" data-file-height="4434" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> in a 1669 edition.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Heinrich Kramer</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1430 – 1505, aged 74-75), also known under the <a href="/wiki/Latinized_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinized name">Latinized name</a> <b>Henricus Institor</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> churchman and <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">inquisitor</a>. With his widely distributed book <i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (1487), which describes <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> and endorses detailed processes for the extermination of witches, he was instrumental in establishing the period of <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">witch trials in the early modern period</a>. Professor <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Gaskill" title="Malcolm Gaskill">Malcolm Gaskill</a> has described Kramer as a "superstitious psychopath."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Kramer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in Schlettstadt, now <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lestat" title="Sélestat">Sélestat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a> at an early age and while still a young man was appointed Prior of the Dominican house of his native town.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothman_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At some date before 1474 he was appointed Inquisitor for the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>. His eloquence in the <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a> and tireless activity received recognition at Rome and he was the right-hand man of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Salzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Salzburg">Archbishop of Salzburg</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Summis desiderantes">Summis desiderantes</a></i> which <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Pope Innocent VIII</a> published in 1484 acknowledges the existence of witches and explicitly empowers the inquisition to prosecute <a href="/wiki/Witch" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch">witches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magician_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magician (paranormal)">sorcerers</a>. The bull aimed to reaffirm the jurisdiction of Kramer, who was denied authority as an inquisitor in Germany. </p><p>One year later, he went to <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> as the head of an inquisitorial commission with the stated intention of "bringing witches to justice".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel20031_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel20031-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being granted episcopal jurisdiction to conduct trials by Georg Golser, bishop of Brixen, the latter eventually acquired a distaste for Kramer's alleged scandals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel200317-18_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel200317-18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This most likely referred to the whole interrogation of <a href="/wiki/Helena_Scheuberin" title="Helena Scheuberin">Helena Scheuberin</a> in Innsbruck and six other citizens accused of witchcraft. Helena herself, married to a prosperous burgher named Sebastian, was described as an "aggressive, independent woman who was not afraid to speak her mind".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel20031_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel20031-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Right after Kramer had arrived in the city, she had passed him in the street, spat and cursed him publicly: "Fie on you, you bad monk, may the falling evil take you". Later, it was discovered she was not attending Kramer's sermons and encouraged others to do likewise, all of which were brought against her as charges for the crime of witchcraft. Helena even disrupted one of his sermons "by loudly proclaiming that she believed Institor to be an evil man in league with the devil".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel20031_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel20031-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During her trial, as Kramer focused heavily on the sexuality of Scheuberin, he was accused by the bishop of having "presumed much that had not been proved". Kramer remained in Innsbruck to continue the investigation, collect evidence, and interrogate suspected witches. Golser and Kramer exchanged letters encouraging Kramer to quit the investigation, ending with a final letter in 1486 in which Golser ordered Kramer to leave his diocese, the trials in Innsbruck finally being suspended. Kramer finally relented and returned to Cologne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel200317-18_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel200317-18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the Bishop's criticism, Kramer began to write a treatise on witchcraft that later became the <i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (commonly translated as "The Hammer of Witches"). The bull <i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Summis desiderantes">Summis desiderantes</a></i>, which gave him the authority of prosecuting and investigating cases of sorcery, was included in the forefront of the book, first published in 1487. </p><p>Kramer failed in his attempt to obtain endorsement for this work from the top theologians of the Inquisition at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">Faculty of Cologne</a>, and they condemned the book as recommending unethical and illegal procedures, as well as being inconsistent to what they perceived as the orthodox Catholic doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">demonology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the overall evaluation, his works were praised and his prestige was growing. He was asked by the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> council to provide expert consultation on the procedure of witch trial in 1491.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003160_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1495 he was summoned by the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Order_of_Preachers" title="Master of the Order of Preachers">Master General of the Order</a>, Joaquin de Torres, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">O.P.</a> to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and gave very popular public lectures and disputations. They were worthy of the presence and patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Venice" title="Patriarch of Venice">Patriarch of Venice</a>. He also wrote treatises <i>Several Discourses and Various Sermons upon the Most Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist</i> (Nuremberg, 1496); <i>A Tract Confuting the Errors of Master Antonio degli Roselli</i> (Venice, 1499); followed by <i>The Shield of Defence of the Holy Roman Church Against the Picards and Waldenses</i> which were quoted by many authors. He was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Papal_nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal nuncio">papal nuncio</a> and his assignment as inquisitor was changed to <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> in 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012viii–ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012viii–ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Summers observes that 17th-century "<a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> chroniclers, such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Qu%C3%A9tif" title="Jacques Quétif">Quétif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_%C3%89chard" title="Jacques Échard">Échard</a>, number Kramer and Sprenger among the glories and heroes of their <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">Order</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He passed his last days intensely writing and preaching until his death in <a href="/wiki/Krom%C4%9B%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BE" title="Kroměříž">Kroměříž</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, in 1505.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_works">Major works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Kramer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Institoris,_Henricus_%E2%80%93_Opusculum_in_errores_Monarchiae_Antonii_de_Rosellis,_1499_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11767369.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Institoris%2C_Henricus_%E2%80%93_Opusculum_in_errores_Monarchiae_Antonii_de_Rosellis%2C_1499_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11767369.jpg/220px-Institoris%2C_Henricus_%E2%80%93_Opusculum_in_errores_Monarchiae_Antonii_de_Rosellis%2C_1499_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11767369.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Institoris%2C_Henricus_%E2%80%93_Opusculum_in_errores_Monarchiae_Antonii_de_Rosellis%2C_1499_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11767369.jpg/330px-Institoris%2C_Henricus_%E2%80%93_Opusculum_in_errores_Monarchiae_Antonii_de_Rosellis%2C_1499_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11767369.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Institoris%2C_Henricus_%E2%80%93_Opusculum_in_errores_Monarchiae_Antonii_de_Rosellis%2C_1499_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11767369.jpg/440px-Institoris%2C_Henricus_%E2%80%93_Opusculum_in_errores_Monarchiae_Antonii_de_Rosellis%2C_1499_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11767369.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption><i>Opusculum in errores Monarchiae Antonii de Rosellis</i>, 1499</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i>, 1487</li> <li><i>Several Discourses and Various Sermons upon the Most Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist</i>, <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, 1496</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=11767369"><i>Opusculum in errores Monarchiae Antonii de Rosellis</i></a> (in Latin). Venice: Hermann Liechtenstein. 1499.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opusculum+in+errores+Monarchiae+Antonii+de+Rosellis&rft.place=Venice&rft.pub=Hermann+Liechtenstein&rft.date=1499&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D11767369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Kramer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>The Shield of Defence of the Holy Roman Church Against the Picards and Waldenses</i>, c. 1500</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Kramer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Institoris" is the Latin genitive case of "Institor" ("retailer"). It was a common practice in those times to take the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> of the father's name for latinization, but this genitive was used as nominative in Latin texts ("Venerabilis & religiosus frater Henricus institoris"). In German texts this name was abridged to "Institor", according to the custom of omitting Latin endings in translations (cf. "Iuvenalis" – "Juvenal").</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Kramer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Kramer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Hinschius. Das Kirchenrecht der Katholiken und Protestanten in Deutschland. Band VI. 1897. Reprint Guttentag, 1959.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaskill2010" class="citation book cs1">Gaskill, Malcolm (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witchcraftverysh0000gask/page/22/mode/2up"><i>Witchcraft: a very short introduction</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923695-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923695-4"><bdi>978-0-19-923695-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft%3A+a+very+short+introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923695-4&rft.aulast=Gaskill&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwitchcraftverysh0000gask%2Fpage%2F22%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Kramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Jenner2020" class="citation podcast cs1">Greg Jenner (29 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07nx05j">"You're Dead to Me: The Witch Craze"</a> (Podcast). BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You%27re+Dead+to+Me%3A+The+Witch+Craze&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2020-08-29&rft.au=Greg+Jenner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp07nx05j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Kramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothman-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rothman_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=leFb693EivwC&dq=Heinrich+Kramer&pg=PA274">Rothman, David J., Marcus, Steven and Kiceluk, Stephanie A., <i>Medicine and Western Civilization</i>, Rutgers University Press, 1995</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813521909" title="Special:BookSources/9780813521909">9780813521909</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel20031-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel20031_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel20031_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel20031_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroedel2003">Broedel 2003</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel200317-18-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel200317-18_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel200317-18_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroedel2003">Broedel 2003</a>, p. 17-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jolly, Raudvere, & Peters(eds.), "Witchcraft and magic in Europe: the Middle Ages", page 241 (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003160-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003160_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2003">Burns 2003</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012viii–ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012viii–ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummers2012">Summers (2012)</a>, pp. viii–ix, Introduction to 1948 edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummers2012">Summers (2012)</a>, p. ix, Introduction to 1948 edition: "The <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> chroniclers, such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Qu%C3%A9tif" title="Jacques Quétif">Quétif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_%C3%89chard" title="Jacques Échard">Échard</a>, number Kramer and Sprenger among the glories and heroes of their <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">Order</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Hlaváček: <i>Velký inkvizitor v soukolí české reformace aneb Heinrich Institoris v českých zemích.</i> In: Via media. Studie z českých náboženských a intelektuálních dějin. Praha, Univerzita Karlova, 2016 p. 71.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Kramer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroedel2003" class="citation book cs1">Broedel, Hans Peter (2003). <i>The Malleus Maleficarum and the construction of witchcraft : theology and popular belief</i>. Manchester. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1423706471" title="Special:BookSources/1423706471"><bdi>1423706471</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60638482">60638482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malleus+Maleficarum+and+the+construction+of+witchcraft+%3A+theology+and+popular+belief&rft.place=Manchester&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60638482&rft.isbn=1423706471&rft.aulast=Broedel&rft.aufirst=Hans+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Kramer" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2003" class="citation book cs1">Burns, William E. (2003). <i>Witch Hunts in Europe and America - An Encyclopedia</i>. Greenwood Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witch+Hunts+in+Europe+and+America+-+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Kramer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers2012" class="citation book cs1">Summers (2012).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Summers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Kramer" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Kramer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhard_Tenberg1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reinhard Tenberg (1990). "Institoris, Heinrich". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbkl.de/i/Institoris"><i>Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)</i></a></span> (in German). Vol. 2. Hamm: Bautz. cols. 1307–1310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88309-032-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88309-032-8"><bdi>3-88309-032-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Institoris%2C+Heinrich&rft.btitle=Biographisch-Bibliographisches+Kirchenlexikon+%28BBKL%29&rft.place=Hamm&rft.pages=cols.+1307-1310&rft.pub=Bautz&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=3-88309-032-8&rft.au=Reinhard+Tenberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbkl.de%2Fi%2FInstitoris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Kramer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118855484">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84805624">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12193188q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12193188q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Institoris, Henricus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V025773">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515664506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14185656">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01980800?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/381945">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118855484.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118855484">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030536472">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/029460">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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