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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Article III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_IV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_IV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Article IV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_IV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_V" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_V"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Article V</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_V-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_Conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#1874_Constitutional_Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>1874 Constitutional Convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1874_Constitutional_Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amending_the_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amending_the_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Amending the Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amending_the_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ratified_amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ratified_amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ratified amendments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ratified_amendments-sublist" 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id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Constitution of Arkansas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Arkansas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Seal_of_Arkansas.svg/100px-Seal_of_Arkansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Seal_of_Arkansas.svg/150px-Seal_of_Arkansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Seal_of_Arkansas.svg/200px-Seal_of_Arkansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">State of Arkansas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">September 7, 1874</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presented</th><td class="infobox-data">September 13, 1874</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratified</a></th><td class="infobox-data">October 30, 1874</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Effective_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Effective date">Date effective</a></th><td class="infobox-data">November 10, 1874</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Government structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Government branch">Branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">3</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">Chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_General_Assembly" title="Arkansas General Assembly">Bicameral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Executive_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive government">Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arkansas" title="List of governors of Arkansas">Governor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Supreme_Court" title="Arkansas Supreme Court">Supreme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Court_of_Appeals" title="Arkansas Court of Appeals">Appeals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Circuit_Courts" title="Arkansas Circuit Courts">Circuits</a>, Districts</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">First legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data">November 10, 1874</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First executive</th><td class="infobox-data">November 12, 1874</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">Amendments</a></th><td class="infobox-data">102</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last amended</th><td class="infobox-data">November 3, 2020</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Arkansas State Archives</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commissioned by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_General_Assembly" title="Arkansas General Assembly">Arkansas General Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Little Rock Convention</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Supersedes</th><td class="infobox-data">1868 Constitution of Arkansas</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Arkansas_Constitution_of_1874" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Arkansas Constitution of 1874">Arkansas Constitution of 1874</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Constitution of Arkansas</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">primary organizing law</a> for the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> delineating the duties, powers, structures, and functions of the <a href="/wiki/Politics_and_government_of_Arkansas" title="Politics and government of Arkansas">state government</a>. Arkansas' original constitution was adopted at a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly" title="Constituent assembly">constitutional convention</a> held at <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a> in advance of the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory" title="Arkansas Territory">territory</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">admission to the Union</a> in 1836. In 1861 a constitution was adopted with succession. After the American Civil War its 1864 constitution was drafted.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 1868 constitution was passed to comply with the Reconstruction acts. The current constitution was ratified in 1874 following the <a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a>. </p><p>The Brooks–Baxter War and passage of the new constitution are considered to mark the end of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> in Arkansas. This was two years before the disputed <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876 U.S. presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">national compromise</a> that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> government withdrawing <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">federal troops</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>. The state has passed numerous amendments to the 1874 Constitution – 102 as of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By gaining passage of the Election Law of 1891 and a <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll tax</a> amendment in the general election of 1892, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> consolidated its control of state politics over Republicans and a farmer-labor coalition; effectively <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">disenfranchising most African Americans</a>. By 1895 there were none in the <a href="/wiki/Old_State_House_(Little_Rock,_Arkansas)" title="Old State House (Little Rock, Arkansas)">state house</a>; their exclusion from politics lasted for decades deep into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-branam_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-branam-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_Constitution">Current Constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Current Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Arkansas_Constitution_of_1874" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Arkansas Constitution of 1874">Arkansas Constitution of 1874</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preamble">Preamble</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preamble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>We, the People of the State of Arkansas, grateful to Almighty God for the privilege of choosing our own form of government; for our civil and religious liberty; and desiring to perpetuate its blessings, and secure the same to our selves and posterity; do ordain and establish this Constitution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_I">Article I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Article I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This article establishes the boundaries of Arkansas as running from the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi river</a> on the east to the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> borders on the west, and bound by <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> in the south. This article also defines the seat of government as being in <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Rock">Little Rock</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_II">Article II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Article II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the most part, this article affirms the same limits to the State Government that are similarly constrained by the US Constitution to the Government of the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_III">Article III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Article III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 3 mandates that all elections shall be fair and equal. No person shall be denied the right to vote. Any resident citizen over the age of 18 may register and vote. Electors are exempt from arrest while they are traveling to and from elections. Soldiers may not vote on the basis of being stationed in Arkansas: they must establish residency through other means. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_IV">Article IV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Article IV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This article states that there will be 3 branches of government, legislative, judicial, and executive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_V">Article V</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Article V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 5 provides for the operations of the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_General_Assembly" title="Arkansas General Assembly">Arkansas General Assembly</a>. It requires the Assembly to meet biennially (Section 5) and limits these meetings to 60 days unless otherwise approved by two-thirds of both houses (Section 17). Section 4 sets the qualifications for members. Amendment 86 allows for biennial fiscal sessions in even-numbered years; these sessions are limited to legislative deliberation regarding the state budget, though other issues may be brought before the houses via approval of a two-thirds vote of the membership. </p><p>Section 1 allows for passage of laws or constitutional amendments by <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">initiative</a>. Petitions require signatures equal to eight percent of registered voters to appear on the ballot for a law, or ten percent for a constitutional amendment (see <a href="#Amending_the_Constitution">below</a>). Section 1 also allows, by six percent of voters placing a petition, for a statewide <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> on any law or any part of a law. The petition must be filed no later than 90 days after final adjournment of the Assembly. The law is suspended until it is voted on in the next election; if part of a law, the portion subject to referendum is suspended while all other provisions remain in effect. </p><p>It also includes highly restrictive provisions regarding appropriations: </p> <ul><li>Section 30 requires that the "general appropriations bill" be limited to the "ordinary expenses of the executive, legislative, and judicial departments of the State". All other appropriations must be passed by special appropriations bills. However, each bill can embrace only one subject; thus, hundreds of bills must be passed to fund other State agencies.</li> <li>Section 38 requires, in order to raise "property, excise, privilege or personal taxes ... now levied", either 1) approval of the voters or 2) a three-fourths majority of the legislature. However, since Arkansas' sales tax was added <i><b>after</b></i> passage of the Section (which was added by Amendment), it does not fall under the "now levied" provision, and thus can be increased by a simple majority.</li> <li>Section 39 places restrictions on funding. Except for "educational purposes, highway purposes, to pay Confederate pensions and the just debts of the State", no appropriations exceeding $2.5 million can be passed without a three-fourths majority. In recent years, this means that nearly every appropriation bill (including the general bill) requires such.</li> <li>Section 40 further requires that the general appropriations bill must be passed <i><b>before</b></i> any special appropriations bill can be passed. Otherwise, no appropriations are valid.</li></ul> <p>An example of how the restrictions can wreak havoc took place in 1989, when the general appropriations bill (which far exceeded $2.5 million) failed to gain the required three-fourths majority, but was "declared passed" by the General Assembly under the "just debts of the State" exemption, and all subsequent special appropriations bills were passed thereafter. However, the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Supreme_Court" title="Arkansas Supreme Court">Arkansas Supreme Court</a> disagreed with the Assembly's use of the just debts provision. As a result, it declared <i><b>every single appropriations bill of the session unconstitutional</b></i>—the general bill did not receive the votes needed to pass under Section 39, and under Section 40 all other appropriations bills were invalid since the general bill must be passed first—requiring the Assembly to return in special session to reenact them.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Appropriations do not constitute the state budget in Arkansas; that is enacted near the end of the session, when the Revenue Stabilization Law, which provides the mechanism for distributing the state's revenue (even general revenues), is amended to reflect the submitted budget. Any appropriation not funded by the Revenue Stabilization Law is essentially null and void. Some observers believe that the Revenue Stabilization Act, while strict in its implementation, has prevented the state from suffering the financial difficulties of other states with less-strict preventive measures to avoid deficit spending.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutional_Conventions">Constitutional Conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Constitutional Conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Arkansas Constitutional Convention" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_meeting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political meeting)">Constitutional convention (political meeting)</a>.</div> <p>The State of Arkansas has held eight Constitutional Conventions: 1836, 1861, 1864, 1868, 1874, 1917, 1969, and 1979. Despite this, the state has only had five constitutions in its history, those of 1836, 1861 (which only changed "United States of America" to "Confederate States of America"), 1864, 1868, and 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arkansas has held three constitutional conventions (called the Sixth, Seventh, and Eight Constitutional Conventions, respectively) since 1874. None of these drafts were ratified.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1836_Constitutional_Convention">1836 Constitutional Convention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1836 Constitutional Convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Arkansas_Constitution_of_1836" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Arkansas Constitution of 1836">Arkansas Constitution of 1836</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>In 1833, much of Arkansas was eager to be admitted as a state, but leaders of the prominent <a href="/wiki/Conway-Johnson_family" title="Conway-Johnson family">Conway-Johnson family</a> had concerns about the taxation necessary to support state government on a low population, as well as political concerns. But when <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> was preparing to enter the Union as a free state, <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Sevier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose Sevier">Ambrose Sevier</a> rose in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> to apply for statehood. Congress was hesitant to admit another pro-slavery state due to the tense equality achieved under the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>, but when paired with a free state, the balance of power in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> would not be upset.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Arkansas_Territorial_General_Assembly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Arkansas Territorial General Assembly (page does not exist)">9th Arkansas Territorial General Assembly</a> appropriated $60 for rent and $6 for firewood, (a total of $2,100 in today's dollars) to territorial governor <a href="/wiki/William_S._Fulton" title="William S. Fulton">William Fulton</a> to host a constitutional convention.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the General Assembly's bill authorizing a constitutional convention, Fulton tried to halt the convention, but <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General">Attorney General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer)">Benjamin F. Butler</a> ruled the assemblage legal.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The General Assembly fought over apportionment of delegates between the two "halves" of the state: the upland northwest with a largely white population, and the agrarian southeast, with an economy and society based on slavery and plantation agriculture, who sought to adopt an apportionment where slaves counted as three-fifths of the free white population, mirroring the <a href="/wiki/Three-fifths_Compromise" title="Three-fifths Compromise">three-fifths Compromise</a>. <a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(Arkansas_politician)" title="David Walker (Arkansas politician)">David Walker</a> led the northwest in ultimately counting only free white population in the apportionment of districts; with 26 delegates from the northwest and 26 from the southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Convening in Little Rock on January 4, 1836, the convention quickly sought to re-litigate apportionment, this time for the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Senate" title="Arkansas Senate">Arkansas Senate</a>. Ultimately, a compromise was reached giving the northwest and southeast regions eight senators each, with one from central Arkansas (<a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Arkansas" title="Pulaski County, Arkansas">Pulaski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saline_County,_Arkansas" title="Saline County, Arkansas">Saline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_County,_Arkansas" title="White County, Arkansas">White</a> counties). The constitution was viewed as a democratic document for the period. The legislature was the most powerful branch; it selected US Senators, supreme court and circuit judges, and all state offices other than governor. It could override a gubernatorial veto with a simple majority and had no term limits imposed on members. The governor had four-year terms but was limited to serving eight years in every twelve. State representatives and county officials were elected by popular vote. Only white males were allowed to vote, but there was no property ownership requirement and <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll taxes</a> were banned except for raising funds for county government.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was ratified by the convention on January 30, 1836, with all delegates except Walker and Nathan Ross (the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_County,_Arkansas" title="Mississippi County, Arkansas">Mississippi County</a> delegate who did not attend the convention) signing the document.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delegate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_F.M._Noland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles F.M. Noland (page does not exist)">Charles F.M. Noland</a> was selected to messenger the constitution to <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a> for congressional approval. He did not arrive until March 8; Sevier instead presented a duplicate printed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Gazette" title="Arkansas Gazette">Arkansas Gazette</a></i> to Congress on February 4 to begin discussion and debate. After passing both houses of Congress, on June 15 of that year, President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> signed the act making Arkansas the 25th state.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1861_Constitution">1861 Constitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1861 Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first constitution was vague and short. It was replaced by the second Arkansas state constitution when Arkansas seceded from the Union on May 6, 1861. This constitution was very similar to the original except for its references to <a href="/wiki/The_Confederate_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="The Confederate States of America">The Confederate States of America</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1864_Constitution">1864 Constitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1864 Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 8, 1863, by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States President</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_proclamation" title="Presidential proclamation">presidential proclamation</a> that would come to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Ten_percent_plan" title="Ten percent plan">ten percent plan</a> to allow Confederate states to return to the Union. The Civil War was still underway in Arkansas, with a Confederate-loyal state government in exile at <a href="/wiki/Washington,_Arkansas" title="Washington, Arkansas">Washington, Arkansas</a> and much of the northern part of the state under a tenuous Federal control. The economy of Arkansas was in shambles and guerrilla warfare ravaged the countryside and small towns throughout the war.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Steele" title="Frederick Steele">Frederick Steele</a> began reorganizing a state government following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayou_Fourche" title="Battle of Bayou Fourche">Battle of Bayou Fourche</a>, whereby Federals captured Little Rock. By January 1864, the requisite 10% of the state's voters had taken the loyalty oath to the Constitution necessary to begin preparing for restoration to the Union. Arkansas Unionists from 24 of the state's 57 counties met for a constitutional convention in Little Rock.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention adopted a document largely similar to the 1836 constitution, except repudiated slavery and secession, and declaring the constitution of 1861 "null and void".<sup id="cite_ref-wpa_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpa-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> was abolished in this constitution, but there was no provision as to civil rights for freedmen, or former slaves. This was the first constitution to define election procedures for a number of important posts within the state government. </p><p>The convention sent the Constitution to a vote of the people on March 18, 1864, alongside a new slate of Republican state officials. Some areas of the state remained under Confederate control during the election, and many war-torn areas were virtual no-man's land. Despite a turnout of slightly more than 12,000 total voters, the Constitution was adopted and new officials were installed.<sup id="cite_ref-wpa_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpa-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1868_Constitution">1868 Constitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1868 Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Congress's 1867 Reconstruction Acts followed passage of the 13th and 14th Amendments emancipating slaves and making them citizens. The 1867 Acts required former Confederate states to recognize former slaves as citizens, and to adopt constitutions providing suffrage for freedmen. </p><p>In late 1867 Arkansas elected delegates to a new Constitutional Convention, which took place in early 1868 in the old capital building in Little Rock. At that Convention, the delegates drafted a new Constitution. It was adopted by popular referendum in the spring of 1868. That June Arkansas became the first rebel state to be readmitted to the Union under the Reconstruction Acts. The Constitution of 1868 made <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a> illegal; provided suffrage (voting) rights for freedmen age 21 and older; provided for public schools for the first time, for both black and white children; and it established a state university. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1874_Constitutional_Convention">1874 Constitutional Convention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1874 Constitutional Convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Arkansas_Constitution_of_1874" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Arkansas Constitution of 1874">Arkansas Constitution of 1874</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Political_realignment" title="Political realignment">political realignment</a> surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Brooks-Baxter_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooks-Baxter War">Brooks-Baxter War</a> that brought the end of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas#Reconstruction_Period" title="History of Arkansas">Reconstruction in Arkansas</a>, unreconstructed Democrats returned to power in the General Assembly. Having chafed under Republican rule since the end of the Civil War, one of the principal goals of Democrats upon returning to power was to undo many provisions of the 1868 constitution, especially weakening the executive branch. The General Assembly submitted a call for a constitutional convention to the people of Arkansas on June 30, 1874, which passed overwhelmingly, with delegates selected during the same election. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 1em; background: #f9f9f9;"> <caption style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em">Call for Constitutional Convention </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 210px">Choice </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 70px">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 50px">% </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Referendum passed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/14px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/21px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/28px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="577" /></a></span> <b>Yes</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>80,259</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>90.38</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>No </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,547 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.62 </td></tr> <tr class="tfoot" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>Total votes</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>88,806</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100.00</b> </td></tr> <tr class="tfoot" style="background:#f2f2f2; font-size: 85%;"> <td colspan="3">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Delegates convened in the house chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Old_State_House_(Little_Rock,_Arkansas)" title="Old State House (Little Rock, Arkansas)">Old State House</a> on July 14, 1874. Of the 91 delegates, 70 were Democrats, with many having held office in the antebellum period, having ties to the powerful <a href="/wiki/Conway-Johnson_family" title="Conway-Johnson family">Conway-Johnson family</a>, or held office in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grandison_Royston" title="Grandison Royston">Grandison Royston</a> was elected president of the convention, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_H._Garland" title="Augustus H. Garland">Augustus H. Garland</a> served as a legal advisor and instrumental force behind the new constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This version reflects attitudes related to the war and its aftermath. The delegates gave the most power to <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">county</a> governments, including for legal issues, transportation, taxation and spending. The power of the governor was significantly curtailed. State officials' terms were dropped from four years to two years, and more state positions were required to be filled by popular election, rather than appointment by the governor.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the constitution that the state uses today, with some 87 amendments and various other changes. The constitution produced was ratified by voters and remains the state's constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 1em; background: #f9f9f9;"> <caption style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em">Approval of Constitution </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 210px">Choice </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 70px">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 50px">% </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Referendum passed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/14px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/21px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/28px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="577" /></a></span> <b>Yes</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>78,697</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>76.03</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>No </td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,807 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23.97 </td></tr> <tr class="tfoot" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>Total votes</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>103,504</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100.00</b> </td></tr> <tr class="tfoot" style="background:#f2f2f2; font-size: 85%;"> <td colspan="3">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amending_the_Constitution">Amending the Constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Amending the Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arkansas has passed numerous amendments – 102 at last count. The current Constitution allows for two methods of amendment. However, each method is shown in a separate section. </p><p>Under Section 22 of Article 19, either house of the General Assembly may propose amendments. The amendment requires majority approval of both houses in a recorded vote, publication in at least one newspaper in each county for six months prior to the next election of the Assembly, and majority approval of the voters. However, the Section places further restrictions on legislative amendments, requiring each amendment to appear separately on the ballot and limiting the number per ballot to three. </p><p>Under Section 1 of Article 5 (as amended by Amendment 7), ten percent of legal voters may propose an amendment by <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">initiative</a>, requiring majority approval of the voters. The proposed amendment must be filed with the Arkansas Secretary of State not less than four months before the election, and 30 days prior to the election the petitioners (at their own expense) must publish the amendment "in some paper of general circulation". Unlike legislative amendments, there are no limits on the number of amendments by initiative that may be proposed on any one ballot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ratified_amendments">Ratified amendments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ratified amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the 20 Articles listed above, 102 amendments have been added. Though some amendments have been physically incorporated into the text of the Constitution (e.g. Amendment 1, adding Article 20 and Amendment 90, incorporated changes made to Amendment 82), others remain physically separate from the text. </p><p>Notable amendments shown separately include: </p> <ul><li>Amendment to establish a <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">Poll tax</a> be paid as a requirement for voter registration. Passed in 1892, this amendment together with the Election Law of 1891 strengthened Democratic Party power. The Election Law centralized power at the state election board, in contrast to other efforts to decentralize power in the state as represented in the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-branam_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-branam-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Amendment 34, which provides for the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">right to work</a> (only <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona Constitution">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Constitution">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Constitution">Mississippi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma Constitution">Oklahoma</a> have similar constitutional provisions).</li> <li>Amendment 35, § 1: Creation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Game_and_Fish_Commission" title="Arkansas Game and Fish Commission">Arkansas Game and Fish Commission</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Amendment 44, which allowed the government to nullify Federal integration laws.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overturned on 1989 by a Federal court,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a referendum in the following year, <a href="/wiki/1990_Arkansas_Amendment_3" title="1990 Arkansas Amendment 3">1990 Arkansas Amendment 3</a>, deleted this amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Amendment 46, which allows for horse racing <a href="/wiki/Pari-mutuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pari-mutuel">pari-mutuel</a> betting, but only in <a href="/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Arkansas" title="Hot Springs, Arkansas">Hot Springs</a>, the location of <a href="/wiki/Oaklawn_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Oaklawn Park">Oaklawn Park</a> (there is no similar constitutional amendment relating to dog racing, though <a href="/wiki/Southland_Greyhound_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland Greyhound Park">Southland Greyhound Park</a> operates in <a href="/wiki/West_Memphis,_Arkansas" title="West Memphis, Arkansas">West Memphis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>)</li> <li>Amendment 68, which states that "[t]he policy of Arkansas is to protect the life of every unborn child from conception to birth, to the extent permitted by the Federal Constitution." This provision allows Arkansas to restrict the practice of abortion, now that <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> has been overturned by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>.</li> <li>Amendment 73, which places <a href="/wiki/Term_limits" class="mw-redirect" title="Term limits">term limits</a> on Arkansas officeholders. Section 3 also placed limits on Arkansas's Congressional delegation, but it was found <a href="/wiki/Unconstitutional" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconstitutional">unconstitutional</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Term_Limits,_Inc._v._Thornton" title="U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton">U.S. Term limits, Inc. v. Thornton</a></i> (1995), which ruled that states could not pass laws for Congressional officeholders that were more restrictive than those in the US Constitution. Section 4 placed a severability clause so the remainder of the amendment would remain in force.</li> <li>Amendment 75 (Environmental Enhancement Funds) to the constitution provides an additional excise tax of one-eighth of one percent (1 /8 of 1%) with forty-five percent of the proceeds to be allocated to the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission's "Game Protection Fund".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Amendment 83 Denies recognition to all forms of <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Constitutional_Amendment_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkansas Constitutional Amendment 3">same-sex unions</a>.</li> <li>Amendment 84 Authorizes bingo and raffles for charitable purposes. Passed in 2006</li> <li>Amendment 86 Authorizes the General Assembly to meet in general sessions in odd-numbered years and fiscal sessions during even-numbered years</li> <li>Amendment 87 Authorizes a statewide lottery. Passed in 2008.</li> <li>Amendment 88 Guarantees the right of Arkansans to hunt, fish and trap. Passed in 2010.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 13 originally set the state's <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a> limit at 10%; it was amended in the early 1980s to 5% above the Federal Reserve Discount Rate on 90-day commercial paper<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see the latest rates), but falling interest rates and poorly worded provisions made the amended version more onerous than the original. For example, a clause in the 1980s amendment appears to set a 17% limit for consumer loans; but since they were not exempted from the main "5% above discount rate" provision, the courts ruled that the limit for consumer loans was the <i>lesser</i> of the two clauses, usually the 5% rule. Also, other language in the amendment applying the usury limit "at the time of the contract" made floating-rate loans extremely difficult, even though the usury limit was a floating rate. Neither the original nor amended provisions allowed the legislature to make any exceptions to the general usury law, as happened in other states. The Arkansas legislature tried to permit <a href="/wiki/Payday_loan" title="Payday loan">payday loans</a> anyway, but after two adverse decisions in 2008, the Attorney General ordered all payday lenders in the state to shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After out-of-state banks took over most lending in Arkansas, banks located in the state received special relief from the usury law through Section 731 of the Federal <a href="/wiki/Gramm-Leach-Bliley_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act">Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act</a> in 1999. Also in that year, an Arkansas Supreme Court decision allowed out-of-state auto finance companies to engage in <a href="/wiki/Subprime_lending" title="Subprime lending">subprime lending</a> through Arkansas dealerships without violating the usury law.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, only a handful of loans made to Arkansans are still subject to this law, mainly private-party lending and some prime auto loans from companies such as <a href="/wiki/Ally_Financial" title="Ally Financial">GMAC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Credit_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Motor Credit Company">Ford Credit</a>. </p><p>This unique and unusual article (added by Amendment 1) prohibits the General Assembly from making appropriations for payment of principal and interest on several bond issues from 1869 to 1871, commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Holford_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Holford bonds">Holford bonds</a>. They were passed during <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> by the General Assembly. Some of the bonds refinanced disputed debt outstanding from shortly after Arkansas' statehood in 1836. These bonds had been central to the <a href="/wiki/Brooks-Baxter_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooks-Baxter War">Brooks-Baxter War</a>. </p><p>Article 19 in Section 1, titled "Atheists disqualified from holding office or testifying as witness", states "No person who denies the being of a God shall hold any office in the civil departments of this State, nor be competent to testify as a witness in any court." </p><p>This is also inconsistent with Section 26 in Article 2, which states that no religious test shall be applied as a requirement to vote or hold office – Article 19 in Section 1 would be classified as such, but there are no known cases of this article being enforced in modern times. Further, since religious freedom is provided for in the United States Constitution's Bill of Rights, any attempt to do so would be struck down in court. </p><p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Article_Six_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Six of the United States Constitution">Article Six of the United States Constitution</a> is also considered to prohibit such religious tests: "no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States." Not only does the wording of this amendment specifically bar Congress from restricting freedom of religion, but current legal precedent holds that these provisions and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a> are binding on the states under the Liberty Clause of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment to the federal Constitution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSandels1894" class="citation web cs1">Sandels, Leonidas Polk (January 22, 1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04RQAAAAYAAJ&dq=josiah+harrell+arkansas&pg=PA171">"A Digest of the Statutes of Arkansas: Embracing All Laws of a General Nature in Force at the Close of the Session of the General Assembly of One Thousand Eight Hundred and Ninety-three"</a>.</cite><span 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Const. amend. CII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-branam-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-branam_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-branam_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23046114?loginSuccess=true&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">Branam, Chris M. “Another Look at Disfranchisement in Arkansas, 1888–1894”</a>, <i>Arkansas Historical Quarterly</i> 69 (Autumn 2010): 245–262, via JSTOR</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233704/http://opinions.aoc.arkansas.gov/weblink8/0/doc/111684/Page5.aspx">"Archived copy"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinions.aoc.arkansas.gov%2Fweblink8%2F0%2Fdoc%2F111684%2FPage5.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Arkansas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoss2023" class="citation web cs1">Goss, Kay C. (July 28, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2246">"Arkansas Constitutions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Arkansas" title="Encyclopedia of Arkansas">Encyclopedia of Arkansas</a></i>. Little Rock: <a href="/wiki/Butler_Center_for_Arkansas_Studies" title="Butler Center for Arkansas Studies">Butler Center for Arkansas Studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Central_Arkansas_Library_System" title="Central Arkansas Library System">Central Arkansas Library System</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68194233">68194233</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arkansas&rft.atitle=Arkansas+Constitutions&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68194233&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=Kay+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofarkansas.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Fentry-detail.aspx%3FentryID%3D2246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Arkansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodner2023" class="citation web cs1">Goodner, Wes (March 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/constitutional-conventions-7910/">"Constitutional Conventions"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Arkansas</i>. Little Rock: Butler Center for Arkansas Studies at the Central Arkansas Library System. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68194233">68194233</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arkansas&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Conventions&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68194233&rft.aulast=Goodner&rft.aufirst=Wes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediaofarkansas.net%2Fentries%2Fconstitutional-conventions-7910%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Arkansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Narrative"2002">"Narrative" (2002)</a>, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Herndon"1947">"Herndon" (1947)</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Herndon"1947">"Herndon" (1947)</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Narrative"2002">"Narrative" (2002)</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Narrative"2002">"Narrative" (2002)</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Herndon"1947">"Herndon" (1947)</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Narrative"2002">"Narrative" (2002)</a>, pp. 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Narrative"2002">"Narrative" (2002)</a>, pp. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Narrative"2002">"Narrative" (2002)</a>, pp. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wpa-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wpa_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wpa_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWriters'_Program_of_the_Work_Projects_Administration_in_the_State_of_Arkansas1987" class="citation book cs1">Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Arkansas (1987) [1941]. <i>The WPA Guide to 1930s Arkansas</i>. 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Powers; membership"</a>. <i>Findlaw</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leagle&rft.atitle=DIETZ+v.+STATE+OF+ARK.+%7C+709+F.Supp.+902+%281989%29+%7C+upp90211446+%7C+Leagle.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leagle.com%2Fdecision%2F19891611709fsupp90211446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Arkansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Arkansas_Repeal_Amendment_44,_Proposed_Amendment_3_(1990)">"Arkansas Repeal Amendment 44, Proposed Amendment 3 (1990) – Ballotpedia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arkansas+Repeal+Amendment+44%2C+Proposed+Amendment+3+%281990%29+%E2%80%93+Ballotpedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FArkansas_Repeal_Amendment_44%2C_Proposed_Amendment_3_%281990%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Arkansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jonesboro.org/DocumentCenter/View/290/Arkansas-Constitution-PDF?bidId=">"Amendment 75"</a>. p. 111<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amendment+75&rft.pages=111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jonesboro.org%2FDocumentCenter%2FView%2F290%2FArkansas-Constitution-PDF%3FbidId%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Arkansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/Summary/ArkansasConstitution1874.pdf">see p.65-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429214802/http://www.ag.arkansas.gov/newsroom/index.php?do:newsDetail=1&news_id=156">"Arkansas Attorney General Dustin McDaniel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ag.arkansas.gov/newsroom/index.php?do:newsDetail=1&news_id=156">the original</a> on April 29, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arkansas+Attorney+General+Dustin+McDaniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ag.arkansas.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Findex.php%3Fdo%3AnewsDetail%3D1%26news_id%3D156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Arkansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100303073320/http://courts.arkansas.gov/opinions/1999a/19990128/98-191.html">"<i>Evans v. Harry Robinson Pontiac-Buick, Inc.</i>, 336 Ark. 155, 983 SW.2d 946 (1999)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courts.arkansas.gov/opinions/1999a/19990128/98-191.html">the original</a> on March 3, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evans+v.+Harry+Robinson+Pontiac-Buick%2C+Inc.%2C+336+Ark.+155%2C+983+SW.2d+946+%281999%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourts.arkansas.gov%2Fopinions%2F1999a%2F19990128%2F98-191.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Arkansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Narrative"2002" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Morris S.; DeBlack, Thomas A.; Sabo III, George; Whayne, Jeannie M. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arkansasnarrativ0000unse"><i>Arkansas: A narrative history</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Fayetteville, Arkansas: The University of Arkansas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55728-724-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55728-724-4"><bdi>1-55728-724-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49029558">49029558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arkansas%3A+A+narrative+history&rft.place=Fayetteville%2C+Arkansas&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=The+University+of+Arkansas+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49029558&rft.isbn=1-55728-724-4&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Morris+S.&rft.au=DeBlack%2C+Thomas+A.&rft.au=Sabo+III%2C+George&rft.au=Whayne%2C+Jeannie+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farkansasnarrativ0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Arkansas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Thompson"1976" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, George H. (1976). <i>Arkansas and Reconstruction</i>. Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press Corp. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804691304" title="Special:BookSources/0804691304"><bdi>0804691304</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/76-18192">76-18192</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2284106">2284106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arkansas+and+Reconstruction&rft.place=Port+Washington%2C+New+York&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Kennikat+Press+Corp.&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2284106&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F76-18192&rft.isbn=0804691304&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Arkansas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Herndon"1947" class="citation book cs1">Herndon, Dallas T. (1947). <i>Annals of Arkansas</i>. Vol. 1–4. Hopkinsville, Kentucky: The Historical Record Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56546-450-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56546-450-6"><bdi>978-1-56546-450-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/48002456">48002456</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3920841">3920841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+of+Arkansas&rft.place=Hopkinsville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=The+Historical+Record+Association&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3920841&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F48002456&rft.isbn=978-1-56546-450-6&rft.aulast=Herndon&rft.aufirst=Dallas+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Arkansas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoss2011" class="citation book cs1">Goss, Kay Collett (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mexMAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Arkansas State Constitution</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199778966" title="Special:BookSources/9780199778966"><bdi>9780199778966</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arkansas+State+Constitution&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199778966&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=Kay+Collett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmexMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Arkansas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Arkansas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Arkansas_Constitution">Constitution of Arkansas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ballotpedia" title="Ballotpedia">Ballotpedia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Arkansas-related_articles" title="Index of Arkansas-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Arkansas" title="Outline of Arkansas">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Arkansas" title="List of people from Arkansas">Arkansans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Arkansas" title="Aviation in Arkansas">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Arkansas" title="Climate change in Arkansas">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Arkansas" title="List of colleges and universities in Arkansas">Colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Arkansas" title="United States congressional delegations from Arkansas">Congressional delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_government_in_Arkansas" title="County government in Arkansas">County government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Arkansas" title="Energy in Arkansas">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Arkansas" title="Geography of Arkansas">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_government_of_Arkansas#Law_and_government" title="Politics and government of Arkansas">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arkansas" title="List of governors of Arkansas">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_Arkansas" title="List of high schools in Arkansas">High schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Arkansas" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Arkansas">Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Arkansas">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Images_of_Arkansas" title="Category:Images of Arkansas">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Arkansas" title="List of lakes of Arkansas">Lakes</a></li> <li>Law <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Arkansas" title="Category:Mass media in Arkansas">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Arkansas" title="List of newspapers in Arkansas">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Arkansas" title="List of radio stations in Arkansas">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Arkansas" title="List of television stations in Arkansas">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Arkansas" title="Music of Arkansas">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology_in_Arkansas" title="Paleontology in Arkansas">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Arkansas" title="List of places in Arkansas">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Arkansas" title="List of rivers of Arkansas">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Arkansas" title="List of school districts in Arkansas">School districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas#Sports_and_recreation" title="Arkansas">Sports and recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arkansas_state_parks" title="List of Arkansas state parks">State parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arkansas_state_symbols" title="List of Arkansas state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory" title="Arkansas Territory">Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Arkansas" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Arkansas">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arkansas_townships" title="List of Arkansas townships">Townships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Arkansas">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_in_Arkansas" title="Water in Arkansas">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Arkansas" title="Abortion in Arkansas">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Arkansas" title="Crime in Arkansas">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Arkansas" title="Culture of Arkansas">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Arkansas" title="Demographics of Arkansas">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Arkansas" title="Economy of Arkansas">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Arkansas" title="Education in Arkansas">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Arkansas" title="Gun laws in Arkansas">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Arkansas">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_government_of_Arkansas" title="Politics and government of Arkansas">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Arkansas" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River_Valley" title="Arkansas River Valley">Arkansas River Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark-La-Tex" title="Ark-La-Tex">Ark-La-Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou_Bartholomew" title="Bayou Bartholomew">Bayou Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Mountains" title="Boston Mountains">Boston Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Arkansas" title="Central Arkansas">Central Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowley%27s_Ridge" title="Crowley's Ridge">Crowley's Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Delta" title="Arkansas Delta">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_State_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Four State Area">Four State Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald_Territory" title="McDonald Territory">McDonald Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Alluvial_Plain" title="Mississippi Alluvial Plain">Mississippi Alluvial Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Madrid_seismic_zone" title="New Madrid seismic zone">New Madrid seismic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arkansas" title="Northwest Arkansas">Northwest Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouachita_Mountains" title="Ouachita Mountains">Ouachita Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozarks" title="Ozarks">Ozarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piney_Woods" title="Piney Woods">Piney Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Arkansas" title="South Arkansas">South Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Timberlands" title="Arkansas Timberlands">Timberlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_metropolitan_areas" title="Arkansas metropolitan areas">Metros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Arkansas" title="Central Arkansas">Central Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arkansas" title="Northwest Arkansas">Northwest Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_metropolitan_area" title="Fort Smith metropolitan area">Fort Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texarkana_metropolitan_area" title="Texarkana metropolitan area">Texarkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonesboro_metropolitan_area" title="Jonesboro metropolitan area">Jonesboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Bluff_metropolitan_area" title="Pine Bluff metropolitan area">Pine Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland_County,_Arkansas" title="Garland County, Arkansas">Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_metropolitan_area" title="Memphis metropolitan area">Tri-State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in Arkansas">Largest<br />cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Arkansas" title="Fort Smith, Arkansas">Fort Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_Arkansas" title="Fayetteville, Arkansas">Fayetteville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springdale,_Arkansas" title="Springdale, Arkansas">Springdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonesboro,_Arkansas" title="Jonesboro, Arkansas">Jonesboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="North Little Rock, Arkansas">North Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway,_Arkansas" title="Conway, Arkansas">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers,_Arkansas" title="Rogers, Arkansas">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Bluff,_Arkansas" title="Pine Bluff, Arkansas">Pine Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentonville,_Arkansas" title="Bentonville, Arkansas">Bentonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Arkansas" title="Hot Springs, Arkansas">Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton,_Arkansas" title="Benton, Arkansas">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texarkana,_Arkansas" title="Texarkana, Arkansas">Texarkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood,_Arkansas" title="Sherwood, Arkansas">Sherwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Arkansas" title="Jacksonville, Arkansas">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russellville,_Arkansas" title="Russellville, Arkansas">Russellville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Vista,_Arkansas" title="Bella Vista, Arkansas">Bella Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Memphis,_Arkansas" title="West Memphis, Arkansas">West Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragould,_Arkansas" title="Paragould, Arkansas">Paragould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabot,_Arkansas" title="Cabot, Arkansas">Cabot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Arkansas" title="List of counties in Arkansas">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_County,_Arkansas" title="Arkansas County, Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_County,_Arkansas" title="Ashley County, Arkansas">Ashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baxter_County,_Arkansas" title="Baxter County, Arkansas">Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_County,_Arkansas" title="Benton County, Arkansas">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone_County,_Arkansas" title="Boone County, Arkansas">Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_County,_Arkansas" title="Bradley County, Arkansas">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Arkansas" title="Calhoun County, Arkansas">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Arkansas" title="Carroll County, Arkansas">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicot_County,_Arkansas" title="Chicot County, Arkansas">Chicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Arkansas" title="Clark County, Arkansas">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Arkansas" title="Clay County, Arkansas">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleburne_County,_Arkansas" title="Cleburne County, Arkansas">Cleburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_County,_Arkansas" title="Cleveland County, Arkansas">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_County,_Arkansas" title="Columbia County, Arkansas">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_County,_Arkansas" title="Conway County, Arkansas">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craighead_County,_Arkansas" title="Craighead County, Arkansas">Craighead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Arkansas" title="Crawford County, Arkansas">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_County,_Arkansas" title="Crittenden County, Arkansas">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_County,_Arkansas" title="Cross County, Arkansas">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Arkansas" title="Dallas County, Arkansas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desha_County,_Arkansas" title="Desha County, Arkansas">Desha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_County,_Arkansas" title="Drew County, Arkansas">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faulkner_County,_Arkansas" title="Faulkner County, Arkansas">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Arkansas" title="Franklin County, Arkansas">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_Arkansas" title="Fulton County, Arkansas">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland_County,_Arkansas" title="Garland County, Arkansas">Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_County,_Arkansas" title="Grant County, Arkansas">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Arkansas" title="Greene County, Arkansas">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hempstead_County,_Arkansas" title="Hempstead County, Arkansas">Hempstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Spring_County,_Arkansas" title="Hot Spring County, Arkansas">Hot Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Arkansas" title="Howard County, Arkansas">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_County,_Arkansas" title="Independence County, Arkansas">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izard_County,_Arkansas" title="Izard County, Arkansas">Izard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Arkansas" title="Jackson County, Arkansas">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Arkansas" title="Jefferson County, Arkansas">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Arkansas" title="Johnson County, Arkansas">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_County,_Arkansas" title="Lafayette County, Arkansas">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Arkansas" title="Lawrence County, Arkansas">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Arkansas" title="Lee County, Arkansas">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Arkansas" title="Lincoln County, Arkansas">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_River_County,_Arkansas" title="Little River County, Arkansas">Little River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_County,_Arkansas" title="Logan County, Arkansas">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonoke_County,_Arkansas" title="Lonoke County, Arkansas">Lonoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Arkansas" title="Madison County, Arkansas">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Arkansas" title="Marion County, Arkansas">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_County,_Arkansas" title="Miller County, Arkansas">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_County,_Arkansas" title="Mississippi County, Arkansas">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Arkansas" title="Monroe County, Arkansas">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Arkansas" title="Montgomery County, Arkansas">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_County,_Arkansas" title="Nevada County, Arkansas">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_County,_Arkansas" title="Newton County, Arkansas">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouachita_County,_Arkansas" title="Ouachita County, Arkansas">Ouachita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Arkansas" title="Perry County, Arkansas">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_County,_Arkansas" title="Phillips County, Arkansas">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Arkansas" title="Pike County, Arkansas">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinsett_County,_Arkansas" title="Poinsett County, Arkansas">Poinsett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Arkansas" title="Polk County, Arkansas">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_County,_Arkansas" title="Pope County, Arkansas">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_County,_Arkansas" title="Prairie County, Arkansas">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Arkansas" title="Pulaski County, Arkansas">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_Arkansas" title="Randolph County, Arkansas">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_County,_Arkansas" title="St. Francis County, Arkansas">St. Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saline_County,_Arkansas" title="Saline County, Arkansas">Saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Arkansas" title="Scott County, Arkansas">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searcy_County,_Arkansas" title="Searcy County, Arkansas">Searcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_County,_Arkansas" title="Sebastian County, Arkansas">Sebastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevier_County,_Arkansas" title="Sevier County, Arkansas">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_County,_Arkansas" title="Sharp County, Arkansas">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_County,_Arkansas" title="Stone County, Arkansas">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Arkansas" title="Union County, Arkansas">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Buren_County,_Arkansas" title="Van Buren County, Arkansas">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Arkansas" title="Washington County, Arkansas">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_County,_Arkansas" title="White County, Arkansas">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodruff_County,_Arkansas" title="Woodruff County, Arkansas">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yell_County,_Arkansas" title="Yell County, Arkansas">Yell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/64px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arkansas" title="Portal:Arkansas">Arkansas portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_constitutions_(United_States)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitutions_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Constitutions of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitutions_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Constitutions of 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Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_California" title="Constitution of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Colorado" title="Constitution of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Connecticut" title="Constitution of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Delaware" title="Constitution of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Florida" title="Constitution of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hawaii" title="Constitution of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Illinois" title="Constitution of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiana" title="Constitution of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iowa" title="Constitution of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kentucky" title="Constitution of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Louisiana" title="Constitution of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Maine" title="Constitution of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Maryland" title="Constitution of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Massachusetts" title="Constitution of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Michigan" title="Constitution of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mississippi" title="Constitution of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Missouri" title="Constitution of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Montana" title="Constitution of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nebraska" title="Constitution of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nevada" title="Constitution of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Hampshire" title="Constitution of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Jersey" title="Constitution of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Mexico" title="Constitution of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_York" title="Constitution of New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Carolina" title="Constitution of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Dakota" title="Constitution of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ohio" title="Constitution of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Oklahoma" title="Constitution of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Oregon" title="Constitution of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Rhode_Island" title="Constitution of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Carolina" title="Constitution of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tennessee" title="Constitution of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Texas" title="Constitution of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Utah" title="Constitution of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Vermont" title="Constitution of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Virginia" title="Constitution of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Washington" title="Constitution of Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_West_Virginia" title="Constitution of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Wisconsin" title="Constitution of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Wyoming" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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/></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arkansas" title="Portal:Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px 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