CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91350e5d1b71a042',cH: 'zpMk9HbTs6iL1LXaTJ3tP7ll3XJ3OLJIvvlYI2vAKDw-1739787744-1.2.1.1-MXS2xEJK.Of0qFMMDZ7Q4lfzRNhTspT3e1cnOcEA0_IWdKzh.yRjHaI7CPqT44pC',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=conductivity&__cf_chl_tk=8KQSUnPBF6NWO_XtaBUejQ1VTLAXpPft7G7ekgWra08-1739787744-1.0.1.1-lMOPT7irlV6XeFKiZls5B.OlydsPk37X1fFyJANZxhg",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739787744',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=conductivity&__cf_chl_f_tk=8KQSUnPBF6NWO_XtaBUejQ1VTLAXpPft7G7ekgWra08-1739787744-1.0.1.1-lMOPT7irlV6XeFKiZls5B.OlydsPk37X1fFyJANZxhg",md: "8eXK.BRSeBP8uFt3iRjUiJ27DEAEDim.SUWS0YdjeXI-1739787744-1.2.1.1-NghyVwqSHHyoaQY8gkORZxIS1n83Ywi6cZYlp3xD52hidok3a0o5fMCi.cT1xdA0X0gZaGHVuPaZGrv.5HmXhUH8s1QTWGAWfeV_V.jARMkd9WpX1mhYkPvhl.ZOG2FnAmQamGzufys_kXOvyV4dfkNuO4EgAQRkwCPTg5IoR1niNUTlrnOCEmKz80DD7k5u4Vc_byq93MmxHD6L7k_jb7FopMnP2ucrTppzXC8kSkebzxORSVT7ho0E456UABnBl.hldzghntfd_iQEQoGBx2GohY4Ii0WPK_SoRW0EGNwZaus1bE1IVmhMC752tVtN0XUICX45nSsMPV.dBq.W.W_IOTA6aw6ym7LlzUoWYHOVQWpxHhXjZywJOP7lBJQgWtEDyhM95f.YK0R4imVAooAZ8I2p2bT8gKM8k_3p3VsMJ4SnDxsSIrFSIhlAldEvLcHRrvqDU2XC4nXH7eznCZV0syPa1VEbYryq.ogMP4WySKzq6oQXciidkPms6L7QVj_ZvawJbxLBlNHCGRxLmdYtTDJMcxTSWbbwXXHFUdN8vzwiCesKLLmWwwYPoaIfzK1SwY.SH_pn8KHxvMG9G0QoBevW79So861prcPTkBwM_U6E6QR2cLAaAVDPQeRYke6b9tHjTx_X97WGIbB7SH9I23sLWNiUEt9a4HcqrjkkNrBlsINi9vJcMjARVfmycRkQQ_yHymri4DETHPxKkX_6gLbXyVSh8nZcOCi9Yi0Kbz3S8e6YOB4mH3OyBzvlC8UtlFxEuTsnHCgjuYAqGPqX1gYZ32vrikixa7A_iYc1xmYEqDeG4zCx2NMh9hpVpAz2WyMh93AQIRYQUxNAQSeC.ePYVpYqbB22r3RMTQl7lRCFGnizXVnSfOVzqakBRW3Tgw9KNtjLm9CKBSh4J9WMKi5G9sOp05ZY0n35ZAtlao9cX_GdgH1_3ad6maNFMXF29omAaw86S77kR7N_AVDtpBzPP_IigBN3cf9yR2n4Sq5wY8h8JhELSdCkcCXIXBV1no3fFmTj1P8B9rdjuwbFJffzk_o4bhXf86kaGGTJH13MzrViFHf83CLwHHTUshl0ux72xOaHjrjb4Ndeu6R7iiP25ywXkB8Qe4zPhAUPWcP.o4pGrkc4RBArD.5S2Uo_bdSIZPdKz5Vk6mMwQysPMGMvk5WpvIPOx1p91vZpUnm2NRgdDuWPI9xtoQ7DCx36HG0XV..BFEc9POfwawiD0VaOSxy8XsShc.Axsmo1UDfIfF5ozS2AV0HKpLz5T3soshz.bQ9TprdtgvQGdyIPCwMdJRHbTzfL2jcrguUHq4gZILwifI3fhFVhPoF0OL07owjRppRfTi8_rse8r92UrgHA5epNapntSdO2sgmO8PEMIUlBbRHOzTuUwJi5QrEFouNnPJJGUSkNj.pmK.drjAkkivJaReD3yV.YMlk.ClcrIsvFlgE1xih6Ww7g49P2RfTtG78gTfagpXJKpaQpqh44mMzr2Ha7.USjL_xRzrCT5G6O07d_ohl28JuYeR5otwj_o58dYZZxt4DKSrCfso7ESl1RNchXBMStcF_d1EX9jmUygla6Qd5.jUYZah17ca1Yg0ErBemHirbF.QIXO7ztGt9_I1MRsrvmPJTZG6cz.YHtDqv8t0u1WWpRa2rqgJQ4uyAidcXlyO2h_SrTZN0W2vG3QfLij.cEESoo_zpnkGNsiejA6UlZXdQZfbtH_CVTwmSQ4PsMjXRTO5dpqGcCmyI28vPybXHiqt7DwrK6MD7dkIZGQe6FE2LCfwlVsxAy_vpORpnwrvlsdUL2NGaS4_qfcvXG0ETFZjWf3rV2F8cLuVt1l8HHmYyUY3li287RK_N4n66vOHzMJue1zSn1WMgPyHpH8sHLHW.Lssvlo59Jl3hpvp0IW1q8FMU05uC0XiJkq5yl.4Fccw",mdrd: "oHZHPSuPyJJZP0brRg2JJwDH7nGiAeHTe2oKw6eW1uE-1739787744-1.2.1.1-JHEvQbnPBu98jqr6vy3IwqcdEG11fIACCPL.qKOHjwhmOaukkLL8tgxjFOQkVQ8W7kJbJ6um8dfwSlZtWJ5SVyfEdc_d_Cy9Ex2ZcMYD80KzSBNuz0IWekP0UrH0fBCHqgV2naiAeOJuP9dVY6NYzJOztU4OMEXJ2.QTbRr45qMQ47O_Q4T_u.AnNCCCXQRgIOlPLwVdzmDGgzoLFRjOoBeLQNYnKobdoI144UTib5Vu7M.QG8Xu60BbEMo.Jr0szx2BBt5tdx8X_9h4l9T8jdnAxI3djbfGeTPL7U862ZjugJ3ULv8GI5T.2qWSmpzy5ifnreIyrhCQ0zU3DeXT8fRQqm.lRpPp1sX42ZUL3MqEsUQ.Giox.41A61n0N9xejhOYt5dMzxdZmvYpM7QSM2Jvx0H5sEzJgzUlFLrkJo4cWbPptuy3BbTGKxkzknxy9v0aLLU2mQ_k7NuzccqMSaNRXE2n58ZXkTQ1ftWlfGqsq19z3aiJLqNW6LHL.Vk.Zaum1zhI0LrDP0JprXetVFBKTIZfScbGuiHlfqhca875zB7zN1SjaHqrMNIskSzxCalB7Jvc11LYfCEngX97KLFIcbNeSk24eJXmRs0tKW1ehICZnsnMK1in79NWW4ix1ThjNsPjLYotnWsPt.wO6U1GP0hVV8S9RaHe4K0Gow8TBbTUgkrXhP0IHKqOGDqC7qgWCu1KdEg2Umrn2LZuIgRVETuuxE61qRUwiaepPLH.EezLXUac0YKgQADYzrP1RAOOy9QWHp0_DqYjxiN5Hu_8zk.wVmCJdjyn0LNpgkIDjphX7j_XGUr0rUKRkE6yRm5oVUHOCLYkPSO3UeFlE7ch8yPOJRrhN8JnFCPIqMJUAiaRtkX4MuP9cD.vxST.n9yZOFZSWidqwNqR3XxzpPP9hQSJ0kJnlDaJf5Ro_bSM.z9VMyO4EZhkj6TjRJdB6CSvC2BtDSGM4q7YBK8KF5dgfBcmo4ew9sYTtuehIdMlDu8fLq6YPHep9uJlMPbwGNuXtgnKc9z30JLu5W6wD.qMct6auA7JKyMSWxQqz_2Ycc1cS0tqp9mTpylGBHs5tmIFLaSW0rq6BG9h9_U3iW9mN0HlpAXeXugmMyP6M_KEcmFsLf8kBaadDBqm..eGo9iV4cMzxnlmc9gl8D0xJoupK55p.nC6vpWZt16SR48CxgMpZIz8YPdpoOwYzmtuuG64clw2zmun6kuP02ZtJM6HMKgkxlkMTS6kVtASMERLb21u71ya3mMOVseQ.AI3TqRpi6mV7_1JyNjjvqyHwh6B5VOUQaz10HnxvFpXrxDyaDVmBIsqznct62oHBxlgiZ4XL5Ay7Hw1BPjsUE7BJKD6zryhutpujOOOKVUUp8BMs.ehITA.KHoGJahryR3EB9l22GqVy0LBxtt7hzvj7nXsMaqdc_3Fr1aTugePrWLPYIeu7APJpPpI4mC0sJe0orYeZHyE3m2Ohc55da1LhimzJZ7mn.UC8Q3Ra0vqK70zrTPFY_wiMjJj2Taxjq3eITfQ1YVqEfcxSqEDQh7jhpPg5ndJKqDA3OKr.HamKxfEqKfKepLQud0AsiwzbHWGqAJlLROUlRDiMOvoJ2dCNKsiXPMN49qrec89v46dd8qfRL8EE0a0EK9972rSH9NSeiGQoB0gD35BdvXmL7frzm9egSWVTqbzC9N8PA35gowW11_wyGOhKNsgfGYRIZ8FqJ1s6X_p9MzoghSuuuWyBfD06H7hloOQtF8c4DIUI5uqLZ3iIeO7GhMJADNCL9W_c5mgIf5b.Or4ttC2HTXDz91Hv6M00SFyAk7Kj.9CvCsIimHRy0c2pXDzbBvxgGNEuaEBwmhUBge0PfIY_atXJJfN_rYCnMvnXBFtS3mqI1ZS3HThhok9SH2fk7r7HuM5H9NerUaPUtXMMIlk1XyWUjnFRbk63CDo4ynHG.1Y5_WhitRKdp6aO8WGqoWYmcga"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91350e5d1b71a042';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=conductivity&__cf_chl_rt_tk=8KQSUnPBF6NWO_XtaBUejQ1VTLAXpPft7G7ekgWra08-1739787744-1.0.1.1-lMOPT7irlV6XeFKiZls5B.OlydsPk37X1fFyJANZxhg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>