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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Contents </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contents subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation_and_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_and_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Creation and God </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_and_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prophets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Prophets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prophets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethico-religious_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethico-religious_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Ethico-religious concepts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethico-religious_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eschatology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eschatology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Eschatology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eschatology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_the_Quran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_the_Quran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Science and the Quran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_the_Quran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text_and_arrangement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_and_arrangement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Text and arrangement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Text_and_arrangement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Text and arrangement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Text_and_arrangement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Literary style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inimitability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inimitability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Inimitability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inimitability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_in_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_in_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Significance in Islam </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Significance_in_Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Significance in Islam subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Significance_in_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 In worship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Islamic_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Islamic_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 In Islamic art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Islamic_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Interpretation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interpretation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Interpretation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Esoteric_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esoteric_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Esoteric interpretation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esoteric_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_Sufi_commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Sufi_commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Notable Sufi commentaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Sufi_commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reappropriation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reappropriation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Reappropriation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reappropriation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Recitation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recitation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Recitation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Recitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rules_of_recitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_of_recitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Rules of recitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules_of_recitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variant_readings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variant_readings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Variant readings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variant_readings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_and_printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_and_printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Writing and printing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_and_printing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Writing and printing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_and_printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Printing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_other_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_other_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Relationship with other literature </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_other_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relationship with other literature subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_other_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 The Bible </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Arab writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introductory_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introductory_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Introductory texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introductory_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_Quranic_commentaries_(tafsir)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_Quranic_commentaries_(tafsir)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Traditional Quranic commentaries (tafsir) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_Quranic_commentaries_(tafsir)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topical_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topical_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Topical studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topical_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.4 Literary criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclopedias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopedias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.5 Encyclopedias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopedias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.6 Academic journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reference_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Reference material </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Manuscripts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quran_browsers_and_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quran_browsers_and_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.3 Quran browsers and translation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quran_browsers_and_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Quran</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 203 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-203" aria-hidden="true" > 203 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qur%27an" title="Al-Qur'an – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Al-Qur'an" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%80%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="КъурӀан – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="КъурӀан" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%80%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="КъурӀан – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="КъурӀан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%81%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95" title="ቁርአን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቁርአን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कुरान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कुरान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cur%C4%81n" title="Curān – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Curān" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" title="القرآن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرآن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcor%C3%A1n" title="Alcorán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alcorán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܩܘܪܐܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܘܪܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coranu" title="Coranu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Coranu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoran" title="Alcoran – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Alcoran" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8" title="কোৰআন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কোৰআন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A1n" title="Corán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Corán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8" title="क़ुरआन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="क़ुरआन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A3" title="Korã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Korã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Къуръан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Къуръан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" title="Quran – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quran" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" title="قورآن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قورآن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qur%27an" title="Al-Qur'an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Al-Qur'an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuran%C9%9B" title="Kuranɛ – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kuranɛ" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8" title="কুরআন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুরআন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qur%27an" title="Al-Qur'an – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Al-Qur'an" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" title="Quran – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Quran" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qur%27an" title="Al-Qur'an – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Al-Qur'an" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%8C%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Ҡөрьән – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡөрьән" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каран – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каран" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каран – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каран" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8" title="कुरआन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कुरआन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Коран – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Коран" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁུ་རན་གསུང་རབ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁུ་རན་གསུང་རབ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%27an" title="Kur'an – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kur'an" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Коран – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Коран" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcor%C3%A0" title="Alcorà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alcorà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Коран – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Коран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A1n" title="Korán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Korán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurani" title="Kurani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kurani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coranu" title="Coranu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Coranu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Cor%C3%A2n" title="Y Corân – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Corân" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alikuraan" title="Alikuraan – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Alikuraan" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koranen" title="Koranen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Koranen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" title="قرآن – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="قرآن" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A9%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%8C%DE%A8_%DE%A4%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ކީރިތި ޤުރުއާން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކީރިތި ޤުރުއާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koraan" title="Koraan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koraan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Κοράνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοράνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A1n" title="Corán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korano" title="Korano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Korano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A1n" title="Corán – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Corán" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" title="قرآن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قرآن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" title="Quran – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Quran" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koranin" title="Koranin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Koranin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coran" title="Coran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koaran" title="Koaran – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koaran" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alqur%27aana" title="Alqur'aana – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Alqur'aana" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_C%C3%B3r%C3%A1n" title="An Córán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Córán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A0n" title="Coràn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Coràn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A1n" title="Corán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Corán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%80%D0%B0" title="КъорӀа – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="КъорӀа" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" title="قرآن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="قرآن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="કુરાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કુરાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%9E%80" title="쿠란 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠란" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alqur%27ani_mai_girma" title="Alqur'ani mai girma – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Alqur'ani mai girma" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%82%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ղուրան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ղուրան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8" title="क़ुरआन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क़ुरआन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuran" title="Kuran – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kuran" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korano" title="Korano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Korano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qur%27an" title="Al-Qur'an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Al-Qur'an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coran" title="Coran – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Coran" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хъуыран – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъуыран" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" title="Quran – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Quran" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3ran" title="Kóran – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kóran" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corano" title="Corano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="הקוראן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקוראן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuran" title="Kuran – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kuran" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceu_takaya%C9%A3" title="Ceu takayaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ceu takayaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81" title="ಕುರಾನು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕುರಾನು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Къуран – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къуран" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ყურანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყურანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8F%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" title="قُرآن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="قُرآن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Құран – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құран" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurani" title="Kurani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kurani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" title="Quran – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Quran" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Куран – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Куран" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Коран – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Коран" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coran" title="Coran – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Coran" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кьуран – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Кьуран" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoranus" title="Alcoranus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alcoranus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C4%81ns" title="Korāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Korāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Къуръан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Къуръан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koranas" title="Koranas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Koranas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koraan" title="Koraan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Koraan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curan" title="Curan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Curan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coran" title="Coran – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Coran" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A1n" title="Korán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Korán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qur%27an" title="Al-Qur'an – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Al-Qur'an" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8" title="कुरआन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कुरआन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Куран – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Куран" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%27any" title="Kor'any – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kor'any" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BB" title="ഖുർആൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഖുർആൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="कुराण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कुराण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ყურანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ყურანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" title="القرآن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القرآن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" title="قرآن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="قرآن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Quran" title="Al-Quran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Al-Quran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀꯨꯔꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯨꯔꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qur%27an" title="Al-Qur'an – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Al-Qur'an" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%AB-l%C3%A0ng-g%C4%ADng" title="Gū-làng-gĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gū-làng-gĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoron" title="Alcoron – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Alcoron" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Коран – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Коран" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ကျမ်းမြတ်ကုရ်အာန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျမ်းမြတ်ကုရ်အာန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कुरान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कुरान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="クルアーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クルアーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corano" title="Corano – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Corano" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%98%DF%90%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%8A%DF%99%DF%8C" title="ߘߐ߬ߛߊߙߌ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߘߐ߬ߛߊߙߌ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Къуръан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къуръан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koranen" title="Koranen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Koranen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koranen" title="Koranen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Koranen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoran" title="Alcoran – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alcoran" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Коран – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Коран" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27aana" title="Qur'aana – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qur'aana" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%CA%BCon" title="Qurʼon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qurʼon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕ਼ੁਰਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕ਼ੁਰਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" title="قرآن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قرآن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="قرآن کریم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قرآن کریم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B8_%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="គម្ពី គួរអាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គម្ពី គួរអាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coran" title="Coran – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Coran" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcor%C3%A3o" title="Alcorão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alcorão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" title="Quran – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Quran" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" title="Quran – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Quran" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coran" title="Coran – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coran" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" title="Quran – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Quran" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Коран – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Коран" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Коран – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коран" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Коран – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Коран" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="कुरआन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कुरआन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81%D8%A7" title="قرآن دا سنیہا – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="قرآن دا سنیہا" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurani" title="Kurani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kurani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curanu" title="Curanu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Curanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="කුර්ආන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කුර්ආන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Qur'an" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" title="قرآن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قرآن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A1n" title="Korán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Korán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Koran" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27aan" title="Qur'aan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qur'aan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قورئان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قورئان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Куран – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Куран" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuran" title="Kuran – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kuran" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Qur'an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koraani" title="Koraani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koraani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koranen" title="Koranen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koranen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Qur'an" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="திருக்குர்ஆன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருக்குர்ஆன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lq%CA%B7ran" title="Lqʷran – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lqʷran" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leqran" title="Leqran – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Leqran" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Коръән – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Коръән" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%96%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఖోరాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఖోరాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="อัลกุรอาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลกุรอาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Қуръон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қуръон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%27an" title="Kur'an – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kur'an" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuran" title="Kuran – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kuran" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Коран – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Коран" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" title="قرآن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قرآن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%87%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%85" title="قۇرئان كەرىم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قۇرئان كەرىم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujlanzging" title="Gujlanzging – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gujlanzging" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%E2%80%99an" title="Qur’an – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Qur’an" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koraan" title="Koraan – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Koraan" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoran" title="Alcoran – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Alcoran" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93" title="古蘭經 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="古蘭經" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran – Waray" 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data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koran&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Koran">Koran</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Central religious text of Islam</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the central religious text of Islam. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Quran_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Quran (disambiguation)">Quran (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000; font-size:125%; padding:2px">Quran</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#ededed"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>ٱلْقُرْآن‎, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Qurʾān</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Quran opened, resting on a stand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg/220px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg/330px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg/440px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1333" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Two folios of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript" title="Birmingham Quran manuscript">Birmingham Quran manuscript</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Early_Quranic_manuscripts" title="Early Quranic manuscripts">early manuscript</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a> likely dated within <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s lifetime between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 568–645</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data">610–632 CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chapters</th><td class="infobox-data">114 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_chapters_in_the_Quran#Table" title="List of chapters in the Quran">list</a>) See <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Verses</th><td class="infobox-data">6,348 (including the <a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">basmala</a>) 6,236 (excluding the basmala) See <a href="/wiki/%C4%80yah" title="Āyah">Āyah</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ar:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85" class="extiw" title="s:ar:القرآن الكريم">Quran</a> at Arabic <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Quran" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Quran">Quran</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource"> English Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Quran,<a href="#cite_note-7">[c]</a> also romanized Qur'an or Koran,<a href="#cite_note-14">[d]</a> is the central <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">religious text</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, believed by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> to be a <a href="/wiki/Wa%E1%B8%A5y" title="Waḥy">revelation</a> directly from <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allāh</a>). It is organized in 114 chapters (<a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">surah</a>, pl. <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">suwer</a>) which consist of individual verses (<a href="/wiki/%C4%80yah" title="Āyah">āyah</a>). Besides its religious significance, it is widely regarded as the finest work in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alpha-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a> and has significantly influenced the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic language</a>. It is the object of a modern field of academic research known as <a href="/wiki/Quranic_studies" title="Quranic studies">Quranic studies</a>. Muslims believe the Quran was orally revealed by God to the final Islamic <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Angel#Islam" title="Angel">angel</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> incrementally over a period of some 23 years, beginning on the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Night of Power</a>, when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death. Muslims regard the Quran as Muhammad's most important <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">miracle</a>, a proof of his <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophethood</a>, and the culmination of a series of divine messages starting with those revealed to the first Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Islamic holy books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Torah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Psalms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Gospel</a>. The Quran is believed by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> to be God's own divine speech providing a complete code of conduct across all facets of life. This has led <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Muslim theologians</a> to fiercely debate whether the Quran was "<a href="/wiki/Quranic_createdness" title="Quranic createdness">created or uncreated</a>." According to tradition, several of Muhammad's <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a> served as scribes, recording the revelations. Shortly after Muhammad's death, the Quran was compiled on the order of the first caliph <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 632–634) by the companions, who had written down or memorized parts of it. Caliph <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 644–656) established a standard version, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Uthmanic_codex" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthmanic codex">Uthmanic codex</a>, which is generally considered the archetype of the Quran known today. There are, however, <a href="/wiki/Qira%27at" title="Qira'at">variant readings</a>, with some differences in meaning. The Quran assumes the reader's <a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">familiarity with major narratives</a> recounted in the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal texts</a>. It summarizes some, dwells at length on others and, in some cases, presents alternative accounts and interpretations of events. The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance for humankind (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=185">2:185</a>). It sometimes offers detailed accounts of specific historical events, and it often emphasizes the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">moral significance</a> of an event over its narrative sequence. Supplementing the Quran with explanations for some cryptic Quranic narratives, and rulings that also provide the basis for <a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a> in most denominations of Islam, are <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a>—oral and written traditions believed to describe words and actions of Muhammad. During <a href="/wiki/Prayer#Islam" title="Prayer">prayers</a>, the Quran is recited only in Arabic. Someone who has memorized the entire Quran is called a <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">hafiz</a>. Ideally, verses are recited with a special kind of <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a> reserved for this purpose called <a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">tajwid</a>. During the month of Ramadan, Muslims typically complete the recitation of the whole Quran during <a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">tarawih</a> prayers. In order to extrapolate the meaning of a particular Quranic verse, Muslims rely on <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a>, or commentary rather than a direct translation of the text. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:lavender;;background:none;font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quran</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quran" title="History of the Quran">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wa%E1%B8%A5y" title="Waḥy">Waḥy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_first_revelation" title="Muhammad's first revelation">First revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbab_al-Nuzul" title="Asbab al-Nuzul">Asbab al-Nuzul</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Quran" title="Historical reliability of the Quran">Historicity</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Manuscripts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand_Kufic_Quran" title="Samarkand Kufic Quran">Samarkand Kufic Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa_manuscript" title="Sanaa manuscript">Sanaa manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkapi_manuscript" title="Topkapi manuscript">Topkapi manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript" title="Birmingham Quran manuscript">Birmingham manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Mashhad" title="Codex Mashhad">Codex Mashhad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Divisions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chapters_in_the_Quran" title="List of chapters in the Quran">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meccan_surah" title="Meccan surah">Meccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medinan_surah" title="Medinan surah">Medinan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80yah" title="Āyah">Āyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juz%27" title="Juz'">Juz'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqatta%CA%BFat" title="Muqattaʿat">Muqatta'at</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Content</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara_256" title="Al-Baqara 256">No compulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Quran" title="Women in the Quran">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam#Qur'an" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_parables" title="Quranic parables">Parables</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science#Science_and_the_Quran" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Quran_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran reading">Reading</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81ri%CA%BE" title="Qāriʾ">Qāriʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">Hifz</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarteel" title="Tarteel">Tarteel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahruf" title="Ahruf">Ahruf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qira%27at" title="Qira'at">Qira'at</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translations</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_the_Quran" title="List of translations of the Quran">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_the_Quran" title="English translations of the Quran">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_translations_of_the_Quran" title="Ahmadiyya translations of the Quran">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Exegesis</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tafsir_works" title="List of tafsir works">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_hermeneutics" title="Quranic hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)" title="Naskh (tafsir)">Abrogation</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical parallels</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_related_to_Quranic_verses" title="List of people related to Quranic verses">Related persons</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Mentioned by name</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Characteristics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I%27jaz" title="I'jaz">I'jaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_inerrancy" title="Quranic inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_imitations_of_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Attempted imitations of the Quran">Attempted imitations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_Quran_and_Sunnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the Quran and Sunnah">Quran and Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_the_Quran" title="Shia view of the Quran">Shi’a view</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quran" title="Category:Quran">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quran" title="Template:Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quran" title="Template talk:Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_meaning">Etymology and meaning</h2></div> The word qur'ān appears about 70 times in the Quran itself,<a href="#cite_note-Wheeler2002-18">[14]</a> assuming various meanings. It is a <a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">verbal noun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_verbs#Verbal_noun_(maṣdar)" title="Arabic verbs">maṣdar</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> verb qara'a (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">قرأ‎) meaning 'he read' or 'he recited'. The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> equivalent is qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), which refers to 'scripture reading' or 'lesson'.<a href="#cite_note-Comprehensive_Aramaic_Lexicon-19">[15]</a> While some Western scholars consider the word to be derived from the Syriac, the majority of Muslim authorities hold the origin of the word is qara'a itself.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-20">[16]</a> Regardless, it had become an Arabic term by Muhammad's lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-20">[16]</a> An important meaning of the word is the 'act of reciting', as reflected in an early Quranic passage: "It is for Us to collect it and to recite it (qur'ānahu)."<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> In other verses, the word refers to 'an individual passage recited [by Muhammad]'. Its <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> context is seen in a number of passages, for example: "So when al-qur'ān is recited, listen to it and keep silent."<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> The word may also assume the meaning of a codified scripture when mentioned with other scriptures such as the <a href="/wiki/Tawrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawrat">Torah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Injil" class="mw-redirect" title="Injil">Gospel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> The term also has closely related <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonyms</a> that are employed throughout the Quran. Each synonym possesses its own distinct meaning, but its use may converge with that of qur'ān in certain contexts. Such terms include kitāb ('book'), <a href="/wiki/Ayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayah">āyah</a> ('sign'), and <a href="/wiki/Sura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura">sūrah</a> ('scripture'); the latter two terms also denote units of revelation. In the large majority of contexts, usually with a <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> (al-), the word is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Wahy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahy">waḥy</a> ('revelation'), that which has been "sent down" (<a href="/wiki/Tanzil" title="Tanzil">tanzīl</a>) at intervals.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> Other related words include: <a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">dhikr</a> ('remembrance'), used to refer to the Quran in the sense of a reminder and warning; and <a href="/wiki/Hikmah" title="Hikmah">ḥikmah</a> ('wisdom'), sometimes referring to the revelation or part of it.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[e]</a> The Quran describes itself as 'the discernment' (al-furqān), 'the mother book' (umm al-kitāb), 'the guide' (huda), 'the wisdom' (hikmah), 'the remembrance' (dhikr), and 'the revelation' (tanzīl; 'something sent down', signifying the descent of an object from a higher place to lower place).<a href="#cite_note-Jaffer-27">[22]</a> Another term is al-kitāb ('The Book'), though it is also used in the Arabic language for other scriptures, such as the Torah and the Gospels. The term <a href="/wiki/Mus%27haf" class="mw-redirect" title="Mus'haf">mus'haf</a> ('written work') is often used to refer to particular Quranic manuscripts but is also used in the Quran to identify earlier revealed books.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-20">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quran" title="History of the Quran">History of the Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography of early Islam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prophetic_era">Prophetic era</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABrah" title="Sīrah">Islamic tradition</a> relates that <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> received <a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_first_revelation" title="Muhammad's first revelation">his first revelation</a> in 610 CE in the <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Nour" title="Jabal al-Nour">Cave of Hira</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Night of Power</a><a href="#cite_note-surah_al-qadr-28">[23]</a> during one of his isolated retreats to the mountains. Thereafter, he received revelations over a period of 23 years. According to <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> (traditions ascribed to Muhammad)<a href="#cite_note-29">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-handbook-30">[24]</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Muslim history</a>, after Muhammad and his followers <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">immigrated to Medina</a> and formed an independent Muslim community, he ordered many of his <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">companions</a> to recite the Quran and to learn and teach the laws, which were revealed daily. It is related that some of the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> who were taken prisoners at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a> regained their freedom after they had taught some of the Muslims the simple writing of the time. Thus a group of Muslims gradually became <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literate</a>. As it was initially spoken, the Quran was recorded on tablets, bones, and the wide, flat ends of date palm fronds. Most <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">suras</a> (also usually transliterated as Surah) were in use amongst early Muslims since they are mentioned in numerous sayings by both <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> sources, relating Muhammad's use of the Quran as a call to Islam, the making of prayer and the manner of recitation. However, the Quran did not exist in book form at the time of Muhammad's death in 632 at age 61–62.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-LivRlgP338-31">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-watt-34">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-chi-35">[29]</a> There is agreement among scholars that Muhammad himself did not write down the revelation.<a href="#cite_note-denffer-36">[30]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iqra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Iqra.jpg/200px-Iqra.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Iqra.jpg/300px-Iqra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Iqra.jpg/400px-Iqra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Traditionally believed to be <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s first revelation, <a href="/wiki/Al-Alaq" title="Al-Alaq">Sura Al-Alaq</a>, later placed 96th in the Quranic regulations, in current writing style</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a> narrates Muhammad describing the revelations as, "Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell" and <a href="/wiki/A%27isha" class="mw-redirect" title="A'isha">A'isha</a> reported, "I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)."<a href="#cite_note-38">[g]</a> Muhammad's first revelation, according to the Quran, was accompanied with a vision. The agent of revelation is mentioned as the "one mighty in power,"<a href="#cite_note-39">[32]</a> the one who "grew clear to view when he was on the uppermost horizon. Then he drew nigh and came down till he was (distant) two bows' length or even nearer."<a href="#cite_note-watt-34">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[33]</a> The Islamic studies scholar Welch states in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a> that he believes the graphic descriptions of Muhammad's condition at these moments may be regarded as genuine, because he was severely disturbed after these revelations. According to Welch, these seizures would have been seen by those around him as convincing evidence for the superhuman origin of Muhammad's inspirations. However, Muhammad's critics accused him of being a possessed man, a <a href="/wiki/Clairvoyant" class="mw-redirect" title="Clairvoyant">soothsayer</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Magician_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magician (paranormal)">magician</a> since his experiences were similar to those claimed by such figures well known in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">ancient Arabia</a>. Welch additionally states that it remains uncertain whether these experiences occurred before or after Muhammad's initial claim of prophethood.<a href="#cite_note-41">[34]</a> The Quran describes Muhammad as "ummi",<a href="#cite_note-42">[35]</a> which is traditionally interpreted as 'illiterate', but the meaning is rather more complex. Medieval commentators such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 923) maintained that the term induced two meanings: first, the inability to read or write in general; second, the inexperience or ignorance of the previous books or scriptures (but they gave priority to the first meaning). Muhammad's illiteracy was taken as a sign of the genuineness of his prophethood. For example, according to <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a>, if Muhammad had mastered writing and reading he possibly would have been suspected of having studied the books of the ancestors. Some scholars such as <a href="/wiki/W._Montgomery_Watt" title="W. Montgomery Watt">W. Montgomery Watt</a> prefer the second meaning of ummi—they take it to indicate unfamiliarity with earlier sacred texts.<a href="#cite_note-watt-34">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a> The final verse of the Quran was revealed on the 18th of the Islamic month of <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Dhu al-Hijjah</a> in the year 10 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">A.H.</a>, a date that roughly corresponds to February or March 632. The verse was revealed after <a href="/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">the Prophet finished delivering his sermon at Ghadir Khumm</a>. According to Islamic tradition, the Qur'an was revealed to Muhammad in <a href="/wiki/Ahruf" title="Ahruf">seven different ahruf</a> (meaning letters; however, it could mean dialects, forms, styles or modes).<a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a> Most Islamic scholars agree that these different ahruf are the same Qur'an revealed in seven different Arabic <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> and that they do not change the meaning of the Qur'an, the purpose of which was to make the Qur'an easy for recitation and memorization among the different Arab <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-45">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-46">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-47">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-48">[41]</a> While Sunni Muslims believe in the seven ahruf, some Shia reject the idea of seven Qur'anic variants.<a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a> A common misconception is that The seven ahruf and the <a href="/wiki/Qira%27at" title="Qira'at">Qira'at</a> are the same. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compilation_and_preservation">Compilation and preservation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_Islamic_scripture" title="Canonization of Islamic scripture">Canonization of Islamic scripture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahruf" title="Ahruf">Ahruf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qira%27at" title="Qira'at">Qira'at</a></div> Following Muhammad's death in 632, a number of his companions who memorized the Quran were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yamama" title="Battle of al-Yamama">Battle of al-Yamama</a> by <a href="/wiki/Musaylima" title="Musaylima">Musaylima</a>. The first caliph, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 632–634), subsequently decided to collect the book in one volume so that it could be preserved.<a href="#cite_note-jecampo-50">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Thabit" title="Zayd ibn Thabit">Zayd ibn Thabit</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 655) was the person to collect the Quran since "he used to write the Divine Inspiration for Allah's Apostle".<a href="#cite_note-Donner-Companion-51">[44]</a> Thus, a group of scribes, most importantly Zayd, collected the verses and produced a hand-written manuscript of the complete book. The manuscript according to Zayd remained with Abu Bakr until he died. Zayd's reaction to the task and the difficulties in collecting the Quranic material from parchments, palm-leaf stalks, thin stones (collectively known as suhuf, any written work containing divine teachings)<a href="#cite_note-demyth-62-52">[45]</a> and from men who knew it by heart is recorded in earlier narratives. In 644, Muhammad's widow <a href="/wiki/Hafsa_bint_Umar" title="Hafsa bint Umar">Hafsa bint Umar</a> was entrusted with the manuscript until the third caliph, <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 644–656),<a href="#cite_note-Donner-Companion-51">[44]</a> requested the standard copy from her.<a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cook_(historian)" title="Michael Cook (historian)">Michael Cook</a>, early Muslim narratives about the collection and compilation of the Quran sometimes contradict themselves: "Most ... make Uthman little more than an editor, but there are some in which he appears very much a collector, appealing to people to bring him any bit of the Quran they happen to possess." Some accounts also "suggest that in fact the material" Abu Bakr worked with "had already been assembled", which since he was the first caliph, would mean they were collected when Muhammad was still alive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2000121-54">[47]</a> Around the 650s, the Islamic expansion beyond the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and into <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Perisa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, as well as the use of the seven ahruf, had caused some confusion and differences in the pronunciation of the Qur'an, and conflict was arising between different Arab tribes due to some claiming to be more superior to other Arab tribes and non-Arabs based on dialect, which Uthman noticed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-45">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-47">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-46">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-48">[41]</a> In order to preserve the sanctity of the text, he ordered a committee headed by Zayd to use Abu Bakr's copy and prepare a standard text of the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-Tabatabae1988p99-55">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-sbukhari1-56">[49]</a> Thus, within 20 years of Muhammad's death in 632,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2000117-57">[50]</a> the complete Quran was committed to written form as the <a href="/wiki/Uthmanic_codex" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthmanic codex">Uthmanic codex</a>. That text became the model from which copies were made and promulgated throughout the urban centers of the Muslim world, and other versions are believed to have been destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Tabatabae1988p99-55">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-rippin-58">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2000117–124-60">[53]</a> and the six other ahruf of the Qur'an fell out of use.<a href="#cite_note-:1-45">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-47">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-46">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-48">[41]</a> The present form of the Quran text is accepted by Muslim scholars to be the original version compiled by Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-watt-34">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-chi-35">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[i]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quran_by_Imam_ali.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Quran_by_Imam_ali.JPG/220px-Quran_by_Imam_ali.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Quran_by_Imam_ali.JPG/330px-Quran_by_Imam_ali.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Quran_by_Imam_ali.JPG/440px-Quran_by_Imam_ali.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Quran − in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, Iran − <a href="/wiki/Mushaf_of_Ali" title="Mushaf of Ali">said to be written by Ali</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Qira%27at" title="Qira'at">Qira'at</a> which is a way and method of reciting the Qur'an was developed sometime afterwards. There are <a href="/wiki/Ten_recitations" title="Ten recitations">ten canonical recitations</a> and they are not to be confused with ahruf. Shias recite the Quran according to the qira'at of <a href="/wiki/Hafs" title="Hafs">Hafs</a> on authority of <a href="/wiki/Aasim_ibn_Abi_al-Najud" title="Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud">‘Asim</a>, which is the prevalent qira'at in the Islamic world<a href="#cite_note-65">[56]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_the_Quran" title="Shia view of the Quran">believe that the Quran</a> was gathered and compiled by Muhammad during his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-Shirazi01-66">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shirazi03-67">[58]</a> It is claimed that the Shia had more than 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> ascribed to the <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Shia Imams</a> which indicate the distortion of the Quran<a href="#cite_note-68">[59]</a> and according to Etan Kohlberg, this belief about Quran was common among Shiites in the early centuries of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-69">[60]</a> In his view, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Babawayh" title="Ibn Babawayh">Ibn Babawayh</a> was the first major <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> author "to adopt a position identical to that of the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunnis</a>" and the change was a result of the "rise to power of the Sunni '<a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphate">Abbasid caliphate</a>," whence belief in the corruption of the Quran became untenable vis-a-vis the position of Sunni "orthodoxy".<a href="#cite_note-70">[61]</a> Alleged distortions have been carried out to remove any references to the rights of Ali, the Imams and their supporters and the disapproval of enemies, such as <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyads</a> and Abbasids.<a href="#cite_note-71">[62]</a> Other personal copies of the Quran might have existed including <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Mas%27ud" title="Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud">Ibn Mas'ud</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Ubay_ibn_Ka%27b" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubay ibn Ka'b">Ubay ibn Ka'b</a>'s codex, none of which exist today.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabatabae1988p99-55">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-leaman-72">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_research">Academic research</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Quranic_studies" title="Quranic studies">Quranic studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Quranic_manuscripts" title="Early Quranic manuscripts">Early Quranic manuscripts</a></div> Since Muslims could regard <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Qur'an">criticism of the Qur'an</a> as a crime of <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> punishable by death under <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>, it seemed impossible to conduct studies on the Qur'an that went beyond <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[65]</a> Until the early 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-FMDQiRS2008:30-75">[66]</a> non-Muslim scholars of Islam —while not accepting traditional explanations for divine intervention— accepted the above-mentioned traditional origin story in most details.<a href="#cite_note-jecampo-50">[43]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_mushaf_Bismillah.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Birmingham_mushaf_Bismillah.png/290px-Birmingham_mushaf_Bismillah.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Birmingham_mushaf_Bismillah.png/435px-Birmingham_mushaf_Bismillah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Birmingham_mushaf_Bismillah.png/580px-Birmingham_mushaf_Bismillah.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="182" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">basmala</a> as written on the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript" title="Birmingham Quran manuscript">Birmingham mus'haf manuscript</a>, one of the oldest surviving copies of the Qur'an <a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a>: "ٮسم الله الرحمں الرحىم"</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Fred_Donner" title="Fred Donner">Fred Donner</a> states that:<a href="#cite_note-76">[67]</a><blockquote>[T]here was a very early attempt to establish a uniform <a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">consonantal text of the Qurʾān</a> from what was probably a wider and more varied group of related texts in early transmission.… After the creation of this standardized canonical text, earlier authoritative texts were suppressed, and all extant manuscripts—despite their <a href="/wiki/Qira%27at" title="Qira'at">numerous variants</a>—seem to date to a time after this standard consonantal text was established.</blockquote>Although most variant readings of the text of the Quran have ceased to be transmitted, some still are.<a href="#cite_note-melchert2-77">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[69]</a> There has been no <a href="/wiki/Critical_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical text">critical text</a> produced on which a scholarly reconstruction of the Quranic text could be based.<a href="#cite_note-80">[j]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_koran_sanaa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Blue_koran_sanaa.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="111" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="111" /></a><figcaption>A page from the <a href="/wiki/Sanaa_manuscript" title="Sanaa manuscript">Sanaa manuscript</a>. Possibly the oldest, best preserved and most comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Islamic_archaeology" title="Islamic archaeology">Islamic archaeological document</a> to date. The double layer reveals additions to the original text and multiple differences with today's Quran.</figcaption></figure> In 1972, in a mosque in the city of <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a">Sana'a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, manuscripts "consisting of 12,000 pieces" were discovered that were later proven to be the oldest Quranic text known to exist at the time. The <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a manuscript">Sana'a manuscripts</a> contain <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsests</a>, manuscript pages from which the text has been washed off to make the parchment reusable again—a practice which was common in ancient times due to the scarcity of writing material. However, the faint washed-off underlying text (scriptio inferior) is still barely visible.<a href="#cite_note-jqs1-81">[71]</a> Studies using <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> indicate that the parchments are dated to the period before 671 CE with a 99 percent probability.<a href="#cite_note-bergmann-82">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-sadeghi-83">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Gerd_R._Puin" title="Gerd R. Puin">Gerd R. Puin</a> has been investigating these Quran fragments for years. His research team made 35,000 microfilm photographs of the manuscripts, which he dated to the early part of the 8th century. Puin has noted unconventional verse orderings, minor textual variations, and rare styles of orthography, and suggested that some of the parchments were palimpsests which had been reused. Puin believed that this implied an evolving text as opposed to a fixed one.<a href="#cite_note-LESTER-1999-84">[74]</a> It is also possible that the content of the Quran itself may provides data regarding the date of writing of the text. For example, sources based on some archaeological data give the construction date of <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a>, an architectural work mentioned 16 times in the Quran, as 78 AH<a href="#cite_note-85">[75]</a> an additional finding that sheds light on the evolutionary history of the Quran mentioned,<a href="#cite_note-LESTER-1999-84">[74]</a> which is known to continue even during the time of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hajjaj_ibn_Yusuf" title="Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf">Hajjaj</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffrey195299–120-86">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson199656-87">[77]</a> in a similar situation that can be seen with <a href="/wiki/Al-Aksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aksa">al-Aksa</a>, though different suggestions have been put forward to explain.<a href="#cite_note-96">[note 1]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript" title="Birmingham Quran manuscript">a single folio of a very early Quran</a>, dating back to 1370 years earlier, was discovered in the library of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>, England. According to the tests carried out by the Oxford University Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, "with a probability of more than 95%, the parchment was from between 568 and 645". The manuscript is written in <a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a>, an early form of written Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-oldest-97">[86]</a> This possibly was one of the earliest extant exemplars of the Quran, but as the tests allow a range of possible dates, it cannot be said with certainty which of the existing versions is the oldest.<a href="#cite_note-oldest-97">[86]</a> Saudi scholar Saud al-Sarhan has expressed doubt over the age of the fragments as they contain dots and chapter separators that are believed to have originated later.<a href="#cite_note-98">[87]</a> The Birmingham manuscript caused excitement amongst believers because of its potential overlapping with the dominant tradition over the lifetime of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> c. 570 to 632 CE<a href="#cite_note-Goldman-99">[88]</a> and used as evidence to support conventional wisdom and to refute the <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_school_of_Islamic_studies" title="Revisionist school of Islamic studies">revisionists' views</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[89]</a> that expresses findings and views different from the traditional approach to the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_islam" class="mw-redirect" title="History of islam">history of the Quran and Islam</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran</a></div> The Quranic content is concerned with basic Islamic beliefs including the existence of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">resurrection</a>. Narratives of the early <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">prophets</a>, ethical and legal subjects, historical events of Muhammad's time, charity and <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">prayer</a> also appear in the Quran. The Quranic verses contain general exhortations regarding right and wrong and historical events are related to outline general moral lessons.<a href="#cite_note-saeed-101">[90]</a> The style of the Quran has been called "<a href="/wiki/Allusive" class="mw-redirect" title="Allusive">allusive</a>", with commentaries needed to explain what is being referred to—"events are referred to, but not narrated; disagreements are debated without being explained; people and places are mentioned, but rarely named."<a href="#cite_note-Crone-2008-102">[91]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Islamic sciences</a> expresses the effort to understand the implied and implicit expressions of the Quran, <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> refers to the efforts to expand the <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">meaning of expressions</a>, especially in the verses related to <a href="/wiki/Ahkam" title="Ahkam">the provisions</a>, as well as understanding it.<a href="#cite_note-vogel-103">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27The_Visit_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba_to_King_Solomon%27,_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Edward_Poynter,_1890,_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%27The_Visit_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba_to_King_Solomon%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Edward_Poynter%2C_1890%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/220px-%27The_Visit_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba_to_King_Solomon%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Edward_Poynter%2C_1890%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%27The_Visit_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba_to_King_Solomon%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Edward_Poynter%2C_1890%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/330px-%27The_Visit_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba_to_King_Solomon%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Edward_Poynter%2C_1890%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%27The_Visit_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba_to_King_Solomon%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Edward_Poynter%2C_1890%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/440px-%27The_Visit_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba_to_King_Solomon%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Edward_Poynter%2C_1890%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption>The Visit of the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon. Oil on canvas painting by Edward Poynter, 1890.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Quranic_studies" title="Quranic studies">Quranic studies</a> state that, in the historical context, the content of the Quran is related to <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinic">Rabbinic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish-Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Christian">Jewish-Christian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Christian">Syriac Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenic</a> literature, as well as <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabia</a>. Many places, subjects and mythological figures in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic mythology">culture of Arabs</a> and many nations in their historical neighbourhoods, especially <a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Judeo-Christian stories</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bietenholz-104">[93]</a> are included in the Quran with small allusions, references or sometimes small narratives such as <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">jannāt ʿadn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Hinnom" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Hinnom">jahannam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_sleepers" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven sleepers">Seven sleepers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a> etc. However, some philosophers and scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Arkoun" title="Mohammed Arkoun">Mohammed Arkoun</a>, who emphasize the mythological content of the Quran, are met with rejectionist attitudes in Islamic circles.<a href="#cite_note-105">[94]</a> The stories of <a href="/wiki/Surah_Yusuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Surah Yusuf">Yusuf and Zulaikha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Imran" title="Al Imran">Family of Amram</a> (parents of <a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Mary</a> according to the Quran) and mysterious hero<a href="#cite_note-106">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul-Qarnayn</a> ("the man with two horns") who built a barrier against <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a> that will remain until the <a href="/wiki/End_times" class="mw-redirect" title="End times">end of time</a> are more detailed and longer stories. Apart from semi-historical events and characters such as <a href="/wiki/King_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="King Solomon">King Solomon</a> and <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, about <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">exodus of the Israelites from Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">tales of the hebrew prophets accepted in Islam</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">the Flood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">struggle of Abraham</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a>, sacrifice of <a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">his son</a> occupy a wide place in the Quran. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_and_God">Creation and God</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></div> The central theme of the Quran is <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>. God is depicted as living, eternal, omniscient and omnipotent (see, e.g., Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=20">2:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=29">2:29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=255">2:255</a>). God's omnipotence appears above all in his power to create. He is the creator of everything, of the heavens and the earth and what is between them (see, e.g., Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/13?startingVerse=16">13:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=253">2:253</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/50?startingVerse=38">50:38</a>, etc.). All human beings are equal in their utter dependence upon God, and their well-being depends upon their acknowledging that fact and living accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-watt-34">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-saeed-101">[90]</a> The Quran uses <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">cosmological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contingency_(philosophy)" title="Contingency (philosophy)">contingency arguments</a> in various verses without referring to the terms to prove the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a>. Therefore, the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> is originated and needs an originator, and whatever exists must have a sufficient cause for its existence. Besides, the design of the universe is frequently referred to as a point of contemplation: "It is He who has created <a href="/wiki/Seven_heavens" title="Seven heavens">seven heavens</a> in harmony. You cannot see any fault in God's creation; then look again: Can you see any flaw?"<a href="#cite_note-110">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allah3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/180px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/270px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/360px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>The word 'Allah' in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">calligraphy</a>. Most considered it to be derived from a <a href="/wiki/Synalepha" title="Synalepha">contraction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_definite_article" title="Arabic definite article">definitive article</a> al- and <a href="/wiki/Ilah" title="Ilah">ilāh</a> "god" meaning "the God".<a href="#cite_note-112">[101]</a></figcaption></figure> Even though Muslims do not doubt about the existence and <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">unity of God</a>, they may have adopted <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">different attitudes</a> that have changed and developed throughout history regarding his <a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Islam" title="Attributes of God in Islam">nature (attributes)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">names</a> and relationship with creation. <a href="/wiki/Rabb" title="Rabb">Rabb</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word to refers to God meaning Lord<a href="#cite_note-Yuskaev2017-113">[102]</a> and the Quran cites in several places as in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Fatiha" title="Al-Fatiha">Al-Fatiha</a>; "All Praise and Gratitude is due to God, Lord of all the Universe". <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Öztürk">Mustafa Öztürk</a> points out that the first Muslims believed that this god <a href="/wiki/Al-%E1%B8%A4ayy" title="Al-Ḥayy">lived</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seven_Heavens" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Heavens">the sky</a> with the following words of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ibn_Hanbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Ibn Hanbal">Ahmad Ibn Hanbal</a>: "Whoever says that Allah is everywhere is a heretic, an infidel. He should be invited to repent, but if he does not, be killed." This understanding changes later and gives way to the understanding that "God cannot be assigned a place and He is everywhere."<a href="#cite_note-114">[103]</a> Also actions and attributes suh as coming, going, sitting, satisfaction, anger and sadness etc. similar to humans used for this God in the Quran were considered <a href="/wiki/Mutashabihat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutashabihat">mutashabihat</a> -"no one knows <a href="/wiki/Ta%27wil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'wil">its interpretation</a> except God" (Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=7">3:7</a>)- by later scholars stating that God was <a href="/wiki/Tanzih" title="Tanzih">free from resemblance to humans</a> in any way.<a href="#cite_note-117">[note 2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prophets">Prophets</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets and messengers in Islam</a></div> In Islam, God speaks to people called prophets through a kind of <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a> called <a href="/wiki/Wahy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahy">wahy</a>, or through <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>.(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/42?startingVerse=51">42:51</a>) <a href="/wiki/Nubuwwah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubuwwah">nubuwwah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: نبوة 'prophethood') is seen as a duty imposed by God on individuals who have some characteristics such as intelligence, honesty, fortitude and justice: "Nothing is said to you that was not said to the messengers before you, that your lord has at his Command forgiveness as well as a most Grievous Penalty."<a href="#cite_note-118">[106]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Islam regards <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> as a link in the chain of prophets that begins with Adam and culminates in <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> via <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20128-119">[107]</a> and mentioned in 35 <a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapters of the Quran">chapters of the Quran</a>, more often than any other biblical personage apart from <a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Moses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters20039-120">[108]</a> Muslims regard him as an idol smasher, <a href="/wiki/Hanif" title="Hanif">hanif</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson2012200-121">[109]</a> an archetype of the perfect Muslim, and revered prophet and builder of the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> in Mecca.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELings2004-122">[110]</a> The Quran consistently refers to Islam as 'the religion of Abraham' (millat Ibrahim).<a href="#cite_note-123">[111]</a> Besides <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Isaac" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of Isaac">Isaac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaqub" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqub">Jacob</a>, Abraham is commonly considered an ideal father by Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-124">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[114]</a> In Islam, <a href="/wiki/Eid-al-Adha" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid-al-Adha">Eid-al-Adha</a> is celebrated to commemorate <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Abraham's attempt to sacrifice his son</a> by surrendering in line with his dream,(<a href="/wiki/As-Saaffat" title="As-Saaffat">As-Saaffat</a>; 100–107) which he accepted as the will of God.<a href="#cite_note-Glasse-127">[115]</a> In Judaism, the story is perceived as a narrative designed to replace <a href="/wiki/Child_sacrifice" title="Child sacrifice">child sacrifice</a> with <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal sacrifice</a> in general[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] or as a metaphor describing "sacrific[ing one's] animalistic nature",<a href="#cite_note-128">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[117]</a> Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Islamic understanding</a> considers animal sacrifice as a <a href="/wiki/Wajib" class="mw-redirect" title="Wajib">mandatory</a> or strong <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a> for Muslims who meet certain conditions, on a certain date determined by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri calendar</a> every year. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asiya_finds_Moses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Asiya_finds_Moses.jpg/300px-Asiya_finds_Moses.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Asiya_finds_Moses.jpg/450px-Asiya_finds_Moses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Asiya_finds_Moses.jpg/600px-Asiya_finds_Moses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Asiya</a> and her servants finding baby Moses in <a href="/wiki/The_Nile" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nile">the Nile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh" title="Jami' al-tawarikh">Jami' al-tawarikh</a>; a story that follows the footsteps of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythological accounts</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[note 3]</a> possibly <a href="/wiki/Pious_fiction" title="Pious fiction">pious fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ox1-134">[121]</a> </figcaption></figure> In Islam, <a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Moses</a> is a prominent prophet and messenger of God and the most frequently mentioned individual in the Quran, with <a href="#Quranic_references">his name being mentioned 136 times</a> and his life being narrated and recounted more than that of any other prophet.<a href="#cite_note-135">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keeler-136">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a> is considered another important prophet with his fatherless birth,(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/66?startingVerse=12">66:12</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/21?startingVerse=89">21:89</a>) special with the expressions used for him, such as the "word" and "spirit" from God<a href="#cite_note-137">[124]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maryam_(surah)" title="Maryam (surah)">a surah</a> dedicated to his mother <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> in the Quran. According to <a href="/wiki/As-Saff" title="As-Saff">As-Saff</a> 6, while he is a harbinger of Muhammad, Sunnis understand <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_Jesus%27s_death" title="Islamic views on Jesus's death">that Jesus continues to live</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seven_Heavens" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Heavens">a sky layer</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Miraj" title="Miraj">the stories of ascension</a>,<a href="#cite_note-138">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[126]</a> preaches that <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">he will return to the earth</a> near <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalypse</a>, join the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>, will pray behind him and then kill the False Messiah (<a href="/wiki/Dajjal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dajjal">Dajjal</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentlageEggertKrämerReichmuth2016428-140">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethico-religious_concepts">Ethico-religious concepts</h3></div> While belief in God and obedience to the prophets are the main emphasis in the prophetic stories,<a href="#cite_note-toshihiko-141">[128]</a> there are also non-prophetic stories in the Quran that emphasize the importance of humility and having profound-inner knowledge (<a href="/wiki/Hikmah" title="Hikmah">hikmah</a>) besides trusting in God. This is the main theme in the stories of <a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Khidr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqman</a> and Dhulqarnayn. According to the later ascriptions to these stories, it is possible for those with this knowledge and divine support to teach the prophets (Khidr-Moses story <a href="/wiki/Quran_18:65%E2%80%9382" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 18:65–82">Quran 18:65–82</a>) and even employ <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a> (Dhulqarnayn). Those who "spend their wealth" on people who are in need because they devoted their lives to the way of Allah and whose situation is unknown because they are ashamed to ask, will be rewarded by Allah. (<a href="/wiki/Al_Baqara" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Baqara">Al Baqara</a>; 272-274) In the story of <a href="/wiki/Korah" title="Korah">Qārūn</a>, the person who avoids searching for the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> with his wealth and becomes arrogant will be punished, arrogance befits only God. (<a href="/wiki/Al_Mutakabbir" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Mutakabbir">Al Mutakabbir</a>) Characters of the stories can be closed-mythical, (khidr)<a href="#cite_note-142">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[130]</a> demi-mythologic or combined characters, and it can also be seen that they are Islamized. While some believe he was a prophet, some researchers equate Luqman with the <a href="/wiki/Alcmaeon_of_Croton" title="Alcmaeon of Croton">Alcmaeon of Croton</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[131]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[132]</a> Commanding ma’ruf and forbidding munkar (Ar. ٱلْأَمْرُ بِٱلْمَعْرُوفِ وَٱلنَّهْيُ عَنِ ٱلْمُنْكَرِ) is repeated or referred to in nearly 30 verses in different contexts in the Quran and is an important part of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jihadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist">jihadist</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">indoctrination</a> today, as well as <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shiite</a> teachings,<a href="#cite_note-147">[134]</a> hence <a href="/wiki/Ma%27ruf" title="Ma'ruf">ma'ruf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enjoining_good_and_forbidding_wrong" title="Enjoining good and forbidding wrong">munkar</a> should be the key words in understanding the Quran in moral terms as a duty that the Quran imposes on believers. Although a common translation of the phrase is "<a href="/wiki/Enjoining_good_and_forbidding_wrong" title="Enjoining good and forbidding wrong">Enjoining good and forbidding evil</a>", the words used by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a> determining <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">good and evil</a> in discourses are "<a href="/wiki/Istihsan" title="Istihsan">husn</a>" and "qubh". The word ma’ruf literally means "known" or what is approved because of its familiarity for a certain society and its antithesis munkar means what is disapproved because it is unknown and extraneous.<a href="#cite_note-148">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Sura_from_the_Qur%27an.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Verse about the month of Ramadan, second sura, verse 185 from a Quran manuscript dated to 1510" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Second_Sura_from_the_Qur%27an.jpg/220px-Second_Sura_from_the_Qur%27an.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Second_Sura_from_the_Qur%27an.jpg/330px-Second_Sura_from_the_Qur%27an.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Second_Sura_from_the_Qur%27an.jpg/440px-Second_Sura_from_the_Qur%27an.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Verse about the month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">second sura</a>, verse 185) from a Quran manuscript dated to 1510</figcaption></figure> It also affirms <a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">family life</a> by legislating on matters of marriage, divorce, and inheritance. A number of practices, such as usury and gambling, are prohibited. The Quran is one of the fundamental sources of Islamic law (<a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>). Some formal religious practices receive significant attention in the Quran including the <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">salat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">month of Ramadan</a>. As for the manner in which the prayer is to be conducted, the Quran refers to <a href="/wiki/Ruku" title="Ruku">prostration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jecampo-50">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-rcmartin-149">[136]</a> The term chosen for charity, <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>, literally means purification implies that it is a self-purification.<a href="#cite_note-tsonn-150">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[138]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>, the term <a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">fard</a> is used for clear imperative provisions based on the Quran. However, it is not possible to say that the relevant verses are understood in the same way by all segments of Islamic commentators; For example, <a href="/wiki/Hanafis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafis">Hanafis</a> accept <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">5 daily prayers</a> as fard. However, some religious groups such as <a href="/wiki/Quranists" class="mw-redirect" title="Quranists">Quranists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiites" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiites">Shiites</a>, who do not doubt that the Quran existing today is a religious source, infer from the same verses that it is clearly ordered to pray 2 or 3 times,<a href="#cite_note-152">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[142]</a> not 5 times. About six verses adress to <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">the way a woman should dress</a> when walk in public;<a href="#cite_note-bucar-156">[143]</a> Muslim scholars have differed as how to understand these verses, with some stating that a <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">Hijab</a> is a command (<a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">fard</a>) to be fulfilled<a href="#cite_note-Hameed-157">[144]</a> and others say simply not.<a href="#cite_note-Asra-2015-158">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[note 4]</a> Research shows that the rituals in the Quran, along with laws such as <a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas">qisas</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[147]</a> and tax (<a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>), developed as an evolution of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabian</a> rituals. Arabic words meaning pilgrimage (<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a>), prayer (<a href="/wiki/Sal%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Salāt">salāt</a>) and charity (zakāt) can be seen in pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Safaitic" title="Safaitic">Safaitic-Arabic</a> inscriptions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Jallad202241–44,_68-162">[148]</a> and this continuity can be observed in many details, especially in hajj and <a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">umrah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDost2023-163">[149]</a> Whether <a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">temporary marriage</a>, which was a <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahiliyya">pre-Islamic Arabic tradition</a> and was widely practiced among Muslims during the lifetime of Muhammad, was abolished in Islam is also an area where Sunni and Shiite understandings conflict as well as the translation / interpretation of the related verse <a href="/wiki/Quran_4:24" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 4:24">Quran 4:24</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical">ethical</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ahkam" title="Ahkam">religious problems</a> regarding it. Although it is believed in Islam that the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">pre-Islamic prophets</a> provided general guidance and that some books were sent down to them, their stories such as <a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">story with his daughters</a> in the Bible conveyed from any source are called <a href="/wiki/Isra%CA%BCiliyyat" title="Israʼiliyyat">Israʼiliyyat</a> and are met with suspicion.<a href="#cite_note-164">[150]</a> The provisions that might arise from them, (such as <a href="/wiki/Khamr" title="Khamr">the consumption of wine</a>) could only be "abrogated provisions" (<a href="/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)" title="Naskh (tafsir)">naskh</a>).<a href="#cite_note-JBSILITA1990:166–167,180–182-165">[151]</a> The guidance of the Quran and Muhammad is considered absolute, universal and will continue until the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end of time</a>. However, today, this understanding is questioned in certain circles, it is claimed that the provisions and contents in sources such as the Quran and hadith, apart from <a href="/wiki/Maqasid" title="Maqasid">general purposes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-files.eric.ed.gov-166">[152]</a> are contents that reflect the general understanding and practices of that period,<a href="#cite_note-167">[153]</a> and it is brought up to replace the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> practices that pose problems <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">in terms of today's ethic values</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[155]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">new interpretations</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eschatology">Eschatology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic eschatology</a></div> The doctrine of the last day and <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a> (the final fate of the universe) may be considered the second great doctrine of the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-watt-34">[28]</a> It is estimated that approximately one-third of the Quran is eschatological, dealing with the afterlife in the next world and with the day of judgment at the end of time.<a href="#cite_note-170">[156]</a> The Quran does not assert a natural <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a> of the human <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>, since man's existence is dependent on the will of God: when he wills, he causes man to die; and when he wills, he raises him to life again in a bodily <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rcmartin-149">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mortier,_Situation_du_Paradise_Terrestre,_1700_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1014_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mortier%2C_Situation_du_Paradise_Terrestre%2C_1700_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1014_01.jpg/180px-Mortier%2C_Situation_du_Paradise_Terrestre%2C_1700_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1014_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mortier%2C_Situation_du_Paradise_Terrestre%2C_1700_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1014_01.jpg/270px-Mortier%2C_Situation_du_Paradise_Terrestre%2C_1700_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1014_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mortier%2C_Situation_du_Paradise_Terrestre%2C_1700_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1014_01.jpg/360px-Mortier%2C_Situation_du_Paradise_Terrestre%2C_1700_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1014_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8818" data-file-height="7844" /></a><figcaption>Map by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daniel_Huet" title="Pierre Daniel Huet">Pierre Daniel Huet</a> (1700), locating <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> as described in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 2:10–14:<a href="#cite_note-171">[157]</a> also mentioned with the same name (jannāt ʿadn) in the Quran, with the difference is that it was not the place where <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> were sent down on earth, but the garden promised to believers after death.(<a href="/wiki/Al-Kahf" title="Al-Kahf">Al-Kahf</a>;30-31)</figcaption></figure> In the Quran belief in the afterlife is often referred in conjunction with belief in God: "Believe in God and the last day"<a href="#cite_note-haleem-172">[158]</a> emphasizing what is considered impossible is easy in the sight of God. A number of <a href="/wiki/Sura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura">suras</a> such as 44, 56, 75, 78, 81 and 101 are directly related to the afterlife and warn people to be prepared for the "imminent" day referred to in various ways. It is 'the Day of Judgment,' 'the Last Day,' 'the Day of Resurrection,' or simply 'the Hour.' Less frequently it is 'the Day of Distinction', 'the Day of the Gathering' or 'the Day of the Meeting'.<a href="#cite_note-watt-34">[28]</a> "Signs of the hour" in the Quran are a "<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>" will arise (27:82); the nations <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a> will break through their ancient barrier wall and sweep down to scourge the earth (21:96-97); and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> is "a sign of the hour." Despite the uncertainty of the time is emphasized with the statement that it is only in the presence of God,(43:61) there is a rich <a href="/wiki/Signs_of_the_coming_of_Judgement_Day" title="Signs of the coming of Judgement Day">eschatological literature</a> in the Islamic world and doomsday prophecies in the Islamic world are heavily associated with "round" numbers.<a href="#cite_note-173">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Said_Nursi" class="mw-redirect" title="Said Nursi">Said Nursi</a> interpreted the expressions in the Quran and <a href="/wiki/Hadiths" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiths">hadiths</a> as <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphorical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Allegorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegorical">allegorical</a> symbolizations<a href="#cite_note-174">[160]</a> and benefited from <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">numerological methods</a> applied to some ayah/hadith fragments in his own prophecies.<a href="#cite_note-175">[161]</a> In the apocalyptic scenes, clues are included regarding <a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">the nature, structure and dimensions of the celestial bodies</a> as perceived in the Quran: While the stars are lamps illuminating the sky in ordinary cases, turns into stones (<a href="/wiki/Al-Mulk" title="Al-Mulk">Al-Mulk</a> 1-5) or (shahap; meteor, burning fire) (<a href="/wiki/Al-Jinn" title="Al-Jinn">al-Jinn</a> 9) thrown at demons that illegally ascend to the sky; When the time of judgment comes, they spill onto the earth, but this does not mean that life on earth ends; People run left and right in fear.(<a href="/wiki/At-Takwir" title="At-Takwir">At-Takwir</a> 1-7) Then a square is set up and the <a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">king or lord of the day</a>;(māliki yawmi-d-dīn)<a href="#cite_note-176">[i]</a> comes and shows his shin;<a href="#cite_note-177">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[163]</a> looks are fearful, are invited to prostration; but those invited in the past but stayed away, cannot do this.(<a href="/wiki/Al-Qalam" title="Al-Qalam">Al-Qalam</a> 42-43) Some researchers have no hesitation that many doomsday concepts, some of which are also used in the Quran, such as <a href="/wiki/Firdaws" class="mw-redirect" title="Firdaws">firdaws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kawthar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawthar">kawthar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">jahannam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">maalik</a> have come from foreign cultures through <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">historical evolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_the_Quran">Science and the Quran</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Scientific_Signs_in_the_Quran_and_Sunnah" title="Commission on Scientific Signs in the Quran and Sunnah">Commission on Scientific Signs in the Quran and Sunnah</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/M._Shamsher_Ali" title="M. Shamsher Ali">M. Shamsher Ali</a>, there are around 750 verses in the Quran dealing with natural phenomena and many verses of the Quran ask mankind to study nature, and this has been interpreted to mean an encouragement for scientific inquiry,<a href="#cite_note-Leaman-180">[165]</a> and of the truth. Some include, "Travel throughout the earth and see how He brings life into being" (<a href="/wiki/Q29:20" class="mw-redirect" title="Q29:20">Q29:20</a>), "Behold in the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the alternation of night and day, there are indeed signs for men of understanding ..." (<a href="/wiki/Q3:190" class="mw-redirect" title="Q3:190">Q3:190</a>) The astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Nidhal_Guessoum" title="Nidhal Guessoum">Nidhal Guessoum</a> writes: "The Qur'an draws attention to the danger of conjecturing without evidence (And follow not that of which you have not the knowledge of... <a href="/wiki/Q17:36" class="mw-redirect" title="Q17:36">17:36</a>) and in several different verses asks Muslims to require proofs (Say: Bring your proof if you are truthful <a href="/wiki/Q2:111" class="mw-redirect" title="Q2:111">2:111</a>)." He associates some scientific contradictions that can be seen in the Quran with a superficial reading of the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-Guessoum-2008-413-181">[166]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rima_Ariadaeus-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rima_Ariadaeus-1.jpg/170px-Rima_Ariadaeus-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rima_Ariadaeus-1.jpg/255px-Rima_Ariadaeus-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rima_Ariadaeus-1.jpg/340px-Rima_Ariadaeus-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>NASA photograph from <a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a> in 1969. <a href="/wiki/Rima_Ariadaeus" title="Rima Ariadaeus">Rima Ariadaeus</a>, one of many <a href="/wiki/Rille" title="Rille">rilles</a> on the surface of the Moon, has been claimed on Internet forums to be evidence of the splitting of the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-182">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soora-183">[168]</a></figcaption></figure> Starting in the 1970s and 80s, the idea of presence of scientific evidence in the Quran became popularized as <a href="/wiki/Ijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijaz">ijaz</a> (miracle) literature, also called "<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bucaille#Bucailleism" title="Maurice Bucaille">Bucailleism</a>", and began to be distributed through Muslim bookstores and websites.<a href="#cite_note-SARDAR-184">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-cook-2000-30-185">[170]</a> The movement contends that the Quran abounds with "scientific facts" that appeared centuries before their discovery and promotes <a href="/wiki/Islamic_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic creationism">Islamic creationism</a>. According to author <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Sardar" title="Ziauddin Sardar">Ziauddin Sardar</a>, the ijaz movement has created a "global craze in Muslim societies", and has developed into an industry that is "widespread and well-funded".<a href="#cite_note-SARDAR-184">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-cook-2000-30-185">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[171]</a> Individuals connected with the movement include <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majeed_al-Zindani" title="Abdul Majeed al-Zindani">Abdul Majeed al-Zindani</a>, who established the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Scientific_Signs_in_the_Quran_and_Sunnah" title="Commission on Scientific Signs in the Quran and Sunnah">Commission on Scientific Signs in the Quran and Sunnah</a>; <a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a>, the Indian televangelist; and <a href="/wiki/Adnan_Oktar" title="Adnan Oktar">Adnan Oktar</a>, the Turkish creationist.<a href="#cite_note-SARDAR-184">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Faruqi" title="Ismail al-Faruqi">Ismail al-Faruqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taha_Jabir_Alalwani" title="Taha Jabir Alalwani">Taha Jabir Alalwani</a> are of the view that any reawakening of the Muslim civilization must start with the Quran; however, the biggest obstacle on this route is the "centuries old heritage of <a href="/wiki/Tafseer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafseer">tafseer</a> and other disciplines which inhibit a "universal conception" of the Quran's message.<a href="#cite_note-187">[172]</a> Author <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Stark" title="Rodney Stark">Rodney Stark</a> argues that Islam's lag behind the West in scientific advancement after (roughly) 1500 AD was due to opposition by traditional <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a> to efforts to formulate systematic explanation of natural phenomenon with "<a href="/wiki/Natural_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural laws">natural laws</a>." He claims that they believed such laws were blasphemous because they limit "God's freedom to act" as He wishes.<a href="#cite_note-188">[173]</a> Enthusiasts of the movement argue that among the miracles found in the Quran are "everything, from <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_relativity" title="Principle of relativity">relativity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Bang theory">Big Bang theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Black holes">black holes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulsars" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulsars">pulsars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryology</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>, even the <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fuel cells">hydrogen fuel cells</a>".<a href="#cite_note-SARDAR-184">[169]</a> Zafar Ishaq Ansari terms the modern trend of claiming the identification of "scientific truths" in the Quran as the "scientific exegesis" of the holy book.<a href="#cite_note-Exegesis-92-189">[174]</a> In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Keith_L._Moore" title="Keith L. Moore">Keith L. Moore</a>, had a special edition published of his widely used textbook on Embryology (The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology), co-authored by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majeed_al-Zindani" title="Abdul Majeed al-Zindani">Abdul Majeed al-Zindani</a> with Islamic Additions,<a href="#cite_note-additions-190">[175]</a> interspersed pages of "embryology-related Quranic verse and hadith" by al-Zindani into Moore's original work.<a href="#cite_note-AARAM2016:120-1-191">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_A._Rizvi" title="Ali A. Rizvi">Ali A. Rizvi</a> studying the textbook of Moore and al-Zindani found himself "confused" by "why Moore was so 'astonished by'" the Quranic references, which Rizvi found "vague", and insofar as they were specific, preceded by the observations of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ayr-veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayr-veda">Ayr-veda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-192">[177]</a> or easily explained by "common sense".<a href="#cite_note-AARAM2016:120-1-191">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[178]</a> Critics argue, verses that proponents say explain modern scientific facts, about subjects such as <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, the origin and history of the Earth, and the <a href="/wiki/Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups#Islam" title="Acceptance of evolution by religious groups">evolution of human life</a>, contain fallacies and are unscientific.<a href="#cite_note-cook-2000-30-185">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruthven_2002._p._126-194">[179]</a> As of 2008, both Muslims and non-Muslims have disputed whether there actually are "scientific miracles" in the Quran. Muslim critics of the movement include Indian Islamic theologian Maulana <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_%E2%80%98Ali_Thanvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashraf ‘Ali Thanvi">Ashraf ‘Ali Thanvi</a>, Muslim historian <a href="/wiki/Syed_Nomanul_Haq" title="Syed Nomanul Haq">Syed Nomanul Haq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Iqbal" title="Muzaffar Iqbal">Muzaffar Iqbal</a>, president of Center for Islam and Science in Alberta, Canada, and Egyptian Muslim scholar Khaled Montaser.<a href="#cite_note-beyond-195">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taner_Edis" title="Taner Edis">Taner Edis</a> wrote many Muslims appreciate technology and respect the role that science plays in its creation. As a result, he says there is a great deal of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> attempting to reconcile this respect with religious beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-TanerEdis-196">[181]</a> This is because, according to Edis, true criticism of the Quran is almost non-existent in the Muslim world. While Christianity is less prone to see its Holy Book as the direct word of God, fewer Muslims will compromise on this idea – causing them to believe that scientific truths must appear in the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-TanerEdis-196">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Text_and_arrangement">Text and arrangement</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_chapters_in_the_Quran" title="List of chapters in the Quran">List of chapters in the Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%80yah" title="Āyah">Āyah</a></div> The Quran consists of 114 chapters of varying lengths, known as a <a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sūrah">sūrah</a>. Each sūrah consists of verses, known as <a href="/wiki/%C4%80y%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Āyāt">āyāt</a>, which originally means a 'sign' or 'evidence' sent by God. The number of verses differs from sūrah to sūrah. An individual verse may be just a few letters or several lines. The total number of verses in the most popular <a href="/wiki/Hafs_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafs Quran">Hafs Quran</a> is 6,236;<a href="#cite_note-198">[k]</a> however, the number varies if the bismillahs are counted separately. According to one estimate the Quran consists of 77,430 words, 18,994 unique words, 12,183 <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stems</a>, 3,382 <a href="/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">lemmas</a> and 1,685 <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">roots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[183]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilquis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bilquis.jpg/220px-Bilquis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bilquis.jpg/330px-Bilquis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bilquis.jpg/440px-Bilquis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Belqeys, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a>, one of the legendary figures<a href="#cite_note-200">[184]</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bible">the Bible</a> whose story is told without naming in the Quran,<a href="#cite_note-201">[185]</a> lying in a garden, facing a hoopoe, Solomon's messenger. Persian miniature (c. 1595).</figcaption></figure> Chapters are classified as <a href="/wiki/Meccan_sura" class="mw-redirect" title="Meccan sura">Meccan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medinan_sura" class="mw-redirect" title="Medinan sura">Medinan</a>, depending on whether the verses were revealed before or after the <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">migration</a> of Muhammad to the city of Medina on traditional account. However, a sūrah classified as Medinan may contain Meccan verses in it and vice versa. Sūrah names are derived from a name or a character in the text, or from the first letters or words of the sūrah. Chapters are not arranged in chronological order, rather the chapters appear to be arranged roughly in order of decreasing size.<a href="#cite_note-202">[186]</a> Each sūrah except the ninth starts with the <a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Bismillah</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">بِسْمِ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ‎), an Arabic phrase meaning 'In the name of God.' There are, however, still 114 occurrences of the Bismillah in the Quran, due to its presence in Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/27?startingVerse=30">27:30</a> as the opening of <a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Solomon</a>'s letter to the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200053-204">[188]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Muqatta%CA%BFat" title="Muqattaʿat">Muqattaʿat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: حروف مقطعات ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿāt, 'disjoined letters, disconnected letters';<a href="#cite_note-205">[189]</a> also 'mysterious letters')<a href="#cite_note-Massey2005-206">[190]</a> are combinations of between one and five <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic letters</a> figuring at the beginning of 29 out of the 114 chapters of the Quran just after the basmala.<a href="#cite_note-Massey2005-206">[190]</a> The letters are also known as <a href="/wiki/Fawatih" class="mw-redirect" title="Fawatih">fawātih</a> (فواتح), or 'openers', as they form the opening verse of their respective suras. Four suras are named for their muqatta'at: <a href="/wiki/Ta-Ha" title="Ta-Ha">Ṭāʾ-Hāʾ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ya_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ya Sin">Yāʾ-Sīn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sad_(sura)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sad (sura)">Ṣād</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qaf_(sura)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaf (sura)">Qāf</a>. Various theories have been put forward; they were a secret communication language between Allah and Muhammad, abbreviations of various names or attributes of Allah,<a href="#cite_note-207">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[192]</a> symbols of the versions of the Quran belonging to different companions, elements of a secret <a href="/wiki/Quran_code" title="Quran code">coding system</a>,<a href="#cite_note-209">[193]</a> or expressions containing esoteric meanings.<a href="#cite_note-marshall-210">[194]</a> Some researchers associate them with <a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">hymns used in Syrian Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[195]</a> The phrases must have been part of these hymns or abbreviations of <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">frequently repeated introductory phrases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[197]</a> Some of them, such as Nun, were used in symbolic meanings.<a href="#cite_note-214">[198]</a> In addition of the division into chapters, there are various ways of dividing Quran into parts of approximately equal length for convenience in reading. The 30 <a href="/wiki/Juz%27" title="Juz'">juz'</a> (plural ajzāʼ) can be used to read through the entire Quran in a month. A juz' is sometimes further divided into two <a href="/wiki/Hizb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizb">ḥizb</a> (plural aḥzāb), and each hizb subdivided into four rubʻ al-ahzab. The Quran is also divided into seven approximately equal parts, <a href="/wiki/Manzil" title="Manzil">manzil</a> (plural manāzil), for it to be recited in a week.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-20">[16]</a> A different structure is provided by semantic units resembling paragraphs and comprising roughly ten āyāt each. Such a section is called a <a href="/wiki/Ruku_(Quran)" title="Ruku (Quran)">ruku</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_style">Literary style</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Touba3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Touba3.jpg/200px-Touba3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Touba3.jpg/300px-Touba3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Touba3.jpg/400px-Touba3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Boys studying the Quran in <a href="/wiki/Touba" title="Touba">Touba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></figcaption></figure> The Quran's message is conveyed with various literary structures and devices. In the original Arabic, the suras and verses employ <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theme_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (literature)">thematic</a> structures that assist the audience's efforts to recall the message of the text. Muslims[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] assert (according to the Quran itself) that the Quranic content and style is inimitable.<a href="#cite_note-Issa-215">[199]</a> The language of the Quran has been described as "rhymed prose" as it partakes of both poetry and prose; however, this description runs the risk of failing to convey the rhythmic quality of Quranic language, which is more poetic in some parts and more prose-like in others. Rhyme, while found throughout the Quran, is conspicuous in many of the earlier Meccan suras, in which relatively short verses throw the rhyming words into prominence. The effectiveness of such a form is evident for instance in <a href="/wiki/Sura_81" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura 81">Sura 81</a>, and there can be no doubt that these passages impressed the conscience of the hearers. Frequently a change of rhyme from one set of verses to another signals a change in the subject of discussion. Later sections also preserve this form but the style is more expository.<a href="#cite_note-216">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[201]</a> The Quranic text seems to have no beginning, middle, or end, its nonlinear structure being akin to a web or net.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-20">[16]</a> The textual arrangement is sometimes considered to exhibit lack of continuity, absence of any chronological or thematic order and repetitiousness.<a href="#cite_note-219">[l]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[m]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sells" title="Michael Sells">Michael Sells</a>, citing the work of the critic <a href="/wiki/Norman_O._Brown" title="Norman O. Brown">Norman O. Brown</a>, acknowledges Brown's observation that the seeming disorganization of Quranic literary expression—its scattered or fragmented mode of composition in Sells's phrase—is in fact a literary device capable of delivering profound effects as if the intensity of the prophetic message were shattering the vehicle of human language in which it was being communicated.<a href="#cite_note-ApproachQuran-222">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[205]</a> Sells also addresses the much-discussed repetitiveness of the Quran, seeing this, too, as a literary device. A text is <a href="/wiki/Self-reference" title="Self-reference">self-referential</a> when it speaks about itself and makes reference to itself. According to Stefan Wild, the Quran demonstrates this <a href="/wiki/Metatextuality" title="Metatextuality">metatextuality</a> by explaining, classifying, interpreting and justifying the words to be transmitted. Self-referentiality is evident in those passages where the Quran refers to itself as revelation (tanzil), remembrance (<a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">dhikr</a>), news (naba'), criterion (furqan) in a self-designating manner (explicitly asserting its Divinity, "And this is a blessed Remembrance that We have sent down; so are you now denying it?"),<a href="#cite_note-224">[206]</a> or in the frequent appearance of the "Say" tags, when Muhammad is commanded to speak (e.g., "Say: 'God's guidance is the true guidance'", "Say: 'Would you then dispute with us concerning God?'"). According to Wild the Quran is highly self-referential. The feature is more evident in early Meccan suras.<a href="#cite_note-225">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inimitability">Inimitability</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/I%27jaz" title="I'jaz">I'jaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, ’i‘jāz (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: اَلْإِعْجَازُ), "inimitability challenge" of the Qur'an in sense of feṣāḥa and <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">belagha</a> (both eloquence and rhetoric) is the doctrine which holds that the <a href="/wiki/Qur%E2%80%99%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur’ān">Qur’ān</a> has a miraculous quality, both in content and in form, that no human speech can match.<a href="#cite_note-226">[208]</a> According to this, the Qur'an is a <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracle</a> and its inimitability is the proof granted to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> in authentication of his prophetic status.<a href="#cite_note-227">[209]</a> The literary quality of the Qur'an has been praised by Muslim scholars and by many non-Muslim scholars.<a href="#cite_note-comments-228">[210]</a> The doctrine of the miraculousness of the Quran is further emphasized by Muhammad's illiteracy since the unlettered prophet could not have been suspected of composing the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-sophia-229">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammed_Splits_the_Moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mohammed_Splits_the_Moon.jpg/220px-Mohammed_Splits_the_Moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mohammed_Splits_the_Moon.jpg/330px-Mohammed_Splits_the_Moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mohammed_Splits_the_Moon.jpg/440px-Mohammed_Splits_the_Moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Splitting_of_the_Moon" title="Splitting of the Moon">Splitting of the Moon</a>, Muhammad with hidden face. 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Falnama" title="Falnama">falnama</a>. A possible <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idiom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qamar" title="Al-Qamar">Surah Al-Qamar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/54?startingVerse=1">54:1–2</a> also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Imru%27_al-Qais" title="Imru' al-Qais">Imru' al-Qais</a> poems,<a href="#cite_note-230">[212]</a> was understood as the physical disintegration and supported by <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[213]</a> despite the Quran itself denies <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">miracles, in the traditional sense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-232">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-EoQ-233">[215]</a></figcaption></figure> The Quran is widely regarded as the finest work in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alpha-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esposito-235">[217]</a> The emergence of the Qur’ān was an oral and aural <a href="/wiki/Poetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Poetic">poetic</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[218]</a> experience; the aesthetic experience of reciting and hearing the Qur’ān is often regarded as one of the main reasons behind conversion to Islam in the early days.<a href="#cite_note-pure.ed.ac.uk-237">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabic_poetry" title="Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry">Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry</a> was an element of challenge, propaganda and warfare,<a href="#cite_note-238">[220]</a> and those who incapacitated their opponents from doing the same in feṣāḥa and <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">belagha</a> socially honored, as could be seen on <a href="/wiki/Mu%27allaqat" title="Mu'allaqat">Mu'allaqat</a> poets. The etymology of the word "<a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">shā'ir</a>; (poet)" connotes the meaning of a man of inspirational knowledge, of unseen powers. `To the early Arabs poetry was ṣihr ḥalāl and the poet was a genius who had supernatural communications with the <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">spirits</a>, the muses who inspired him.’<a href="#cite_note-pure.ed.ac.uk-237">[219]</a> Although pre-Islamic Arabs gave poets status associated with suprahuman beings, soothsayers and prophecies were seen as persons of lower status. Contrary to later <a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">hurufic</a> and recent <a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">scientific prophecy claims</a>, traditional <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracle</a> statements about the Quran hadn't focused on <a href="/wiki/Prophecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophecies">prophecies</a>, with a few exceptions like the Byzantine victory over the Persians<a href="#cite_note-239">[221]</a> in wars that <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">continued for hundreds of years</a> with mutual victories and defeats. The first works about the ’i‘jāz of the Quran began to appear in the 9th century in the <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a> circles, which emphasized only its literary aspect, and were adopted by other religious groups.<a href="#cite_note-240">[222]</a> According to grammarian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ab%C5%AB_al-%E1%B8%A4asan_%E2%80%98Al%C4%AB_ibn_%E2%80%98ls%C4%81_al-Rumm%C4%81n%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn ‘lsā al-Rummānī (page does not exist)">Al-Rummani</a> the <a href="/wiki/Eloquence" title="Eloquence">eloquence</a> contained in the Quran consisted of <a href="/wiki/Simile" title="Simile">tashbīh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">istiʿāra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paronomasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paronomasia">taǧānus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperbole" title="Hyperbole">mubālaġa</a>, concision, clarity of speech (bayān), and <a href="/wiki/Euphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphony">talāʾum</a>. He also added other features developed by himself; the free variation of themes (taṣrīf al-maʿānī), the implication content (taḍmīn) of the expressions and the rhyming closures (fawāṣil).<a href="#cite_note-241">[223]</a> The most famous works on the doctrine of inimitability are two medieval books by the grammarian <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qahir_al-Jurjani" title="Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani">Al Jurjani</a> (d. 1078 CE), Dala’il al-i'jaz ('the Arguments of Inimitability') and Asraral-balagha ('the Secrets of Eloquence').<a href="#cite_note-larkin-242">[224]</a> Al Jurjani believed that Qur'an's eloquence must be a certain special quality in the manner of its stylistic arrangement and composition or a certain special way of joining words.<a href="#cite_note-sophia-229">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Angelika_Neuwirth" title="Angelika Neuwirth">Angelika Neuwirth</a> lists the factors that led to the emergence of the doctrine of ’i‘jāz: The necessity of explaining some challenging verses in the Quran;<a href="#cite_note-243">[225]</a> In the context of the emergence of the theory of "proofs of prophecy" (<a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Muhammad" title="Miracles of Muhammad">dâ'il an-nubuwwa</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Islamic theology</a>, proving that the Quran is a work worthy of the emphasized superior place of Muhammad in the history of the prophets, thus gaining polemical superiority over Jews and Christians; Preservation of Arab national pride in the face of confrontation with the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a> movement, etc.<a href="#cite_note-244">[226]</a> Orientalist scholars <a href="/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke" title="Theodor Nöldeke">Theodor Nöldeke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schwally" title="Friedrich Schwally">Friedrich Schwally</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Wansbrough" title="John Wansbrough">John Wansbrough</a> pointing out linguistic defects held a similar opinions on Qur'anic text as careless and imperfect.<a href="#cite_note-lm-245">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_in_Islam">Significance in Islam</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revealed Books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Day of Resurrection</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir (exegesis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah (creed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Qisas al-Anbiya ("Stories of the Prophets")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a> (Poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh (jurisprudence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia (law)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; 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Traditionally, before starting <a href="/wiki/Recitation" title="Recitation">to read the Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ablution</a> is performed, one seeks refuge in Allah from the accursed <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, and the reading begins by mentioning the names of Allah, <a href="/wiki/Rahman_(name)" title="Rahman (name)">Rahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rahim" title="Rahim">Rahim</a> together known as <a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">basmala</a>. Consequently, <blockquote> It must never rest beneath other books, but always on top of them, one must never drink or smoke when it is being read aloud, and it must be listened to in silence. It is a talisman against disease and disaster.<a href="#cite_note-AGI1954:74-249">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-iWWINaM1995:105-251">[233]</a></blockquote> According to Islam, the Quran is the word of God (Kalām Allāh). Its nature and <a href="/wiki/Quranic_createdness" title="Quranic createdness">whether it was created</a> became a matter of fierce debate among religious scholars;<a href="#cite_note-WMP1897:54-252">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruthven-192-253">[235]</a> and with the involvement of the political authority in the discussions, some Muslim religious scholars who stood against the political stance <a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">faced</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> period and the following years. Muslims believe that the present Quranic text corresponds to that revealed to Muhammad, and according to their interpretation of Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/15?startingVerse=9">15:9</a>, it is protected from corruption ("Indeed, it is We who sent down the Quran and indeed, We will be its guardians").<a href="#cite_note-254">[236]</a> Muslims consider the Quran to be a <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Muhammad" title="Miracles of Muhammad">sign of the prophethood of Muhammad</a> and the truth of the religion. For this reason, in traditional Islamic societies, great importance was given to children memorizing the Quran, and those who memorized the entire Quran were honored with the title of <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">hafiz</a>. Even today, millions of Muslims frequently refer to the Quran to justify their actions and desires",<a href="#cite_note-256">[n]</a> and see it as the source of scientific knowledge,<a href="#cite_note-Guessoum-2008-257">[238]</a> though some refer to it as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">weird or pseudoscience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SARDAR-2008-258">[239]</a> Muslims believe the Quran to be God's literal words,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-20">[16]</a> a complete code of life,<a href="#cite_note-Carroll-Q-H-259">[240]</a> the final revelation to humanity, a work of divine guidance revealed to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Islam)">angel Gabriel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LivRlgP338-31">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lambert-261">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams_&_Drew-262">[243]</a> On the other hand it is believed in Muslim community that full understanding of it can only be possible with the depths obtained in the basic and religious sciences that the <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="Imams">imams</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">shia</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[244]</a>) might access, as "heirs of the prophets".<a href="#cite_note-264">[245]</a> For this reason, direct reading of the Quran or applications based on its literal translations are considered problematic except for some groups such as <a href="/wiki/Quranists" class="mw-redirect" title="Quranists">Quranists</a> thinking that the Quran is a complete and clear book;<a href="#cite_note-265">[246]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> are brought fore to correct understandings in it. With a classical approach, scholars will discuss verses of the Qur'an in <a href="/wiki/Context_(linguistics)" title="Context (linguistics)">context</a> called <a href="/wiki/Asbab_al-nuzul" class="mw-redirect" title="Asbab al-nuzul">asbab al-nuzul</a> in islamic literature, as well as language and linguistics; will pass it through filters such as <a href="/wiki/Muhkam_and_Mutashabih" title="Muhkam and Mutashabih">muhkam and mutashabih</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)" title="Naskh (tafsir)">nasıkh and abrogated</a>; will open the closed expressions and try to guide the believers. There is no standardization in Qur'an translations,<a href="#cite_note-files.eric.ed.gov-166">[152]</a> and interpretations range from traditional scholastic, to <a href="/wiki/Quranic_literalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quranic literalism">literalist</a>-<a href="/wiki/Salafist" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafist">salafist</a> understandings to <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">esoteric</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sufist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufist">sufist</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> according to the personal scientific depth and tendencies of scholars.<a href="#cite_note-266">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_worship">In worship</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></div> Sura <a href="/wiki/Al-Fatiha" title="Al-Fatiha">Al-Fatiha</a>, the first chapter of the Quran, is recited in full in every <a href="/wiki/Rak%27a" title="Rak'a">rakat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">salah</a> and on other occasions. This sura, which consists of seven verses, is the most often recited sura of the Quran:<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-20">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jemaah_salat_tarawih.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jemaah_salat_tarawih.jpg/220px-Jemaah_salat_tarawih.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jemaah_salat_tarawih.jpg/330px-Jemaah_salat_tarawih.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jemaah_salat_tarawih.jpg/440px-Jemaah_salat_tarawih.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3566" data-file-height="1871" /></a><figcaption>While standing in prayers, worshipers recite the first chapter of the Quran, <a href="/wiki/Al-Fatiha" title="Al-Fatiha">al-Fatiha</a>, followed by any other section</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="92" data-mwtitle="Chapter_1,_Al-Fatiha_(Mujawwad)_-_Recitation_of_the_Holy_Qur'an.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Chapter_1,_Al-Fatiha_(Mujawwad)_-_Recitation_of_the_Holy_Qur%27an.mp3"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Chapter_1%2C_Al-Fatiha_%28Mujawwad%29_-_Recitation_of_the_Holy_Qur%27an.mp3/Chapter_1%2C_Al-Fatiha_%28Mujawwad%29_-_Recitation_of_the_Holy_Qur%27an.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Chapter_1%2C_Al-Fatiha_%28Mujawwad%29_-_Recitation_of_the_Holy_Qur%27an.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AChapter_1%2C_Al-Fatiha_%28Mujawwad%29_-_Recitation_of_the_Holy_Qur%27an.mp3&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AChapter_1%2C_Al-Fatiha_%28Mujawwad%29_-_Recitation_of_the_Holy_Qur%27an.mp3&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AChapter_1%2C_Al-Fatiha_%28Mujawwad%29_-_Recitation_of_the_Holy_Qur%27an.mp3&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AChapter_1%2C_Al-Fatiha_%28Mujawwad%29_-_Recitation_of_the_Holy_Qur%27an.mp3&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption>Recitation of Al-Fatiha in <a href="/wiki/Mujawwad" title="Mujawwad">mujawwad</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:right" lang="ar" class="poem"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ ٱلْعَٰلَمِينَ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ مَٰلِكِ يَوْمِ ٱلدِّينِ إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ ٱهْدِنَا ٱلصِّرَٰطَ ٱلْمُسْتَقِيمَ صِرَٰطَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ ٱلْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا ٱلضَّآلِّينَ‎ </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> In the Name of Allah the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful. [All] praise is [due] to Allah, Lord of the worlds — The Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful, Sovereign of the Day of Recompense. It is You we worship and You we ask for help Guide us to the straight path— The path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those who have evoked [Your] anger or of those who are astray. </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-right:1.6em;text-align:right">—Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/1?startingVerse=1">1:1-7</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/Sahih_International" title="Sahih International">Sahih International</a> English translation </td></tr></tbody></table> Other sections of the Quran of choice are also read in daily prayers. Sura <a href="/wiki/Al-Ikhl%C4%81%E1%B9%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ikhlāṣ">Al-Ikhlāṣ</a> is second in frequency of Qur'an recitation, for according to many early authorities, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> said that Ikhlāṣ is equivalent to one-third of the whole Quran.<a href="#cite_note-267">[248]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:right" lang="ar" class="poem"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">قُلۡ هُوَ ٱللَّهُ أَحَدٌ ٱللَّهُ ٱلصَّمَدُ لَمۡ یَلِدۡ وَلَمۡ یُولَدۡ وَلَمۡ یَكُن لَّهُۥ كُفُوًا أَحَدُۢ‎ </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ "He is God—One ˹and Indivisible˺; God—the Sustainer ˹needed by all˺. He has never had offspring, nor was He born. And there is none comparable to Him." </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-right:1.6em;text-align:right">—Surah Al-Ikhlāṣ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/112?startingVerse=1">112:1-4</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/The_Clear_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="The Clear Quran">The Clear Quran</a> English translation </td></tr></tbody></table> Respect for the written text of the Quran is an important element of religious faith by many Muslims, and the Quran is treated with reverence. Based on tradition and a literal interpretation of Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/56?startingVerse=79">56:79</a> ("none shall touch but those who are clean"), some Muslims believe that they must perform a ritual cleansing with water (<a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">wudu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">ghusl</a>) before touching a copy of the Quran, although this view is not universal.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-20">[16]</a> Worn-out copies of the Quran are wrapped in a cloth and stored indefinitely in a safe place, buried in a mosque or a Muslim cemetery, or burned and the ashes buried or scattered over water.<a href="#cite_note-268">[249]</a> While praying, the Quran is only recited in Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-269">[250]</a> In Islam, most intellectual disciplines, including Islamic theology, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">mysticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a>, have been concerned with the Quran or have their foundation in its teachings.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-20">[16]</a> Muslims believe that the preaching or reading of the Quran is rewarded with divine rewards variously called ajr, <a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">thawab</a>, or hasanat.<a href="#cite_note-270">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Islamic_art">In Islamic art</h3></div> The Quran also inspired <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic arts</a> and specifically the so-called Quranic arts of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">calligraphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">illumination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-20">[16]</a> The Quran is never decorated with figurative images, but many Qurans have been highly decorated with decorative patterns in the margins of the page, or between the lines or at the start of suras. Islamic verses appear in many other media, on buildings and on objects of all sizes, such as <a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">mosque lamps</a>, metal work, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">pottery</a> and single pages of calligraphy for <a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">muraqqas</a> or albums. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Calligraphy_-_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calligraphy, 18th century, Brooklyn Museum."><img alt="Calligraphy, 18th century, Brooklyn Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Calligraphy_-_3.jpg/126px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Calligraphy_-_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Calligraphy_-_3.jpg/189px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Calligraphy_-_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Calligraphy_-_3.jpg/252px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Calligraphy_-_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a>, 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Quran_inscriptions_on_wall,_Lodhi_Gardens,_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quranic inscriptions, Bara Gumbad mosque, Delhi, India."><img alt="Quranic inscriptions, Bara Gumbad mosque, Delhi, India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Quran_inscriptions_on_wall%2C_Lodhi_Gardens%2C_Delhi.jpg/180px-Quran_inscriptions_on_wall%2C_Lodhi_Gardens%2C_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Quran_inscriptions_on_wall%2C_Lodhi_Gardens%2C_Delhi.jpg/270px-Quran_inscriptions_on_wall%2C_Lodhi_Gardens%2C_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Quran_inscriptions_on_wall%2C_Lodhi_Gardens%2C_Delhi.jpg/360px-Quran_inscriptions_on_wall%2C_Lodhi_Gardens%2C_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1184" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Quranic inscriptions, <a href="/wiki/Bara_Gumbad" title="Bara Gumbad">Bara Gumbad mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_lamp_Met_91.1.1534.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Typical mosque lamp, of enamelled glass, with the Ayat an-Nur or "Verse of Light" (24:35)."><img alt="Typical mosque lamp, of enamelled glass, with the Ayat an-Nur or "Verse of Light" (24:35)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mosque_lamp_Met_91.1.1534.jpg/119px-Mosque_lamp_Met_91.1.1534.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mosque_lamp_Met_91.1.1534.jpg/179px-Mosque_lamp_Met_91.1.1534.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mosque_lamp_Met_91.1.1534.jpg/239px-Mosque_lamp_Met_91.1.1534.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2442" data-file-height="3675" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Typical <a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">mosque lamp</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass" title="Enamelled glass">enamelled glass</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Verse_of_Light" title="Verse of Light">Ayat an-Nur</a> or "Verse of Light" (24:35).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_ibn_Mustafa_Izmiri_-_Right_Side_of_an_Illuminated_Double-page_Incipit_-_Walters_W5771B_-_Full_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quran page decoration art, Ottoman period."><img alt="Quran page decoration art, Ottoman period." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Muhammad_ibn_Mustafa_Izmiri_-_Right_Side_of_an_Illuminated_Double-page_Incipit_-_Walters_W5771B_-_Full_Page.jpg/127px-Muhammad_ibn_Mustafa_Izmiri_-_Right_Side_of_an_Illuminated_Double-page_Incipit_-_Walters_W5771B_-_Full_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Muhammad_ibn_Mustafa_Izmiri_-_Right_Side_of_an_Illuminated_Double-page_Incipit_-_Walters_W5771B_-_Full_Page.jpg/191px-Muhammad_ibn_Mustafa_Izmiri_-_Right_Side_of_an_Illuminated_Double-page_Incipit_-_Walters_W5771B_-_Full_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Muhammad_ibn_Mustafa_Izmiri_-_Right_Side_of_an_Illuminated_Double-page_Incipit_-_Walters_W5771B_-_Full_Page.jpg/254px-Muhammad_ibn_Mustafa_Izmiri_-_Right_Side_of_an_Illuminated_Double-page_Incipit_-_Walters_W5771B_-_Full_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Quran page decoration art, Ottoman period.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausol%C3%A9es_du_groupe_nord_(Shah-i-Zinda,_Samarcande)_(6016470147).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quranic verses, Shahizinda mausoleum, Samarkand, Uzbekistan."><img alt="Quranic verses, Shahizinda mausoleum, Samarkand, Uzbekistan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mausol%C3%A9es_du_groupe_nord_%28Shah-i-Zinda%2C_Samarcande%29_%286016470147%29.jpg/120px-Mausol%C3%A9es_du_groupe_nord_%28Shah-i-Zinda%2C_Samarcande%29_%286016470147%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mausol%C3%A9es_du_groupe_nord_%28Shah-i-Zinda%2C_Samarcande%29_%286016470147%29.jpg/180px-Mausol%C3%A9es_du_groupe_nord_%28Shah-i-Zinda%2C_Samarcande%29_%286016470147%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mausol%C3%A9es_du_groupe_nord_%28Shah-i-Zinda%2C_Samarcande%29_%286016470147%29.jpg/240px-Mausol%C3%A9es_du_groupe_nord_%28Shah-i-Zinda%2C_Samarcande%29_%286016470147%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Quranic verses, Shahizinda mausoleum, <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:4.8-17-1990-Guld-koranside-recto-og-verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The leaves from Quran written in gold and contoured with brown ink with a horizontal format suited to classical Kufic calligraphy, which became common under the early Abbasid caliphs."><img alt="The leaves from Quran written in gold and contoured with brown ink with a horizontal format suited to classical Kufic calligraphy, which became common under the early Abbasid caliphs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/4.8-17-1990-Guld-koranside-recto-og-verso.jpg/180px-4.8-17-1990-Guld-koranside-recto-og-verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/4.8-17-1990-Guld-koranside-recto-og-verso.jpg/270px-4.8-17-1990-Guld-koranside-recto-og-verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/4.8-17-1990-Guld-koranside-recto-og-verso.jpg/360px-4.8-17-1990-Guld-koranside-recto-og-verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3408" data-file-height="1415" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The leaves from Quran written in gold and contoured with brown ink with a horizontal format suited to <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">classical Kufic calligraphy</a>, which became common under the early <a href="/wiki/List_of_Abbasid_caliphs" title="List of Abbasid caliphs">Abbasid caliphs</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Quran_rzabasi1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="9th-century Quran in the Reza Abbasi Museum"><img alt="9th-century Quran in the Reza Abbasi Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Quran_rzabasi1.JPG/180px-Quran_rzabasi1.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Quran_rzabasi1.JPG/270px-Quran_rzabasi1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Quran_rzabasi1.JPG/360px-Quran_rzabasi1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="2394" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">9th-century Quran in the <a href="/wiki/Reza_Abbasi_Museum" title="Reza Abbasi Museum">Reza Abbasi Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shikastah_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shikasta nastaliq script, 18th–19th centuries"><img alt="Shikasta nastaliq script, 18th–19th centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Shikastah_script.jpg/128px-Shikastah_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Shikastah_script.jpg/191px-Shikastah_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Shikastah_script.jpg/255px-Shikastah_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="784" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shikasta nastaliq script, 18th–19th centuries</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quranic_hermeneutics" title="Quranic hermeneutics">Quranic hermeneutics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muhkam_and_Mutashabih" title="Muhkam and Mutashabih">Muhkam and Mutashabih</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander-Coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Alexander-Coin.jpg/140px-Alexander-Coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Alexander-Coin.jpg/210px-Alexander-Coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Alexander-Coin.jpg/280px-Alexander-Coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="1113" /></a><figcaption>One of the most curious implications of the Quran; According to the many <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">commentators</a>, the person meant by <a href="/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul-Qarnayn</a> (lit. the two-horned person) is <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-272">[253]</a> depicted with the horns of the Ram-god <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Zeus-Ammon</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Quran has sparked much commentary and explication (tafsir), aimed at explaining the "meanings of the Quranic verses, clarifying their import and finding out their significance."<a href="#cite_note-Tafsir_Al-Mizan-273">[254]</a> Because the Quran is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">classical Arabic</a>, many of the later converts to Islam (mostly non-Arabs) did not always understand the Quranic Arabic, they did not catch intense <a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">allusions</a><a href="#cite_note-Crone-2008-102">[91]</a> that were clear to early Muslims fluent in Arabic and they were concerned with reconciling apparent conflict of themes in the Quran. Commentators erudite in Arabic explained the allusions, and perhaps most importantly, explained which Quranic verses had been revealed early in Muhammad's prophetic career, as being appropriate to the very earliest Muslim community, and which had been revealed later, canceling out or "<a href="/wiki/Naskh_(exegesis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naskh (exegesis)">abrogating</a>" (nāsikh) the earlier text (mansūkh).<a href="#cite_note-274">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[256]</a> Other scholars, however, maintain that no abrogation has taken place in the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-276">[257]</a> Tafsir is one of the earliest academic activities of Muslims. According to the Quran, Muhammad was the first person who described the meanings of verses for early Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-277">[258]</a> Other early exegetes included the first four caliphs <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> along with a number of <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Companions of Muhammad">Muhammad's companions</a> including <a href="/wiki/%27Abd_Allah_ibn_al%27-Abbas" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abd Allah ibn al'-Abbas">Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Mas%27ud" title="Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud">Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu Musa al-Ash'ari">Abu Musa al-Ash'ari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubayy_ibn_Ka%27b" title="Ubayy ibn Ka'b">Ubayy ibn Ka'b</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Thabit" title="Zayd ibn Thabit">Zayd ibn Thabit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[259]</a> Exegesis in those days was confined to the explanation of literary aspects of the verse, <a href="/wiki/Asbab_al-Nuzul" title="Asbab al-Nuzul">the background of its revelation</a> and, occasionally, interpretation of one verse with the help of the other. If the verse was about a historical event, then sometimes a few traditions (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>) of Muhammad were narrated to make its meaning clear.<a href="#cite_note-Tafsir_Al-Mizan-273">[254]</a> In addition the words of the <a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">companions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Yusuf-28-279">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabi%27un" title="Tabi'un">their followers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabi%27_al-Tabi%27in" title="Tabi' al-Tabi'in">followers of followers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-280">[261]</a> many Judeo-Christian stories called <a href="/wiki/Isra%CA%BCiliyyat" title="Israʼiliyyat">Israʼiliyyat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocrypha</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[262]</a> were added to explanations in later periods, and schools of exegesis were formed criticizing each other's sources and methodology. There have been several commentaries of the Quran by scholars of all denominations, popular ones include <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Tafsir Ibn Kathir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Jalalayn" title="Tafsir al-Jalalayn">Tafsir al-Jalalayn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Razi" title="Tafsir al-Razi">Tafsir Al Kabir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Tabari" title="Tafsir al-Tabari">Tafsir al-Tabari</a>. More modern works of Tafsir include <a href="/wiki/Ma%27ariful_Qur%27an" title="Ma'ariful Qur'an">Ma'ariful Qur'an</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Mufti_Muhammad_Shafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufti Muhammad Shafi">Mufti Muhammad Shafi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[263]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmar_Schindler_David_und_Goliath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Osmar_Schindler_David_und_Goliath.jpg/220px-Osmar_Schindler_David_und_Goliath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Osmar_Schindler_David_und_Goliath.jpg/330px-Osmar_Schindler_David_und_Goliath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Osmar_Schindler_David_und_Goliath.jpg/440px-Osmar_Schindler_David_und_Goliath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>David and Goliath (1888) by <a href="/wiki/Osmar_Schindler" title="Osmar Schindler">Osmar Schindler</a>, commentators transferred stories from Jewish history, mixed with legends, to Islamic culture, such as the details of the story of <a href="/wiki/Jalut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalut">Jalut</a>, briefly touched upon in verses 247-252 of <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">Al-Baqara</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esoteric_interpretation">Esoteric interpretation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Esoteric interpretation of the Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quranic_hermeneutics" title="Quranic hermeneutics">Quranic hermeneutics</a></div> Shias and Sunnis as well as some other <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Muslim philosophers</a> believe the meaning of the Quran is not restricted to the literal aspect.<a href="#cite_note-corbin1993-283">[264]</a>: 7  In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Bi-la_kaifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bi-la kaifa">Quranic literalism</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Salafis" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafis">Salafis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahiris</a>, is the belief that the Quran should only be taken at its apparent meaning.<a href="#cite_note-284">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Henry Corbin</a> narrates a <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> that goes back to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>: <blockquote>The Quran possesses an external appearance and a hidden depth, an exoteric meaning and an esoteric meaning. This esoteric meaning in turn conceals an esoteric meaning. So it goes on for seven esoteric meanings.<a href="#cite_note-corbin1993-283">[264]</a>: 7 </blockquote> According to esoteric interpretors, the inner meaning of the Quran does not eradicate or invalidate its outward meaning. Rather, it is like the soul, which gives life to the body.<a href="#cite_note-286">[267]</a> Corbin considers the Quran to play a part in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a>, because <a href="/wiki/Gnosiology" title="Gnosiology">gnosiology</a> itself goes hand in hand with <a href="/wiki/Prophet#Islam" title="Prophet">prophetology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-corbin1993-283">[264]</a>: 13  Commentaries dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">zahir</a> ('outward aspects') of the text are called tafsir, (explanation) and hermeneutic and esoteric commentaries dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">batin</a> are called <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">ta'wil</a> ('interpretation'). Commentators with an esoteric slant believe that the ultimate meaning of the Quran is known only to God.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-20">[16]</a> Esoteric or <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> interpretation relates Quranic verses to the inner or esoteric (<a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">batin</a>) and metaphysical dimensions of existence and consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-alangodlas-287">[268]</a> According to Sands, esoteric interpretations are more suggestive than declarative, and are <a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">allusions</a> (isharat) rather than explanations (<a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a>). They indicate possibilities as much as they demonstrate the insights of writers.<a href="#cite_note-kristin-288">[269]</a> Suffering in Sufism is a tool for spiritual maturation, a person must give up his own existence and find his existence in the being he love (God), as can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Qushayri</a>'s interpretation of the Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/7?startingVerse=143">7:143</a> verse; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">When Moses came at the appointed time and his Lord spoke to him, he asked, "My Lord! Reveal Yourself to me so I may see You." Allah answered, "You cannot see Me! But look at the mountain. If it remains firm in its place, only then will you see Me." When his Lord appeared to the mountain, He levelled it to dust and Moses collapsed unconscious. When he recovered, he cried, "Glory be to You! I turn to You in repentance and I am the first of the believers."</blockquote> Moses, asks for a vision but his desire is denied, he is made to suffer by being commanded to look at other than the Beloved while the mountain is able to see God in Qushayri's words. Moses cames like thousands of men who traveled great distances, gives up his self existence. In that state, Moses was granted by the unveiling of the realities, when he comes to the way of those in love.<a href="#cite_note-keeler-tafsir-289">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabataba%27i" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i">Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i</a> says that according to the popular explanation among later commentators, ta'wil indicates the specific meaning to which a verse is addressed. In Tabatabaei's view, ta'wil, or what is called <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutical interpretation</a> of the Quran, concerns certain truths that transcend the comprehension of ordinary people beyond the signs of words. A law, a <a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Islam" title="Attributes of God in Islam">divine attribute</a>, and a Qur'anic story have a real meaning (beyond the obvious ones).<a href="#cite_note-Ta'wil-290">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Meaning-115">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapurian_Qur%27an_(Al-Kusar).PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tapurian_Qur%27an_%28Al-Kusar%29.PNG/170px-Tapurian_Qur%27an_%28Al-Kusar%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tapurian_Qur%27an_%28Al-Kusar%29.PNG/255px-Tapurian_Qur%27an_%28Al-Kusar%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tapurian_Qur%27an_%28Al-Kusar%29.PNG/340px-Tapurian_Qur%27an_%28Al-Kusar%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>An early interpretation format of the Quran, <a href="/wiki/Surah_108" class="mw-redirect" title="Surah 108">Sura 108</a></figcaption></figure> Tabatabaei points out that unacceptable esoteric interpretations of the Quran have been made and defines the acceptable ones as implicit meanings that are ultimately known only by God and cannot be directly understood through human thought alone. As an example, he gives <a href="/wiki/Personal_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal God">human qualities which are attributed to Allah</a> in the Quran such as coming, going, sitting, satisfaction, anger and sadness; "Allah has equipped them with words to bring them closer to our minds; in this respect, they are like proverbs that are used to create a picture in the mind and thus help the listener to clearly understand the idea he wants to express."<a href="#cite_note-The_Meaning-115">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabatabaee-116">[105]</a> He also claims that the Shiite belief that Muhammad and the innocent imams could know the interpretation of these verses (<a href="/wiki/Muhkam_and_Mutashabih" title="Muhkam and Mutashabih">Muhkam and Mutashabih</a>) would not violate<a href="#cite_note-The_Meaning-115">[104]</a> the following statement in the Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=7">3:7</a>;"none knows its interpretation (ta'wil) except God" <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_Sufi_commentaries">Notable Sufi commentaries</h4></div> One of the notable authors of esoteric interpretation prior to the 12th century is <a href="/wiki/Al-Sulami" title="Al-Sulami">al-Sulami</a>'s (d. 1021) book named Haqaiq al-Tafsir ('Truths of Exegesis') is a compilation of commentaries of earlier Sufis. From the 11th century onwards several other works appear, including commentaries by Qushayri (d. 1074), <a href="/wiki/Al-Daylami" class="mw-disambig" title="Al-Daylami">Al-Daylami</a> (d. 1193), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Mohammad_Shirazi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Mohammad Shirazi (page does not exist)">Al-Shirazi</a> (d. 1209) and <a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Suhrawardi" title="Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi">Al-Suhrawardi</a> (d. 1234). These works include material from Sulami's books plus the author's contributions. Many works are written in Persian such as the works of <a href="/wiki/Qadi_Husayn_Maybudi" title="Qadi Husayn Maybudi">Al-Maybudi</a> (d. 1135) kashf al-asrar ('the unveiling of the secrets').<a href="#cite_note-alangodlas-287">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> (d. 1273) wrote a vast amount of mystical poetry in his book <a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Mathnawi</a> which some consider a kind of Sufi interpretation of the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-jmojaddedi-291">[272]</a> Simnani (d. 1336) tried reconciliation of <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">God's manifestation through and in the physical world notions</a> with the sentiments of Sunni Islam.<a href="#cite_note-jelias-292">[273]</a> Ismail Hakki Bursevi's (d. 1725) work ruh al-Bayan ('the Spirit of Elucidation') is a voluminous exegesis written in Arabic, combines the author's own ideas with those of his predecessors (notably Ibn Arabi and <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Ghazali</a>).<a href="#cite_note-jelias-292">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</h4></div> Reappropriation is the name of the <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermeneutical">hermeneutical</a> style of some ex-Muslims who have converted to Christianity. Their style or reinterpretation can sometimes be geared towards <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologetics</a>, with less reference to the Islamic scholarly tradition that contextualizes and systematizes the reading (e.g., by identifying some verses as abrogated). This tradition of interpretation draws on the following practices: grammatical renegotiation, renegotiation of textual preference, retrieval, and concession.<a href="#cite_note-293">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Quran translations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_the_Quran" title="List of translations of the Quran">List of translations of the Quran</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85_20.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85_20.jpg/375px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85_20.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> Muslim girls reciting the Quran placed atop folding <a href="/wiki/Lectern" title="Lectern">lecterns</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rehal_(book_rest)" title="Rehal (book rest)">rehal</a>) during <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> Translating the Quran has always been problematic and difficult. Many argue that the Quranic text cannot be reproduced in another language or form.<a href="#cite_note-slate-294">[275]</a> An Arabic word may have a <a href="/wiki/Polysemy" title="Polysemy">range of meanings</a> depending on the context, making an accurate translation difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Fatani-2006-295">[276]</a> Moreover, one of the biggest difficulties in understanding the Quran for those who do not know <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Arabic">its language</a> in the face of shifts in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic usage</a> over the centuries is <a href="/wiki/Semantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic">semantic</a> translations (meanings) that include the translator's contributions to the relevant text instead of literal ones. Although the author's contributions are often bracketed and shown separately, the author's individual tendencies may also come to the fore in making sense of the main text. These studies contain reflections and even distortions<a href="#cite_note-296">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[278]</a> caused by the region, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_sects" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sects">sect</a>,<a href="#cite_note-298">[279]</a> education, ideology and knowledge of the people who made them, and efforts to reach the real content are drowned in the details of volumes of commentaries. These distortions can manifest themselves in many areas of belief and practices.<a href="#cite_note-300">[note 5]</a> Islamic tradition also holds that translations were made for <a href="/wiki/Negus" title="Negus">Negus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abyssinia" title="Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, as both <a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_letters_to_the_Heads-of-State" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's letters to the Heads-of-State">received letters by Muhammad</a> containing verses from the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-Fatani-2006-295">[276]</a> In early centuries, the permissibility of translations was not an issue, but whether one could use translations in prayer.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Quran has been <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translated</a> into most <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-leaman-72">[63]</a> The first translator of the Quran was <a href="/wiki/Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman the Persian</a>, who translated surat <a href="/wiki/Al-Fatiha" title="Al-Fatiha">al-Fatiha</a> into <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> during the seventh century.<a href="#cite_note-301">[281]</a> Another translation of the Quran was completed in 884 in <a href="/wiki/Alwar" title="Alwar">Alwar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>) by the orders of Abdullah bin Umar bin Abdul Aziz on the request of the Hindu Raja Mehruk.<a href="#cite_note-302">[282]</a> The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a> king, <a href="/wiki/Mansur_I" title="Mansur I">Mansur I</a> (961–976), ordered a group of scholars from <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> to translate the <a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Tabari" title="Tafsir al-Tabari">Tafsir al-Tabari</a>, originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari</a> wrote a complete <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a> of the Quran in Persian. In the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Omar_al-Nasafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hafs Omar al-Nasafi">Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi</a> translated the Quran into Persian.<a href="#cite_note-303">[283]</a> The manuscripts of all three books have survived and have been published several times.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1936, translations in 102 languages were known.<a href="#cite_note-Fatani-2006-295">[276]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News_and_Economic_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review">Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review</a> reported that the Quran was presented in 112 languages at the 18th International Quran Exhibition in Tehran.<a href="#cite_note-304">[284]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Ketton" title="Robert of Ketton">Robert of Ketton</a>'s 1143 translation of the Quran for <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Venerable" title="Peter the Venerable">Peter the Venerable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lex_Mahumet_pseudoprophete" title="Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete">Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete</a>, was the first into a Western language (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>).<a href="#cite_note-305">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ross_(writer)" title="Alexander Ross (writer)">Alexander Ross</a> offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of <a href="/wiki/L%27Alcoran_de_Mahomet" title="L'Alcoran de Mahomet">L'Alcoran de Mahomet</a> (1647) by <a href="/wiki/Andre_du_Ryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre du Ryer">Andre du Ryer</a>. In 1734, <a href="/wiki/George_Sale" title="George Sale">George Sale</a> produced the first scholarly translation of the Quran into English; another was produced by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bell_(Arabist)" title="Richard Bell (Arabist)">Richard Bell</a> in 1937, and yet another by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_John_Arberry" title="Arthur John Arberry">Arthur John Arberry</a> in 1955. All these translators were non-Muslims. There have been numerous translations by Muslims. Popular modern English translations by Muslims include The Oxford World Classic's translation by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abdel_Haleem" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Abdel Haleem">Muhammad Abdel Haleem</a>, The Clear Quran by Mustafa Khattab, <a href="/wiki/Sahih_International" title="Sahih International">Sahih International</a>'s translation, among various others. As with translations of the Bible, the English translators have sometimes favored archaic English words and constructions over their more modern or conventional equivalents; for example, two widely read translators, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Abdullah Yusuf Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marmaduke_Pickthall" title="Marmaduke Pickthall">Marmaduke Pickthall</a>, use the plural and singular ye and thou instead of the more common <a href="/wiki/You" title="You">you</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[286]</a> The oldest <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_version_of_the_Quran" title="Gurmukhi version of the Quran">translation of the Quran Sharif</a> has been found in village <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lande,_Punjab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lande, Punjab (page does not exist)">Lande</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moga_district" title="Moga district">Moga district</a> of Punjab which was printed in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-307">[287]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Page_from_the_Qur%27an_of_Sultan_Ibrahim_(TKS_EH_209).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1091 Quranic text in bold script with Persian translation and commentary in a lighter script[288]"><img alt="1091 Quranic text in bold script with Persian translation and commentary in a lighter script[288]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Page_from_the_Qur%27an_of_Sultan_Ibrahim_%28TKS_EH_209%29.jpg/203px-Page_from_the_Qur%27an_of_Sultan_Ibrahim_%28TKS_EH_209%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Page_from_the_Qur%27an_of_Sultan_Ibrahim_%28TKS_EH_209%29.jpg/305px-Page_from_the_Qur%27an_of_Sultan_Ibrahim_%28TKS_EH_209%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Page_from_the_Qur%27an_of_Sultan_Ibrahim_%28TKS_EH_209%29.jpg/407px-Page_from_the_Qur%27an_of_Sultan_Ibrahim_%28TKS_EH_209%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="2579" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1091 Quranic text in bold script with Persian translation and commentary in a lighter script<a href="#cite_note-308">[288]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilkhanid_Quran.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arabic Quran with interlinear Persian translation from the Ilkhanid Era"><img alt="Arabic Quran with interlinear Persian translation from the Ilkhanid Era" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ilkhanid_Quran.jpg/296px-Ilkhanid_Quran.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ilkhanid_Quran.jpg/444px-Ilkhanid_Quran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ilkhanid_Quran.jpg/593px-Ilkhanid_Quran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="648" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arabic Quran with interlinear Persian translation from the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanid</a> Era</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcoran_de_Mahomet_1647.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The first printed Quran in a European vernacular language: L'Alcoran de Mahomet, André du Ryer, 1647"><img alt="The first printed Quran in a European vernacular language: L'Alcoran de Mahomet, André du Ryer, 1647" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Alcoran_de_Mahomet_1647.jpg/219px-Alcoran_de_Mahomet_1647.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Alcoran_de_Mahomet_1647.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="345" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The first printed Quran in a European vernacular language: <a href="/wiki/L%27Alcoran_de_Mahomet" title="L'Alcoran de Mahomet">L'Alcoran de Mahomet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_du_Ryer" title="André du Ryer">André du Ryer</a>, 1647</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koran_by_Megerlein_1772.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Title page of the first German translation (1772) of the Quran"><img alt="Title page of the first German translation (1772) of the Quran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Koran_by_Megerlein_1772.jpg/173px-Koran_by_Megerlein_1772.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Koran_by_Megerlein_1772.jpg/260px-Koran_by_Megerlein_1772.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Koran_by_Megerlein_1772.jpg/346px-Koran_by_Megerlein_1772.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="1374" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Title page of the first German translation (1772) of the Quran</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_quran.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Verses 33 and 34 of surat Yā Sīn in this Chinese translation of the Quran"><img alt="Verses 33 and 34 of surat Yā Sīn in this Chinese translation of the Quran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Chinese_quran.jpg/214px-Chinese_quran.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Chinese_quran.jpg/321px-Chinese_quran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Chinese_quran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="526" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Verses 33 and 34 of surat <a href="/wiki/Ya_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ya Sin">Yā Sīn</a> in this Chinese translation of the Quran</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recitation">Recitation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Men_reading_the_Koran_in_Umayyad_Mosque,_Damascus,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Men_reading_the_Koran_in_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg/220px-Men_reading_the_Koran_in_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Men_reading_the_Koran_in_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg/330px-Men_reading_the_Koran_in_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Men_reading_the_Koran_in_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg/440px-Men_reading_the_Koran_in_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2813" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption>Men reading the Quran at the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rules_of_recitation">Rules of recitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></div> The proper recitation of the Quran is the subject of a separate discipline named <a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">tajwid</a> which determines in detail how the Quran should be recited, how each individual syllable is to be pronounced, the need to pay attention to the places where there should be a pause, to <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elisions</a>, where the pronunciation should be long or short, where letters should be sounded together and where they should be kept separate, etc. It may be said that this discipline studies the laws and methods of the proper recitation of the Quran and covers three main areas: the proper pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> (the articulation of the Quranic <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>), the rules of pause in recitation and of resumption of recitation, and the musical and melodious features of recitation.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-2006-309">[289]</a> In order to avoid incorrect pronunciation, reciters follow a program of training with a qualified teacher. The two most popular texts used as references for tajwid rules are Matn al-Jazariyyah by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazari" title="Ibn al-Jazari">Ibn al-Jazari</a><a href="#cite_note-ilm-gate-jazari-310">[290]</a> and Tuhfat al-Atfal by Sulayman al-Jamzuri. The recitations of a few Egyptian reciters, like <a href="/wiki/El_Minshawy" class="mw-redirect" title="El Minshawy">El Minshawy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hussary" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hussary">Al-Hussary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Basit_%27Abd_us-Samad" title="Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad">Abdul Basit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Ismail" title="Mustafa Ismail">Mustafa Ismail</a>, were highly influential in the development of current styles of recitation.<a href="#cite_note-big41-311">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-big42-312">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-big44-313">[293]</a>: 83  Southeast Asia is well known for world-class recitation, evidenced in the popularity of the woman reciters such as <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ulfah" title="Maria Ulfah">Maria Ulfah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-2006-309">[289]</a> Today, crowds fill auditoriums for public <a href="/wiki/International_Quran_Recital_Competition" title="International Quran Recital Competition">Quran recitation competitions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-big43-314">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esposito-235">[217]</a> There are two types of recitation: <ol><li>Murattal is at a slower pace, used for study and practice.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujawwad" title="Mujawwad">Mujawwad</a> refers to a slow recitation that deploys heightened technical artistry and melodic modulation, as in public performances by trained experts. It is directed to and dependent upon an audience for the mujawwad reciter seeks to involve the listeners.<a href="#cite_note-nelson-315">[295]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variant_readings">Variant readings</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Qira%27at" title="Qira'at">Qira'at</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahruf" title="Ahruf">Ahruf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_readers" title="Seven readers">Seven readers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ten_recitations" title="Ten recitations">Ten recitations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qur%27an_folio_11th_century_kufic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Qur%27an_folio_11th_century_kufic.jpg/250px-Qur%27an_folio_11th_century_kufic.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Qur%27an_folio_11th_century_kufic.jpg/375px-Qur%27an_folio_11th_century_kufic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Qur%27an_folio_11th_century_kufic.jpg/500px-Qur%27an_folio_11th_century_kufic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Page of the Quran with vocalization marks</figcaption></figure> The variant readings of the Quran are one type of textual variant.<a href="#cite_note-316">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[297]</a> According to Melchert (2008), the majority of disagreements have to do with vowels to supply, most of them in turn not conceivably reflecting dialectal differences and about one in eight disagreements has to do with whether to place dots above or below the line.<a href="#cite_note-Melchert-318">[298]</a> Nasser categorizes variant readings into various subtypes, including internal vowels, long vowels, <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaddah" title="Shaddah">shaddah</a>), <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternation_(linguistics)" title="Alternation (linguistics)">alternation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nasser-319">[299]</a> It is generally stated that there are small differences between readings. However, these small changes may also include differences that may lead to serious differences in Islam, ranging from the definition of God<a href="#cite_note-320">[ii]</a> to practices such as the <a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">formal conditions of ablution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Combat-321">[300]</a> The first Quranic manuscripts lacked marks, enabling multiple possible recitations to be conveyed by the same written text. The 10th-century Muslim scholar from <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Ibn_Muj%C4%81hid" title="Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid">Ibn Mujāhid</a>, is famous for establishing seven acceptable textual readings of the Quran. He studied various readings and their trustworthiness and chose seven 8th-century readers from the cities of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Ibn Mujahid did not explain why he chose <a href="/wiki/Seven_readers" title="Seven readers">seven readers</a>, rather than six or ten, but this may be related to a prophetic tradition (Muhammad's saying) reporting that the Quran had been revealed in seven <a href="/wiki/Ahruf" title="Ahruf">ahruf</a>. Today, the most popular readings are those transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Hafs" title="Hafs">Ḥafṣ</a> (d. 796) and <a href="/wiki/Warsh" title="Warsh">Warsh</a> (d. 812) which are according to two of Ibn Mujahid's reciters, <a href="/wiki/Aasim_ibn_Abi_al-Najud" title="Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud">Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud</a> (Kufa, d. 745) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafi%27_al-Madani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafi' al-Madani (page does not exist)">Nafi' al-Madani</a> (Medina, d. 785), respectively. The influential standard <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quran#1924_Cairo_edition" title="History of the Quran">Quran of Cairo</a> uses an elaborate system of modified vowel-signs and a set of additional symbols for minute details and is based on ʻAsim's recitation, the 8th-century recitation of Kufa. This edition has become the standard for modern printings of the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-rippin-58">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-melchert2-77">[68]</a> Occasionally, an early Quran shows compatibility with a particular reading. A Syrian manuscript from the 8th century is shown to have been written according to the reading of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Amir_ad-Dimashqi" title="Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi">Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dutton-322">[301]</a> Another study suggests that this manuscript bears the vocalization of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">himsi</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-rabb-323">[302]</a> Accordinng to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> vocalization markers indicating specific vowel sounds (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">tashkeel</a>) were introduced into the text of the Qur'an during the lifetimes of the last <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Taymiyyah-324">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_and_printing">Writing and printing</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></div> Before printing was widely adopted in the 19th century, the Quran was transmitted in manuscripts made by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">calligraphers</a> and copyists. The earliest manuscripts were written in <a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Ḥijāzī</a>-typescript. The Hijazi style manuscripts nevertheless confirm that transmission of the Quran in writing began at an early stage. Probably in the ninth century, scripts began to feature thicker strokes, which are traditionally known as <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> scripts. Toward the end of the ninth century, new scripts began to appear in copies of the Quran and replace earlier scripts. The reason for discontinuation in the use of the earlier style was that it took too long to produce and the demand for copies was increasing. Copyists would therefore choose simpler writing styles. Beginning in the 11th century, the styles of writing employed were primarily the <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">naskh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">muhaqqaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray%E1%B8%A5%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayḥānī">rayḥānī</a> and, on rarer occasions, the <a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">thuluth</a> script. Naskh was in very widespread use. In North Africa and Iberia, the <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghribī</a> style was popular. More distinct is the Bihari script which was used solely in the north of India. <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq script">Nastaʻlīq</a> style was also rarely used in Persian world.<a href="#cite_note-Déroche-2006-325">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[305]</a> In the beginning, the Quran was not written with dots or <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">tashkeel</a>. These features were added to the text during the lifetimes of the last of the <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Taymiyyah-324">[303]</a> Since it would have been too costly for most Muslims to purchase a manuscript, copies of the Quran were held in mosques in order to make them accessible to people. These copies frequently took the form of a series of 30 parts or juzʼ. In terms of productivity, the Ottoman copyists provide the best example. This was in response to widespread demand, unpopularity of printing methods and for aesthetic reasons.<a href="#cite_note-327">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-MatbaaBosworth1989-328">[307]</a> Whilst the majority of Islamic scribes were men, some women also worked as scholars and copyists; one such woman who made a copy of this text was the Moroccan jurist, <a href="/wiki/Amina,_bint_al-Hajj_%CA%BFAbd_al-Latif" title="Amina, bint al-Hajj ʿAbd al-Latif">Amina, bint al-Hajj ʿAbd al-Latif</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[308]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 304.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 302.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Folio_from_the_%22Blue%22_Qur%27an.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folio from the "Blue" Quran at the Brooklyn Museum"><img alt="Folio from the "Blue" Quran at the Brooklyn Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Folio_from_the_%22Blue%22_Qur%27an.jpg/454px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Folio_from_the_%22Blue%22_Qur%27an.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Folio_from_the_%22Blue%22_Qur%27an.jpg/681px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Folio_from_the_%22Blue%22_Qur%27an.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Folio_from_the_%22Blue%22_Qur%27an.jpg/908px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Folio_from_the_%22Blue%22_Qur%27an.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1015" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folio from the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Quran" title="Blue Quran">"Blue" Quran</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 289.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 287.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Folio_from_a_Koran_(8th-9th_century).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kufic script, eighth or ninth century"><img alt="Kufic script, eighth or ninth century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Folio_from_a_Koran_%288th-9th_century%29.jpg/431px-Folio_from_a_Koran_%288th-9th_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Folio_from_a_Koran_%288th-9th_century%29.jpg/647px-Folio_from_a_Koran_%288th-9th_century%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Folio_from_a_Koran_%288th-9th_century%29.jpg/862px-Folio_from_a_Koran_%288th-9th_century%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kufic script, eighth or ninth century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_Maghribi_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maghribi script, 13th–14th centuries"><img alt="Maghribi script, 13th–14th centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_Maghribi_script.jpg/239px-Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_Maghribi_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_Maghribi_script.jpg/358px-Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_Maghribi_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_Maghribi_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghribi script</a>, 13th–14th centuries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhaqqaq_script.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Muhaqqaq script, 14th–15th centuries"><img alt="Muhaqqaq script, 14th–15th centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Muhaqqaq_script.gif/203px-Muhaqqaq_script.gif" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Muhaqqaq_script.gif/305px-Muhaqqaq_script.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Muhaqqaq_script.gif/406px-Muhaqqaq_script.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="945" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a> script, 14th–15th centuries</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printing">Printing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quran_divided_into_6_books.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Quran_divided_into_6_books.jpg/220px-Quran_divided_into_6_books.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Quran_divided_into_6_books.jpg/330px-Quran_divided_into_6_books.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Quran_divided_into_6_books.jpg/440px-Quran_divided_into_6_books.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Quran divided into six books, published by Dar Ibn Kathir, Damascus-Beirut</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">Wood-block printing</a> of extracts from the Quran is on record as early as the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-330">[309]</a> Arabic <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> printing was ordered by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1503–1512) for distribution among <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern Christians">Middle Eastern Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[310]</a> The first complete Quran printed with movable type was produced in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> in 1537–1538 for the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> market by <a href="/wiki/Paganino_Paganini" title="Paganino Paganini">Paganino Paganini</a> and Alessandro Paganini.<a href="#cite_note-332">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nuovo-333">[312]</a> But this Quran was not used as it contained a large number of errors.<a href="#cite_note-madainpaganini-334">[313]</a> Two more editions include the <a href="/wiki/Hinckelmann_edition" title="Hinckelmann edition">Hinckelmann edition</a> published by the pastor <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Hinckelmann" title="Abraham Hinckelmann">Abraham Hinckelmann</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> in 1694,<a href="#cite_note-335">[314]</a> and the edition by the Italian priest <a href="/wiki/Louis_Maracci" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Maracci">Ludovico Maracci</a> in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> in 1698 with Latin translation and commentary.<a href="#cite_note-336">[315]</a> Printed copies of the Quran during this period met with strong opposition from <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Muslim legal scholars</a>: printing anything in Arabic was prohibited in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottoman empire</a> between 1483 and 1726—initially, even on penalty of death.<a href="#cite_note-337">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-MatbaaBosworth1989-328">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[317]</a> The Ottoman ban on printing in Arabic script was lifted in 1726 for non-religious texts only upon the request of <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Muteferrika" title="Ibrahim Muteferrika">Ibrahim Muteferrika</a>, who printed his first book in 1729. Except for books in Hebrew and European languages, which were unrestricted, very few books, and no religious texts, were printed in the Ottoman Empire for another century.<a href="#cite_note-340">[o]</a> In 1786, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> of Russia, sponsored a printing press for "Tatar and Turkish orthography" in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, with one Mullah Osman Ismail responsible for producing the Arabic types. A Quran was printed with this press in 1787, reprinted in 1790 and 1793 in Saint Petersburg, and in 1803 in <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Governorate" title="Kazan Governorate">Kazan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[p]</a> The first edition printed in Iran appeared in <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Tehran</a> (1828), a translation in Turkish was printed in Cairo in 1842, and the first officially sanctioned Ottoman edition was finally printed in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> between 1875 and 1877 as a two-volume set, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-343">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[321]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Leberecht_Fl%C3%BCgel" title="Gustav Leberecht Flügel">Gustav Flügel</a> published an <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BCgel_edition" title="Flügel edition">edition of the Quran</a> in 1834 in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, which remained authoritative in Europe for close to a century, until Cairo's <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a> published an <a href="/wiki/1924_Cairo_edition" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 Cairo edition">edition of the Quran in 1924</a>. This edition was the result of a long preparation, as it standardized Quranic orthography, and it remains the basis of later editions.<a href="#cite_note-Déroche-2006-325">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Criticism of the Quran</a></div> Regarding the claim of divine origin, critics refer to preexisting sources, not only taken from the Bible, supposed to be older revelations of God, but also from <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apocryphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphia">apocryphic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">talmudic</a> sources, such as the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Infancy_Gospel" title="Syriac Infancy Gospel">Syriac Infancy Gospel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Gospel of James</a>. The Quran acknowledges that accusations of borrowing popular ancient fables were being made against Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-345">[322]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese government</a> has banned a popular Quran app from the apple store.<a href="#cite_note-346">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_other_literature">Relationship with other literature</h2></div> Some non-Muslim groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> view the Quran as holy. In the Baháʼí Faith, the Quran is accepted as authentic revelation from God along with the revelations of the other world religions, Islam being a stage within the divine process of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_revelation_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" title="Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)">progressive revelation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a>, the Prophet-Founder of the Baháʼí Faith, testified to the validity of the Quran, writing, say: "Perused ye not the Qur'án? Read it, that haply ye may find the Truth, for this Book is verily the Straight Path. This is the Way of God unto all who are in the heavens and all who are on the earth."<a href="#cite_note-347">[324]</a> <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalists</a> may also seek inspiration from the Quran. It has been suggested that the Quran has some narrative similarities to the <a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Protoevangelium of James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Pseudo-Matthew" title="Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew">Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Infancy_Gospel" title="Syriac Infancy Gospel">Arabic Infancy Gospel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[326]</a> One scholar has suggested that the Diatessaron, as a <a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">gospel harmony</a>, may have led to the conception that the Christian Gospel is one text.<a href="#cite_note-350">[327]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonah_and_the_Whale,_Folio_from_a_Jami_al-Tavarikh_(Compendium_of_Chronicles).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jonah_and_the_Whale%2C_Folio_from_a_Jami_al-Tavarikh_%28Compendium_of_Chronicles%29.jpg/290px-Jonah_and_the_Whale%2C_Folio_from_a_Jami_al-Tavarikh_%28Compendium_of_Chronicles%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jonah_and_the_Whale%2C_Folio_from_a_Jami_al-Tavarikh_%28Compendium_of_Chronicles%29.jpg/435px-Jonah_and_the_Whale%2C_Folio_from_a_Jami_al-Tavarikh_%28Compendium_of_Chronicles%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jonah_and_the_Whale%2C_Folio_from_a_Jami_al-Tavarikh_%28Compendium_of_Chronicles%29.jpg/580px-Jonah_and_the_Whale%2C_Folio_from_a_Jami_al-Tavarikh_%28Compendium_of_Chronicles%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3802" data-file-height="2595" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> and the giant fish in the <a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh" title="Jami' al-tawarikh">Jami' al-tawarikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Museum">Metropolitan Museum</a>. A common folktale<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski200778-351">[328]</a> finds its place in the <a href="/wiki/As-Saaffat" title="As-Saaffat">Surah As-Saaffat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/37?startingVerse=139">37:139</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">other sacred texts</a> and can be traced in <a href="/wiki/Oannes_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oannes (mythology)">Oannes</a>, Indian yogi <a href="/wiki/Matsyendranatha" title="Matsyendranatha">Matsyendranatha</a>, and the Greek hero <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Bible">The Bible</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">He has revealed to you ˹O Prophet˺ the Book in truth, confirming what came before it, as He revealed the Torah and the Gospel previously, as a guide for people, and ˹also˺ revealed the Standard ˹to distinguish between right and wrong˺.<a href="#cite_note-352">[329]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=3">3:3-4</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Quran attributes its relationship with former books (the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>) to their unique origin, saying all of them have been revealed by the one God.<a href="#cite_note-353">[330]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Luxenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Christoph Luxenberg">Christoph Luxenberg</a> (in <a href="/wiki/The_Syro-Aramaic_Reading_of_the_Koran" title="The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran">The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran</a>) the Quran's language was similar to the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-354">[331]</a> The Quran recounts stories of many of the people and events recounted in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> sacred books (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>) and devotional literature (<a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>), although it differs in many details. <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Eber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelah_(son_of_Judah)" title="Shelah (son of Judah)">Shelah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jethro_(biblical_figure)" title="Jethro (biblical figure)">Jethro</a>, <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> are mentioned in the Quran as prophets of God (see <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a>). In fact, <a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Moses</a> is mentioned more in the Quran than any other individual.<a href="#cite_note-Keeler-136">[123]</a> Jesus is mentioned more often in the Quran than Muhammad (by name—Muhammad is often alluded to as "The Prophet" or "The Apostle"), while <a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Mary</a> is mentioned in the Quran more than in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-355">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_writing">Arab writing</h3></div> After the Quran, and the general rise of Islam, the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> developed rapidly into an art form.<a href="#cite_note-leaman-72">[63]</a> The Arabic grammarian <a href="/wiki/Sibawayh" title="Sibawayh">Sibawayh</a> wrote one of the earliest books on Arabic grammar, referred to as "Al-Kitab", which relied heavily on the language in the Quran. <a href="/wiki/Wadad_Kadi" title="Wadad Kadi">Wadad Kadi</a>, Professor of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, and Mustansir Mir, Professor of Islamic studies at <a href="/wiki/Youngstown_State_University" title="Youngstown State University">Youngstown State University</a>, state that the Quran exerted a particular influence on Arabic literature's diction, themes, metaphors, motifs and symbols and added new expressions and new meanings to old, pre-Islamic words that would become ubiquitous.<a href="#cite_note-356">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Book">Book portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/28px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/42px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/56px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="267" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Middle Ages portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chapters_in_the_Quran" title="List of chapters in the Quran">List of chapters in the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_the_Quran" title="List of translations of the Quran">List of translations of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Quran translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Quran" title="Historical reliability of the Quran">Historical reliability of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_code" title="Quran code">Quran code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Criticism of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_in_the_Quran" title="Violence in the Quran">Violence in the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Quran" title="Women in the Quran">Women in the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Quran" title="Digital Quran">Digital Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_True_Furqan" title="The True Furqan">The True Furqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qira%27at" title="Qira'at">Qira'at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_al-Thaqalayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith al-Thaqalayn">Hadith al-Thaqalayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of Islamic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_imitations_of_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Attempted imitations of the Quran">Attempted imitations of the Quran</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The English pronunciation varies: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kəˈrɑːn/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-ˈræn/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kɔː-/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/koʊ-/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> especially with the spelling quran <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kʊˈrɑːn/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-ˈræn/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> especially in British English <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kɒˈrɑːn/</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> The Arabic pronunciation can be <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_transcription" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic transcription">transcribed phonemically</a> as /al.qurˈʔaːn/. The actual pronunciation in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a> varies regionally. The first vowel varies from [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>] to [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>], while the second vowel varies from [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>] to [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>] to [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>]. For example, the pronunciation in Egypt is [qorˈʔɑːn] and in Central East Arabia [qʊrˈʔæːn]. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kʊˈrɑːn/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">kuurr-AHN</a>;<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tashkil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashkil">vocalized Arabic</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٱلْقُرْآن‎, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Quranic Arabic</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٱلۡقُرۡءَان‎, al-Qurʾān <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[alqurˈʔaːn]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the recitation' or 'the lecture' </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> (English spelling) The form Alcoran (and its variants) was usual before the 19th century when it became obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ngram-9">[6]</a> The form Koran was most predominant from the second half of the 18th century till the 1980s, when it has been superseded by either Qur'an or Quran.<a href="#cite_note-Ngram-9">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-OED-Koran-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-OED-Quran-12">[9]</a> Other transliterations include al-Coran, Coran, Kuran and al-Qur'an. The adjectives vary as well and include Koranic, Quranic and Qur'anic (sometimes in lowercase).<a href="#cite_note-MWD-Koran-13">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> According to Welch in the Encyclopedia of Islam, the verses pertaining to the usage of the word hikma should probably be interpreted in the light of IV, 105, where it is said that "Muhammad is to judge (tahkum) mankind on the basis of the Book sent down to him." </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Hadith are primarily from Muhammad but some are from those closest to him. Muslim scholars have worked carefully to authenticate them; see <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies#Evaluating_authenticity" title="Hadith studies">Hadith studies#Evaluating authenticity</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> "God's Apostle replied, 'Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell, this form of Inspiration is the hardest of all and then this state passes off after I have grasped what is inspired. Sometimes the Angel comes in the form of a man and talks to me and I grasp whatever he says.' ʻAisha added: Verily I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the Sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)."<a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> "Few have failed to be convinced that … the Quran is … the words of Muhammad, perhaps even dictated by him after their recitation."<a href="#cite_note-peters-1991-61">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> There is some disagreement among early Muslim sources disagree over who was the first to collect the narrations. At least one source credits Salim, the freed slave of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hudhaifah_ibn_al-Mughirah" title="Abu Hudhaifah ibn al-Mughirah">Abu Hudhaifah</a> with collecting the Qur'an into a mushaf: "It is reported... from Ibn Buraidah who said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The first of those to collect the Qur'an into a mushaf (<a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a>) was Salim, the freed slave of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hudhaifah_ibn_al-Mughirah" title="Abu Hudhaifah ibn al-Mughirah">Abu Hudhaifah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[55]</a></blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> For both the claim that variant readings are still transmitted and the claim that no such critical edition has been produced, see Gilliot, C., "Creation of a fixed text" <a href="#cite_note-79">[70]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Scholars disagree on the exact number but this is a disagreement over "the placing of the divisions between the verese, not on the text itself."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2000119-197">[182]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> "The final process of collection and codification of the Quran text was guided by one over-arching principle: God's words must not in any way be distorted or sullied by human intervention. For this reason, no serious attempt, apparently, was made to edit the numerous revelations, organize them into thematic units, or present them in chronological order... This has given rise in the past to a great deal of criticism by European and American scholars of Islam, who find the Quran disorganized, repetitive and very difficult to read."<a href="#cite_note-blomm-218">[202]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Samuel Pepys: "One feels it difficult to see how any mortal ever could consider this Quran as a Book written in Heaven, too good for the Earth; as a well-written book, or indeed as a book at all; and not a bewildered rhapsody; written, so far as writing goes, as badly as almost any book ever was!" <a href="#cite_note-pepys-220">[203]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> professor emeritus of Islamic thought at the University of Paris, Algerian Mohammed Arkoun.<a href="#cite_note-what-atlantic-1999-255">[237]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> "the major Ottoman printing houses published a combined total of only 142 books in more than a century of printing between 1727 and 1838. When taken in conjunction with the fact that only a minuscule number of copies of each book were printed, this statistic demonstrates that the introduction of the printing press did not transform Ottoman cultural life until the emergence of vibrant print media in the middle of the nineteenth century" <a href="#cite_note-339">[318]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> "at imperial expense, a 'Tatar and Turkish Typography' was established in St. Petersburg; a domestic scholar, Mullah Osman Ismail, was responsible for the manufacture of the types. One of the first products of this printing house was the Qur'ān. Through the doctor and writer, Johann Georg v. Zimmermann (d. 1795), who was befriended by Catherine II, a copy of the publication arrived in the Göttingen University library. Its director, the philologist Christian Gottlob Heyne (d. 1812), presented the work immediately in the Göttingische Anzeigen von gelehrten Sachen (28 July 1788); therein he pointed especially to the beauty of the Arabic types. To the Arabic text marginal glosses have been added that consist predominantly of reading variants. The imprint was reproduced unchanged in 1790 and 1793 in St. Petersburg (cf. Schnurrer, Bibliotheca arabica, no. 384); later, after the transfer of the printing house to Kazan, editions appeared in different formats and with varying presentation <a href="#cite_note-341">[319]</a> </li> </ol></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Qira’at: All except for ʻAsem, Al-Kesa’i, Yaʻqub and Khalaf in one of his narrations read it as 4 King of the Day of Judgement. </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> Qira’at: All except for ʻAsem, Al-Kesa’i, Yaʻqub and Khalaf in one of his narrations read [māliki yawmi-d-dīn(i)] as 4 King of the Day of Judgement. </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Arabic and Persian writers such as 10th-century geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">al-Muqaddasi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MukaddasiNasir-88">[78]</a> 11th-century scholar <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MukaddasiNasir-88">[78]</a> 12th-century geographer <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">al-Idrisi</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[79]</a> and 15th-century Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Mujir_al-Din" title="Mujir al-Din">Mujir al-Din</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MujiralDin-90">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[81]</a> as well as 19th-century American and British <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalists</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Edward Robinson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-92">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guy_Le_Strange" title="Guy Le Strange">Guy Le Strange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Henry_Palmer" title="Edward Henry Palmer">Edward Henry Palmer</a> explained that the term Masjid al-Aqsa refers to the entire esplanade plaza also known as the Temple Mount or Haram al-Sharif ('Noble Sanctuary') – i.e. the entire area including the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a>, the fountains, the <a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Temple_Mount" title="Gates of the Temple Mount">gates</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Minarets_of_the_Temple_Mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarets of the Temple Mount">four minarets</a> – because none of these buildings existed at the time the Quran was written.<a href="#cite_note-Palmer-93">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strange_1887_pp._247–305-95">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal God">Human qualities which are attributed to Allah</a> in the Quran such as coming, going, sitting, satisfaction, anger and sadness; "Allah has equipped them with words to bring them closer to our minds; in this respect, they are like proverbs that are used to create a picture in the mind and thus help the listener to clearly understand the idea he wants to express."<a href="#cite_note-The_Meaning-115">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabatabaee-116">[105]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> My mother, the high priestess, conceived; in secret she bore me She set me in a basket of rushes, with bitumen she sealed my lid She cast me into the river which rose over me.<a href="#cite_note-132">[120]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Beyza_Bilgin" title="Beyza Bilgin">Beyza Bilgin</a> states that the expression 'let them put their outer coverings over themselves' in the 59th verse of <a href="/wiki/Al-A%E1%B8%A5z%C4%81b" title="Al-Aḥzāb">Al-Ahzab</a> was revealed because they harassed women under the conditions of that day, considering them to be concubines, and commented as follows:<a href="#cite_note-:0-159">[146]</a><blockquote>"In other words, veiling is a security issue that arose according to the needs of that period. These are not taken into consideration at all and are reflected as God's command. Women have been called God's command for a thousand years. Women said the same thing to their daughters and daughters-in-law."</blockquote>She said the following about covering herself in <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">prayer</a> :<blockquote>"They tell me; 'Do you cover yourself while praying?' Of course, I cover up when I'm in congregation. I am obliged not to disturb the peace. But I also pray with my head uncovered in my own home. Because the Quran's requirement for prayer is not covering up, but ablution and turning towards the qibla. This is a thousand year old issue. It's so ingrained in us. But this should definitely not be underestimated. Because people do it thinking it is God's command. But on the other hand, we should not declare a person who does not cover up as a bad woman."<a href="#cite_note-:0-159">[146]</a> </blockquote></li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Syro-Aramaic_Reading_of_the_Koran" title="The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran">Luxenberg's Syro-Aramaic reading</a>, the verse instead commands women to "snap their belts around their waists." The belt was a sign of chastity in the Christian world.<a href="#cite_note-chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it-299">[280]</a> According to him, the meanings of the words in the relevant part of the verse are as follows:خِمار Khimar; cummerbund, جيب jyb; sinus, sac, وَلْيَضْرِبْنَ;"let them hit" </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> dictionary.reference.com: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran">koran</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> dictionary.reference.com: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Quran">quran</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Cambridge dictionary: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/the-koran">koran</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Cambridge dictionary: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/the-qur-an?q=qur%27an">quran</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED1-Alcoran" class="citation book cs1">"Alcoran". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 1888. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/oed01arch#page/210/mode/1up">210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alcoran&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=210&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ngram-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ngram_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ngram_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Alcoran%2CKoran%2CQuran%2C+Qur%27an&year_start=1700&year_end=2000&corpus=15&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2CAlcoran%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CKoran%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CQuran%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CQur%27an%3B%2Cc0t1">"Google Books Ngram Viewer"</a>. Google Books. Retrieved 16 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Books&rft.atitle=Google+Books+Ngram+Viewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fngrams%2Fgraph%3Fcontent%3DAlcoran%252CKoran%252CQuran%252C%2BQur%2527an%26year_start%3D1700%26year_end%3D2000%26corpus%3D15%26smoothing%3D3%26direct_url%3Dt1%253B%252CAlcoran%253B%252Cc0%253B.t1%253B%252CKoran%253B%252Cc0%253B.t1%253B%252CQuran%253B%252Cc0%253B.t1%253B%252CQur%2527an%253B%252Cc0t1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED1-Koran" class="citation book cs1">"Koran". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>. Vol. 5 (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 1901. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/newenglishdict05murrmiss#page/753/mode/1up">753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Koran&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=753&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-Koran-11"><a href="#cite_ref-OED-Koran_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Koran" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Koran">"Koran"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Koran&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DKoran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-Quran-12"><a href="#cite_ref-OED-Quran_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Quran" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Quran">"Quran"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quran&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DQuran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-MWD-Koran-13"><a href="#cite_ref-MWD-Koran_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Koran">"Koran"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Koran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FKoran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillaume1954" class="citation book cs1">Guillaume, Alfred (1954). Islam. Edinburgh: Penguin books. p. 74. <q>It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Penguin+books&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Guillaume&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alpha-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alpha_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alpha_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToropovBuckles2004" class="citation book cs1">Toropov, Brandon; Buckles, Luke (2004). Complete Idiot's Guide to World Religions. Alpha. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-222-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-222-9"><bdi>978-1-59257-222-9</bdi></a>. <q>Muslims believe that Muhammad's many divine encounters during his years in Mecca and Medina inspired the remainder of the Qur'an, which, nearly fourteen centuries later, remains the Arabic language's preeminent masterpiece.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+World+Religions&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Alpha&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59257-222-9&rft.aulast=Toropov&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft.au=Buckles%2C+Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2010" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John (2010). Islam: The Straight Path (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539600-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539600-3"><bdi>978-0-19-539600-3</bdi></a>. <q>Throughout history, many Arab Christians as well have regarded it as the perfection of the Arabic language and literature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Straight+Path&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539600-3&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler2002-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler2002_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2002" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Brannon M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qIDZIep-GIQC">Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis</a>. A&C Black. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4957-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4957-3"><bdi>978-0-8264-4957-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+in+the+Quran%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Quran+and+Muslim+Exegesis&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-4957-3&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Brannon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqIDZIep-GIQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comprehensive_Aramaic_Lexicon-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Comprehensive_Aramaic_Lexicon_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134645/http://cal.huc.edu/searchroots.php?pos=N&lemma=qryn">"The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Union_College_%E2%80%93_Jewish_Institute_of_Religion" title="Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion">Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cal.huc.edu/searchroots.php?pos=N&lemma=qryn">the original</a> on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Comprehensive+Aramaic+Lexicon&rft.pub=Hebrew+Union+College+%E2%80%93+Jewish+Institute+of+Religion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcal.huc.edu%2Fsearchroots.php%3Fpos%3DN%26lemma%3Dqryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_20-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_20-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_20-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_20-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_20-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_20-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_20-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_20-13">n</a> <a href="#CITEREFNasr2007">Nasr 2007</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/75?startingVerse=17">75:17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/7?startingVerse=204">7:204</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> See "Ķur'an, al-", Encyclopedia of Islam Online and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/9?startingVerse=111">9:111</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/20?startingVerse=2">20:2</a> cf. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/25?startingVerse=32">25:32</a> cf. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffer-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Jaffer_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJafferJaffer2009" class="citation book cs1">Jaffer, Abbas; Jaffer, Masuma (2009). Quranic Sciences. ICAS press. pp. 11–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904063-30-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904063-30-8"><bdi>978-1-904063-30-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quranic+Sciences&rft.pages=11-15&rft.pub=ICAS+press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-904063-30-8&rft.aulast=Jaffer&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rft.au=Jaffer%2C+Masuma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-surah_al-qadr-28"><a href="#cite_ref-surah_al-qadr_28-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qadr_(surah)" title="Al-Qadr (surah)">Surah Al-Qadr</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/97?startingVerse=">97</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbook-30"><a href="#cite_ref-handbook_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandıkcıRice2011" class="citation book cs1">Sandıkcı, Özlem; Rice, Gillian (2011). 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Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement. University of Southern California. 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In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Qur'ān. Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+historical+context&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Qur%27%C4%81n&rft.pages=31-33&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Donner&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-demyth-62-52"><a href="#cite_ref-demyth-62_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="RARDtQ2017" class="citation journal cs1">Roslan Abdul-Rahim (December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7187%2FGJAT122017-2">"Demythologizing the Qur'an Rethinking Revelation Through Naskh al-Qur'an"</a>. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah. 7 (2): 62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7187%2FGJAT122017-2">10.7187/GJAT122017-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2232-0474">2232-0474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Journal+Al-Thaqafah&rft.atitle=Demythologizing+the+Qur%27an+Rethinking+Revelation+Through+Naskh+al-Qur%27an&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=62&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7187%2FGJAT122017-2&rft.issn=2232-0474&rft.au=Roslan+Abdul-Rahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7187%252FGJAT122017-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koran.nl/wat-is-de-koran/">"Wat is de Koran?"</a>. Koran.nl (in Dutch). 18 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Koran.nl&rft.atitle=Wat+is+de+Koran%3F&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoran.nl%2Fwat-is-de-koran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2000121-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2000121_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook2000">Cook 2000</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabatabae1988p99-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tabatabae1988p99_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabatabae1988p99_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabatabae1988p99_55-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTabatabae1988">Tabatabae 1988</a>, p. 99: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Since the word of God seemed threatened with alteration, the [third] caliph ordered that five of the qurrā' from amongst the companions, (one of them being Zayd ibn Thābit who had compiled the first volume), produce other copies from the first volume which had been prepared on the orders of the first caliph and which had been kept with Ḥafṣah, the wife of the Prophet and daughter of the second caliph. The other copies, already in the hands of Muslims in other areas, were collected and sent to Medina where, on orders of the Caliph, they were burnt (or, according to some historians, were destroyed by boiling). Thus several copies were made, one being kept in Medina, one in Mecca, and one each sent to Sham (a territory now divided into Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan), Kufa and Basra. It is said that beside these five, one copy was also sent to Yemen and one to Bahrein. These copies were called the Imam copies and served as original for all future copies. The only difference of order between these copies and the first volume was that the chapters "Spirits of War" and "Immunity" were written in one place between "The Heights" and "Jonah."</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-sbukhari1-56"><a href="#cite_ref-sbukhari1_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Bukhari" class="citation web cs1">al-Bukhari, Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahih-bukhari.com/Pages/Bukhari_6_61.php">"Sahih Bukhari, volume 6, book 61, narrations number 509 and 510"</a>. sahih-bukhari.com. Retrieved 16 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sahih-bukhari.com&rft.atitle=Sahih+Bukhari%2C+volume+6%2C+book+61%2C+narrations+number+509+and+510&rft.aulast=al-Bukhari&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahih-bukhari.com%2FPages%2FBukhari_6_61.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2000117-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2000117_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook2000">Cook 2000</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-rippin-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rippin_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rippin_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRippin2006">Rippin 2006</a>: <ul><li>"Poetry and Language", by <a href="/wiki/Navid_Kermani" title="Navid Kermani">Navid Kermani</a>, pp. 107–20.</li> <li>For the history of compilation see "Introduction," by <a href="/wiki/Tamara_Sonn" title="Tamara Sonn">Tamara Sonn</a>, pp. 5–6</li> <li>For eschatology, see "Discovering (final destination)", by Christopher Buck, p. 30.</li> <li>For literary structure, see "Language," by Mustansir Mir, p. 93.</li> <li>For writing and printing, see "Written Transmission", by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_D%C3%A9roche" title="François Déroche">François Déroche</a>, pp. 172–87.</li> <li>For recitation, see "Recitation," by <a href="/wiki/Anna_M._Gade" title="Anna M. Gade">Anna M. Gade</a> pp. 481–93</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYusuff" class="citation web cs1">Yusuff, Mohamad K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_251_300/zayd_ibn_thabit_and_the_glorious.htm">"Zayd ibn Thabit and the Glorious Qur'an"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zayd+ibn+Thabit+and+the+Glorious+Qur%27an&rft.aulast=Yusuff&rft.aufirst=Mohamad+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irfi.org%2Farticles%2Farticles_251_300%2Fzayd_ibn_thabit_and_the_glorious.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2000117–124-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2000117–124_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook2000">Cook 2000</a>, pp. 117–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-peters-1991-61"><a href="#cite_ref-peters-1991_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeters1991">Peters 1991</a>, pp. 3–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> John Gilchrist, Jam' Al-Qur'an. The Codification of the Qur'an Text A Comprehensive Study of the Original Collection of the Qur'an Text and the Early Surviving Qur'an Manuscripts, [MERCSA, Mondeor, 2110 Republic of South Africa, 1989], Chapter 1. "The Initial Collection of the Qur'an Text", citing as-Suyuti, Al-Itqan fii Ulum al-Qur'an, p. 135). </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027121038/http://geocities.com/noorullahwebsite/shiites.html">"Noorullah Website - Is the Qur'an Corrupted? Shi'ites View"</a>. 27 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geocities.com/noorullahwebsite/shiites.html">the original</a> on 27 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noorullah+Website+-+Is+the+Qur%27an+Corrupted%3F+Shi%27ites+View&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeocities.com%2Fnoorullahwebsite%2Fshiites.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shirazi01-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Shirazi01_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirazi2001" class="citation book cs1">Shirazi, Muhammad (2001). The Qur'an - When was it compiled?. London,UK: Fountain Books. pp. 5, 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+-+When+was+it+compiled%3F&rft.place=London%2CUK&rft.pages=5%2C+7&rft.pub=Fountain+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Shirazi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shirazi03-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Shirazi03_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirazi2008" class="citation book cs1">Shirazi, Muhammad (2008). The Shi'a and their Beliefs. London,UK: Fountain Books. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shi%27a+and+their+Beliefs&rft.place=London%2CUK&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Fountain+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Shirazi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHADDADIAN_ABDORREZAMOADDAB_SEYYED_REZA" class="citation journal cs1">HADDADIAN ABDORREZA; MOADDAB SEYYED REZA. "A STUDY ON TRADITIONS OF DISTORTION IN AYYASHI EXEGESIS". Hadith Studies. 4 (8): 141–166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hadith+Studies&rft.atitle=A+STUDY+ON+TRADITIONS+OF+DISTORTION+IN+AYYASHI+EXEGESIS&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=141-166&rft.au=HADDADIAN+ABDORREZA&rft.au=MOADDAB+SEYYED+REZA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_ibn_Muhammad_al-Sayyari2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Sayyari (2009). Kohlberg, Etan; Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/KitabAlQiratOfAhmadB.MuhammadAlSayyari">"Revelation and Falsification: The Kitab al-qira'at of Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Sayyari: Critical Edition with an Introduction and Notes by Etan Kohlberg and Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi"</a>. Texts and Studies on the Qurʼān. 4. BRILL: vii. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1567-2808">1567-2808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texts+and+Studies+on+the+Qur%CA%BC%C4%81n&rft.atitle=Revelation+and+Falsification%3A+The+Kitab+al-qira%27at+of+Ahmad+b.+Muhammad+al-Sayyari%3A+Critical+Edition+with+an+Introduction+and+Notes+by+Etan+Kohlberg+and+Mohammad+Ali+Amir-Moezzi&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=vii&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1567-2808&rft.au=Ahmad+ibn+Muhammad+al-Sayyari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FKitabAlQiratOfAhmadB.MuhammadAlSayyari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Kohlberg & Amir-Moezzi 2009, p.24-26-27 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Kohlberg & Amir-Moezzi 2009, pp.20, 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-leaman-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leaman_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leaman_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leaman_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leaman" title="Oliver Leaman">Leaman, Oliver</a>, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse">The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32639-1"><bdi>978-0-415-32639-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+an+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32639-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquranencyclopedi2006unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>For God in the Quran (Allah), see "Allah", by Zeki Saritoprak, pp. 33–40.</li> <li>For eschatology, see "Eschatology," by Zeki Saritoprak, pp. 194–99.</li> <li>For searching the Arabic text on the internet and writing, see "Cyberspace and the Qur'an", by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rippin" title="Andrew Rippin">Andrew Rippin</a>, pp. 159–63.</li> <li>For calligraphy, see by "Calligraphy and the Qur'an" by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leaman" title="Oliver Leaman">Oliver Leaman</a>, pp. 130–35.</li> <li>For translation, see "Translation and the Qur'an," by Afnan Fatani, pp. 657–69.</li> <li>For recitation, see "Art and the Qur'an" by <a href="/wiki/Tamara_Sonn" title="Tamara Sonn">Tamara Sonn</a>, pp. 71–81; and "Reading", by Stefan Wild, pp. 532–35.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Religions of the world Lewis M. Hopfe – 1979 "Some Muslims have suggested and practiced textual criticism of the Quran in a manner similar to that practiced by Christians and Jews on their bibles. No one has yet suggested the <a href="/wiki/Higher_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher criticism">higher criticism</a> of the Quran." </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Egypt's culture wars: politics and practice – Page 278 <a href="/wiki/Samia_Mehrez" title="Samia Mehrez">Samia Mehrez</a> – 2008 Middle East report: Issues 218–222; Issues 224–225 Middle East Research & Information Project, JSTOR (Organization) – 2001 Shahine filed to divorce Abu Zayd from his wife, on the grounds that Abu Zayd's textual criticism of the Quran made him an apostate, and hence unfit to marry a Muslim. Abu Zayd and his wife eventually relocated to the Netherlands </li> <li id="cite_note-FMDQiRS2008:30-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FMDQiRS2008:30_75-0">^</a> <a href="#FMDQiRS2008">Donner, "Quran in Recent Scholarship", 2008</a>: p.30 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonner2014" class="citation journal cs1">Donner, Fred M. (2014). "Review: Textual Criticism and Qurʾān Manuscripts, by Keith E. Small". 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April 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fjqs.2004.6.1.143">10.3366/jqs.2004.6.1.143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Qur%27anic+Studies&rft.atitle=%27The+Qur%27an%3A+Text%2C+Interpretation+and+Translation%27+Third+Biannual+SOAS+Conference%2C+16%E2%80%9317+October+2003&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=143-145&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fjqs.2004.6.1.143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bergmann-82"><a href="#cite_ref-bergmann_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergmannSadeghi,_Behnam2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bergmann, Uwe; Sadeghi, Behnam (September 2010). "The Codex of a Companion of the Prophet and the Qurān of the Prophet". Arabica. 57 (4): 343–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157005810X504518">10.1163/157005810X504518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabica&rft.atitle=The+Codex+of+a+Companion+of+the+Prophet+and+the+Qur%C4%81n+of+the+Prophet&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=343-436&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157005810X504518&rft.aulast=Bergmann&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rft.au=Sadeghi%2C+Behnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sadeghi-83"><a href="#cite_ref-sadeghi_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadeghiGoudarzi,_Mohsen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sadeghi, Behnam; Goudarzi, Mohsen (March 2012). "Ṣan'ā' 1 and the Origins of the Qur'ān". Der Islam. 87 (1–2): 1–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fislam-2011-0025">10.1515/islam-2011-0025</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164120434">164120434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Islam&rft.atitle=%E1%B9%A2an%27%C4%81%27+1+and+the+Origins+of+the+Qur%27%C4%81n&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-129&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fislam-2011-0025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164120434%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sadeghi&rft.aufirst=Behnam&rft.au=Goudarzi%2C+Mohsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LESTER-1999-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LESTER-1999_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LESTER-1999_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester1999" class="citation journal cs1">Lester, Toby (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/01/what-is-the-koran/304024/">"What Is the Koran?"</a>. Atlantic. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Koran%3F&rft.date=1999-01&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1999%2F01%2Fwhat-is-the-koran%2F304024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamic-awareness.org/history/islam/inscriptions/haram1.html">"An Inscription Mentioning the Rebuilding of Al-Masjid Al-Haram, 78 AH / 697-698 CE"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Inscription+Mentioning+the+Rebuilding+of+Al-Masjid+Al-Haram%2C+78+AH+%2F+697-698+CE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-awareness.org%2Fhistory%2Fislam%2Finscriptions%2Fharam1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffrey195299–120-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffrey195299–120_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeffrey1952">Jeffrey 1952</a>, pp. 99–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson199656-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson199656_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson1996">Robinson 1996</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-MukaddasiNasir-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MukaddasiNasir_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MukaddasiNasir_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Strange1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Le_Strange" title="Guy Le Strange">Le Strange, Guy</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxUyssIX-H4C&pg=RA1-PA94">Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Translated from the Works of the Medieval Arab Geographers</a>. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 96. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063147/https://books.google.com/books?id=BxUyssIX-H4C&pg=RA1-PA94">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2022. <q>Great confusion is introduced into the Arab descriptions of the Noble Sanctuary by the indiscriminate use of the terms Al Masjid or Al Masjid al Akså, Jami' or Jami al Aksâ; and nothing but an intimate acquaintance with the locality described will prevent a translator, ever and again, misunderstanding the text he has before him-since the native authorities use the technical terms in an extraordinarily inexact manner, often confounding the whole, and its part, under the single denomination of "Masjid." Further, the usage of various writers differs considerably on these points : Mukaddasi invariably speaks of the whole Haram Area as Al Masjid, or as Al Masjid al Aksî, "the Akså Mosque," or "the mosque," while the Main-building of the mosque, at the south end of the Haram Area, which we generally term the Aksa, he refers to as Al Mughattâ, "the Covered-part." Thus he writes "the mosque is entered by thirteen gates," meaning the gates of the Haram Area. So also "on the right of the court," means along the west wall of the Haram Area; "on the left side" means the east wall; and "at the back" denotes the northern boundary wall of the Haram Area. Nasir-i-Khusrau, who wrote in Persian, uses for the Main-building of the Aksâ Mosque the Persian word Pushish, that is, "Covered part," which exactly translates the Arabic Al Mughatta. On some occasions, however, the Akså Mosque (as we call it) is spoken of by Näsir as the Maksurah, a term used especially to denote the railed-off oratory of the Sultan, facing the Mihrâb, and hence in an extended sense applied to the building which includes the same. The great Court of the Haram Area, Nâsir always speaks of as the Masjid, or the Masjid al Akså, or again as the Friday Mosque (Masjid-i-Jum'ah).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Under+the+Moslems%3A+A+Description+of+Syria+and+the+Holy+Land+from+A.D.+650+to+1500.+Translated+from+the+Works+of+the+Medieval+Arab+Geographers&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Le+Strange&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBxUyssIX-H4C%26pg%3DRA1-PA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdrīsīJaubert1836" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Idrīsī, Muhammad</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Jaubert" title="Pierre Amédée Jaubert">Jaubert, Pierre Amédée</a> (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BRA7AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA343">Géographie d'Édrisi</a> (in French). à l'Imprimerie royale. pp. 343–344. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063143/https://books.google.com/books?id=BRA7AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA343">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2022. <q>Sous la domination musulmane il fut agrandi, et c'est (aujourd'hui) la grande mosquée connue par les Musulmans sous le nom de Mesdjid el-Acsa مسجد الأقصى. Il n'en existe pas au monde qui l'égale en grandeur, si l'on en excepte toutefois la grande mosquée de Cordoue en Andalousie; car, d'après ce qu'on rapporte, le toit de cette mosquée est plus grand que celui de la Mesdjid el-Acsa. Au surplus, l'aire de cette dernière forme un parallelogramme dont la hauteur est de deux cents brasses (ba'a), et le base de cents quatre-vingts. La moitié de cet espace, celle qui est voisin du Mihrab, est couverte d'un toit (ou plutôt d'un dôme) en pierres soutenu par plusieurs rangs de colonnes; l'autre est à ciel ouvert. Au centre de l'édifice est un grand dôme connu sous le nom de Dôme de la roche; il fut orné d'arabesques en or et d'autres beaux ouvrages, par les soins de divers califes musulmans. Le dôme est percé de quatre portes; en face de celle qui est à l'occident, on voit l'autel sur lequel les enfants d'Israël offraient leurs sacrifices; auprès de la porte orientale est l'église nommée le saint des saints, d'une construction élégante; au midi est une chapelle qui était à l'usage des Musulmans; mais les chrétiens s'en sont emparés de vive force et elle est restée en leur pouvoir jusqu'à l'époque de la composition du présent ouvrage. Ils ont converti cette chapelle en un couvent où résident des religieux de l'ordre des templiers, c'est-à-dire des serviteurs de la maison de Dieu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9ographie+d%27%C3%89drisi&rft.pages=343-344&rft.pub=%C3%A0+l%27Imprimerie+royale&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Idr%C4%ABs%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft.au=Jaubert%2C+Pierre+Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBRA7AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> Also at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Williams, G.; Willis, R. (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T_sqAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA131">"Account of Jerusalem during the Frank Occupation, extracted from the Universal Geography of Edrisi. Climate III. sect. 5. Translated by P. Amédée Jaubert. Tome 1. pp. 341—345."</a>. The Holy City: Historical, Topographical, and Antiquarian Notices of Jerusalem. J.W. Parker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063201/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Holy_City/T_sqAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=RA3-PA131&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Account+of+Jerusalem+during+the+Frank+Occupation%2C+extracted+from+the+Universal+Geography+of+Edrisi.+Climate+III.+sect.+5.+Translated+by+P.+Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e+Jaubert.+Tome+1.+pp.+341%E2%80%94345.&rft.btitle=The+Holy+City%3A+Historical%2C+Topographical%2C+and+Antiquarian+Notices+of+Jerusalem&rft.pub=J.W.+Parker&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Willis%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT_sqAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA3-PA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MujiralDin-90"><a href="#cite_ref-MujiralDin_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1849" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Williams_(priest)" title="George Williams (priest)">Williams, George</a> (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fd07AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA151">The Holy City: Historical, Topographical and Antiquarian Notices of Jerusalem</a>. Parker. pp. 143–160. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062708/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fd07AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA151">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2022. <q>The following detailed account of the Haram es-Sherif, with some interesting notices of the City, is extracted from an Arabic work entitled " The Sublime Companion to the History of Jerusalem and Hebron, by <a href="/wiki/Mujir_al-Din" title="Mujir al-Din">Kadi Mejir-ed-din, Ebil-yemen Abd-er-Rahman, El-Alemi</a>," who died A. H. 927, (A. d. 1521)… "I have at the commencement called attention to the fact that the place now called by the name Aksa (i. e. the most distant), is the Mosk [Jamia] properly so called, at the southern extremity of the area, where is the Minbar and the great Mihrab. But in fact Aksa is the name of the whole area enclosed within the walls, the dimensions of which I have just given, for the Mosk proper [Jamia], the Dome of the Rock, the Cloisters, and other buildings, are all of late construction, and Mesjid el-Aksa is the correct name of the whole area."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+City%3A+Historical%2C+Topographical+and+Antiquarian+Notices+of+Jerusalem&rft.pages=143-160&rft.pub=Parker&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFd07AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> and also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Hammer-Purgstall1811" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Hammer-Purgstall" title="Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall">von Hammer-Purgstall, J.F.</a> (1811). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSowAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA240">"Chapitre vingtième. Description de la mosquée Mesdjid-ol-aksa, telle qu'elle est de nos jours, (du temps de l'auteur, au dixième siècle de l'Hégire, au seizième après J. C.)"</a>. Fundgruben des Orients (in French). Vol. 2. Gedruckt bey A. Schmid. p. 93. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062642/https://books.google.com/books?id=kSowAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA240">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2022. <q>Nous avons dès le commencement appelé l'attention sur que l'endroit, auquel les hommes donnent aujourd'hui le nom d'Aksa, c'est à-dire, la plus éloignée, est la mosquée proprement dite, bâtie à l'extrêmité méridionale de l'enceinte où se trouve la chaire et le grand autel. Mais en effet Aksa est le nom de l'enceinte entière, en tant qu'elle est enfermée de murs, dont nous venons de donner la longueur et la largeur, car la mosquée proprement dite, le dôme de la roche Sakhra, les portiques et les autres bâtimens, sont tous des constructions récentes, et Mesdjidol-aksa est le véritable nom de toute l'enceinte. (Le Mesdjid des arabes répond à l'ίερόν et le Djami au ναός des grecs.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapitre+vingti%C3%A8me.+Description+de+la+mosqu%C3%A9e+Mesdjid-ol-aksa%2C+telle+qu%27elle+est+de+nos+jours%2C+%28du+temps+de+l%27auteur%2C+au+dixi%C3%A8me+si%C3%A8cle+de+l%27H%C3%A9gire%2C+au+seizi%C3%A8me+apr%C3%A8s+J.+C.%29&rft.btitle=Fundgruben+des+Orients&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Gedruckt+bey+A.+Schmid&rft.date=1811&rft.aulast=von+Hammer-Purgstall&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSowAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustafa_Abu_Sway2000" class="citation journal cs1">Mustafa Abu Sway (Fall 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6338726">"The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Islamic Sources"</a>. Journal of the Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR): 60–68. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529020617/https://www.academia.edu/6338726/The_Holy_Land_Jerusalem_and_Al_Aqsa_Mosque_in_the_Quran_Sunnah_and_other_Islamic_Literary_Sources_i">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022. <q>Quoting <a href="/wiki/Mujir_al-Din" title="Mujir al-Din">Mujir al-Din</a>: "Verily, 'Al-Aqsa' is a name for the whole mosque which is surrounded by the wall, the length and width of which are mentioned here, for the building that exists in the southern part of the Mosque, and the other ones such as the Dome of the Rock and the corridors and other [buildings] are novel"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Central+Conference+of+American+Rabbis+%28CCAR%29&rft.atitle=The+Holy+Land%2C+Jerusalem+and+Al-Aqsa+Mosque+in+the+Islamic+Sources&rft.ssn=fall&rft.pages=60-68&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Mustafa+Abu+Sway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6338726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonSmith1841" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Researches_in_Palestine" title="Biblical Researches in Palestine">Biblical Researches in Palestine</a>. John Murray. <q>The Jámi'a el-Aksa is the mosk alone; the Mesjid el-Aksa is the mosk with all the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_enclosure" title="Sacred enclosure">sacred enclosure</a> and precincts, including the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Sükhrah</a>. Thus the words Mesjid and Jāmi'a differ in usage somewhat like the Greek ίερόν and ναός.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Researches+in+Palestine&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Smith%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1871" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Henry_Palmer" title="Edward Henry Palmer">Palmer, E. H.</a> (1871). "History of the Haram Es Sherif: Compiled from the Arabic Historians". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 3 (3): 122–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fpeq.1871.012">10.1179/peq.1871.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0328">0031-0328</a>. <q>EXCURSUS ON THE NAME MASJID EL AKSA. In order to understand the native accounts of the sacred area at Jerusalem, it is essentially necessary to keep in mind the proper application of the various names by which it is spoken of. When the Masjid el Aksa is mentioned, that name is usually supposed to refer to the well-known mosque on the south side of the Haram, but such is not really the case. The latter building is called El Jámʻi el Aksa, or simply El Aksa, and the substructures are called El Aksa el Kadímeh (the ancient Aksa), while the title El Masjid el Aksa is applied to the whole sanctuary. The word Jámi is exactly equivalent in sense to the Greek συναγωγή, and is applied to the church or building in which the worshippers congregate. Masjid, on the other hand, is a much more general term; it is derived from the verb sejada "to adore," and is applied to any spot, the sacred character of which would especially incite the visitor to an act of devotion. Our word mosque is a corruption of masjid, but it is usually misapplied, as the building is never so designated, although the whole area on which it stands may be so spoken of. The Cubbet es Sakhrah, El Aksa, Jam'i el Magharibeh, &c., are each called a Jami, but the entire Haram is a masjid. This will explain how it is that 'Omar, after visiting the churches of the Anastasis, Sion, &c., was taken to the "Masjid" of Jerusalem, and will account for the statement of Ibn el 'Asa'kir and others, that the Masjid el Aksa measured over 600 cubits in length-that is, the length of the whole Haram area. The name Masjid el Aksa is borrowed from the passage in the Coran (xvii. 1), when allusion is made to the pretended ascent of Mohammed into heaven from ·the temple of Jerusalem; "Praise be unto Him who transported His servant by night from El Masjid el Haram (i.e., 'the Sacred place of Adoration' at Mecca) to El Masjid el Aksa (i.e., 'the Remote place of Adoration' at Jerusalem), the precincts of which we have blessed," &c. The title El Aksa, "the Remote," according to the Mohammedan doctors, is applied to the temple of Jerusalem "either because of its distance from Mecca, or because it is in the centre of the earth."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palestine+Exploration+Quarterly&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Haram+Es+Sherif%3A+Compiled+from+the+Arabic+Historians&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=122-132&rft.date=1871&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fpeq.1871.012&rft.issn=0031-0328&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=E.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Strange1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Le_Strange" title="Guy Le Strange">Le Strange, Guy</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxUyssIX-H4C&pg=RA1-PA89">Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Translated from the Works of the Medieval Arab Geographers</a>. Houghton, Mifflin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063144/https://books.google.com/books?id=BxUyssIX-H4C&pg=RA1-PA89">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2022. <q>THE AKSÀ MOSQUE. The great mosque of Jerusalem, Al Masjid al Aksà, the "Further Mosque," derives its name from the traditional Night Journey of Muhammad, to which allusion is made in the words of the Kuran (xvii. I)... the term "Mosque" being here taken to denote the whole area of the Noble Sanctuary, and not the Main-building of the Aksà only, which, in the Prophet's days, did not exist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Under+the+Moslems%3A+A+Description+of+Syria+and+the+Holy+Land+from+A.D.+650+to+1500.+Translated+from+the+Works+of+the+Medieval+Arab+Geographers&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Le+Strange&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBxUyssIX-H4C%26pg%3DRA1-PA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strange_1887_pp._247–305-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Strange_1887_pp._247–305_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrange1887" class="citation journal cs1">Strange, Guy le (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25208864">"Description of the Noble Sanctuary at Jerusalem in 1470 A.D., by Kamâl (or Shams) ad Dîn as Suyûtî"</a>. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 19 (2). Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 247–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00019420">10.1017/S0035869X00019420</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-869X">0035-869X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208864">25208864</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163050043">163050043</a>. <q>…the term Masjid (whence, through the Spanish Mezquita, our word Mosque) denotes the whole of the sacred edifice, comprising the main building and the court, with its lateral arcades and minor chapels. The earliest specimen of the Arab mosque consisted of an open courtyard, within which, round its four walls, run colonades or cloisters to give shelter to the worshippers. On the side of the court towards the Kiblah (in the direction of Mekka), and facing which the worshipper must stand, the colonade, instead of being single, is, for the convenience of the increased numbers of the congregation, widened out to form the Jami' or place of assembly… coming now to the Noble Sanctuary at Jerusalem, we must remember that the term 'Masjid' belongs not only to the Aksa mosque (more properly the Jami' or place of assembly for prayer), but to the whole enclosure with the Dome of the Rock in the middle, and all the other minor domes and chapels.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Description+of+the+Noble+Sanctuary+at+Jerusalem+in+1470+A.D.%2C+by+Kam%C3%A2l+%28or+Shams%29+ad+D%C3%AEn+as+Suy%C3%BBt%C3%AE&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=247-305&rft.date=1887&rft.issn=0035-869X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163050043%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25208864%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00019420&rft.aulast=Strange&rft.aufirst=Guy+le&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25208864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oldest-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oldest_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldest_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlan" class="citation news cs1">Coughlan, Sean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-33436021">"'Oldest' Koran fragments found in Birmingham University"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Oldest%27+Koran+fragments+found+in+Birmingham+University&rft.aulast=Coughlan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-33436021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Bilefsky2015" class="citation news cs1">Dan Bilefsky (22 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/23/world/europe/quran-fragments-university-birmingham.html?_r=0">"A Find in Britain: Quran Fragments Perhaps as Old as Islam"</a>. New York Times. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Find+in+Britain%3A+Quran+Fragments+Perhaps+as+Old+as+Islam&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft.au=Dan+Bilefsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F07%2F23%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fquran-fragments-university-birmingham.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldman_99-0">^</a> Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives 8 June 632, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (mainly non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">invasion of Palestine</a>. See Stephen J. Shoemaker, The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-e-b-lumbard/new-light-on-the-history-_b_7864930.html">"New Light on the History of the Quranic Text?"</a>. The Huffington Post. 24 July 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=New+Light+on+the+History+of+the+Quranic+Text%3F&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fjoseph-e-b-lumbard%2Fnew-light-on-the-history-_b_7864930.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-saeed-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saeed_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-saeed_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeed2008" class="citation book cs1">Saeed, Abdullah (2008). The Qurʼan: an introduction. London: Routledge. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-42124-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-42124-9"><bdi>978-0-415-42124-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%CA%BCan%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=London&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-42124-9&rft.aulast=Saeed&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crone-2008-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crone-2008_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crone-2008_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2008" class="citation web cs1">Crone, Patricia (10 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/mohammed_3866jsp/">"What do we actually know about Mohammed?"</a>. Open Democracy. Retrieved 3 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Democracy&rft.atitle=What+do+we+actually+know+about+Mohammed%3F&rft.date=2008-06-10&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fen%2Fmohammed_3866jsp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vogel-103"><a href="#cite_ref-vogel_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel2000" class="citation book cs1">Vogel, Frank E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-PfDuvnHMGoC&q=vogel+islamic+law">Islamic Law and the Legal System of Saudí: Studies of Saudi Arabia</a>. Brill. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004110623" title="Special:BookSources/9004110623"><bdi>9004110623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Law+and+the+Legal+System+of+Saud%C3%AD%3A+Studies+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9004110623&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Frank+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-PfDuvnHMGoC%26q%3Dvogel%2Bislamic%2Blaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bietenholz-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Bietenholz_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBietenholz1994" class="citation book cs1">Bietenholz, Peter G. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFjXaCAWoOUC&pg=PA123">Historia and fabula: myths and legends in historical thought from antiquity to the modern age</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004100633" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004100633"><bdi>978-9004100633</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+and+fabula%3A+myths+and+legends+in+historical+thought+from+antiquity+to+the+modern+age&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9004100633&rft.aulast=Bietenholz&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFjXaCAWoOUC%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> After examining the verses of the Quran to find where the word mythology has been used and seeking the accordance between the meaning and context with Quran’s purpose of knowledge and guidance, including rules and educational issues, we found that the concept of myth is not acceptable in the Quran. The result of this study show that Quran is not a myth, rather the stories are factual and based on reality. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.iasj.net/iasj/download/194df3cf9e25bbef">https://www.iasj.net/iasj/download/194df3cf9e25bbef</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatt1960–2007">Watt 1960–2007</a>: "It is generally agreed both by Muslim commentators and modéra [sic] occidental scholars that Dhu ’l-Ḳarnayn [...] is to be identified with Alexander the Great." <a href="#CITEREFCook2013">Cook 2013</a>: "[...] Dhū al-Qarnayn (usually identified with Alexander the Great) [...]". </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHämeen-Anttila2018" class="citation book cs1">Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (17 April 2018). Khwadāynāmag The Middle Persian Book of Kings. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27764-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27764-9"><bdi>978-90-04-27764-9</bdi></a>. <q>Many Mediaeval scholars argued against the identification, though. Cf., e.g., the discussion in al-Maqrizi, Khabar §§212-232.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khwad%C4%81yn%C4%81mag+The+Middle+Persian+Book+of+Kings&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27764-9&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4meen-Anttila&rft.aufirst=Jaakko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaqrīzīHämeen-Anttila2018" class="citation book cs1">Maqrīzī, Aḥmad Ibn-ʿAlī al-; Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2018). Al-Maqrīzī's al-Ḫabar ʻan al-bašar: vol. V, section 4: Persia and its kings, part I. Bibliotheca Maqriziana Opera maiora. Leiden Boston: Brill. pp. 279–281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35599-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35599-6"><bdi>978-90-04-35599-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Maqr%C4%ABz%C4%AB%27s+al-%E1%B8%AAabar+%CA%BBan+al-ba%C5%A1ar%3A+vol.+V%2C+section+4%3A+Persia+and+its+kings%2C+part+I&rft.place=Leiden+Boston&rft.series=Bibliotheca+Maqriziana+Opera+maiora&rft.pages=279-281&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35599-6&rft.aulast=Maqr%C4%ABz%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=A%E1%B8%A5mad+Ibn-%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+al-&rft.au=H%C3%A4meen-Anttila%2C+Jaakko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZadeh2017" class="citation book cs1">Zadeh, Travis (28 February 2017). Mapping Frontiers Across Medieval Islam: Geography, Translation and the 'Abbasid Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 97–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-131-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-131-9"><bdi>978-1-78673-131-9</bdi></a>. <q>In the early history of Islam there was a lively debate over the true identity of Dhū 'l-Qarnayn. One prominent identification was with an ancient South Arabian Ḥimyarī king, generally referred to in the sources as al-Ṣaʿb b. Dhī Marāthid. [...] Indeed the association of Dhū 'l-Qarnayn with the South Arabian ruler can be traced in many early Arabic sources.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Frontiers+Across+Medieval+Islam%3A+Geography%2C+Translation+and+the+%27Abbasid+Empire&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft.isbn=978-1-78673-131-9&rft.aulast=Zadeh&rft.aufirst=Travis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/67?startingVerse=3">67:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaritoprak2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Saritoprak, Zeki (2006). "Allah". In <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leaman" title="Oliver Leaman">Leaman, Oliver</a> (ed.). <a href="//archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse" class="extiw" title="iarchive:quranencyclopedi2006unse">The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Routledge. pp. 33–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32639-1"><bdi>978-0-415-32639-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allah&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+an+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=33-40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32639-1&rft.aulast=Saritoprak&rft.aufirst=Zeki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> D.B. Macdonald. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "Ilah", Vol. 3, p. 1093. </li> <li id="cite_note-Yuskaev2017-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Yuskaev2017_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuskaev2017" class="citation book cs1">Yuskaev, Timur R. (18 October 2017). Speaking Qur'an: An American Scripture. Univ of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61117-795-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61117-795-4"><bdi>978-1-61117-795-4</bdi></a>. <q>Indeed, "Lord" is a direct translation of the Arabic word Rabb.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+Qur%27an%3A+An+American+Scripture&rft.pub=Univ+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft.isbn=978-1-61117-795-4&rft.aulast=Yuskaev&rft.aufirst=Timur+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205025925/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HrZ8Yu1m2g">"bir söyleşide yaptığı ilgili açıklama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 15 August 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HrZ8Yu1m2g">the original</a> on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=bir+s%C3%B6yle%C5%9Fide+yapt%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1+ilgili+a%C3%A7%C4%B1klama&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D1HrZ8Yu1m2g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Meaning-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Meaning_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Meaning_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Meaning_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Meaning_115-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabatabai" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabatabai" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai">Tabatabai, Allamah</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208164643/http://almizan.org/Discourses/QD21.asp">"Al-Mizan Discourses"</a>. Tafsir Al-Mizan <!-– Allamah Muhammad Hussein Tabatabai -->. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almizan.org/Discourses/QD21.asp">the original</a> on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tafsir+Al-Mizan+%3C%21-%E2%80%93+Allamah+Muhammad+Hussein+Tabatabai+--%3E&rft.atitle=Al-Mizan+Discourses&rft.aulast=Tabatabai&rft.aufirst=Allamah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falmizan.org%2FDiscourses%2FQD21.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabatabaee-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tabatabaee_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabatabaee_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216015310/http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/beliefs/quran/05.htm">"The Qur'an Possesses Revelation and Exegesis"</a>. Allamah Tabatabaee. Islamic Ma'aref Foundation Institute. 1988. pp. 37–45. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/beliefs/quran/05.htm">the original</a> on 16 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Allamah+Tabatabaee&rft.atitle=The+Qur%27an+Possesses+Revelation+and+Exegesis&rft.pages=37-45&rft.date=1988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maaref-foundation.com%2Fenglish%2Fbeliefs%2Fquran%2F05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/41?startingVerse=43">41:43</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20128-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20128_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevenson2012">Levenson 2012</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters20039-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters20039_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeters2003">Peters 2003</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson2012200-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson2012200_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevenson2012">Levenson 2012</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELings2004-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELings2004_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLings2004">Lings 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=135">2:135</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/38:45-47">"Surah 38 Sad"</a>. en.quranacademy.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.quranacademy.org&rft.atitle=Surah+38+Sad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.quranacademy.org%2Fquran%2F38%3A45-47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/22:78">"Surah 22 Al-Hajj"</a>. en.quranacademy.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.quranacademy.org&rft.atitle=Surah+22+Al-Hajj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.quranacademy.org%2Fquran%2F22%3A78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/60:4-6">"Surah 60 Al-Mumtahanah"</a>. en.quranacademy.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.quranacademy.org&rft.atitle=Surah+60+Al-Mumtahanah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.quranacademy.org%2Fquran%2F60%3A4-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glasse-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Glasse_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassé1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Glassé, Cyril (1991). "Abraham". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ">Kaaba</a>. The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. <a href="/wiki/HarperSanFrancisco" class="mw-redirect" title="HarperSanFrancisco">HarperSanFrancisco</a>, Suhail Academy. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0606-3126-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-0606-3126-0"><bdi>0-0606-3126-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kaaba&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco%2C+Suhail+Academy&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-0606-3126-0&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdlPuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubov" class="citation web cs1">Dubov, Nissan Dovid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=361886">"Jewish Meditation"</a>. Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center. Retrieved 17 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Meditation&rft.pub=Chabad-Lubavitch+Media+Center&rft.aulast=Dubov&rft.aufirst=Nissan+Dovid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle.asp%3FAID%3D361886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daat.ac.il/encyclopedia/value.asp?id1=2073">"אנציקלופדיה יהודית דעת - אזכרי אלעזר"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%AA+-+%D7%90%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.daat.ac.il%2Fencyclopedia%2Fvalue.asp%3Fid1%3D2073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooganCoogan2001" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael David; Coogan, Michael D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&q=michael+d+coogan&pg=PR5">The Oxford History of the Biblical World</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>. <q>Many of these forms are not, and should not be considered, historically based; Moses' birth narrative, for example, is built on folkloric motifs found throughout the ancient world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+David&rft.au=Coogan%2C+Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DVHJRFW3mYC%26q%3Dmichael%2Bd%2Bcoogan%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendsburg2006" class="citation book cs1">Rendsburg, Gary A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishstudies.rutgers.edu/docman/rendsburg/118-moses-as-equal-to-pharaoh/file">"Moses as Equal to Pharaoh"</a>. In Beckman, Gary M.; Lewis, Theodore J. (eds.). Text, Artifact, and Image: Revealing Ancient Israelite Religion. Brown Judaic Studies. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930675-28-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930675-28-5"><bdi>978-1-930675-28-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moses+as+Equal+to+Pharaoh&rft.btitle=Text%2C+Artifact%2C+and+Image%3A+Revealing+Ancient+Israelite+Religion&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Brown+Judaic+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-930675-28-5&rft.aulast=Rendsburg&rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishstudies.rutgers.edu%2Fdocman%2Frendsburg%2F118-moses-as-equal-to-pharaoh%2Ffile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlay2005" class="citation book cs1">Finlay, Timothy D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pOigG8qtC8oC&pg=PA236">The Birth Report Genre in the Hebrew Bible</a>. Forschungen zum Alten Testament. Vol. 12. Mohr Siebeck. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148745-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148745-3"><bdi>978-3-16-148745-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+Report+Genre+in+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.series=Forschungen+zum+Alten+Testament&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-16-148745-3&rft.aulast=Finlay&rft.aufirst=Timothy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpOigG8qtC8oC%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ox1-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Ox1_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbiblicalstudies.com/article/opr/t94/e1284">"Moses"</a>. Oxford Biblical Studies Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Biblical+Studies+Online&rft.atitle=Moses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbiblicalstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft94%2Fe1284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLtd1996" class="citation book cs1">Ltd, Hymns Ancient Modern (May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u20z-dBo6SIC&pg=PA18">Third Way (magazine)</a>. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Third+Way+%28magazine%29&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1996-05&rft.aulast=Ltd&rft.aufirst=Hymns+Ancient+Modern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du20z-dBo6SIC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Keeler-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keeler_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keeler_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeler2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Keeler, Annabel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429081221/https://books.google.com/books?id=9A4JZ8CSJJwC&pg=PA55">"Moses from a Muslim Perspective"</a>. In Solomon, Norman; Harries, Richard; Winter, Tim (eds.). Abraham's children: Jews, Christians and Muslims in conversation. T&T Clark. pp. 55–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08171-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08171-1"><bdi>978-0-567-08171-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9A4JZ8CSJJwC&q=Moses&pg=PA55">the original</a> on 29 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moses+from+a+Muslim+Perspective&rft.btitle=Abraham%27s+children%3A+Jews%2C+Christians+and+Muslims+in+conversation&rft.pages=55-66&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08171-1&rft.aulast=Keeler&rft.aufirst=Annabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9A4JZ8CSJJwC%26q%3DMoses%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="/wiki/An-Nisa" title="An-Nisa">Surah An-Nisa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=171">4:171</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Sahih al-Bukhari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3430">3430</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Sahih al-Bukhari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3437">3437</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentlageEggertKrämerReichmuth2016428-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBentlageEggertKrämerReichmuth2016428_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBentlageEggertKrämerReichmuth2016">Bentlage et al. 2016</a>, p. 428. </li> <li id="cite_note-toshihiko-141"><a href="#cite_ref-toshihiko_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzutsu2007" class="citation book cs1">Izutsu, Toshihiko (6 June 2007) [2002]. Ethico-religious concepts in the Qur'an (Repr. ed.). McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2427-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2427-9"><bdi>978-0-7735-2427-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethico-religious+concepts+in+the+Qur%27an&rft.pages=184&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2007-06-06&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2427-9&rft.aulast=Izutsu&rft.aufirst=Toshihiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Dalley defends traditional opinion: "The name or epithet of Atrahasis is used for the skillful god of craftmanship Kothar-wa-hasis in Ugaritic mythology, and is abbreviated to Chousor in the Greek account of Syrian origins related by Philo of Byblos. A similar abbreviation is used in the name of the Islamic sage Al-khidr..." <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dalley" title="Stephanie Dalley">Stephanie Dalley</a>, Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, The Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others, Oxford, revised edition 2000, p. 2 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283589-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-283589-0">0-19-283589-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140905020213/http://culturalstudies101.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/dalley_myths-from-mesopotamia_atrahasis.pdf">"Myths from Mesopotamia – Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culturalstudies101.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/dalley_myths-from-mesopotamia_atrahasis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Myths+from+Mesopotamia+%E2%80%93+Creation%2C+the+Flood%2C+Gilgamesh%2C+and+Others&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fculturalstudies101.files.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F09%2Fdalley_myths-from-mesopotamia_atrahasis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2021" class="citation journal cs1">Cole, Juan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/16591">"Dyed in Virtue: The Qur'ān and Plato's Republic"</a>. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. 61: 582.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greek%2C+Roman%2C+and+Byzantine+Studies&rft.atitle=Dyed+in+Virtue%3A+The+Qur%27%C4%81n+and+Plato%27s+Republic&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=582&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrbs.library.duke.edu%2Findex.php%2Fgrbs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F16591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassis1999" class="citation book cs1">Kassis, Riad Aziz (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_zvXrQ7W7PEC&pg=PA51">The Book of Proverbs and Arabic Proverbial Works</a>. Brill. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11305-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11305-3"><bdi>978-90-04-11305-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Proverbs+and+Arabic+Proverbial+Works&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11305-3&rft.aulast=Kassis&rft.aufirst=Riad+Aziz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_zvXrQ7W7PEC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> “Whosoever of you sees an evil, let him change it with his hand; and if he is not able to do so, then [let him change it] with his tongue; and if he is not able to do so, then with his heart — and that is the weakest of faith.” <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sunnah.com/nawawi40:34">https://sunnah.com/nawawi40:34</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/amr-be-maruf">"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Famr-be-maruf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> T. Izutsu, Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Qur’an, London, McGillQueen’s University Press, 2002, p. 213 </li> <li id="cite_note-rcmartin-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rcmartin_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rcmartin_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsack2003" class="citation book cs1">Esack, Farid (2003). Martin, Richard C. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0028656032">Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world</a> (Online-Ausg. ed.). Macmillan Reference. pp. 568–562. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865603-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865603-8"><bdi>978-0-02-865603-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+world&rft.pages=568-562&rft.edition=Online-Ausg.&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865603-8&rft.aulast=Esack&rft.aufirst=Farid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D0028656032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsonn-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tsonn_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tsonn_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonn2010" class="citation book cs1">Sonn, Tamara (2010). Islam: a brief history (Second ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8093-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8093-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-8093-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+a+brief+history&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8093-1&rft.aulast=Sonn&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/9?startingVerse=103">9:103</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Zum Beispiel Sayyid Ahmad Khan. Vgl. Ahmad: Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan 1857–1964. 1967, S. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105182152/http://www.teslimolanlar.org/ekler.php?ekid=15">"Ek 15 – Dini Görevler: Tanrı'dan Bir Armağan"</a>. Teslimolanlar. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teslimolanlar.org/ekler.php?ekid=15">the original</a> on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teslimolanlar&rft.atitle=Ek+15+%E2%80%93+Dini+G%C3%B6revler%3A+Tanr%C4%B1%27dan+Bir+Arma%C4%9Fan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teslimolanlar.org%2Fekler.php%3Fekid%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Vgl. Birışık: "Kurʾâniyyûn" in Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 2002, Bd. 26, S. 429.; Yüksel; al-Shaiban; Schulte-Nafeh: Quran: A Reformist Translation. 2007, S. 507. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quranix.org/appendix/qrt/10">"10. How Can we Observe the Sala Prayers by Following the Quran Alone? - Edip-Layth - quranix.org"</a>. quranix.org. 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Georgetown University Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589017528" title="Special:BookSources/9781589017528"><bdi>9781589017528</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creative+Conformity%3A+The+Feminist+Politics+of+U.S.+Catholic+and+Iranian+Shi%27i+Women&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781589017528&rft.au=Elizabeth+M.+Bucar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeQVxVEldP0sC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hameed-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Hameed_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHameed2003" class="citation web cs1">Hameed, Shahul (9 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404160153/https://islamonline.net/en/is-hijab-a-quranic-commandment/">"Is Hijab a Qur'anic Commandment?"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+As+Muslim+women%2C+we+actually+ask+you+not+to+wear+the+hijab+in+the+name+of+interfaith+solidarity&rft.date=2015-12-21&rft.aulast=Nomani&rft.aufirst=Asra+Q.&rft.au=Arafa%2C+Hala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Facts-of-faith%2Fwp%2F2015%2F12%2F21%2Fas-muslim-women-we-actually-ask-you-not-to-wear-the-hijab-in-the-name-of-interfaith-solidarity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220131809/http://www.haberturk.com/yasam/haber/76927-ortunmek-allahin-emri-degil">""Örtünmek Allah'ın emri değil""</a> (in Turkish). haberturk.com. 28 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haberturk.com/yasam/haber/76927-ortunmek-allahin-emri-degil">the original</a> on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%C3%96rt%C3%BCnmek+Allah%27%C4%B1n+emri+de%C4%9Fil%22&rft.pub=haberturk.com&rft.date=2008-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haberturk.com%2Fyasam%2Fhaber%2F76927-ortunmek-allahin-emri-degil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129180325/https://zh.booksc.eu/book/52479161/c42c5a">"Conflict and Conflict Resolution in the pre-Islamic Arab Society | SADIK KIRAZLI | download"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zh.booksc.eu/book/52479161/c42c5a">the original</a> on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Conflict+Resolution+in+the+pre-Islamic+Arab+Society+%26%23124%3B+SADIK+KIRAZLI+%26%23124%3B+download&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.booksc.eu%2Fbook%2F52479161%2Fc42c5a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Jallad202241–44,_68-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Jallad202241–44,_68_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAl-Jallad2022">Al-Jallad 2022</a>, p. 41–44, 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDost2023-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDost2023_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDost2023">Dost 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Yaron, Shlomith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918161343/https://www.baslibrary.org/bible-review/17/1/10">"Sperm stealing: a moral crime by three of David's ancestresses"</a>. Bible Review 17:1, February 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-JBSILITA1990:166–167,180–182-165"><a href="#cite_ref-JBSILITA1990:166–167,180–182_165-0">^</a> <a href="#JBSILITA1990">Burton, Islamic Theories of Abrogation, 1990</a>: pp. 166–167, 180–182 </li> <li id="cite_note-files.eric.ed.gov-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-files.eric.ed.gov_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-files.eric.ed.gov_166-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1128456.pdf">Translation of the Holy Quran: A Call for Standardization</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ismail, Mohammed Ali (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/646713">"A Comparative Study of Islamic Feminist and Traditional Shiʿi Approaches to Qurʾanic Exegesis"</a>. Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies. 9 (2): 168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fisl.2016.0014">10.1353/isl.2016.0014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2051-557X">2051-557X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152126508">152126508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Shi%27a+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+Islamic+Feminist+and+Traditional+Shi%CA%BFi+Approaches+to+Qur%CA%BEanic+Exegesis&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=168&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152126508%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2051-557X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fisl.2016.0014&rft.aulast=Ismail&rft.aufirst=Mohammed+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F646713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Gontowska, Luiza Maria, "Human Rights Violations Under the Sharia'a : A Comparative Study of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran" (2005). Honors College Theses. Paper 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> See Refah Partİsİ (The Welfare Party) And Others V. Turkey (Applications nos. 41340/98, 41342/98, 41343/98 and 41344/98), Judgment, Strasbourg, 13 February 2003, No. 123 (siehe S. 39): "sharia is incompatible with the fundamental principles of democracy, since principles such as pluralism in the political sphere and the constant evolution of public freedoms have no place in it and a regime based on sharia clearly diverges from Convention values"; see Alastair Mowbray, Cases, Materials, and Commentary on the European Convention on Human Rights, OUP Oxford, 2012, p 744, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XWyq09yJho8C&pg=PA744">Google-Books preview</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuck2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Buck C (2006). "Discovering (final destination)". In <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rippin" title="Andrew Rippin">Rippin A</a>, et al. (eds.). <a href="//archive.org/details/blackwellcompani00ripp_0" class="extiw" title="iarchive:blackwellcompani00ripp 0">The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an</a> (2a reimpr. ed.). Blackwell. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1752-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1752-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-1752-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Discovering+%28final+destination%29&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+the+Qur%27an&rft.pages=30&rft.edition=2a+reimpr.&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1752-4&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0102.htm#10">Genesis 2:10–14</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-haleem-172"><a href="#cite_ref-haleem_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaleem2005" class="citation book cs1">Haleem, Muhammad Abdel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingqur00abde/page/82">Understanding the Qur'an: themes and style</a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-650-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-650-8"><bdi>978-1-86064-650-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Qur%27an%3A+themes+and+style&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-650-8&rft.aulast=Haleem&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Abdel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingqur00abde%2Fpage%2F82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://risaleinur.com/studies/131-conferences/2000/3967-the-apocalypse-in-the-teachings-of-bediuzzaman-said-nursi.html">"The Apocalypse in the Teachings of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi - Risale-i Nur"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Apocalypse+in+the+Teachings+of+Bediuzzaman+Said+Nursi+-+Risale-i+Nur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frisaleinur.com%2Fstudies%2F131-conferences%2F2000%2F3967-the-apocalypse-in-the-teachings-of-bediuzzaman-said-nursi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Here he identifies the antichrist, the "fearsome individual named the <a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a>," as the destroyer of the shari'a and leader of the dissemblers, who represent "the collective personality of the Sufyan.".. In the same context, he then employs the Hadith metaphorically to pinpoint the specific forms in which he sees these evil forces at work in Turkish society at the time: naturalist and materialist philosophies, individualism, self-aggrandizement, and hybris, including the hybris of a "tyrannical leader" figure who falsely but seductively claims to possess an almost god-like status. The figure of the <a href="/wiki/Dajjal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dajjal">Dajjal</a> likewise symbolizes <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>; ... The true, a-historical Christianity (symbolized by <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) will unite with Islam, the former in the role of follower and the latter in the form of leader, and the great spiritual energy of these joint forces will defeat the powers of ungodliness.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://risaleinur.com/studies/131-conferences/2000/3967-the-apocalypse-in-the-teachings-of-bediuzzaman-said-nursi.html">http://risaleinur.com/studies/131-conferences/2000/3967-the-apocalypse-in-the-teachings-of-bediuzzaman-said-nursi.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖZ2024" class="citation web cs1">ÖZ, Ahmet (31 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/217807">"Hurufilik Akımının Kur'an Ayetlerini İstismarı"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325182728/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/217807">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hurufilik+Ak%C4%B1m%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+Kur%27an+Ayetlerini+%C4%B0stismar%C4%B1&rft.date=2024-08-31&rft.aulast=%C3%96Z&rft.aufirst=Ahmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F217807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> "Beware of˺ the Day the Shin ˹of Allah˺ will be bared, and the wicked will be asked to prostrate, but they will not be able to do so"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/68?startingVerse=42">"Surah Al-Qalam - 1-52"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surah+Al-Qalam+-+1-52&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F68%3FstartingVerse%3D42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a> 7439 In-book reference: Book 97, Hadith 65 USC-MSA web (English) reference: Vol. 9, Book 93, Hadith 532 (deprecated numbering scheme) </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foreignvocabular030753mbp">"The Foreign Vocabulary of the Quran"</a>. Oriental Institute Barods. 2 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Vocabulary+of+the+Quran&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute+Barods&rft.date=2024-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforeignvocabular030753mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaman-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Leaman_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Shamsher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedias.biz/dw/Encyclopedia%20of%20Quran.pdf">"Science and the Qur'an"</a> (PDF). In Oliver Leaman (ed.). The Qurʼan: An Encyclopedia. p. 572. Retrieved 13 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+and+the+Qur%27an&rft.btitle=The+Qur%CA%BCan%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=572&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Shamsher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedias.biz%2Fdw%2FEncyclopedia%2520of%2520Quran.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guessoum-2008-413-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Guessoum-2008-413_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuessoum2008" class="citation journal cs1">Guessoum, Nidhal (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1447032">"The QUR'AN, SCIENCE, AND THE (RELATED) CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM DISCOURSE"</a>. Zygon. 43 (2): 413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9744.2008.00925.x">10.1111/j.1467-9744.2008.00925.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0591-2385">0591-2385</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zygon&rft.atitle=The+QUR%27AN%2C+SCIENCE%2C+AND+THE+%28RELATED%29+CONTEMPORARY+MUSLIM+DISCOURSE&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=413&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9744.2008.00925.x&rft.issn=0591-2385&rft.aulast=Guessoum&rft.aufirst=Nidhal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1447032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoax-slayer.com/moon-split-miracle.shtml">"Moon Split Miracle Chain Letter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoax_Slayer" title="Hoax Slayer">Hoax Slayer</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moon+Split+Miracle+Chain+Letter&rft.pub=Hoax+Slayer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoax-slayer.com%2Fmoon-split-miracle.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soora-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Soora_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoora2020" class="citation web cs1">Soora, Gayathri (14 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digiteye.in/split-moon-image-goes-viral-on-whatsapp-fact-check/">"Split Moon image goes viral on WhatsApp; Fact Check | Digit Eye"</a>. Retrieved 13 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Split+Moon+image+goes+viral+on+WhatsApp%3B+Fact+Check+%7C+Digit+Eye&rft.date=2020-04-14&rft.aulast=Soora&rft.aufirst=Gayathri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigiteye.in%2Fsplit-moon-image-goes-viral-on-whatsapp-fact-check%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SARDAR-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SARDAR_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SARDAR_184-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SARDAR_184-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SARDAR_184-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSARDAR2008" class="citation journal cs1">SARDAR, ZIAUDDIN (21 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/books/2008/08/quran-muslim-scientific">"Weird science"</a>. New Statesman. Retrieved 11 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Weird+science&rft.date=2008-08-21&rft.aulast=SARDAR&rft.aufirst=ZIAUDDIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fbooks%2F2008%2F08%2Fquran-muslim-scientific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cook-2000-30-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cook-2000-30_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cook-2000-30_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cook-2000-30_185-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook2000">Cook 2000</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook2000">Cook 2000</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNidhal_Guessoum2010" class="citation book cs1">Nidhal Guessoum (30 October 2010). 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I.B.Tauris. pp. 117–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848855175" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848855175"><bdi>978-1848855175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%27s+Quantum+Question%3A+Reconciling+Muslim+Tradition+and+Modern+Science&rft.pages=117-18&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2010-10-30&rft.isbn=978-1848855175&rft.au=Nidhal+Guessoum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Stark, Rodney, The Victory of Reason, Random House: 2005, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-Exegesis-92-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Exegesis-92_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsari2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ansari, Zafar Ishaq (2001). "Scientific Exegesis of the Qur'an / ‮التفسير العلمي للقرآن‬". Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 3 (1): 92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fjqs.2001.3.1.91">10.3366/jqs.2001.3.1.91</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25728019">25728019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Qur%27anic+Studies&rft.atitle=Scientific+Exegesis+of+the+Qur%27an+%2F+%26%23x202E%3B%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86%26%23x202C%3B&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=92&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fjqs.2001.3.1.91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25728019%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=Zafar+Ishaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-additions-190"><a href="#cite_ref-additions_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1983" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Keith L. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129125717/http://www.islamicbookstore.com/b6147.html">The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Emryology with Islamic Additions</a>. Abul Qasim Publishing House (Saudi Arabia). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamicbookstore.com/b6147.html">the original</a> on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Developing+Human%3A+Clinically+Oriented+Emryology+with+Islamic+Additions&rft.pub=Abul+Qasim+Publishing+House+%28Saudi+Arabia%29&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Keith+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicbookstore.com%2Fb6147.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AARAM2016:120-1-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AARAM2016:120-1_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AARAM2016:120-1_191-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Rizvi,_Atheist_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rizvi, Atheist Muslim">Rizvi, Atheist Muslim</a>, 2016: p.120-1 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Joseph Needham, revised with the assistance of Arthur Hughes, A History of Embryology (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1959), p.82 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Non-Muslim scientists have also found the case for Quranic <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prescient</a> explanation about embryology lacking. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPharyngula" class="citation web cs1">Pharyngula. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2011/11/23/islamic-embryology-overblown-b">"Islamic embryology: overblown balderdash"</a>. science blogs. Retrieved 10 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=science+blogs&rft.atitle=Islamic+embryology%3A+overblown+balderdash&rft.au=Pharyngula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscienceblogs.com%2Fpharyngula%2F2011%2F11%2F23%2Fislamic-embryology-overblown-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruthven_2002._p._126-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Ruthven_2002._p._126_194-0">^</a> see also: <a href="/wiki/Malise_Ruthven" title="Malise Ruthven">Ruthven, Malise</a>. 2002. A Fury For God. London: Granta. p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-beyond-195"><a href="#cite_ref-beyond_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unchangingword.com/science-scripture-faith/">"Beyond Bucailleism: Science, Scriptures and Faith"</a>. Evidence for God's Unchanging World. 21 July 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evidence+for+God%27s+Unchanging+World&rft.atitle=Beyond+Bucailleism%3A+Science%2C+Scriptures+and+Faith&rft.date=2014-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unchangingword.com%2Fscience-scripture-faith%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TanerEdis-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TanerEdis_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TanerEdis_196-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523101850/http://castroller.com/podcasts/ReasonableDoubtsPodcast/1625411-rd09%20Islam,%20Science%20and%20Modernity%20Part%20One%20with%20Guest%20Taner%20Edis">"Reasonable Doubts Podcast"</a>. CastRoller. 11 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://castroller.com/podcasts/ReasonableDoubtsPodcast/1625411-rd09%20Islam,%20Science%20and%20Modernity%20Part%20One%20with%20Guest%20Taner%20Edis">the original</a> on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reasonable+Doubts+Podcast&rft.pub=CastRoller&rft.date=2014-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcastroller.com%2Fpodcasts%2FReasonableDoubtsPodcast%2F1625411-rd09%2520Islam%2C%2520Science%2520and%2520Modernity%2520Part%2520One%2520with%2520Guest%2520Taner%2520Edis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2000119-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2000119_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook2000">Cook 2000</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDukes" class="citation web cs1">Dukes, Kais. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mail-archive.com/comp-quran@comp.leeds.ac.uk/msg00223.html">"RE: Number of Unique Words in the Quran"</a>. The Mail Archive. Retrieved 29 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mail+Archive&rft.atitle=RE%3A+Number+of+Unique+Words+in+the+Quran&rft.aulast=Dukes&rft.aufirst=Kais&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mail-archive.com%2Fcomp-quran%40comp.leeds.ac.uk%2Fmsg00223.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> National Geographic, issue mysteries of history, September 2018, p.45. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrowes2010" class="citation book cs1">Burrowes, Robert D. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Yemen. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810855281" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810855281"><bdi>978-0810855281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Yemen&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0810855281&rft.aulast=Burrowes&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamal_Malik2020" class="citation book cs1">Jamal Malik (6 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAT1DwAAQBAJ&q=surah+arranged+theme&pg=PA580">Islam in South Asia: Revised, Enlarged and Updated Second Edition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. p. 580. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42271-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42271-1"><bdi>978-90-04-42271-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+South+Asia%3A+Revised%2C+Enlarged+and+Updated+Second+Edition&rft.pages=580&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft.isbn=978-90-04-42271-1&rft.au=Jamal+Malik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZAT1DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsurah%2Barranged%2Btheme%26pg%3DPA580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> See:* "Kur`an, al-", Encyclopaedia of Islam Online </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200053-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200053_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2000">Allen 2000</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> مقطعات is the plural of a participle from <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/قطع">قطع</a>, 'to cut, break'. </li> <li id="cite_note-Massey2005-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Massey2005_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Massey2005_206-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassey2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Massey, Keith (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-the-quran/mysterious-letters-EQCOM_00128">"Mysterious Letters"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill. p. 472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00128">10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12354-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12354-7"><bdi>90-04-12354-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mysterious+Letters&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=472&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00128&rft.isbn=90-04-12354-7&rft.aulast=Massey&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-the-quran%2Fmysterious-letters-EQCOM_00128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Suyūtī, al-Durr al-manthūr, vol. 1, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Oliver_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Oliver Brown">Brown, Norman O.</a> (1991). Apocalypse And/or Metamorphosis. University of California Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07298-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07298-7"><bdi>0-520-07298-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+And%2For+Metamorphosis&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-520-07298-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Norman+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Rashad Khalifa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masjidtucson.org/publications/books/vp/contents.html">Quran: Visual Presentation of the Miracle</a>, Islamic Productions International, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934894-30-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-934894-30-2">0-934894-30-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-marshall-210"><a href="#cite_ref-marshall_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall" class="citation web cs1">Marshall, Alison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/marshall_disconnected_letters">"What on earth is a disconnected letter? - Bahaʼu'llah's commentary on the disconnected letters"</a>. Retrieved 19 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+on+earth+is+a+disconnected+letter%3F+-+Baha%26%23x02BC%3Bu%27llah%27s+commentary+on+the+disconnected+letters&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fmarshall_disconnected_letters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuxenberg,_Christoph2009" class="citation book cs1">Luxenberg, Christoph (2009). The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran: A Contribution to the Decoding of the Language of the Koran 1st Edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syro-Aramaic+Reading+of+the+Koran%3A+A+Contribution+to+the+Decoding+of+the+Language+of+the+Koran+1st+Edition&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Luxenberg%2C+Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2008" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Devin J. (2008). "Notes on Medieval and Modern Emendations of the Qur'an". In Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.). The Quran in its Historical Context. Routledge. p. 234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Medieval+and+Modern+Emendations+of+the+Qur%27an&rft.btitle=The+Quran+in+its+Historical+Context&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Devin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Sedgwick, Mark (2004). Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515297-2. P. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslahi,_Amin_Ahsan2004" class="citation book cs1">Islahi, Amin Ahsan (2004). Taddabur-i-Quran. Faraan Foundation. pp. 82–85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taddabur-i-Quran&rft.pages=82-85&rft.pub=Faraan+Foundation&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Islahi%2C+Amin+Ahsan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Issa-215"><a href="#cite_ref-Issa_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoullata2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Issa_Boullata" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa Boullata">Boullata, Issa J</a> (2002), "Literary Structure of Quran", in <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān, vol. 3, Leiden: Brill, pp. 192, 204, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12354-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12354-7"><bdi>90-04-12354-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literary+Structure+of+Quran&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=192%2C+204&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-04-12354-7&rft.aulast=Boullata&rft.aufirst=Issa+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMir2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mir M (2006). "<a href="//archive.org/details/blackwellcompani00ripp_0" class="extiw" title="iarchive:blackwellcompani00ripp 0">Language</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rippin" title="Andrew Rippin">Rippin A</a>, et al. (eds.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an (2a reimpr. ed.). Blackwell. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1752-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1752-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-1752-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+the+Qur%27an&rft.pages=93&rft.edition=2a+reimpr.&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1752-4&rft.aulast=Mir&rft.aufirst=Mustansir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthalWaldstein" class="citation web cs1">Rosenthal, Herman; Waldstein, A. S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=369&letter=K&search=Quran">"Körner, Moses B. Eliezer"</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=K%C3%B6rner%2C+Moses+B.+Eliezer&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft.au=Waldstein%2C+A.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D369%26letter%3DK%26search%3DQuran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blomm-218"><a href="#cite_ref-blomm_218-0">^</a> Approaches to the Asian Classics, Irene Blomm, William Theodore De Bary, Columbia University Press, 1990, p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-pepys-220"><a href="#cite_ref-pepys_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1990" class="citation web cs1">Peterson, Daniel C. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304110915/http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/display.php?table=review&id=21">"Editor's Introduction: By What Measure Shall We Mete?"</a>. FARMS Review of Books. The Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship at BYU. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/display.php?table=review&id=21">the original</a> on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FARMS+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Editor%27s+Introduction%3A+By+What+Measure+Shall+We+Mete%3F&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Daniel+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaxwellinstitute.byu.edu%2Fdisplay.php%3Ftable%3Dreview%26id%3D21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ApproachQuran-222"><a href="#cite_ref-ApproachQuran_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSells1999" class="citation cs2">Sells, Michael (1999), Approaching the Qur'ān, White Cloud Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaching+the+Qur%27%C4%81n&rft.pub=White+Cloud+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Sells&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1983–1984" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_O._Brown" title="Norman O. Brown">Brown, Norman O</a> (Winter 1983–1984). "The Apocalypse of Islam". Social Text. 3 (8). Duke University Press: 155–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F466329">10.2307/466329</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/466329">466329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Text&rft.atitle=The+Apocalypse+of+Islam&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=155-71&rft.date=1983%2F1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F466329&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F466329%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Norman+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/21?startingVerse=50">21:50</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWild2006" class="citation book cs1">Wild, Stefan, ed. (2006). Self-referentiality in the Qur'an. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05383-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05383-9"><bdi>978-3-447-05383-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self-referentiality+in+the+Qur%27an&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05383-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Leaman, Oliver, ed. (2006). The Qur'an: an encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 9780415326391 </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2003" class="citation book cs1">Peters, F.E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monotheistsjewsc01pete">The Words and Will of God</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monotheistsjewsc01pete/page/12">12–13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11461-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11461-3"><bdi>978-0-691-11461-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Words+and+Will+of+God&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11461-3&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=F.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmonotheistsjewsc01pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-comments-228"><a href="#cite_ref-comments_228-0">^</a> For example see comments by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_John_Arberry" title="Arthur John Arberry">Arthur John Arberry</a>: "to produce something which might be accepted as echoing however faintly the sublime rhetoric of the Arabic Koran, I have been at pains to study the intricate and richly varied rhythms which constitute the Koran's undeniable claim to rank amongst the greatest literary masterpieces of mankind Arberry, A.J (1955). The Koran: Interpreted. New York: Macmillan. pp. x; <a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a> : "It is as though Muhammad had created an entirely new literary form that some people were not ready for but which thrilled others. Without this experience of the Koran, it is extremely unlikely that Islam would have taken root." Armstrong, K (1994). A History of God.p.78; <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leaman" title="Oliver Leaman">Oliver Leaman</a>: "the verses of the Qur'an represent its uniqueness and beauty not to mention its novelty and originality. That is why it has succeeded in convincing so many people of its truth. it imitates nothing and no one nor can it be imitated. Its style does not pall even after long periods of study and the text does not lose its freshness over time" Leaman, Oliver (2006). The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia.p.404 and similar views by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Joseph Schacht</a> (1974) The legacy of Islam, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stubbe" title="Henry Stubbe">Henry Stubbe</a> An account of the Rise and Progress of Mohammadanism (1911), Martin Zammit A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur'anic Arabic (2002), and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Guillaume" title="Alfred Guillaume">Alfred Guillaume</a> Islam (1990) </li> <li id="cite_note-sophia-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sophia_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sophia_229-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasalou2002" class="citation journal cs1">Vasalou, Sophia (2002). "The Miraculous Eloquence of the Qur'an: General Trajectories and Individual Approaches". Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 4 (2): 23–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fjqs.2002.4.2.23">10.3366/jqs.2002.4.2.23</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Qur%27anic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Miraculous+Eloquence+of+the+Qur%27an%3A+General+Trajectories+and+Individual+Approaches&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=23-53&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fjqs.2002.4.2.23&rft.aulast=Vasalou&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamic-awareness.org/quran/sources/bbqais">"Well, Did Muhammad Not Copy Some Verses of the Qur'an from Imru'l Qais?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Well%2C+Did+Muhammad+Not+Copy+Some+Verses+of+the+Qur%27an+from+Imru%27l+Qais%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-awareness.org%2Fquran%2Fsources%2Fbbqais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sunnah.com/search?q=moon+split">https://sunnah.com/search?q=moon+split</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-232"><a href="#cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_232-0">^</a> Wensinck, A.J. "Muʿd̲j̲iza". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C. E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-EoQ-233"><a href="#cite_ref-EoQ_233-0">^</a> Denis Gril, Miracles, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of the Qur'an">Encyclopedia of the Qur'an</a>, Brill, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArberry1956" class="citation book cs1">Arberry, Arthur (1956). The Koran Interpreted. London. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-82507-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-82507-4"><bdi>0-684-82507-4</bdi></a>. <q>It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Koran+Interpreted&rft.place=London&rft.pages=191&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=0-684-82507-4&rft.aulast=Arberry&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Esposito-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito_235-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2010" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John (2010). Islam: The Straight Path (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539600-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539600-3"><bdi>978-0-19-539600-3</bdi></a>. <q>Throughout history, many Arab Christians as well have regarded it as the perfection of the Arabic language and literature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Straight+Path&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539600-3&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyukronKhairiyah2024" class="citation web cs1">Syukron, Ahmad; Khairiyah, Nikmatul (31 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bircu-journal.com/index.php/birci/article/download/5578/pdf">"Chronology of the Qur'an According to Theodor Nöldeke and Sir William Muir (Analysis of the History of the Qur'an and Life of Mahomet)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240830224026/https://bircu-journal.com/index.php/birci/article/download/5578/pdf">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+the+Qur%27an+According+to+Theodor+N%C3%B6ldeke+and+Sir+William+Muir+%28Analysis+of+the+History+of+the+Qur%27an+and+Life+of+Mahomet%29&rft.date=2024-08-31&rft.aulast=Syukron&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft.au=Khairiyah%2C+Nikmatul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbircu-journal.com%2Findex.php%2Fbirci%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F5578%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pure.ed.ac.uk-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pure.ed.ac.uk_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pure.ed.ac.uk_237-1">b</a> Siddiqui, M 2020, Poetry, prophecy and the angelic voice: Reflections on the Divine Word. in MS Burrows, H Davies & J von Zitzewitz (eds), Prophetic Witness and the Reimagining of the World: Poetry, Theology and Philosophy in Dialogue. 1st edn, The Power of the Word, vol. 5, Routledge Studies in Religion, Routledge, pp. 61-74. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367344092-6">https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367344092-6</a> Avaliable at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/75126557/Siddiqui2018PoetryProphecyAndTheAngelicVoice.pdf">https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/75126557/Siddiqui2018PoetryProphecyAndTheAngelicVoice.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFARRUGIA2024" class="citation web cs1">FARRUGIA, MARISA (31 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/51535/1/Humanitas2A7.pdf">"WAR AND PEACE IN PRE-ISLAMIC ARABIC POETRY"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240830223120/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/51535/1/Humanitas2A7.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WAR+AND+PEACE+IN+PRE-ISLAMIC+ARABIC+POETRY&rft.date=2024-08-31&rft.aulast=FARRUGIA&rft.aufirst=MARISA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.edu.mt%2Flibrary%2Foar%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F51535%2F1%2FHumanitas2A7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEL-AWAISI2024" class="citation web cs1">EL-AWAISI, Khalid (31 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/341691">"THE QURANIC PROPHECY OF THE DEFEAT AND VICTORY OF THE BYZANTINES"</a>. Mardin Artuklu University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221094005/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/341691">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+QURANIC+PROPHECY+OF+THE+DEFEAT+AND+VICTORY+OF+THE+BYZANTINES&rft.pub=Mardin+Artuklu+University&rft.date=2024-08-31&rft.aulast=EL-AWAISI&rft.aufirst=Khalid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F341691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Vgl. Martin 533 </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Vgl. Neuwirth 177 und Grotzfeld 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-larkin-242"><a href="#cite_ref-larkin_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkin1988" class="citation journal cs1">Larkin, Margaret (1988). "The Inimitability of the Qur'an: Two Perspectives". Religion & Literature. 20 (1): 31–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+%26+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Inimitability+of+the+Qur%27an%3A+Two+Perspectives&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-47&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Larkin&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/17?startingVerse=88">17:88</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Vgl. Neuwirth 172-175. </li> <li id="cite_note-lm-245"><a href="#cite_ref-lm_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaman2006" class="citation book cs1">Leaman, Oliver, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse">The Qur'an: an encyclopedia</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415326391" title="Special:BookSources/9780415326391"><bdi>9780415326391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415326391&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquranencyclopedi2006unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> See:* <a href="#CITEREFCorbin1993">Corbin 1993</a>, p. 12 <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wild, Stefan (1996). The Quʼran as Text. Leiden: Brill. pp. 137, 138, 141, 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09300-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09300-3"><bdi>978-90-04-09300-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qu%CA%BCran+as+Text&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=137%2C+138%2C+141%2C+147&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09300-3&rft.aulast=Wild&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=97">2:97</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/17?startingVerse=105">17:105</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-jenssen2001-247"><a href="#cite_ref-jenssen2001_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenssen2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jenssen, H. (2001). "Arabic Language". In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill. pp. 127–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arabic+Language&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=127-35&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Jenssen&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/85?startingVerse=22">85:22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-AGI1954:74-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AGI1954:74_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AGI1954:74_249-1">b</a> <a href="#AGI1954">Guillaume, Islam, 1954</a>: p.74 </li> <li id="cite_note-meanings-iii-250"><a href="#cite_ref-meanings-iii_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickthall1981" class="citation book cs1">Pickthall, M.M. (1981). The Glorious Qur'an. Chicago IL: Iqra' Book Center. p. vii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Qur%27an&rft.place=Chicago+IL&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=Iqra%27+Book+Center&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Pickthall&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iWWINaM1995:105-251"><a href="#cite_ref-iWWINaM1995:105_251-0">^</a> <a href="#iWWINaM1995">Ibn Warraq, Why I'm Not a Muslim, 1995</a>: p.105 </li> <li id="cite_note-WMP1897:54-252"><a href="#cite_ref-WMP1897:54_252-0">^</a> <a href="#WMP1897">Patton, Ibn Ḥanbal and the Miḥna, 1897</a>: p.54 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruthven-192-253"><a href="#cite_ref-Ruthven-192_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuthven1984" class="citation book cs1">Ruthven, Malise (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=92lQfWj6_VIC&q=uncreated+quran&pg=PA192">Islam in the World</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530503-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530503-6"><bdi>978-0-19-530503-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+World&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530503-6&rft.aulast=Ruthven&rft.aufirst=Malise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D92lQfWj6_VIC%26q%3Duncreated%2Bquran%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMir_Sajjad_AliZainab_Rahman2010" class="citation book cs1">Mir Sajjad Ali; Zainab Rahman (2010). Islam and Indian Muslims. Kalpaz Publications. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-805-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-805-5"><bdi>978-81-7835-805-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Indian+Muslims&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Kalpaz+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-7835-805-5&rft.au=Mir+Sajjad+Ali&rft.au=Zainab+Rahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-what-atlantic-1999-255"><a href="#cite_ref-what-atlantic-1999_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLESTER1999" class="citation journal cs1">LESTER, TOBY (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/01/what-is-the-koran/304024/">"What Is the Koran?"</a>. Atlantic. Retrieved 8 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Koran%3F&rft.date=1999-01&rft.aulast=LESTER&rft.aufirst=TOBY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1999%2F01%2Fwhat-is-the-koran%2F304024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guessoum-2008-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Guessoum-2008_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuessoum2008" class="citation journal cs1">Guessoum, Nidhal (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1447032">"ThE QUR'AN, SCIENCE, AND THE (RELATED)CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM DISCOURSE"</a>. Zygon. 43 (2): 411+. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9744.2008.00925.x">10.1111/j.1467-9744.2008.00925.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0591-2385">0591-2385</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zygon&rft.atitle=ThE+QUR%27AN%2C+SCIENCE%2C+AND+THE+%28RELATED%29CONTEMPORARY+MUSLIM+DISCOURSE&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=411%2B&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9744.2008.00925.x&rft.issn=0591-2385&rft.aulast=Guessoum&rft.aufirst=Nidhal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1447032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SARDAR-2008-258"><a href="#cite_ref-SARDAR-2008_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSARDAR2008" class="citation journal cs1">SARDAR, ZIAUDDIN (21 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/books/2008/08/quran-muslim-scientific">"Weird science"</a>. New Statesman. Retrieved 15 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Weird+science&rft.date=2008-08-21&rft.aulast=SARDAR&rft.aufirst=ZIAUDDIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fbooks%2F2008%2F08%2Fquran-muslim-scientific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll-Q-H-259"><a href="#cite_ref-Carroll-Q-H_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll" class="citation web cs1">Carroll, Jill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.world-religions-professor.com/quran.html">"The Quran & Hadith"</a>. World Religions. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Religions&rft.atitle=The+Quran+%26+Hadith&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-religions-professor.com%2Fquran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Watton, Victor (1993), A student's approach to world religions: Islam, Hodder & Stoughton, p. 1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-58795-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-58795-9">978-0-340-58795-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert-261"><a href="#cite_ref-Lambert_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2013" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Gray (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sV0mAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA287">The Leaders Are Coming!</a>. WestBow Press. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4497-6013-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4497-6013-7"><bdi>978-1-4497-6013-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leaders+Are+Coming%21&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=WestBow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4497-6013-7&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Gray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsV0mAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_&_Drew-262"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_&_Drew_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_H._WilliamsMichael_R._Drew2012" class="citation book cs1">Roy H. Williams; Michael R. Drew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mygRHh6p40kC&pg=PA143">Pendulum: How Past Generations Shape Our Present and Predict Our Future</a>. Vanguard Press. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59315-706-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59315-706-7"><bdi>978-1-59315-706-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pendulum%3A+How+Past+Generations+Shape+Our+Present+and+Predict+Our+Future&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Vanguard+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59315-706-7&rft.au=Roy+H.+Williams&rft.au=Michael+R.+Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmygRHh6p40kC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorbin1993">Corbin 1993</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/abudawud:3641">"Book 26, Hadith 1 Chapter: Regarding the virtue of knowledge"</a>. 31 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+26%2C+Hadith+1+Chapter%3A+Regarding+the+virtue+of+knowledge&rft.date=2024-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fabudawud%3A3641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Jens Zimmermann, Hermeneutics: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2015, pg. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.um.edu.my/6019/1/7.pdf">"Postmodernism Approach in Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh)"</a> (PDF). 31 August 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240830223711/https://eprints.um.edu.my/6019/1/7.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Postmodernism+Approach+in+Islamic+Jurisprudence+%28Fiqh%29&rft.date=2024-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.um.edu.my%2F6019%2F1%2F7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a> (2015), The Study Quran, HarperCollins, p. 1578. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2012/02/afghan_quran_burning_protests_what_s_the_right_way_to_dispose_of_a_quran_.html">"Afghan Quran-burning protests: What's the right way to dispose of a Quran?"</a>. Slate Magazine. 22 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=Afghan+Quran-burning+protests%3A+What%27s+the+right+way+to+dispose+of+a+Quran%3F&rft.date=2012-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Fexplainer%2F2012%2F02%2Fafghan_quran_burning_protests_what_s_the_right_way_to_dispose_of_a_quran_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreet2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_V._Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian V. Street">Street, Brian V.</a> (2001). Literacy and Development: Ethnographic Perspectives. p. 193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literacy+and+Development%3A+Ethnographic+Perspectives&rft.pages=193&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Street&rft.aufirst=Brian+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengers2005" class="citation book cs1">Sengers, Erik (2005). Dutch and Their Gods. p. 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+and+Their+Gods&rft.pages=129&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Sengers&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatt1960–2007">Watt 1960–2007</a>: "It is generally agreed both by Muslim commentators and modéra [sic] occidental scholars that Dhu ’l-Ḳarnayn [...] is to be identified with Alexander the Great." <a href="#CITEREFCook2013">Cook 2013</a>: "[...] Dhū al-Qarnayn (usually identified with Alexander the Great) [...]". </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-272"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaududi" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Maududi, Syed Abul Ala</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englishtafsir.com/Quran/18/index.html#sdfootnote62sym">Tafhim al-Qur'an</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191120233633/http://www.englishtafsir.com/quran/18/index.html#sdfootnote62sym">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019. <q>The identification ... has been a controversial matter from the earliest times. In general the commentators have been of the opinion that he was Alexander the Great but …....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tafhim+al-Qur%27an&rft.aulast=Maududi&rft.aufirst=Syed+Abul+Ala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.englishtafsir.com%2FQuran%2F18%2Findex.html%23sdfootnote62sym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tafsir_Al-Mizan-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tafsir_Al-Mizan_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tafsir_Al-Mizan_273-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almizan.org/">"An Exegesis of the Holy Qur'an"</a>. Tafsir Al-Mizan. 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Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-945-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-945-5"><bdi>978-1-57392-945-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+pre-Islamic+Christian+strophic+poetical+texts+in+the+Koran&rft.btitle=What+the+Koran+Really+Says%3A+Language%2C+Text+and+Commentary&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57392-945-5&rft.aulast=Rawandi&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski200778-351"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski200778_351-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZiolkowski2007">Ziolkowski 2007</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> 3:3 نزل عليك الكتاب بالحق مصدقا لما بين يديه وانزل التوراة والانجيل </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=285">2:285</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuxenberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Luxenberg, Christoph (2007). The Syro-Aramaic reading of the Koran: a contribution to the decoding of the language of the Koran. Berlin: H. Schiler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89930-088-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89930-088-8"><bdi>978-3-89930-088-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syro-Aramaic+reading+of+the+Koran%3A+a+contribution+to+the+decoding+of+the+language+of+the+Koran&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=H.+Schiler&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-89930-088-8&rft.aulast=Luxenberg&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, John L</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofislam0000espo/page/40">The Future of Islam</a>. US: Oxford University Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516521-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516521-0"><bdi>978-0-19-516521-0</bdi></a>. <q>Christians are often surprised to discover that Jesus is mentioned by name in the Quran more than Muhammad and that Mary is mentioned more times in the Quran than in the New Testament. Both Jesus and Mary play important roles not only in the Quran but also in Muslim piety and spirituality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Islam&rft.place=US&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516521-0&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutureofislam0000espo%2Fpage%2F40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadiMir2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wadad_Kadi" title="Wadad Kadi">Kadi, Wadad</a>; Mir, Mustansir (2002). "Literature and the Quran". In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill. pp. 213, 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12354-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12354-7"><bdi>90-04-12354-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literature+and+the+Quran&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=213%2C+216&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-04-12354-7&rft.aulast=Kadi&rft.aufirst=Wadad&rft.au=Mir%2C+Mustansir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Jallad2022" class="citation book cs1">Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/title/61413">The Religion and Rituals of the Nomads of Pre-Islamic Arabia: A Reconstruction Based on the Safaitic Inscriptions</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-50427-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-50427-1"><bdi>978-90-04-50427-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+and+Rituals+of+the+Nomads+of+Pre-Islamic+Arabia%3A+A+Reconstruction+Based+on+the+Safaitic+Inscriptions&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-90-04-50427-1&rft.aulast=Al-Jallad&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Ftitle%2F61413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2000" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Roger (2000). An Introduction to Arabic literature. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77657-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77657-8"><bdi>978-0-521-77657-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Arabic+literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77657-8&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentlageEggertKrämerReichmuth2016" class="citation book cs1">Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Reichmuth_(academic)" title="Stefan Reichmuth (academic)">Reichmuth, Stefan</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ">Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism: A Sourcebook</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004329003" title="Special:BookSources/9789004329003"><bdi>9789004329003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Dynamics+under+the+Impact+of+Imperialism+and+Colonialism%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789004329003&rft.aulast=Bentlage&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Eggert%2C+Marion&rft.au=Kr%C3%A4mer%2C+Hans-Martin&rft.au=Reichmuth%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZtY6DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin2011" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Adele (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&q=Bible+Cosmology&pg=PA189">"Cosmology and creation"</a>. In Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine (eds.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199730049" title="Special:BookSources/9780199730049"><bdi>9780199730049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cosmology+and+creation&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199730049&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Adele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKAaJXvUaUoC%26q%3DBible%2BCosmology%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClogg1979" class="citation journal cs1">Clogg, Richard (1979). "An Attempt to Revive Turkish Printing in Istanbul in 1779". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 10 (1): 67–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020743800053320">10.1017/s0020743800053320</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159835641">159835641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Attempt+to+Revive+Turkish+Printing+in+Istanbul+in+1779&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-70&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0020743800053320&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159835641%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Clogg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cook_(historian)" title="David Cook (historian)">Cook, David B.</a> (2013). "Gog and Magog". In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_27495">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gog+and+Magog&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Three&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_27495&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cook_(historian)" title="Michael Cook (historian)">Cook, Michael</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koranveryshorti00cook">The Koran; A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285344-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285344-8"><bdi>978-0-19-285344-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Koran%3B+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285344-8&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoranveryshorti00cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbin1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Corbin, Henry</a> (1993) [1964 (in French)]. History of Islamic Philosophy. Translated by Sherrard, Liadain; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sherrard" title="Philip Sherrard">Sherrard, Philip</a>. London: Kegan Paul International in association with <a href="/wiki/The_Institute_of_Ismaili_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Institute of Ismaili Studies">Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0416-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0416-2"><bdi>978-0-7103-0416-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul+International+in+association+with+Islamic+Publications+for+The+Institute+of+Ismaili+Studies&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0416-2&rft.aulast=Corbin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDost2023" class="citation journal cs1">Dost, Suleyman (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/mill-2023-0003/html">"Pilgrimage in Pre-Islamic Arabia: Continuity and Rupture from Epigraphic Texts to the Qur'an"</a>. Millennium. 20 (1): 15–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fmill-2023-0003">10.1515/mill-2023-0003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Millennium&rft.atitle=Pilgrimage+in+Pre-Islamic+Arabia%3A+Continuity+and+Rupture+from+Epigraphic+Texts+to+the+Qur%27an&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-32&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fmill-2023-0003&rft.aulast=Dost&rft.aufirst=Suleyman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fmill-2023-0003%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuessoum2011" class="citation book cs1">Guessoum, Nidhal (2011). Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science. I.B. Tauris. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-517-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-517-5"><bdi>978-1-84885-517-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%27s+Quantum+Question%3A+Reconciling+Muslim+Tradition+and+Modern+Science&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-517-5&rft.aulast=Guessoum&rft.aufirst=Nidhal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey1952" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey, Arthur (1952). The Qur'an as Scripture. New York: Russell F. Moore Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+as+Scripture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Russell+F.+Moore+Company&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenson2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_D._Levenson" title="Jon D. Levenson">Levenson, Jon Douglas</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUO2Mhd-drcC&q=Inheriting+Abraham">Inheriting Abraham: The Legacy of the Patriarch in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691155692" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691155692"><bdi>978-0691155692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inheriting+Abraham%3A+The+Legacy+of+the+Patriarch+in+Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Islam&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0691155692&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Jon+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUO2Mhd-drcC%26q%3DInheriting%2BAbraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLings2004" class="citation book cs1">Lings, Martin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1JAwAAAAYAAJ">Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now</a>. Archetype. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901383-07-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901383-07-2"><bdi>978-1-901383-07-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mecca%3A+From+Before+Genesis+Until+Now&rft.pub=Archetype&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-901383-07-2&rft.aulast=Lings&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1JAwAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrek1979" class="citation journal cs1">Krek, Miroslav (1979). "The Enigma of the First Arabic Book Printed from Movable Type". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 38 (3): 203–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F372742">10.1086/372742</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162374182">162374182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Enigma+of+the+First+Arabic+Book+Printed+from+Movable+Type&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=203-212&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F372742&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162374182%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Krek&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0">Islam: Religion, History and Civilization</a>. San Francisco: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-050714-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-050714-5"><bdi>978-0-06-050714-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+Religion%2C+History+and+Civilization&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-06-050714-5&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamreligionhis00nasr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran">"Qurʾān"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 4 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-68890%2FQuran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Edward_Peters" title="Francis Edward Peters">Peters, Francis E.</a> (August 1991). "The Quest of the Historical Muhammad". <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a>. 23 (3): 291–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800056312">10.1017/S0020743800056312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162433825">162433825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Quest+of+the+Historical+Muhammad&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-315&rft.date=1991-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800056312&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162433825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Francis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRippin2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rippin" title="Andrew Rippin">Rippin, Andrew</a>; et al., eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackwellcompani00ripp_0">The Blackwell companion to the Qur'an</a>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1752-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1752-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-1752-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+companion+to+the+Qur%27an&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1752-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackwellcompani00ripp_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1996" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Neal (1996). Discovering the Qur'an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text. SCM Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+the+Qur%27an%3A+A+Contemporary+Approach+to+a+Veiled+Text&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabatabae1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabatabai" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai">Tabatabae, Mohammad Hosayn</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quraninislamitsi0000taba">The Qur'an in Islam: Its Impact and Influence on the Life of Muslims</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0266-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0266-3"><bdi>978-0-7103-0266-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+in+Islam%3A+Its+Impact+and+Influence+on+the+Life+of+Muslims&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0266-3&rft.aulast=Tabatabae&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Hosayn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquraninislamitsi0000taba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1960–2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Montgomery_Watt" title="W. Montgomery Watt">Watt, W. Montgomery</a> (1960–2007). "al-Iskandar". In <a href="/wiki/Peri_Bearman" title="Peri Bearman">Bearman, P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C.E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W.P.</a> (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_3630">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Iskandar&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.date=1960%2F2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_3630&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=W.+Montgomery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1968" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, William J. (1968). "İbrāhīm Müteferriḳa and Turkish Incunabula". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 88 (3): 435–441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F596868">10.2307/596868</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/596868">596868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=%C4%B0br%C4%81h%C4%ABm+M%C3%BCteferri%E1%B8%B3a+and+Turkish+Incunabula&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=435-441&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F596868&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F596868%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiolkowski2007" class="citation book cs1">Ziolkowski, Jan M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mJ12yPfBL4IC&q=Lucian%27s+True+Story+and+the+Book+of+Jonah&pg=PA80">Fairy Tales from Before Fairy Tales: The Medieval Latin Past of Wonderful Lies</a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03379-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03379-9"><bdi>978-0-472-03379-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fairy+Tales+from+Before+Fairy+Tales%3A+The+Medieval+Latin+Past+of+Wonderful+Lies&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-472-03379-9&rft.aulast=Ziolkowski&rft.aufirst=Jan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmJ12yPfBL4IC%26q%3DLucian%2527s%2BTrue%2BStory%2Band%2Bthe%2BBook%2Bof%2BJonah%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introductory_texts">Introductory texts</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellWatt1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bell_(Arabist)" title="Richard Bell (Arabist)">Bell, Richard</a>; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0597-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0597-2"><bdi>978-0-7486-0597-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell%27s+introduction+to+the+Qur%CA%BC%C4%81n&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0597-2&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Watt%2C+William+Montgomery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawting1993" class="citation book cs1">Hawting, G.R. (1993). Approaches to the Qur'ān (1 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05755-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05755-4"><bdi>978-0-415-05755-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+the+Qur%27%C4%81n&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05755-4&rft.aulast=Hawting&rft.aufirst=G.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHixon2003" class="citation book cs1">Hixon, Lex (2003). The heart of the Qurʼan: an introduction to Islamic spirituality (2 ed.). Quest. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0822-0"><bdi>978-0-8356-0822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+heart+of+the+Qur%CA%BCan%3A+an+introduction+to+Islamic+spirituality&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Quest&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8356-0822-0&rft.aulast=Hixon&rft.aufirst=Lex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Malik" title="Fazlur Rahman Malik">Rahman, Fazlur</a> (2009) [1989]. Major Themes of the Qur'an (Second ed.). University Of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-70286-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-70286-5"><bdi>978-0-226-70286-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+Themes+of+the+Qur%27an&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-70286-5&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Fazlur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2002" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Neal (2002). Discovering the Qur'an. Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-024-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-024-6"><bdi>978-1-58901-024-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+the+Qur%27an&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58901-024-6&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSells1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sells" title="Michael Sells">Sells, Michael</a> (15 November 1999). Approaching the Qur'ān: The Early Revelations (Book & CD ed.). White Cloud Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-883991-26-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-883991-26-5"><bdi>978-1-883991-26-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaching+the+Qur%27%C4%81n%3A+The+Early+Revelations&rft.edition=Book+%26+CD&rft.pub=White+Cloud+Press&rft.date=1999-11-15&rft.isbn=978-1-883991-26-5&rft.aulast=Sells&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWild1996" class="citation book cs1">Wild, Stefan (1996). The Quʼran as Text. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09300-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09300-3"><bdi>978-90-04-09300-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qu%CA%BCran+as+Text&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09300-3&rft.aulast=Wild&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_Quranic_commentaries_(tafsir)">Traditional Quranic commentaries (tafsir)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tafsir_works" title="List of tafsir works">List of tafsir works</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Tabari1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a> (1987) [Cairo 1955–69]. "Jāmiʻ al-bayān ʻan taʼwīl al-qurʼān". The Commentary on the Qurʼān. transl. J. Cooper (ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920142-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920142-6"><bdi>978-0-19-920142-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=J%C4%81mi%CA%BB+al-bay%C4%81n+%CA%BBan+ta%CA%BCw%C4%ABl+al-qur%CA%BC%C4%81n&rft.btitle=The+Commentary+on+the+Qur%CA%BC%C4%81n&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920142-6&rft.au=Al-Tabari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabatabae" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabatabai" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai">Tabatabae, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Mizan" title="Tafsir al-Mizan">Tafsir al-Mizan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tafsir+al-Mizan&rft.aulast=Tabatabae&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Mohammad+Hosayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topical_studies">Topical studies</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAuliffe1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (1991). Qurʼānic Christians: an analysis of classical and modern exegesis. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36470-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36470-6"><bdi>978-0-521-36470-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qur%CA%BC%C4%81nic+Christians%3A+an+analysis+of+classical+and+modern+exegesis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36470-6&rft.aulast=McAuliffe&rft.aufirst=Jane+Dammen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiljanderMann2008" class="citation book cs1">Siljander, Mark D.; Mann, John David (2008). A Deadly Misunderstanding: a Congressman's Quest to Bridge the Muslim-Christian Divide. New York: Harper One. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-143828-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-143828-8"><bdi>978-0-06-143828-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Deadly+Misunderstanding%3A+a+Congressman%27s+Quest+to+Bridge+the+Muslim-Christian+Divide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+One&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-06-143828-8&rft.aulast=Siljander&rft.aufirst=Mark+D.&rft.au=Mann%2C+John+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStowasser1996" class="citation book cs1">Stowasser, Barbara Freyer (1 June 1996). Women in the Qur'an, Traditions and Interpretation (Reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511148-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511148-4"><bdi>978-0-19-511148-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Qur%27an%2C+Traditions+and+Interpretation&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511148-4&rft.aulast=Stowasser&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Freyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_criticism">Literary criticism</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.M._Al-Azami2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._M._Al-Azami" class="mw-redirect" title="M. M. Al-Azami">M.M. Al-Azami</a> (2003). The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments (First ed.). UK Islamic Academy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-872531-65-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-872531-65-6"><bdi>978-1-872531-65-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+The+Qur%27anic+Text%3A+From+Revelation+to+Compilation%3A+A+Comparative+Study+with+the+Old+and+New+Testaments&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=UK+Islamic+Academy&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-872531-65-6&rft.au=M.M.+Al-Azami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoullata2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Issa_J._Boullata" title="Issa J. Boullata">Boullata, Issa J</a>, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SdgaD-7C6TkC">Literary Structures of Religious Meaning in the Qur'ān</a>. Curzon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1256-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1256-9"><bdi>0-7007-1256-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+Structures+of+Religious+Meaning+in+the+Qur%27%C4%81n&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7007-1256-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSdgaD-7C6TkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuling2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gunter_Luling" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunter Luling">Luling, Gunter</a> (2003). A challenge to Islam for reformation: the rediscovery and reliable reconstruction of a comprehensive pre-Islamic Christian hymnal hidden in the Koran under earliest Islamic reinterpretations. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1952-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1952-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1952-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+challenge+to+Islam+for+reformation%3A+the+rediscovery+and+reliable+reconstruction+of+a+comprehensive+pre-Islamic+Christian+hymnal+hidden+in+the+Koran+under+earliest+Islamic+reinterpretations&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1952-8&rft.aulast=Luling&rft.aufirst=Gunter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuxenberg2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Luxenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Christoph Luxenberg">Luxenberg, Christoph</a> (2007) [2004]. <a href="/wiki/The_Syro-Aramaic_Reading_of_the_Koran" title="The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran">The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran: a contribution to the decoding of the language of the Koran</a>. Berlin: Verlag Hans Schiler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89930-088-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89930-088-8"><bdi>978-3-89930-088-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syro-Aramaic+Reading+of+the+Koran%3A+a+contribution+to+the+decoding+of+the+language+of+the+Koran&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Verlag+Hans+Schiler&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-89930-088-8&rft.aulast=Luxenberg&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuin1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerd_R._Puin" title="Gerd R. Puin">Puin, Gerd R.</a> (1996). "Observations on Early Quran Manuscripts in Sana'a". In Wild, Stefan (ed.). The Qurʾan as Text. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 107–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Observations+on+Early+Quran+Manuscripts+in+Sana%27a&rft.btitle=The+Qur%CA%BEan+as+Text&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=107-11&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Puin&rft.aufirst=Gerd+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWansbrough1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wansbrough" title="John Wansbrough">Wansbrough, John</a> (1977). Quranic Studies. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quranic+Studies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Wansbrough&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAuliffe2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe JD</a>, et al., eds. (2001). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an">Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an</a> (First ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11465-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11465-4"><bdi>978-90-04-11465-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%27an&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11465-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leaman" title="Oliver Leaman">Leaman O</a>, et al., eds. (2005). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia (First ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77529-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77529-8"><bdi>978-0-415-77529-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77529-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIqbal2013" class="citation book cs1">Iqbal M, et al., eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iequran.com">The Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'an</a> (First ed.). Center for Islamic Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926620-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-926620-00-8"><bdi>978-1-926620-00-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Integrated+Encyclopedia+of+the+Qur%27an&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Center+for+Islamic+Sciences&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-926620-00-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iequran.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_journals">Academic journals</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Qur%27anic_Studies" title="Journal of Qur'anic Studies">Journal of Qur'anic Studies</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1465-3591">1465-3591</a>), published by the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental and African Studies">School of Oriental and African Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jqrs.qurancomplex.gov.sa/en/">Journal of Qur'anic Research and Studies</a>, published by King Fahd Qur'an Printing Complex</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Quran at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Quran" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Quran">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" class="extiw" title="c:Qur'an">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Quran" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Quran">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Quran" class="extiw" title="q:Quran">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Qur%27an" class="extiw" title="s:Qur'an">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Quran" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Quran">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Quran" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Quran">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_material">Reference material</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/themes/islam">The British Library: Discovering Sacred Texts – Islam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220317225853/https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/themes/islam">Archived</a> 17 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/islamic">Several digitised Qurans in the Cambridge University Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0031/html/2017_232_1.html">2017-232-1 al-Qurʼān. / القرآن at OPenn</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quran_browsers_and_translation">Quran browsers and translation</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quranmajeedpdf.com/">Quran Pdf</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://al-quran.info/">Al-Quran.info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129090725/http://al-quran.info/">Archived</a> 29 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran-archive.org/">Quran Archive – Texts and Studies on the Quran</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a2002.02.0006">Quran text and translation</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/">Tanzil – Online Quran Navigator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quran.com/">Quran.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yabiladi.com/coran/">Multilingual Quran (Arabic, English, French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Italian)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/44967176/Koran-Transliteration.pdf">Latin script transliterated Qur'an. Hans Zirker. University of Frankfurt.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as Karīm (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li>Ḥimār (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The kalb (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>ʿAnkabūt (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li>Dābbat al-Arḍ (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li>Ḥimār (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li>Kirāman Kātibīn (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel">Muqarrabun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a> ('The Spirit') <ul><li>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a> or Wildān</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li>Dhūn-Nūn ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a> ('Those of the Perseverance and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li>Al-Masīḥ (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li>Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li>ʿAzīz (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li>Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of ʿAzīz (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li>Imraʾat Firʿawn (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li>Ḥawāriyyūn (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li>Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes, ethnicities or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Ar-Rūm</a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li>Ahl Madyan <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li>Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ahl al-Bayt ('People of the Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li>Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li>Majūs <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li>Ahl al-Kitāb (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li>Naṣārā (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yahūd (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li>Madyan (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</li> <li>Miṣr (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> (excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li>Makkah (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li>Kaʿbah (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li>ʿArim Sabaʾ (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li>Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li>Bābil (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li>Qaryat Yūnus ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a> (Church)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li>Masjid (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li>Masjid Qubāʾ (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</a> (Black Stone) & <a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr">Ghār ath-Thawr</a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li>Dār an-Nadwa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of al-Aḥzāb</a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a> (The Friday)</li> <li>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a> ('Remembrance', including <a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a> ('Praising'), <a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a>): <ul><li>Al-ʿAshiyy (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li>Al-Ghuduww ('The Mornings') <ul><li>Al-Bukrah ('The Morning')</li> <li>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li>Al-Layl ('The Night') <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a> ('The Noon')</li> <li>Dulūk ash-Shams ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a> ('The Evening')</li> <li>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li>Al-Aṣīl ('The Afternoon')</li> <li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li>Al-<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qurʾān</a> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects of people or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols (cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li>Jibt and <a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The ʿijl (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li>Al-Qamar (The Moon)</li> <li>Kawākib (Planets) <ul><li>Al-Arḍ (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li>Nujūm (Stars) <ul><li>Ash-Shams (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li>Baṣal (Onion)</li> <li>Fūm (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li>Shaṭʾ (Shoot)</li> <li>Sūq (Plant stem)</li> <li>Zarʿ (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>ʿAdas (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li>Baql (Herb)</li> <li>Qith-thāʾ (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li>Rummān (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li>Tīn (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li>Zaytūn (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li>Athl (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li>Sidr (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Līnah (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li>Nakhl (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Māʾ (Water or fluid) <ul><li>Nahr (River)</li> <li>Yamm (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li>Sharāb (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a> (Egyptian religion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(Digambara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Digambara)">Agamas</a> (Jainism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> (Zoroastrian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a> (Taoist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a> (Buddhist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (Judaism, Christianity) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> (Judaism) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Torah</a> (Samaritanism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a> (Roman Catholicism, Eastern Christianity)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> (Christianity)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a> (Roman polytheism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> (Gnosticism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (Judaism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> (Greek polytheism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Enneads" class="mw-redirect" title="The Enneads">Enneads</a> (Neoplatonism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> (Eastern Christianity)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> (Hinduism) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puya_(Meitei_texts)" title="Puya (Meitei texts)">Puya</a> (Sanamahism)</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quran</a> (Islam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a> (Shinto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_hymns" title="Ambrosian hymns">Ambrosian Hymnal</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> (Islam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Luther's Large Catechism</a> (Lutheranism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> (Protestantism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a> (Protestantism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> (Anglicanism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catechism" title="Roman Catechism">Roman Catechism</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> (Mormonism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofudesaki" title="Ofudesaki">Ofudesaki</a> (Tenrikyo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas" title="Kitáb-i-Aqdas">Kitáb-i-Aqdas</a> (Baha'i)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya" title="Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya">Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya</a> (Ahmadiyya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_AL_vel_Legis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber AL vel Legis">Liber AL vel Legis</a> (Thelemite)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Shadows" title="Book of Shadows">Book of Shadows</a> (Wiccan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics:_The_Modern_Science_of_Mental_Health" title="Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health">Dianetics</a> (Scientologist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Bible" title="The Satanic Bible">The Satanic Bible</a> (Satanist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniocracy" title="Geniocracy">Geniocracy</a> (Raelian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027498522">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/7a982ffb-5588-490d-b28e-d9eb0443b412">MusicBrainz work</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=3077">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kuran">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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215.834 37 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.07% 197.045 18 Template:Efn"," 5.02% 195.042 1 Template:Infobox_religious_text"," 4.96% 192.684 1 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.494","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22193470,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAcademy2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad_ibn_Muhammad_al-Sayyari2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Hurr_al-Amili2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Jallad2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Tabari1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAli\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlya_Karame\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnsari2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArberry1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAslan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellWatt1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBentlageEggertKrämerReichmuth2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergmannSadeghi,_Behnam2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerlin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBietenholz1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloomBlair,_Sheila2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosworth1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoullata2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoullata2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1983–1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuck2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuhl2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurrowes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClogg1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooganCoogan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbin1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoughlan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrone2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDan_Bilefsky2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenffer1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorn2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDost2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubov\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDukes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDutton2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDéroche2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEL-AWAISI2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEjaz_Taj2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElias2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_M._Bucar2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsack2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2010\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFFARRUGIA2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaroqhi2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFatani2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinlay2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrishkopf2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilliot2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlassé1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodlas2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuessoum2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGuessoum2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuillaume1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGünther2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHADDADIAN_ABDORREZAMOADDAB_SEYYED_REZA\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaleem2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHameed2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanioğlu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawting1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHekmat_Nasser2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHixon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHämeen-Anttila2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_Taymiyyah\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIdrīsīJaubert1836\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIqbaletal2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIriyeSaunier2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIslahi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIslahi,_Amin_Ahsan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsmail2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIzutsu2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJafferJaffer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamal_Malik2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenssen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKadiMir2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamusella2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKassis1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrek1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLESTER1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarkin1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Strange1890\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLeaman2006\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLeamanetal2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLester1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevenson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLings2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLtd1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuling2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuxenberg,_Christoph2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuxenberg2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFM.M._Al-Azami2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaqrīzīHämeen-Anttila2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassey2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaududi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAuliffe1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAuliffeetal2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelchert2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelchert2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMir2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMir_Sajjad_AliZainab_Rahman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMojaddedi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMustafa_Abu_Sway2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakissa2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasr2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasr2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNidhal_Guessoum2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNomaniArafa2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuovo1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP.M._Holt,_Ann_K.S._Lambton_and_Bernard_Lewis1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPal2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer1871\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPharyngula\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilips2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickthall1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuin1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuraishi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabb2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawandi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRendsburg2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Bell_(Revised_and_Enlarged_by_W._Montgomery_Watt)1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiddellStreetJohns1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRippin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinsonSmith1841\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenthalWaldstein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy_H._WilliamsMichael_R._Drew2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuthven1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSARDAR2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSadeghiGoudarzi,_Mohsen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaeed2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSands2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandıkcıRice2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaritoprak2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSells1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSengers2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirazi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirazi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiljanderMann2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmall2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSonn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoora2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStowasser1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrange1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStreet2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyukronKhairiyah2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabataba\u0026#039;I\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTabatabae\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabatabae1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabatabai\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaha_Shoeb2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThānawi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToropovBuckles2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasalou2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWansbrough1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatt1960–2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWild1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWild2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1849\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuskaev2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYusuf2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYusuff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZadeh2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiolkowski2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Bukhari\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Hammer-Purgstall1811\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖZ2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFبازمول\"] = 1,\n [\"RARDtQ2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Characters and names in the Quran\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite OED1\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 117,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 79,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Died in\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 16,\n [\"Efn-lr\"] = 2,\n [\"Hamza\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 18,\n [\"Href\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 4,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 5,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 8,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox religious text\"] = 1,\n [\"Islam\"] = 1,\n [\"Islam topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 9,\n [\"Langx\"] = 6,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 16,\n [\"MerriamWebsterDictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"OED\"] = 2,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Popdf\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp.\"] = 1,\n [\"Qref\"] = 44,\n [\"Quran\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 3,\n [\"Refn\"] = 5,\n [\"Reign\"] = 5,\n [\"Religious books\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rlo\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 4,\n [\"Rquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Script\"] = 3,\n [\"Script/Arabic\"] = 4,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 15,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Tlit\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 76,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verse\"] = 2,\n [\"Verse translation\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","520","20.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","12.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","8.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","7.2"],["type","120","4.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","4.0"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","80","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","3.2"],["[others]","700","28.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-mv6dh","timestamp":"20241201065302","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Quran","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quran","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q428","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q428","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-03T15:13:58Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T16:03:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/50\/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg","headline":"foundational Islamic religious text"}</script> </body> </html>