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id="toc-Early_regnal_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Legislation and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_issues_and_discontent_in_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_issues_and_discontent_in_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Family issues and discontent in America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_issues_and_discontent_in_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_War_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_War_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>American War of Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mid reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mid_reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mid reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mid_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Illness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>War in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Titles, styles, honours and arms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Titles, styles, honours and arms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Titles_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Titles and styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">George III</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_van_die_Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="George III van die Verenigde Koninkryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="George III van die Verenigde Koninkryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_III._(Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich)" title="Georg III. (Vereinigtes Königreich) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Georg III. (Vereinigtes Königreich)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_III_Bretta_Cyning" title="Georgius III Bretta Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Georgius III Bretta Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="جورج الثالث ملك المملكة المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج الثالث ملك المملكة المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorche_III_d%27o_Reino_Uniu" title="Chorche III d'o Reino Uniu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chorche III d'o Reino Uniu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B4rjo_III_(Granta-Bretagne)" title="Jôrjo III (Granta-Bretagne) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Jôrjo III (Granta-Bretagne)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Georq" title="III Georq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="III Georq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%86%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%92%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="اۆچونجو جوْرج – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اۆچونجو جوْرج" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III" title="George III – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="George III" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_3-s%C3%A8_(Li%C3%A2n-ha%CC%8Dp_%C3%94ng-kok)" title="George 3-sè (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="George 3-sè (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_III" title="Георг III – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Георг III" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_III" title="Джордж III – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джордж III" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_III,_kralj_Ujedinjenog_Kraljevstva" title="Đorđe III, kralj Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Đorđe III, kralj Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III" title="George III – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="George III" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordi_III_del_Regne_Unit" title="Jordi III del Regne Unit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jordi III del Regne Unit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_III." title="Jiří III. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jiří III." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%B4r_III,_brenin_y_Deyrnas_Unedig" title="Siôr III, brenin y Deyrnas Unedig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siôr III, brenin y Deyrnas Unedig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_3._af_Storbritannien" title="Georg 3. af Storbritannien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Georg 3. af Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_III._(Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich)" title="Georg III. (Vereinigtes Königreich) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Georg III. (Vereinigtes Königreich)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III" title="George III – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="George III" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Γεώργιος Γ΄ του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεώργιος Γ΄ του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_III_del_Reino_Unido" title="Jorge III del Reino Unido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jorge III del Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgo_la_3-a_(Britio)" title="Georgo la 3-a (Britio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Georgo la 3-a (Britio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurgi_III.a_Erresuma_Batukoa" title="Jurgi III.a Erresuma Batukoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jurgi III.a Erresuma Batukoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="جرج سوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرج سوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_III_av_St%C3%B3rabretlandi" title="Georg III av Stórabretlandi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Georg III av Stórabretlandi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III" title="George III – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George III" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zor%C3%A7_III_dal_Ream_Un%C3%AEt" title="Zorç III dal Ream Unît – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Zorç III dal Ream Unît" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoirse_III_na_Breataine_M%C3%B3ire_agus_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Seoirse III na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seoirse III na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B2ras_III" title="Seòras III – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Seòras III" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xurxo_III_do_Reino_Unido" title="Xurxo III do Reino Unido – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xurxo III do Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_3-s%E1%B9%B3_(Y%C3%AEn-koet)" title="George 3-sṳ (Yîn-koet) – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="George 3-sṳ (Yîn-koet)" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_3%EC%84%B8" title="조지 3세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 3세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="युनाइटेड किंगडम के राजा जॉर्ज तृतीय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="युनाइटेड किंगडम के राजा जॉर्ज तृतीय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90uro_III.,_kralj_Velike_Britanije_i_Irske" title="Đuro III., kralj Velike Britanije i Irske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Đuro III., kralj Velike Britanije i Irske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_la_3ma_di_Unionita_Rejio" title="George la 3ma di Unionita Rejio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="George la 3ma di Unionita Rejio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_dari_Britania_Raya" title="George III dari Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George III dari Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgio_III_del_Regno_Unite" title="Georgio III del Regno Unite – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Georgio III del Regno Unite" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_3." title="Georg 3. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Georg 3." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_III_del_Regno_Unito" title="Giorgio III del Regno Unito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giorgio III del Regno Unito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%AA" title="ג'ורג' השלישי, מלך הממלכה המאוחדת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' השלישי, מלך הממלכה המאוחדת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_saking_Britania_Raya" title="George III saking Britania Raya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="George III saking Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_III" title="ჯორჯ III – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯორჯ III" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_(%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B)" title="III Джордж (Ұлыбритания патшасы) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="III Джордж (Ұлыбритания патшасы)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_III_(rex_Britanniarum)" title="Georgius III (rex Britanniarum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius III (rex Britanniarum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEs_III" title="Džordžs III – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džordžs III" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III._vum_Vereenegte_Kinnekr%C3%A4ich" title="George III. vum Vereenegte Kinnekräich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="George III. vum Vereenegte Kinnekräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurgis_III" title="Jurgis III – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jurgis III" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Gy%C3%B6rgy_brit_kir%C3%A1ly" title="III. György brit király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="III. György brit király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="युनायटेड किंग्डमचा तिसरा जॉर्ज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युनायटेड किंग्डमचा तिसरा जॉर्ज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87" title="جورج التالت ملك المملكه المتحده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج التالت ملك المملكه المتحده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D8%A7)" title="جرج سوم (بریتانیا شا) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جرج سوم (بریتانیا شا)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_dari_United_Kingdom" title="George III dari United Kingdom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="George III dari United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6" title="III Жорж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="III Жорж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_van_het_Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="George III van het Verenigd Koninkrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George III van het Verenigd Koninkrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B83%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E7%8E%8B)" title="ジョージ3世 (イギリス王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ3世 (イギリス王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_III_av_Storbritannia" title="Georg III av Storbritannia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Georg III av Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_III_av_Storbritannia" title="Georg III av Storbritannia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Georg III av Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_du_Rouoyaume_Unni" title="George III du Rouoyaume Unni – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="George III du Rouoyaume Unni" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="جارج سوم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جارج سوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="دریم جورج – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دریم جورج" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_III_Hanowerski" title="Jerzy III Hanowerski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jerzy III Hanowerski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_III_do_Reino_Unido" title="Jorge III do Reino Unido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jorge III do Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_al_III-lea_al_Regatului_Unit" title="George al III-lea al Regatului Unit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="George al III-lea al Regatului Unit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_III" title="Георг III – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Георг III" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siaosi_III" title="Siaosi III – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Siaosi III" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A5%A9" title="जार्ज ३ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जार्ज ३" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III" title="George III – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="George III" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhorxhi_III" title="Xhorxhi III – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhorxhi III" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2" title="එක්සත් රාජධානියෙහි තුන්වන ජෝර්ජ් රජ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එක්සත් රාජධානියෙහි තුන්වන ජෝර්ජ් රජ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III" title="George III – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="George III" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juraj_III._(Ve%C4%BEk%C3%A1_Brit%C3%A1nia)" title="Juraj III. (Veľká Británia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Juraj III. (Veľká Británia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurij_III._Britanski" title="Jurij III. Britanski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jurij III. Britanski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8E%DB%8C%DB%95%D9%85" title="جۆرجی سێیەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆرجی سێیەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_III" title="Џорџ III – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џорџ III" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_od_Velike_Britanije" title="George III od Velike Britanije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="George III od Velike Britanije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yrj%C3%B6_III" title="Yrjö III – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yrjö III" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_III_av_Storbritannien" title="Georg III av Storbritannien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Georg III av Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III" title="George III – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="George III" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் மூன்றாம் ஜார்ஜ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் மூன்றாம் ஜார்ஜ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="สมเด็จพระเจ้าจอร์จที่ 3 แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระเจ้าจอร์จที่ 3 แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._George" title="III. George – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="III. George" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_III" title="Георг III – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Георг III" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="جارج سوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جارج سوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_c%E1%BB%A7a_Anh" title="George III của Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="George III của Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_han_Reino_Unido" title="George III han Reino Unido – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="George III han Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%89" title="乔治三世（英国） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乔治三世（英国）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="佐治三世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="佐治三世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="喬治三世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喬治三世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q127318#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:George_III" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/George_III"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_III&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III of the United Kingdom</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760 to 1820</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/George_III_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="George III (disambiguation)">George III (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">George III</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Full-length portrait in oils of a clean-shaven young George in eighteenth century dress: gold jacket and breeches, ermine cloak, powdered wig, white stockings, and buckled shoes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2433" data-file-height="3801" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Portrait_of_George_III" title="Coronation Portrait of George III">Coronation portrait</a>, 1762</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Great Britain and Ireland">King of Great Britain and Ireland</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector of Hanover">Elector</a>/<a href="/wiki/King_of_Hanover" title="King of Hanover">King of Hanover</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">25 October 1760 – <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">29 January 1820</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_George_III_and_Charlotte" title="Coronation of George III and Charlotte">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22 September 1761</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prince_regent" title="Prince regent">Regent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">George, Prince of Wales (1811‍–‍1820)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1738-06-04</span>)</span>4 June 1738 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">NS</a>]<sup id="cite_ref-date_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-date-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_House" title="Norfolk House">Norfolk House</a>, St James's Square, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 January 1820<span style="display:none">(1820-01-29)</span> (aged 81)<br /><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, Berkshire, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">16 February 1820<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label">Royal Vault, <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1761; died 1818)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Queen_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte, Queen of Württemberg">Charlotte, Queen of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_Sophia" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Augusta Sophia">Princess Augusta Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_Landgravine_of_Hesse-Homburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg">Elizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary,_Duchess_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom">Princess Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Octavius" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Octavius">Prince Octavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alfred_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Alfred of Great Britain">Prince Alfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Amelia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom">Princess Amelia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">George William Frederick</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanover</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Saxe-Gotha" title="Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha">Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_III_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="George III's signature"><img alt="Handwritten "George" with a huge leading "G" and a large capital "R" at the end for "Rex"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/George_III_Signature.svg/125px-George_III_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/George_III_Signature.svg/188px-George_III_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/George_III_Signature.svg/250px-George_III_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="214" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George III</b> (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Great Britain">King of Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">Ireland</a> from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820. The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a> unified <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> into the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>, with George as its king. He was concurrently Duke and <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-elector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> before becoming <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hanover" title="King of Hanover">King of Hanover</a> on 12 October 1814. He was a monarch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a>, who, unlike his two predecessors, was born in Great Britain, spoke English as his first language,<sup id="cite_ref-rh_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and never visited Hanover.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George was born during the reign of his paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a>, as the first son of <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Saxe-Gotha" title="Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha">Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha</a>. Following his father's death in 1751, Prince George became <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>. He succeeded to the throne on George II's death in 1760. The following year, he married <a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a>, with whom he had 15 children. George III's life and reign were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms, much of the rest of Europe, and places farther afield in Africa, the Americas and Asia. Early in his reign, Great Britain defeated <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, becoming the dominant European power in North America and India. However, Britain lost <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">13 of its North American colonies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a>. Further wars against <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">revolutionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic France">Napoleonic France</a> from 1793 concluded in the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> in 1815. In 1807, the <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Transatlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a> was banned from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. </p><p>In the later part of his life, George had recurrent and eventually permanent <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>. The exact nature of the mental illness is not known definitively, but historians and medical experts have suggested that his symptoms and behaviour traits were consistent with either <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Porphyria" title="Porphyria">porphyria</a>. In 1810, George suffered a final relapse, and his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">the Prince of Wales</a>, was named <a href="/wiki/Prince_Regent" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Regent">Prince Regent</a> the following year. The King died aged 81, at which time the Regent succeeded him as George IV. George III reigned during much of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency</a> eras. At the time of his death, he was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_members_of_the_British_royal_family" title="List of longest-living members of the British royal family">longest-lived</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_in_Britain_by_length_of_reign" title="List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign">longest-reigning British monarch</a>, having reigned for 59 years and 96 days; he remains the longest-lived and longest-reigning male monarch in British history. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Ayscough_with_the_Prince_of_Wales_(later_King_George_III)_and_Edward_Augustus,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany_by_Richard_Wilson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Conversation piece in oils: Ayscough dressed in black with a clerical collar stands beside a settee on which the two boys sit, one wearing a grey suit the other a blue one. He holds a sheet of paper; the boys hold a book." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Francis_Ayscough_with_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28later_King_George_III%29_and_Edward_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_York_and_Albany_by_Richard_Wilson.jpg/220px-Francis_Ayscough_with_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28later_King_George_III%29_and_Edward_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_York_and_Albany_by_Richard_Wilson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Francis_Ayscough_with_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28later_King_George_III%29_and_Edward_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_York_and_Albany_by_Richard_Wilson.jpg/330px-Francis_Ayscough_with_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28later_King_George_III%29_and_Edward_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_York_and_Albany_by_Richard_Wilson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Francis_Ayscough_with_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28later_King_George_III%29_and_Edward_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_York_and_Albany_by_Richard_Wilson.jpg/440px-Francis_Ayscough_with_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28later_King_George_III%29_and_Edward_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_York_and_Albany_by_Richard_Wilson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1901" /></a><figcaption>Prince George (right), his brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Edward</a>, and their tutor, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ayscough" title="Francis Ayscough">Francis Ayscough</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">Dean</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Cathedral" title="Bristol Cathedral">Bristol</a>), by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilson_(painter)" title="Richard Wilson (painter)">Richard Wilson</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1749</span></figcaption></figure> <p>George was born in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_House" title="Norfolk House">Norfolk House</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Square" title="St James's Square">St James's Square</a>, London, on 4 June 1738.<sup id="cite_ref-date_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-date-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a grandson of <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a> and the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Augusta_of_Saxe-Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta of Saxe-Gotha">Augusta of Saxe-Gotha</a>. As he was born two months prematurely, and thought unlikely to survive, he was baptised the same day by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Secker" title="Thomas Secker">Thomas Secker</a>, who was both Rector of <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Church,_Piccadilly" title="St James's Church, Piccadilly">St James's Church, Piccadilly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Oxford" title="Bishop of Oxford">Bishop of Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One month later, he was publicly baptised at Norfolk House, again by Secker. His godparents were <a href="/wiki/King_Frederick_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="King Frederick I of Sweden">King Frederick I of Sweden</a> (for whom <a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_5th_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore">Lord Baltimore</a> stood proxy), his uncle <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha">Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha</a> (for whom <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brydges,_2nd_Duke_of_Chandos" title="Henry Brydges, 2nd Duke of Chandos">Lord Carnarvon</a> stood proxy), and his great-aunt <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Dorothea,_Queen_in_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia Dorothea, Queen in Prussia">Sophia Dorothea, Queen in Prussia</a> (for whom <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_4th_Duke_of_Hamilton#Marriage_and_issue" title="James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton">Lady Charlotte Edwin</a> stood proxy).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George grew into a healthy, reserved and shy child. The family moved to <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Square" title="Leicester Square">Leicester Square</a>, where George and his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany">Edward</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Duke of York and Albany">Duke of York and Albany</a>) were educated together by private tutors. Family letters show that he could read and write in both English and German, as well as comment on political events of the time, by the age of eight.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first <a href="/wiki/British_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarch">British monarch</a> to study science systematically.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooke,_pp._42–44,_55_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooke,_pp._42–44,_55-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from chemistry and physics, his lessons included astronomy, mathematics, French, Latin, history, music, geography, commerce, agriculture and constitutional law, along with sporting and social accomplishments such as dancing, fencing and riding. His religious education was wholly <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooke,_pp._42–44,_55_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooke,_pp._42–44,_55-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of 10, George took part in a family production of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Joseph Addison</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Cato,_a_Tragedy" title="Cato, a Tragedy">Cato</a></i> and said in the new prologue: "What, tho' a boy! It may with truth be said, A boy in <i>England</i> born, in England bred."<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Romney_Sedgwick" title="Romney Sedgwick">Romney Sedgwick</a> argued that these lines appear "to be the source of the only historical phrase with which he is associated".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King George II disliked Prince Frederick and took little interest in his grandchildren. However, in 1751, Frederick died unexpectedly from a lung injury at the age of 44, and his son George became <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> to the throne and inherited his father's title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Duke of Edinburgh">Duke of Edinburgh</a>. The King now took more interest in his grandson and created him <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> three weeks later.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George,_Prince_of_Wales_(1738-1820),_by_Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head-and-shoulders portrait of a young clean-shaven George wearing a finely-embroidered jacket, the blue sash of the Order of the Garter, and a powdered wig." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/George%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281738-1820%29%2C_by_Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard.jpg/220px-George%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281738-1820%29%2C_by_Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/George%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281738-1820%29%2C_by_Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard.jpg/330px-George%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281738-1820%29%2C_by_Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/George%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281738-1820%29%2C_by_Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard.jpg/440px-George%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281738-1820%29%2C_by_Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="3189" /></a><figcaption>Pastel portrait of George as <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard" title="Jean-Étienne Liotard">Jean-Étienne Liotard</a>, 1754</figcaption></figure> <p>In the spring of 1756, as George approached his eighteenth birthday, the King offered him a grand establishment at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a>, but George refused the offer, guided by his mother and her confidant, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Bute" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Bute">Lord Bute</a>, who later served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George's mother, now the <a href="/wiki/Dowager" title="Dowager">Dowager</a> Princess of Wales, preferred to keep George at home where she could imbue him with her strict moral values.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accession_and_marriage">Accession and marriage</h2></div> <p>In 1759, George was smitten with <a href="/wiki/Lady_Sarah_Lennox" title="Lady Sarah Lennox">Lady Sarah Lennox</a>, sister of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lennox,_3rd_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond">Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond</a>, but Lord Bute advised against the match and George abandoned his thoughts of marriage. "I am born for the happiness or misery of a great nation," he wrote, "and consequently must often act contrary to my passions."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, George and his mother resisted attempts by the King to marry George to <a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophie_Caroline_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Princess Sophie Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Princess Sophie Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sophie Caroline instead married <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Margrave_of_Bayreuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick, Margrave of Bayreuth">Frederick, Margrave of Bayreuth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following year, at the age of 22, George succeeded to the throne when his grandfather George II died suddenly on 25 October 1760, at age 76. The search for a suitable wife intensified: after giving consideration to a number of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> German princesses, George's mother sent <a href="/wiki/David_Graeme_(British_Army_officer)" title="David Graeme (British Army officer)">Colonel David Graeme</a> with, on her son's behalf, an offer of marriage to <a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a>. Charlotte accepted. While a <a href="/wiki/Household#History" title="Household">royal household</a> and staff were assembled for Charlotte in London, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Harcourt,_1st_Earl_Harcourt" title="Simon Harcourt, 1st Earl Harcourt">Lord Harcourt</a>, the royal <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Horse_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of the Horse (United Kingdom)">Master of the Horse</a>, escorted her from Strelitz to London. Charlotte arrived in the afternoon of 8 September 1761 and the marriage ceremony was conducted that same evening in the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Royal" title="Chapel Royal">Chapel Royal</a>, St James's Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_and_Charlotte%27s_coronation" class="mw-redirect" title="George and Charlotte's coronation">George and Charlotte's coronation</a> was held at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> a fortnight later on 22 September. George never took a mistress (in contrast with his grandfather and his sons), and the couple enjoyed a happy marriage until his mental illness struck.<sup id="cite_ref-rh_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dnb_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The King and Queen had 15 children—nine sons and six daughters. In 1762, George purchased Buckingham House (on the site now occupied by <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>) for use as a family retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His other residences were <a href="/wiki/Kew_Palace" title="Kew Palace">Kew Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>. St James's Palace was retained for official use. He did not travel extensively and spent his entire life in southern England. In the 1790s, the King and his family took holidays at <a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset" title="Weymouth, Dorset">Weymouth, Dorset</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he thus popularised as one of the first seaside resorts in England.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_reign">Early reign</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_regnal_years">Early regnal years</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Great Britain in the Seven Years' War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_(1723-92)_-_The_Marriage_of_George_III_-_RCIN_404353_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_%281723-92%29_-_The_Marriage_of_George_III_-_RCIN_404353_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/220px-Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_%281723-92%29_-_The_Marriage_of_George_III_-_RCIN_404353_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_%281723-92%29_-_The_Marriage_of_George_III_-_RCIN_404353_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/330px-Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_%281723-92%29_-_The_Marriage_of_George_III_-_RCIN_404353_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_%281723-92%29_-_The_Marriage_of_George_III_-_RCIN_404353_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/440px-Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_%281723-92%29_-_The_Marriage_of_George_III_-_RCIN_404353_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption>Wedding of George and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, oil sketch by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Sir Joshua Reynolds</a>, c. 1761</figcaption></figure> <p>George, in his accession speech to Parliament, proclaimed: "Born and educated in this country, I glory in the name of Britain."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He inserted this phrase into the speech, written by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Hardwicke" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Hardwicke">Lord Hardwicke</a>, to demonstrate his desire to distance himself from his German forebears, who were perceived as caring more for Hanover than for Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During George III's lengthy reign, Britain was a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, ruled by his ministerial government and prominent men in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although his accession was at first welcomed by politicians of all parties,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first years of his reign were marked by political instability, largely as a result of disagreements over the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George came to be perceived as favouring <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> ministers, which led to his denunciation by the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Autocrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocrat">autocrat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rh_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his accession, the <a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown lands</a> produced relatively little income; most revenue was generated through taxes and excise duties. George surrendered the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate" title="Crown Estate">Crown Estate</a> to Parliamentary control in return for a <a href="/wiki/Civil_list" title="Civil list">civil list</a> annuity for the support of his household and the expenses of civil government.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claims that he used the income to reward supporters with bribes and gifts<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are disputed by historians who say such claims "rest on nothing but falsehoods put out by disgruntled opposition".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debts amounting to over £3 million over the course of George's reign were paid by Parliament, and the civil list annuity was increased from time to time.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He aided the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a> with large grants from his private funds,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may have donated more than half of his personal income to charity.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of his art collection, the two most notable purchases are <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Lesson" title="The Music Lesson">Lady at the Virginals</a></i> and a set of <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canalettos</a>, but it is as a collector of books that he is best remembered.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Library" title="King's Library">King's Library</a> was open and available to scholars and was the foundation of a new national library.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation_and_politics">Legislation and politics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_III_(by_Allan_Ramsay).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Quarter-length portrait in oils of a clean-shaven young George in profile wearing a red suit, the Garter star, a blue sash, and a powdered wig. He has a receding chin and his forehead slopes away from the bridge of his nose making his head look round in shape." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/George_III_%28by_Allan_Ramsay%29.jpg/220px-George_III_%28by_Allan_Ramsay%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/George_III_%28by_Allan_Ramsay%29.jpg/330px-George_III_%28by_Allan_Ramsay%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/George_III_%28by_Allan_Ramsay%29.jpg/440px-George_III_%28by_Allan_Ramsay%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Allan_Ramsay_(artist)" title="Allan Ramsay (artist)">Allan Ramsay</a>, 1762</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1762, the incumbent Whig government of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle</a>, was replaced with one led by Lord Bute, a Scottish Tory. Bute's opponents worked against him by spreading the calumny that he was having an affair with the King's mother, and by exploiting <a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">anti-Scottish sentiment</a> amongst the English.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes" title="John Wilkes">John Wilkes</a>, a member of parliament, published <i><a href="/wiki/The_North_Briton" title="The North Briton">The North Briton</a></i>, which was both inflammatory and defamatory in its condemnation of Bute and the government. Wilkes was eventually arrested for <a href="/wiki/Seditious_libel" title="Seditious libel">seditious libel</a> but he fled to France to escape punishment; he was expelled from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> and found guilty <i><a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a></i> of blasphemy and libel.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1763, after concluding the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Peace of Paris</a> which ended the war, Lord Bute resigned, allowing the Whigs under <a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">George Grenville</a> to return to power. Britain received enormous concessions, including <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a>. Britain restored to France lucrative slave-sugar islands in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>. The treaty also ended French control over nearly all of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>; <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> was ceded to Britain in its entirety, while <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> was divided in two, with the eastern half (from the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>) ceded to Britain and the western half, plus the city of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, ceded to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later that year, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a> placed a limit upon the westward expansion of the American colonies and created an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian reserve</a>. The Proclamation aimed to divert colonial expansion to the north (to <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>) and to the south (Florida), and protect the British fur trade with the Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Proclamation Line did not bother the majority of settled farmers, but it was unpopular with a vocal minority. This discontent ultimately contributed to conflict between the colonists and the British government.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the American colonists generally unburdened by British taxes, the government thought it appropriate for them to pay towards the defence of the colonies against native uprisings and the possibility of French incursions.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_III%27s_Procession_to_the_Houses_of_Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/George_III%27s_Procession_to_the_Houses_of_Parliament.jpg/220px-George_III%27s_Procession_to_the_Houses_of_Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/George_III%27s_Procession_to_the_Houses_of_Parliament.jpg/330px-George_III%27s_Procession_to_the_Houses_of_Parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/George_III%27s_Procession_to_the_Houses_of_Parliament.jpg/440px-George_III%27s_Procession_to_the_Houses_of_Parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1309" /></a><figcaption>George travelling to the <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gold_State_Coach" title="Gold State Coach">Gold State Coach</a>, 1762</figcaption></figure> <p>The central issue for the colonists was not the amount of taxes but whether Parliament could levy a tax without American approval, for there were no American seats in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Americans protested that like all Englishmen they had rights to "<a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">no taxation without representation</a>". In 1765, Grenville introduced the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act</a>, which levied a <a href="/wiki/Stamp_duty" title="Stamp duty">stamp duty</a> on every document in the British colonies in North America. Since newspapers were printed on stamped paper, those most affected by the introduction of the duty were the most effective at producing propaganda opposing the tax.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, George had become exasperated at Grenville's attempts to reduce the King's prerogatives, and tried, unsuccessfully, to persuade <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pitt the Elder">William Pitt the Elder</a> to accept the office of prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a brief illness, which may have presaged his illnesses to come, George settled on <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rockingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rockingham">Lord Rockingham</a> to form a ministry, and dismissed Grenville.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom,_by_John_van_Nost_the_Younger_1767_CE._It_is_housed_in_the_British_Museum,_London;_lent_by_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/King_George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom%2C_by_John_van_Nost_the_Younger_1767_CE._It_is_housed_in_the_British_Museum%2C_London%3B_lent_by_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.JPG/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/King_George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom%2C_by_John_van_Nost_the_Younger_1767_CE._It_is_housed_in_the_British_Museum%2C_London%3B_lent_by_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.JPG/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/King_George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom%2C_by_John_van_Nost_the_Younger_1767_CE._It_is_housed_in_the_British_Museum%2C_London%3B_lent_by_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.JPG/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4015" data-file-height="6015" /></a><figcaption>Bust by <a href="/wiki/John_van_Nost_the_younger" title="John van Nost the younger">John van Nost the younger</a>, 1767</figcaption></figure> <p>Lord Rockingham, with the support of Pitt and the King, repealed Grenville's unpopular Stamp Act. Rockingham's government was weak, and he was replaced as prime minister in 1766 by Pitt, whom George created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chatham" title="Earl of Chatham">Earl of Chatham</a>. The actions of Lord Chatham and George III in repealing the Act were so popular in America that statues of them both were erected in <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1665%E2%80%931783)" title="History of New York City (1665–1783)">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord Chatham fell ill in 1767, and <a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton</a>, took over the government. Grafton did not formally become prime minister until 1768. That year, John Wilkes returned to England, stood as a candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1768_British_general_election" title="1768 British general election">general election</a>, and came top of the poll in the <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Middlesex constituency">Middlesex constituency</a>. Wilkes was again expelled from Parliament. He was re-elected and expelled twice more, before the House of Commons resolved that his candidature was invalid and declared <a href="/wiki/Henry_Luttrell,_2nd_Earl_of_Carhampton" title="Henry Luttrell, 2nd Earl of Carhampton">the runner-up</a> as the victor.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grafton's government disintegrated in 1770, allowing the Tories led by <a href="/wiki/Lord_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord North">Lord North</a> to return to power.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_issues_and_discontent_in_America">Family issues and discontent in America</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_III_of_England_by_Johann_Zoffany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three-quarter length seated portrait of a clean-shaven George with a fleshy face and white eyebrows wearing a powdered wig." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/King_George_III_of_England_by_Johann_Zoffany.jpg/220px-King_George_III_of_England_by_Johann_Zoffany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/King_George_III_of_England_by_Johann_Zoffany.jpg/330px-King_George_III_of_England_by_Johann_Zoffany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/King_George_III_of_England_by_Johann_Zoffany.jpg/440px-King_George_III_of_England_by_Johann_Zoffany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Zoffany" title="Johan Zoffany">Johan Zoffany</a>, 1771</figcaption></figure> <p>George was deeply devout and spent hours in prayer,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but his piety was not shared by his brothers. George was appalled by what he saw as their loose morals. In 1770, his brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn">Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn</a>, was exposed as an adulterer. The following year, Henry married a young widow, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Horton" title="Anne Horton">Anne Horton</a>. The King considered her inappropriate as a royal bride: she was from a lower social class and German law barred any children of the couple from the Hanoverian succession.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooke_pp._272_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooke_pp._272-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George insisted on a new law that essentially forbade members of the royal family from legally marrying without the consent of the sovereign. The subsequent bill was unpopular in Parliament, including among George's own ministers, but passed as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marriages_Act_1772" title="Royal Marriages Act 1772">Royal Marriages Act 1772</a>. Shortly afterwards, another of George's brothers, <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a>, revealed he had been secretly married to <a href="/wiki/Maria,_Duchess_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Maria, Countess Waldegrave</a>, the illegitimate daughter of Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Walpole" title="Edward Walpole">Edward Walpole</a>. The news confirmed George's opinion that he had been right to introduce the law: Maria was related to his political opponents. Neither lady was ever received at court.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooke_pp._272_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooke_pp._272-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lord North's government was chiefly concerned with discontent in America. To assuage American opinion most of the custom duties were withdrawn, except for the tea duty, which in George's words was "one tax to keep up the right [to levy taxes]".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1773, the tea ships moored in <a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor" title="Boston Harbor">Boston Harbor</a> were boarded by colonists and the tea was thrown overboard, an event that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a>. In Britain, opinion hardened against the colonists, with Chatham now agreeing with North that the destruction of the tea was "certainly criminal".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the clear support of Parliament, Lord North introduced measures, which were called the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a> by the colonists: the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Boston" title="Port of Boston">Port of Boston</a> was shut down and the <a href="/wiki/Explanatory_charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Explanatory charter">charter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts</a> was <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Government_Act" title="Massachusetts Government Act">altered</a> so that the upper house of the legislature was appointed by <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> instead of elected by the lower house.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to this point, in the words of Professor Peter Thomas, George's "hopes were centred on a political solution, and he always bowed to his cabinet's opinions even when sceptical of their success. The detailed evidence of the years from 1763 to 1775 tends to exonerate George III from any real responsibility for the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though both the Americans and older British historians characterised George as a tyrant, in these years he acted as a constitutional monarch supporting the initiatives of his ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_War_of_Independence">American War of Independence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Walcutt_statue_George_III.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/William_Walcutt_statue_George_III.png/220px-William_Walcutt_statue_George_III.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/William_Walcutt_statue_George_III.png/330px-William_Walcutt_statue_George_III.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/William_Walcutt_statue_George_III.png/440px-William_Walcutt_statue_George_III.png 2x" data-file-width="1659" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption><i>Pulling Down the Statue of George III at Bowling Green, 9 July 1776</i>, <a href="/wiki/William_Walcutt" title="William Walcutt">William Walcutt</a> (1854)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a> was the culmination of the civil and political <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. In the 1760s, a series of acts by Parliament was met with resistance in Britain's <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> in America. In particular they rejected new taxes levied by Parliament, a body in which they had no direct representation. The colonies had previously enjoyed a high level of autonomy in their internal affairs and viewed Parliament's acts as a denial of their <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">rights as Englishmen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armed conflict began between British regulars and colonial militiamen at the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a> in April 1775. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">petitions to the Crown for intervention with Parliament</a>, but the King and Parliament ignored them. George declared the American leaders <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">to be traitors</a> and a year of fighting ensued. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i> referred to George III as "the Royal Brute of Great Britain".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colonies <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">declared their independence</a> in July 1776, listing <a href="/wiki/Grievances_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Grievances of the United States Declaration of Independence">twenty-seven grievances</a> against the British king and legislature while asking the support of the populace. Among George's other offenses, the declaration charged, "He has abdicated Government here ... He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people." The gilded equestrian statue of the King in New York was pulled down.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British captured the city in 1776 but lost Boston, and the <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">grand strategic plan</a> of invading from Canada and cutting off New England failed with the surrender of British Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">battles of Saratoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lord_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord North">Lord North</a> was not an ideal war leader, but George III managed to give Parliament a sense of purpose to fight, and North was able to keep <a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">his cabinet</a> together. North's cabinet ministers <a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">the Earl of Sandwich</a>, First Lord of the Admiralty, and <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Germain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord George Germain">Lord George Germain</a>, Secretary of State for the Colonies, proved to lack leadership skills suited for their positions.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George III is often accused of obstinately trying to keep Great Britain at war with the rebels, despite the opinions of his own ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of British historian <a href="/wiki/George_Otto_Trevelyan" class="mw-redirect" title="George Otto Trevelyan">George Otto Trevelyan</a>, the King was determined "never to acknowledge the independence of the Americans, and to punish their contumacy by the indefinite prolongation of a war which promised to be eternal."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wanted to "keep the rebels harassed, anxious, and poor, until the day when, by a natural and inevitable process, discontent and disappointment were converted into penitence and remorse".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later historians defend George by saying that, in the context of the times, no king would willingly surrender such a large territory,<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cg_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cg-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his conduct was far less ruthless than contemporaneous monarchs in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Saratoga, both Parliament and the British people were in favour of the war; recruitment ran at high levels and political opponents, though vocal, remained a small minority.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_George_III_by_Johann_Heinrich_von_Hurter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portrait_of_George_III_by_Johann_Heinrich_von_Hurter.jpg/180px-Portrait_of_George_III_by_Johann_Heinrich_von_Hurter.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portrait_of_George_III_by_Johann_Heinrich_von_Hurter.jpg/270px-Portrait_of_George_III_by_Johann_Heinrich_von_Hurter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portrait_of_George_III_by_Johann_Heinrich_von_Hurter.jpg/360px-Portrait_of_George_III_by_Johann_Heinrich_von_Hurter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Heinrich_von_Hurter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Heinrich von Hurter (page does not exist)">Johann Heinrich von Hurter</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Hurter" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Heinrich von Hurter">de</a>]</span>, 1781 (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>With the setbacks in America, Lord North asked to transfer power to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chatham" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Chatham">Lord Chatham</a>, whom he thought more capable, but George refused to do so; he suggested instead that Chatham serve as a subordinate minister in North's administration, but Chatham refused; he died later in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North was allied to the "King's Friends" in Parliament and believed that George III had the right to exercise powers.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1778, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> of France (Britain's chief rival) signed a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of alliance">treaty of alliance</a> with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Willcox161165_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willcox161165-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French fleet outran the British naval blockade of the Mediterranean and sailed to America.<sup id="cite_ref-Willcox161165_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willcox161165-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict now affected America, Europe, and India.<sup id="cite_ref-Willcox161165_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willcox161165-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a> had misgivings because of his own colonies but decided to side with France in the war in limited fashion in 1779.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One faction of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> aided the Americans, whereas another aided Britain, whose allies included <a href="/wiki/Loyalists_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalists (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#Allies_of_Great_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German auxiliaries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Marquess_of_Stafford" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford">Lord Gower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thynne,_1st_Marquess_of_Bath" title="Thomas Thynne, 1st Marquess of Bath">Lord Weymouth</a> both resigned from the government. Lord North again requested that he also be allowed to resign, but he stayed in office at George III's insistence.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the summer of 1779, a combined French-Spanish naval fleet threatened to invade England and transport 31,000 French troops across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. George III said that Britain was confronted by the "most serious crisis the nation ever knew". In August, 66 warships entered the English channel, but sickness, hunger, and adverse winds forced the French-Spanish <a href="/wiki/Armada_of_1779" title="Armada of 1779">armada</a> to withdraw, ending the invasion threat.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1779, George III advocated sending more British warships and troops across the Atlantic to the West Indies. He boldly said: "We must risk something, otherwise we will only vegetate in this war. I own I wish either with spirit to get through it, or with a crash be ruined." In January 1780, 7,000 British troops under General Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Vaughan_(British_Army_officer,_died_1795)" title="John Vaughan (British Army officer, died 1795)">John Vaughan</a> were transported to the West Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, opposition to the costly war was increasing, and in June 1780 contributed to disturbances in London known as the <a href="/wiki/Gordon_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon riots">Gordon riots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As late as the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">siege of Charleston</a> in 1780, Loyalists could still believe in their eventual victory, as British troops inflicted defeats on the Continental forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Battle of Camden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Battle of Guilford Court House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1781, the news of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Cornwallis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Cornwallis">Lord Cornwallis</a>'s surrender at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">siege of Yorktown</a> reached London; North's parliamentary support ebbed away and he resigned the following year. George drafted an abdication notice, which was never delivered.<sup id="cite_ref-cg_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cg-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He finally accepted the defeat in America and authorized peace negotiations. Britain formally recognized the independence of the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">Treaties of Paris</a> signed in 1782 and 1783.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1783, George III privately conceded "America is lost!" He reflected that the Northern colonies had developed into Britain's "successful rivals" in commercial trade and fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to 70,000 Loyalists fled to <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">Canada</a> (where they became known as the <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United Empire Loyalists">United Empire Loyalists</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, or England.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> was appointed American minister to London in 1785, by which time George had become resigned to the new relationship between his country and the former colonies. He told Adams, "I was the last to consent to the separation; but the separation having been made and having become inevitable, I have always said, as I say now, that I would be the first to meet the friendship of the United States as an independent power."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mid_reign">Mid reign</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National-Debt-Gillray.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Centre: George III, drawn as a paunchy man with pockets bulging with gold coins, receives a wheel-barrow filled with money-bags from William Pitt, whose pockets also overflow with coin. To the left, a quadriplegic veteran begs on the street. To the right, George, Prince of Wales, is depicted dressed in rags." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/National-Debt-Gillray.jpeg/220px-National-Debt-Gillray.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/National-Debt-Gillray.jpeg/330px-National-Debt-Gillray.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/National-Debt-Gillray.jpeg/440px-National-Debt-Gillray.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="3146" /></a><figcaption>In <i>A new way to pay the National Debt</i> (1786), <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> caricatured King George III and Queen Charlotte awash with treasury funds to cover royal debts, with Pitt handing him another <a href="/wiki/Money_bag" title="Money bag">money bag</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the collapse of Lord North's ministry in 1782, the Whig Lord Rockingham became prime minister for the second time, but died within months. The King then appointed <a href="/wiki/Lord_Shelburne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Shelburne">Lord Shelburne</a> to replace him. <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a>, however, refused to serve under Shelburne, and demanded the appointment of <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland</a>. In 1783, the House of Commons forced Shelburne from office and his government was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox–North Coalition">Fox–North Coalition</a>. Portland became prime minister, with Fox and Lord North, as foreign secretary and home secretary respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The King disliked Fox intensely, for his politics as well as his character: he thought Fox unprincipled and a bad influence on the Prince of Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George III was distressed at having to appoint ministers not of his liking, but the Portland ministry quickly built up a majority in the House of Commons, and could not be displaced easily. He was further dismayed when the government introduced the India Bill, which proposed to reform the government of India by transferring political power from the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> to Parliamentary commissioners.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although George actually favoured greater control over the company, the proposed commissioners were all political allies of Fox.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately after the House of Commons passed it, George authorised <a href="/wiki/George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville,_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">Lord Temple</a> to inform the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> that he would regard any peer who voted for the bill as his enemy. The bill was rejected by the Lords; three days later, the Portland ministry was dismissed, and <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> was appointed prime minister, with Temple as his secretary of state. On 17 December 1783, Parliament voted in favour of a motion condemning the influence of the monarch in parliamentary voting as a "high crime" and Temple was forced to resign. Temple's departure destabilised the government, and three months later the government lost its majority and Parliament was dissolved; the subsequent <a href="/wiki/1784_British_general_election" title="1784 British general election">election</a> gave Pitt a firm mandate.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daughters_of_King_George_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Imaginary garden scene with birds of paradise, vines laden with grapes, and architectural columns. The two young princesses and their baby sister wear fine dresses and play with three spaniels and a tambourine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Daughters_of_King_George_III.jpg/220px-Daughters_of_King_George_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Daughters_of_King_George_III.jpg/330px-Daughters_of_King_George_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Daughters_of_King_George_III.jpg/440px-Daughters_of_King_George_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><i>The Three Youngest Daughters of King George III</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley" title="John Singleton Copley">John Singleton Copley</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1785</span>, depicting: Princesses <a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary,_Duchess_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Mary</a> (left with tambourine), <a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom">Sophia</a> (upper right), and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Amelia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom">Amelia</a> (baby).</figcaption></figure> <p>Pitt's appointment was a great victory for George. It proved that the King could appoint prime ministers on the basis of his own interpretation of the public mood without having to follow the choice of the current majority in the House of Commons. Throughout Pitt's ministry, George supported many of Pitt's political aims and created new peers at an unprecedented rate to increase the number of Pitt's supporters in the House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During and after Pitt's ministry, George was extremely popular in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British people admired him for his piety and for remaining faithful to his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was fond of his children and was devastated at the death of two of his sons in infancy, in 1782 and 1783 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, he set his children a strict regimen. They were expected to attend rigorous lessons from seven in the morning and to lead lives of religious observance and virtue.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When his children strayed from George's principles of righteousness, as his sons did as young adults, he was dismayed and disappointed.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illness">Illness</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgeIIIGuinea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gold coin bearing the profile of a round-headed George wearing a classical Roman-style haircut and a laurel wreath." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/GeorgeIIIGuinea.jpg/220px-GeorgeIIIGuinea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/GeorgeIIIGuinea.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Gold <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(British_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea (British coin)">guinea</a> of George III, 1789</figcaption></figure> <p>By this time, George's health was deteriorating. He had a mental illness characterised by acute <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a>. Until the mid-20th century, the King's illness was generally considered to be psychological. In 1966, a study by Ida Macalpine and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Alfred_Hunter" title="Richard Alfred Hunter">Richard Hunter</a> suggested that the illness was physiological, caused by the liver disorder <a href="/wiki/Porphyria" title="Porphyria">porphyria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although meeting with some contemporary opposition,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the view subsequently gained widespread scholarly acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of samples of George's hair published in 2005 revealed high levels of <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, a cause of metabolic blood disorders and thus a possible trigger for porphyria. The source of the arsenic is not known, but it could have been a component of medicines or cosmetics.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory was also established in the public mind through influential dramatisations, such as <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_George_III" title="The Madness of George III">The Madness of George III</a></i>, and in <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hytner" title="Nicholas Hytner">Nicholas Hytner</a>'s subsequent <a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_King_George" title="The Madness of King George">film</a>. From 2010, this view has been increasingly challenged, and Macalpine and Hunter's study criticised.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent scholarship discounts the porphyria theory and contends that George's illness was psychiatric, most probably <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George may have had a brief episode of disease in 1765, and a longer episode began in the summer of 1788. At the end of the parliamentary session, he went to <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Spa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham Spa">Cheltenham Spa</a> to recuperate and in August visited the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Worcester" title="Bishop of Worcester">Bishop of Worcester</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hartlebury_Castle" title="Hartlebury Castle">Hartlebury Castle</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Mount_Edgcumbe" title="Earl of Mount Edgcumbe">Viscount Mount Edgcumbe</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cotehele" title="Cotehele">Cotehele</a>, Cornwall, with the Queen, and their daughters the Princess Royal and Princesses Augusta and Elizabeth.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the furthest he had ever been from London, but his condition worsened. In November of that year, he became seriously deranged, sometimes speaking for many hours without pause, causing him to foam at the mouth and his voice to become hoarse. George would frequently repeat himself and write sentences with over 400 words at a time, and his vocabulary became "more complex, creative and colourful", possible symptoms of bipolar disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His doctors were largely at a loss to explain his illness, and spurious stories about his condition spread, such as the claim that he had shaken hands with a tree in the mistaken belief that it was the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William II of Prussia">King of Prussia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment for mental illness was primitive by modern standards; George's doctors, who included <a href="/wiki/Francis_Willis_(physician)" title="Francis Willis (physician)">Francis Willis</a>, treated the King by forcibly restraining him until he was calm, or applying caustic <a href="/wiki/Poultice" title="Poultice">poultices</a> to draw out "evil humours".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the reconvened Parliament, Fox and Pitt wrangled over the terms of a regency during the King's incapacity. While both agreed that it would be most reasonable for the Prince of Wales to act as regent, Fox suggested, to Pitt's consternation, that it was the Prince's absolute right to act on his ill father's behalf with full powers. Pitt, fearing he would be removed from office if the Prince of Wales were empowered, argued that it was for Parliament to nominate a regent, and wanted to restrict the regent's authority.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1789, the <a href="/wiki/Regency_Acts#Regency_Bill_1789" title="Regency Acts">Regency Bill</a>, authorising the Prince of Wales to act as regent, was introduced and passed in the House of Commons, but before the House of Lords could pass the bill, George recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_reign">Later reign</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Europe">War in Europe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_III_by_Sir_William_Beechey_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="George wearing the red jacket of an 1800 British army general with the star of the Order of the Garter, white breeches, black knee-high boots, and a black bicorne hat. Behind him a groom holds a horse." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/King_George_III_by_Sir_William_Beechey_%282%29.jpg/220px-King_George_III_by_Sir_William_Beechey_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/King_George_III_by_Sir_William_Beechey_%282%29.jpg/330px-King_George_III_by_Sir_William_Beechey_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/King_George_III_by_Sir_William_Beechey_%282%29.jpg/440px-King_George_III_by_Sir_William_Beechey_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3919" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Beechey" title="William Beechey">William Beechey</a>, 1799/1800</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Gillray_The_King_of_Brobdingnag_and_Gulliver.%E2%80%93Vide._Swift%27s_Gulliver-_Voyage_to_Brobdingnag_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A span-high Napoleon stands on the outstretched hand of a full-size George III, who peers at him through a spy-glass." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/James_Gillray_The_King_of_Brobdingnag_and_Gulliver.%E2%80%93Vide._Swift%27s_Gulliver-_Voyage_to_Brobdingnag_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_edit.jpg/220px-James_Gillray_The_King_of_Brobdingnag_and_Gulliver.%E2%80%93Vide._Swift%27s_Gulliver-_Voyage_to_Brobdingnag_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/James_Gillray_The_King_of_Brobdingnag_and_Gulliver.%E2%80%93Vide._Swift%27s_Gulliver-_Voyage_to_Brobdingnag_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_edit.jpg/330px-James_Gillray_The_King_of_Brobdingnag_and_Gulliver.%E2%80%93Vide._Swift%27s_Gulliver-_Voyage_to_Brobdingnag_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/James_Gillray_The_King_of_Brobdingnag_and_Gulliver.%E2%80%93Vide._Swift%27s_Gulliver-_Voyage_to_Brobdingnag_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_edit.jpg/440px-James_Gillray_The_King_of_Brobdingnag_and_Gulliver.%E2%80%93Vide._Swift%27s_Gulliver-_Voyage_to_Brobdingnag_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4909" data-file-height="6196" /></a><figcaption>Caricature by <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> of George holding Napoleon in the palm of his hand, 1803</figcaption></figure> <p>After George's recovery, his popularity, and that of Pitt, continued to increase at the expense of Fox and the Prince of Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His humane and understanding treatment of two insane assailants, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Nicholson" title="Margaret Nicholson">Margaret Nicholson</a> in 1786 and <a href="/wiki/John_Frith_(assailant)" title="John Frith (assailant)">John Frith</a> in 1790, contributed to his popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Hadfield" title="James Hadfield">James Hadfield</a>'s failed attempt to shoot George in the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a>, on 15 May 1800 was not political in origin but motivated by the apocalyptic delusions of Hadfield and <a href="/wiki/Bannister_Truelock" title="Bannister Truelock">Bannister Truelock</a>. George seemed unperturbed by the incident, so much so that he fell asleep in the interval.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789, in which the <a href="/wiki/French_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="French monarchy">French monarchy</a> had been overthrown, worried many British landowners. France declared war on Great Britain in 1793; in response to the crisis, George allowed Pitt to increase taxes, raise armies, and suspend the right of <i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a></i>. Pitt <a href="/wiki/1794_Treason_Trials" title="1794 Treason Trials">prosecuted British radicals for treason</a> in 1794, and in October 1795, crowds attacked George's carriage on his way to opening Parliament, demanding an end to the war and lower bread prices. In response, Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1795" title="Treason Act 1795">Treason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seditious_Meetings_Act_1795" title="Seditious Meetings Act 1795">Seditious Meetings</a> Acts a month later.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/First_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="First Coalition">First Coalition</a> to oppose revolutionary France, which included Austria, Prussia, and Spain, broke up in 1795 when Prussia and Spain made separate peace with France.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a>, which included Austria, Russia, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, was defeated in 1800. Only Great Britain was left fighting <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Consul" class="mw-redirect" title="First Consul">First Consul</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Republic</a>. </p><p>A brief lull in hostilities allowed Pitt to concentrate effort on Ireland, where there had been an uprising and attempted French landing in 1798.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1800, the British and Irish Parliaments passed an <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union</a> that took effect on 1 January 1801 and united Great Britain and Ireland into a single state, known as the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". George used the opportunity to abandon the title "king of France", which <a href="/wiki/British_claims_to_the_French_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="British claims to the French throne">English and British sovereigns had maintained</a> since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weir286_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir286-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was suggested that George adopt the title "<a href="/wiki/British_Emperor" title="British Emperor">Emperor of the British Isles</a>", but he refused.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of his Irish policy, Pitt planned to remove certain <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom">legal disabilities</a> that applied to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in the United Kingdom">Roman Catholics</a>. George III claimed that to emancipate Catholics would be to violate his <a href="/wiki/Coronation_oath_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation oath of the British monarch">coronation oath</a>, in which sovereigns promise to maintain Protestantism.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced with opposition to his religious reform policies from both the King and the British public, Pitt threatened to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about the same time, George had a relapse of his previous illness, which he blamed on worry over the Catholic question.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 March 1801, Pitt was formally replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker of the House of Commons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Henry Addington</a>. Addington opposed emancipation, instituted annual accounts, abolished income tax and began a programme of disarmament. In October 1801, he made peace with the French, and in 1802 signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George did not consider the peace with France as real; in his view it was an "experiment".<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war resumed in 1803, but public opinion distrusted Addington to lead the nation in war, and instead favoured Pitt. An invasion of England by Napoleon seemed imminent, and a massive volunteer movement arose to defend England against the French. George's review of 27,000 volunteers in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park, London</a>, on 26 and 28 October 1803 and at the height of the invasion scare, attracted an estimated 500,000 spectators on each day.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> said: "The enthusiasm of the multitude was beyond all expression."<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A courtier wrote on 13 November that "The King is really prepared to take the field in case of attack, his beds are ready and he can move at half an hour's warning."<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George wrote to his friend <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hurd_(bishop)" title="Richard Hurd (bishop)">Bishop Hurd</a>, "We are here in daily expectation that Bonaparte will attempt his threatened invasion ... Should his troops effect a landing, I shall certainly put myself at the head of mine, and my other armed subjects, to repel them."<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Lord_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Lord Nelson">Admiral Lord Nelson</a>'s famous naval victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a>, the possibility of invasion was extinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-Kick-at-the-Broad-Bottoms-Gillray.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The King, his face obscured by a pillar, kicks out at the behinds of a group of well-fed ministers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A-Kick-at-the-Broad-Bottoms-Gillray.jpeg/300px-A-Kick-at-the-Broad-Bottoms-Gillray.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A-Kick-at-the-Broad-Bottoms-Gillray.jpeg/450px-A-Kick-at-the-Broad-Bottoms-Gillray.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A-Kick-at-the-Broad-Bottoms-Gillray.jpeg/600px-A-Kick-at-the-Broad-Bottoms-Gillray.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3990" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption>In <i>A Kick at the Broad-Bottoms!</i> (1807), James Gillray caricatured George's dismissal of the Ministry of All the Talents.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1804, George's recurrent illness returned; after his recovery, Addington resigned and Pitt regained power. Pitt sought to appoint Fox to his ministry, but George refused. <a href="/wiki/Lord_Grenville" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Grenville">Lord Grenville</a> perceived an injustice to Fox, and refused to join the new ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt concentrated on forming a coalition with Austria, Russia, and Sweden. This <a href="/wiki/Third_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a>, however, met the same fate as the First and Second Coalitions, collapsing in 1805. The setbacks in Europe took a toll on Pitt's health, and he died in 1806, reopening the question of who should serve in the ministry. Grenville became prime minister, and his "<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_All_the_Talents" title="Ministry of All the Talents">Ministry of All the Talents</a>" included Fox. Grenville pushed through the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">Slave Trade Act 1807</a>, which passed both houses of Parliament with large majorities.<sup id="cite_ref-bitesize_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bitesize-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George was conciliatory towards Fox, after being forced to capitulate over his appointment. After Fox's death in September 1806, the King and ministry were in open conflict. To boost recruitment, the ministry proposed a measure in February 1807 whereby Roman Catholics would be allowed to serve in all ranks of the armed forces. George instructed them not only to drop the measure, but also to agree never to set up such a measure again. The ministers agreed to drop the measure then pending, but refused to bind themselves in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were dismissed and replaced by the Duke of Portland, as the nominal prime minister, with actual power being held by the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Spencer Perceval</a>. Parliament was dissolved, and the <a href="/wiki/1807_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1807 United Kingdom general election">subsequent election</a> gave the ministry a strong majority in the House of Commons. George III made no further major political decisions during his reign; the replacement of Portland by Perceval in 1809 was of little real significance.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_III_by_Henry_Meyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Monochrome profile of elderly George with a long white beard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/George_III_by_Henry_Meyer.jpg/220px-George_III_by_Henry_Meyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/George_III_by_Henry_Meyer.jpg/330px-George_III_by_Henry_Meyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/George_III_by_Henry_Meyer.jpg/440px-George_III_by_Henry_Meyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1510" data-file-height="1592" /></a><figcaption>Engraving by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hoppner_Meyer" title="Henry Hoppner Meyer">Henry Meyer</a>, 1817, depicting an elderly George</figcaption></figure> <p>In late 1810, at the height of his popularity,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King George, already virtually blind with <a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">cataracts</a> and in pain from <a href="/wiki/Rheumatism" title="Rheumatism">rheumatism</a>, suffered a relapse into his mental disorder and became dangerously ill. In his view, the malady had been triggered by stress over the death of his youngest and favourite daughter, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Amelia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom">Princess Amelia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The princess's nurse reported that "the scenes of distress and crying every day<span class="nowrap"> </span>... were melancholy beyond description."<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George accepted the need for the <a href="/wiki/Regency_Act_1811" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency Act 1811">Regency Act 1811</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Prince of Wales (later <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a>) acted as regent for the remainder of the King's life. Despite signs of a recovery in May 1811, by the end of the year, George III had become permanently insane, and lived in seclusion at Windsor Castle until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prime Minister Spencer Perceval was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Spencer_Perceval" title="Assassination of Spencer Perceval">assassinated in 1812</a> and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a>. Liverpool oversaw British victory in the Napoleonic Wars. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> led to significant territorial gains for Hanover, which was elevated from an <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">electorate</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">kingdom</a>. Meanwhile, George's health deteriorated. He developed <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, and became completely blind and increasingly deaf. He was incapable of knowing or understanding that he was declared King of Hanover in 1814, or that his wife died in 1818.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Christmas 1819, he spoke nonsense for 58 hours, and for the last few weeks of his life was unable to walk.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a> at 8:38 pm on 29 January 1820, six days after the death of his fourth son <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Black,_p._410_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black,_p._410-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His favourite son, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a>, was with him.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George III <a href="/wiki/Lay_in_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay in state">lay in state</a> for two days, and his funeral and interment took place on 16 February in <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Black,_p._410_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black,_p._410-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavery">Slavery</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DunmoresProclamation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DunmoresProclamation.jpg/180px-DunmoresProclamation.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DunmoresProclamation.jpg/270px-DunmoresProclamation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DunmoresProclamation.jpg/360px-DunmoresProclamation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dunmore%27s_Proclamation" title="Dunmore's Proclamation">Dunmore's Proclamation</a>, by the King's authority, set free Rebel slaves.</figcaption></figure> <p>Over the course of George's reign, a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Abolitionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionists">abolitionists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave</a> uprisings caused the British public to spurn slavery. According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Andrew Roberts</a>, "George never bought or sold a slave in his life. He never invested in any of the companies that did such a thing. He signed legislation to abolish slavery." George wrote a document in the 1750s "denouncing all of the arguments for slavery, and calling them an execration and ridiculous and 'absurd<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>",<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the King and his son, the <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">Duke of Clarence</a>, supported the efforts of the <a href="/wiki/London_Society_of_West_India_Planters_and_Merchants" title="London Society of West India Planters and Merchants">London Society of West India Planters and Merchants</a> to delay the abolition of the British slave trade for almost 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-newman_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newman-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> conversely wished to see slavery abolished but, because the cabinet was divided and the King was in the pro-slavery camp,<sup id="cite_ref-bitesize_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bitesize-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This is an exam revision site, not a scholarly source (November 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Pitt decided to refrain from making abolition official government policy. Instead, he worked toward abolition in an individual capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 November 1775, during the American War of Independence, <a href="/wiki/John_Murray,_4th_Earl_of_Dunmore" title="John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore">John Murray, Lord Dunmore</a>, issued a proclamation that offered freedom to the slaves of rebel masters if they enlisted to put down the colonial rebellion. Dunmore was the last <a href="/wiki/Royal_Governor_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Governor of Virginia">Royal Governor of Virginia</a>, appointed by King George III in July 1771. <a href="/wiki/Dunmore%27s_Proclamation" title="Dunmore's Proclamation">Dunmore's Proclamation</a> inspired slaves to escape from captivity and fight for the British. On 30 June 1779, George III's Commanding General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Henry Clinton</a> broadened Dunmore's proclamation with his <a href="/wiki/Philipsburg_Proclamation" title="Philipsburg Proclamation">Philipsburg Proclamation</a>. For all colonial slaves who fled their rebel masters, Clinton forbade their recapture and resale, giving them protection by the British military. Approximately 20,000 freed slaves joined the British, fighting for George III. In 1783, given British certificates of freedom, 3,000 former slaves, including their families, settled in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1791 and 1800, almost 400,000 Africans were shipped to the Americas, by 1,340 slaving voyages, mounted from British ports, including <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>. On 25 March 1807 George III signed into law <i><a href="/wiki/An_Act_for_the_Abolition_of_the_Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade">An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade</a></i>, under which the transatlantic slave trade was banned in the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <p>George was succeeded by two of his sons, George IV and <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a> in turn, who both died without surviving legitimate children, leaving the throne to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a>, the only legitimate child of his fourth son Prince Edward. </p><p>George III lived for 81 years and 239 days, and reigned for 59 years and 96 days: both his life and his reign were longer than those of any of his predecessors and subsequent kings; only queens Victoria and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_members_of_the_British_royal_family" title="List of longest-living members of the British royal family">lived</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_in_Britain_by_length_of_reign" title="List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign">reigned longer</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TransitOfVenus1769.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/TransitOfVenus1769.png/220px-TransitOfVenus1769.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/TransitOfVenus1769.png/330px-TransitOfVenus1769.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/TransitOfVenus1769.png/440px-TransitOfVenus1769.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>Extract from <i>Observations on the Transit of Venus</i>, a manuscript notebook from the collections of George III, showing George, Charlotte and those attending them.</figcaption></figure> <p>George III was dubbed "Farmer George" by satirists, at first to mock his interest in mundane matters rather than politics, but later to portray him as a man of the people, contrasting his homely thrift with his son's grandiosity.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under George III, the <a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a> reached its peak and great advances were made in fields such as science and industry. There was unprecedented growth in the rural population, which in turn provided much of the workforce for the concurrent <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George's collection of mathematical and scientific instruments is now owned by <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> but housed in the <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum, London</a>, to which it has been on long-term loan since 1927. He had the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Observatory" title="King's Observatory">King's Observatory</a> built in <a href="/wiki/Richmond-upon-Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond-upon-Thames">Richmond-upon-Thames</a> for his own observations of the <a href="/wiki/1769_transit_of_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="1769 transit of Venus">1769 transit of Venus</a>. When <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> in 1781, he at first named it <i>Georgium Sidus</i> (George's Star) after the King, who later funded the construction and maintenance of Herschel's 1785 <a href="/wiki/40-foot_telescope" title="40-foot telescope">40-foot telescope</a>, which at the time was the biggest ever built. </p><p>George III hoped that "the tongue of malice may not paint my intentions in those colours she admires, nor the sycophant extoll me beyond what I deserve"<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, in the popular mind, George III has been both demonised and praised. While very popular at the start of his reign, by the mid-1770s George had lost the loyalty of revolutionary American colonists,<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it has been estimated that as many as half of the colonists remained loyal.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grievances in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> were presented as "repeated injuries and usurpations" that he had committed to establish an "absolute Tyranny" over the colonies. The declaration's wording has contributed to the American public's perception of George as a tyrant. Contemporary accounts of George III's life fall into two camps: one demonstrating "attitudes dominant in the latter part of the reign, when the King had become a revered symbol of national resistance to French ideas and French power", while the other "derived their views of the King from the bitter partisan strife of the first two decades of the reign, and they expressed in their works the views of the opposition".<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Building on the latter of these two assessments, British historians of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, such as <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Trevelyan,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet">Trevelyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erskine_May" title="Erskine May">Erskine May</a>, promoted hostile interpretations of George III's life. However, in the mid-twentieth century the work of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Namier" title="Lewis Namier">Lewis Namier</a>, who thought George was "much maligned", started a re-evaluation of the man and his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars of the later twentieth century, such as <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Butterfield</a> and Pares, and Macalpine and Hunter,<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are inclined to treat George sympathetically, seeing him as a victim of circumstance and illness. Butterfield rejected the arguments of his Victorian predecessors with withering disdain: "Erskine May must be a good example of the way in which an historian may fall into error through an excess of brilliance. His capacity for synthesis, and his ability to dovetail the various parts of the evidence ... carried him into a more profound and complicated elaboration of error than some of his more pedestrian predecessors ... he inserted a doctrinal element into his history which, granted his original aberrations, was calculated to project the lines of his error, carrying his work still further from centrality or truth."<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In pursuing war with the American colonists, George III believed he was defending the right of an elected Parliament to levy taxes, rather than seeking to expand his own power or prerogatives.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the opinion of modern scholars, during the long reign of George III, the monarchy continued to lose its political power and grew as the embodiment of national morality.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms"><span id="Titles.2C_styles.2C_honours_and_arms"></span>Titles, styles, honours and arms</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_and_styles">Titles and styles</h3></div> <ul><li>4 June 1738 – 31 March 1751: <i>His Royal Highness</i> Prince George<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>31 March 1751 – 20 April 1751: <i>His Royal Highness</i> The Duke of Edinburgh</li> <li>20 April 1751 – 25 October 1760: <i>His Royal Highness</i> The Prince of Wales</li> <li>25 October 1760 – 29 January 1820: <i>His Majesty</i> The King</li></ul> <p>In Great Britain, George III used the official <a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">style</a> "George the Third, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Defender of the Faith</a>, and so forth". In 1801, when <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> united with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>, he dropped the title of king of France, which had been used for every English monarch since <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III's</a> <a href="/wiki/British_claims_to_the_French_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="British claims to the French throne">claim to the French throne</a> in the medieval period.<sup id="cite_ref-weir286_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir286-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His style became "George the Third, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith."<sup id="cite_ref-p390_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p390-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany, he was "Duke of <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arch-Treasurer" title="Arch-Treasurer">Arch-Treasurer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-elector</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>" (<i>Herzog von Braunschweig und Lüneburg, Erzschatzmeister und Kurfürst des Heiligen Römischen Reiches</i><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) until the end of the empire in 1806. He then continued as duke until the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> declared him "King of Hanover" in 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-p390_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p390-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3></div> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Royal Knight of the Garter</a>, <i>22 June 1749</i><sup id="cite_ref-p44_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p44-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>: Founder of the <a href="/wiki/Most_Illustrious_Order_of_Saint_Patrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick">Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick</a>, <i>5 February 1783</i><sup id="cite_ref-pIX_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pIX-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms">Arms</h3></div> <p>Before his succession, George was granted the <a href="/wiki/Royal_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal arms">royal arms</a> differenced by a <a href="/wiki/Label_(heraldry)" title="Label (heraldry)">label</a> of five points <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a>, the centre point bearing a <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">fleur-de-lis</a> <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> on 27 July 1749. Upon his father's death, and along with the dukedom of Edinburgh and the position of heir-apparent, he inherited his difference of a plain label of three points <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a>. In an additional difference, the crown of Charlemagne was not usually depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales" title="Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales">arms of the heir</a>, only on the Sovereign's.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From his succession until 1800, George bore the royal arms: <a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">Quarterly</a>, I <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a> three lions <a href="/wiki/Passant_guardant" class="mw-redirect" title="Passant guardant">passant guardant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pale_(heraldry)" title="Pale (heraldry)">pale</a> Or (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of England">for England</a>) <a href="/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)" title="Impalement (heraldry)">impaling</a> Or a lion <a href="/wiki/Rampant" class="mw-redirect" title="Rampant">rampant</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Tressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tressure">tressure</a> flory-counter-flory Gules (<a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of Scotland">for Scotland</a>); II Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (<a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">for Ireland</a>); IV <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_field" title="Division of the field">tierced per pale and per chevron</a> (for Hanover), I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for Brunswick), II Or a <a href="/wiki/Semy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semy">semy</a> of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure (for Lüneburg), III Gules a horse <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)#Courant" title="Attitude (heraldry)">courant</a> Argent (<a href="/wiki/Saxon_Steed" title="Saxon Steed">for Saxony</a>), overall an escutcheon Gules charged with the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire">crown of Charlemagne</a> Or (for the dignity of Archtreasurer of the Holy Roman Empire).<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a>, the royal arms were amended, dropping the French quartering. They became: Quarterly, I and IV England; II Scotland; III Ireland; overall an escutcheon of Hanover surmounted by an electoral bonnet.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1816, after the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Electorate of Hanover</a> became a kingdom, the electoral bonnet was changed to a crown.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_George_William_Frederick,_Duke_of_Edinburgh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms from 1749 to 1751"><img alt="Coat of arms from 1749 to 1751" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_arms_of_George_William_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh.svg/273px-Coat_of_arms_of_George_William_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="182" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_arms_of_George_William_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh.svg/410px-Coat_of_arms_of_George_William_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_arms_of_George_William_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh.svg/546px-Coat_of_arms_of_George_William_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms from 1749 to 1751</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Hanoverian_Princes_of_Wales_(1714-1760).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms from 1751 to 1760 as Prince of Wales"><img alt="Coat of arms from 1751 to 1760 as Prince of Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Hanoverian_Princes_of_Wales_%281714-1760%29.svg/264px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Hanoverian_Princes_of_Wales_%281714-1760%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Hanoverian_Princes_of_Wales_%281714-1760%29.svg/396px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Hanoverian_Princes_of_Wales_%281714-1760%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Hanoverian_Princes_of_Wales_%281714-1760%29.svg/527px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Hanoverian_Princes_of_Wales_%281714-1760%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms from 1751 to 1760 as Prince of Wales</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_(1714%E2%80%931801).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms used from 1760 to 1801 as King of Great Britain"><img alt="Coat of arms used from 1760 to 1801 as King of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/255px-Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/383px-Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/510px-Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms used from 1760 to 1801 as King of Great Britain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1801-1816).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms used from 1801 to 1816 as King of the United Kingdom"><img alt="Coat of arms used from 1801 to 1816 as King of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281801-1816%29.svg/255px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281801-1816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281801-1816%29.svg/383px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281801-1816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281801-1816%29.svg/510px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281801-1816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms used from 1801 to 1816 as King of the United Kingdom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1816-1837).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms used from 1816 until death, also as King of Hanover"><img alt="Coat of arms used from 1816 until death, also as King of Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/255px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/383px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/510px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms used from 1816 until death, also as King of Hanover</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_George_III" title="Descendants of George III">Descendants of George III</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British Royalty</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1801-1816).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or; II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules; III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent; overall an escutcheon tierced per pale and per chevron, I Gules two lions passant guardant Or, II Or a semy of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure, III Gules a horse courant Argent, the whole inescutcheon surmounted by crown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281801-1816%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281801-1816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281801-1816%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281801-1816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281801-1816%29.svg/320px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281801-1816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #C5C5DD; border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.3em 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George III</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left; padding:0.3em 0.5em;"> <dl><dt><i>Children</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Princess_Royal" title="Charlotte, Princess Royal">Charlotte, Princess Royal and Queen of Württemberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom">Princess Augusta Sophia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom">Elizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus I of Hanover</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary,_Duchess_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom">Princess Sophia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Octavius_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Octavius of Great Britain">Prince Octavius</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alfred_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Alfred of Great Britain">Prince Alfred</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Amelia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom">Princess Amelia</a></dd> <dt><i>Grandchildren</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(1796%E2%80%931817)" title="Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)">Charlotte, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></dd> <dd>Princess Charlotte of Clarence</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_Clarence" title="Princess Elizabeth of Clarence">Princess Elizabeth of Clarence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></dd> <dd>Princess Frederica of Cumberland</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover" title="George V of Hanover">George V of Hanover</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">Prince George, Duke of Cambridge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Cambridge" title="Princess Augusta of Cambridge">Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary_Adelaide_of_Cambridge" title="Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge">Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck</a></dd> <dt><i>Great-grandchildren</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Frederica_of_Hanover" title="Princess Frederica of Hanover">Frederica, Baroness Alfons of Pawel-Rammingen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_Hanover" title="Princess Marie of Hanover">Princess Marie of Hanover</a></dd> <dt><i>Great-great-grandchildren</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Hanover" title="Princess Marie Louise of Hanover">Marie Louise, Margravine of Baden</a></dd> <dd>George William, Hereditary Prince of Hanover</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_of_Hanover_(1882%E2%80%931963)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Alexandra of Hanover (1882–1963)">Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></dd> <dd>Princess Olga of Hanover and Cumberland</dd> <dd>Prince Christian of Hanover and Cumberland</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick">Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick</a></dd> <dt><i>Great-great-great-grandchildren</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ernest_Augustus_of_Hanover_(born_1914)" title="Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover (born 1914)">Ernest Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_William_of_Hanover" title="Prince George William of Hanover">Prince George William of Hanover and Cumberland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederica_of_Hanover" title="Frederica of Hanover">Frederica, Queen of the Hellenes</a></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Hanover_(UK)_sidebar" title="Template:House of Hanover (UK) sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Hanover_(UK)_sidebar" title="Template talk:House of Hanover (UK) sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Hanover_(UK)_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Hanover (UK) sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#cccccc"> <th>Name</th> <th>Birth</th> <th>Death</th> <th class="unsortable">Notes<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="George IV"><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></td> <td>12 August 1762</td> <td>26 June 1830</td> <td>Prince of Wales 1762–1820; married 1795, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Caroline_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Princess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a>; had one daughter: <a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(1796%E2%80%931817)" title="Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)">Princess Charlotte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Frederick"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></td> <td>16 August 1763</td> <td>5 January 1827</td> <td>Married 1791, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Frederica_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Frederica of Prussia">Princess Frederica of Prussia</a>; no issue </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="William IV"><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></td> <td>21 August 1765</td> <td>20 June 1837</td> <td>Duke of Clarence and St Andrews; married 1818, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen">Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen</a>; no surviving legitimate issue, but had illegitimate children with <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Jordan" title="Dorothea Jordan">Dorothea Jordan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Princess_Royal" title="Charlotte, Princess Royal">Charlotte, Princess Royal</a></td> <td>29 September 1766</td> <td>6 October 1828</td> <td>Married 1797, <a href="/wiki/King_Frederick_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="King Frederick of Württemberg">King Frederick of Württemberg</a>; no surviving issue </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Edward"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a></td> <td>2 November 1767</td> <td>23 January 1820</td> <td>Married 1818, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a>; had one daughter: <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Augusta Sophia"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_Sophia" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Augusta Sophia">Princess Augusta Sophia</a></td> <td>8 November 1768</td> <td>22 September 1840</td> <td>Never married, no issue </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Elizabeth"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom">Princess Elizabeth</a></td> <td>22 May 1770</td> <td>10 January 1840</td> <td>Married 1818, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Homburg" title="Frederick VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg">Frederick VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg</a>; no issue </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Ernest Augustus"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover</a></td> <td>5 June 1771</td> <td>18 November 1851</td> <td>Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 1799–1851; married 1815, <a href="/wiki/Frederica_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Princess Friederike of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a>; had one son: <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover" title="George V of Hanover">George V of Hanover</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Augustus Frederick"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex</a></td> <td>27 January 1773</td> <td>21 April 1843</td> <td>(1) Married 1793, in contravention of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marriages_Act_1772" title="Royal Marriages Act 1772">Royal Marriages Act 1772</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Augusta_Murray" title="Lady Augusta Murray">Lady Augusta Murray</a>; had issue; marriage annulled 1794<br />(2) Married 1831, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Cecilia_Buggin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Cecilia Buggin">Lady Cecilia Buggin</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Inverness" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchess of Inverness">Duchess of Inverness</a> in her own right); no issue </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Adolphus"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge</a></td> <td>24 February 1774</td> <td>8 July 1850</td> <td>Married 1818, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel">Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel</a>; had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Mary"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary,_Duchess_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Princess Mary</a></td> <td>25 April 1776</td> <td>30 April 1857</td> <td>Married 1816, <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Frederick,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a>; no issue </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Sophia"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom">Princess Sophia</a></td> <td>3 November 1777</td> <td>27 May 1848</td> <td>Never married, no issue </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Octavius"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Octavius" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Octavius">Prince Octavius</a></td> <td>23 February 1779</td> <td>3 May 1783</td> <td>Died in childhood </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Alfred"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alfred_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Alfred of Great Britain">Prince Alfred</a></td> <td>22 September 1780</td> <td>20 August 1782</td> <td>Died in childhood </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Amelia"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Amelia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom">Princess Amelia</a></td> <td>7 August 1783</td> <td>2 November 1810</td> <td>Never married, no issue </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of George III<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I of Great Britain</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Dorothea_of_Celle" title="Sophia Dorothea of Celle">Princess Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Celle</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach" title="John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach">John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Caroline_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach">Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Eleonore_Erdmuthe_of_Saxe-Eisenach" title="Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach">Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>George III of the United Kingdom</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Sibylle_of_Saxe-Weissenfels" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels">Princess Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Halle</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Saxe-Gotha" title="Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha">Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Charles_William,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Zerbst" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles William, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst">Charles William, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Magdalena_Augusta_of_Anhalt-Zerbst" title="Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst">Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Saxe-Weissenfels,_Princess_of_Anhalt-Zerbst" title="Sophia of Saxe-Weissenfels, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst">Princess Sophia of Saxe-Halle</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_George_III" title="Cultural depictions of George III">Cultural depictions of George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mentally_ill_monarchs" title="List of mentally ill monarchs">List of mentally ill monarchs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note_1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801, after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King from 12 October 1814</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-date-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-date_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-date_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">All dates in this article are in the <a href="/wiki/New_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="New Style">New Style</a> <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. George was born on 24 May in the Old Style <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> used in Great Britain until 1752.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George was falsely said to have married <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Lightfoot" title="Hannah Lightfoot">Hannah Lightfoot</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a>, on 17 April 1759, prior to his marriage to Charlotte, and to have had at least one child by her. However, Lightfoot had married Isaac Axford in 1753, and had died in or before 1759, so there could have been no legal marriage or children. The jury at the 1866 trial of <a href="/wiki/Lavinia_Ryves" title="Lavinia Ryves">Lavinia Ryves</a>, the daughter of imposter <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Serres" title="Olivia Serres">Olivia Serres</a> who pretended to be "Princess Olive of Cumberland", unanimously found that a supposed marriage certificate produced by Ryves was a forgery.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the letters of <a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a> written at the time of the accession defended George but Walpole's later memoirs were hostile.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An American taxpayer would pay a maximum of sixpence a year, compared to an average of twenty-five shillings (50 times as much) in England.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1763, the total revenue from America amounted to about £1 800, while the estimated annual cost of the military in America was put at £225 000. By 1767, it had risen to £400 000.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rh-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rh_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rh_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rh_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/george-iii-r-1760-1820">"George III"</a>. <i>Official website of the British monarchy</i>. Royal Household. 31 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+the+British+monarchy&rft.atitle=George+III&rft.date=2015-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fgeorge-iii-r-1760-1820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, p. 314; Fraser, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Third Register Book of the Parish of St James in the Liberty of Westminster For Births & Baptisms. 1723–1741</i>. 24 May 1738.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette7712" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/7712/page/2">"No. 7712"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 20 June 1738. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+7712&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1738-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F7712%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, pp. 23–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooke,_pp._42–44,_55-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooke,_pp._42–44,_55_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooke,_pp._42–44,_55_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, pp. 42–44, 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dnb-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cannon, John (September 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10540">"George III (1738–1820)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10540">10.1093/ref:odnb/10540</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+III+%281738%E2%80%931820%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10540&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F10540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span> (Subscription required).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sedgwick, pp. ix–x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette9050" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/9050/page/1">"No. 9050"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 16 April 1751. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+9050&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1751-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F9050%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert, pp. 3–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, pp. 51–52; Hibbert, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bullion, John L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/46829">"Augusta, princess of Wales (1719–1772)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F46829">10.1093/ref:odnb/46829</a>. Retrieved 17 September 2008 (Subscription required): "George III adopted the moral standards she tried to teach."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayling, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayling, p. 54; Brooke, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayling, pp. 36–37; Brooke, p. 49; Hibbert, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadlow2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janice_Hadlow" title="Janice Hadlow">Hadlow, Janice</a> (2014). <i>A royal experiment : the private life of King George III</i>. New York: Holt. pp. 139–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805096569" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805096569"><bdi>978-0805096569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+royal+experiment+%3A+the+private+life+of+King+George+III&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=139-148&rft.pub=Holt&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0805096569&rft.aulast=Hadlow&rft.aufirst=Janice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C5895849">"Documents relating to the case"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documents+relating+to+the+case&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2FC5895849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayling, pp. 85–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayling, p. 378; Cannon and Griffiths, p. 518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, p. 549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, p. 391: "There can be no doubt that the King wrote 'Britain'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, p. 88; Simms and Riotte, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/george-iii-1738-1820/">George III (1738–1820)</a>, 22 December 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butterfield, pp. 22, 115–117, 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert, p. 86; Watson, pp. 67–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113080506/http://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/who-we-are/our-history">"Our history"</a>. <i>The Crown Estate</i>. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/who-we-are/our-history/">the original</a> on 13 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Crown+Estate&rft.atitle=Our+history&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrownestate.co.uk%2Fwho-we-are%2Four-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelso2000" class="citation news cs1">Kelso, Paul (6 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/mar/06/monarchy.princessmargaret">"The royal family and the public purse"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+royal+family+and+the+public+purse&rft.date=2000-03-06&rft.aulast=Kelso&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2000%2Fmar%2F06%2Fmonarchy.princessmargaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, p. 88; this view is also shared by Brooke (see for example p. 99).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Medley, p. 501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayling, p. 194; Brooke, pp. xv, 214, 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayling, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayling, pp. 196–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, p. 145; Carretta, pp. 59, 64 ff.; Watson, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willcox & Arnstein (1988), pp. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chernow, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, pp. 183–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cannon and Griffiths, p. 505; Hibbert, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cannon and Griffiths, p. 505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, pp. 184–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayling, pp. 122–133; Hibbert, pp. 107–109; Watson, pp. 106–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayling, pp. 122–133; Hibbert, pp. 111–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayling, p. 137; Hibbert, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayling, pp. 154–160; Brooke, pp. 147–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayling, pp. 167–168; Hibbert, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, p. 260; Fraser, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooke_pp._272-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooke_pp._272_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooke_pp._272_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, pp. 272–282; Cannon and Griffiths, p. 498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayling, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (2016), pp. 91–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chernow, pp. 214–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carretta, pp. 97–98, 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Shaughnessy2014" class="citation book cs1">O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson (2014). <i>The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire</i>. pp. 158–164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Men+Who+Lost+America%3A+British+Leadership%2C+the+American+Revolution%2C+and+the+Fate+of+the+Empire&rft.pages=158-164&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=O%27Shaughnessy&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willcox & Arnstein (1988), p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Shaughnessy, ch 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trevelyan, vol. 1 p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trevelyan, vol. 1 p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cg-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cg_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cg_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cannon and Griffiths, pp. 510–511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, pp. 180–182, 192, 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert, pp. 156–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willcox & Arnstein, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willcox161165-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willcox161165_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willcox161165_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willcox161165_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Willcox & Arnstein, pp. 161, 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinStein2003" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Stanley; Stein, Barbara (2003). <i>Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759–1789</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 338–340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801873393" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801873393"><bdi>978-0801873393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apogee+of+Empire%3A+Spain+and+New+Spain+in+the+Age+of+Charles+III%2C+1759%E2%80%931789&rft.pages=338-340&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0801873393&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Stein%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayling, pp. 275–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (2016), p. 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (2016), p. 290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayling, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army</i> (1994) p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Department of State, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/treaty">Treaty of Paris, 1783</a>. Retrieved 5 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bullion, <i>George III on Empire, 1783</i>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoos2021" class="citation web cs1">Roos, Dave (7 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/loyalists-revolutionary-war">"Famous Loyalists of the Revolutionary War Era"</a>. <i>history.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.com&rft.atitle=Famous+Loyalists+of+the+Revolutionary+War+Era&rft.date=2021-10-07&rft.aulast=Roos&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Floyalists-revolutionary-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1850–1856" class="citation book cs1">Adams, C.F., ed. (1850–1856). <i>The works of John Adams, second president of the United States</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=The+Ex-Slaves+Who+Fought+with+the+British&rft.date=2020-02-13&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-ex-slaves-who-fought-with-the-british&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/how-did-slave-trade-end-britain">"Transatlantic slave trade and abolition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_Greenwich" title="Royal Museums Greenwich">Royal Museums Greenwich</a>. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1991) [1969]. <i>George III and the Mad-Business</i>. Pimlico. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-5279-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-5279-7">978-0-7126-5279-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butterfield, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, pp. 175–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The London Gazette</i> consistently refers to the young prince as "His Royal Highness Prince George" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette8734" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8734/page/3">"No. 8734"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 5 April 1748. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+8734&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1748-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F8734%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette8735" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8735/page/2">"No. 8735"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 9 April 1748. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+8735&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1748-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F8735%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette8860" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8860/page/2">"No. 8860"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 20 June 1749. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+8860&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1749-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F8860%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette8898" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8898/page/3">"No. 8898"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 31 October 1749. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+8898&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1749-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F8898%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette8902" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8902/page/3">"No. 8902"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 17 November 1749. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+8902&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1749-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F8902%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette8963" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8963/page/1">"No. 8963"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 16 June 1750. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+8963&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1750-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F8963%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette8971" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8971/page/1">"No. 8971"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 14 July 1750. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+8971&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1750-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F8971%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p390-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p390_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p390_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquardt2018" class="citation book cs1">Marquardt, Bernd (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3D7S8qxVz4MC&pg=PA326"><i>Universalgeschichte des Staates: von der vorstaatlichen Gesellschaft zum Staat der Industriegesellschaft</i></a>. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3643900043" title="Special:BookSources/978-3643900043"><bdi>978-3643900043</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universalgeschichte+des+Staates%3A+von+der+vorstaatlichen+Gesellschaft+zum+Staat+der+Industriegesellschaft&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3643900043&rft.aulast=Marquardt&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3D7S8qxVz4MC%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p44-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p44_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) <i>The Knights of England</i>, <b>I</b>, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n133/mode/2up">p. 44</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pIX-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pIX_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n33/mode/2up">p. ix</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelde2013" class="citation web cs1">Velde, François (5 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm">"Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family"</a>. <i>Heraldica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heraldica&rft.atitle=Marks+of+Cadency+in+the+British+Royal+Family&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft.aulast=Velde&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Fbritain%2Fcadency.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry1810" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Berry_(genealogist)" title="William Berry (genealogist)">Berry, William</a> (1810). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anintroductiont00berrgoog"><i>An introduction to heraldry containing the rudiments of the science</i></a>. pp. 110–111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+heraldry+containing+the+rudiments+of+the+science&rft.pages=110-111&rft.date=1810&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanintroductiont00berrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinchesPinches1974" class="citation book cs1">Pinches, John Harvey; Pinches, Rosemary (1974). <i>The Royal Heraldry of England</i>. Heraldry Today. Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press. pp. 215–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900455-25-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900455-25-4"><bdi>978-0-900455-25-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Heraldry+of+England&rft.place=Slough%2C+Buckinghamshire&rft.series=Heraldry+Today&rft.pages=215-216&rft.pub=Hollen+Street+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-900455-25-4&rft.aulast=Pinches&rft.aufirst=John+Harvey&rft.au=Pinches%2C+Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette15324" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15324/page/2">"No. 15324"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 30 December 1800. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+15324&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1800-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F15324%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette17149" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17149/page/1">"No. 17149"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 29 June 1816. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+17149&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1816-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F17149%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiste2004" class="citation book cs1">Kiste, John Van der (19 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yiwTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT205"><i>George III's Children</i></a>. The History Press. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750953825" title="Special:BookSources/9780750953825"><bdi>9780750953825</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+III%27s+Children&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2004-01-19&rft.isbn=9780750953825&rft.aulast=Kiste&rft.aufirst=John+Van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyiwTDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA4"><i>Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans</i></a> [<i>Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living</i>] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogie+ascendante+jusqu%27au+quatrieme+degre+inclusivement+de+tous+les+Rois+et+Princes+de+maisons+souveraines+de+l%27Europe+actuellement+vivans&rft.place=Bourdeaux&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Frederic+Guillaume+Birnstiel&rft.date=1768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAINPAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyling1972" class="citation book cs1">Ayling, Stanley Edward (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NWdnAAAAMAAJ"><i>George the Third</i></a>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-211412-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-211412-7"><bdi>0-00-211412-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+the+Third&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-00-211412-7&rft.aulast=Ayling&rft.aufirst=Stanley+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNWdnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin1907" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Lewis Saul (1907). <i>Farmer George</i>. Pitman and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farmer+George&rft.pub=Pitman+and+Sons&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaer2021" class="citation web cs1">Baer, Marc (22 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/george-iii-1738-1820">"George III (1738–1820)"</a>. Encyclopedia Virginia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+III+%281738%E2%80%931820%29&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Virginia&rft.date=2021-12-22&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediavirginia.org%2Fentries%2Fgeorge-iii-1738-1820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (2006). <i>George III: America's Last King</i>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-11732-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-11732-9"><bdi>0-300-11732-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+III%3A+America%27s+Last+King&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-300-11732-9&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Brooke_(English_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brooke (English historian)">Brooke, John</a> (1972). <i>King George III</i>. London: Constable. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-456110-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-456110-9"><bdi>0-09-456110-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+George+III&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-09-456110-9&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullion1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bullion, John L. (1994). "George III on Empire, 1783". <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>51</b> (2). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 305–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2946866">10.2307/2946866</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2946866">2946866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=George+III+on+Empire%2C+1783&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=305-310&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2946866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2946866%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bullion&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Butterfield, Herbert</a> (1957). <i>George III and the Historians</i>. London: Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+III+and+the+Historians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Cannon_(historian)" title="John Cannon (historian)">Cannon, John</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10540">"George III (1738–1820)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10540">10.1093/ref:odnb/10540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+III+%281738%E2%80%931820%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.series=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10540&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F10540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannonGriffiths1988" class="citation book cs1">Cannon, John; <a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._Griffiths" title="Ralph A. Griffiths">Griffiths, Ralph</a> (1988). <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822786-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822786-8"><bdi>0-19-822786-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+British+Monarchy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-822786-8&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarretta1990" class="citation book cs1">Carretta, Vincent (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQqs0qxcnJMC"><i>George III and the Satirists from Hogarth to Byron</i></a>. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-1146-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8203-1146-4"><bdi>0-8203-1146-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+III+and+the+Satirists+from+Hogarth+to+Byron&rft.place=Athens%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8203-1146-4&rft.aulast=Carretta&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxQqs0qxcnJMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernow2010" class="citation book cs1">Chernow, Ron (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/washingtonlife00cher_0"><i>Washington: A Life</i></a></span>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-266-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-266-7"><bdi>978-1-59420-266-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-266-7&rft.aulast=Chernow&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwashingtonlife00cher_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColley2005" class="citation book cs1">Colley, Linda (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UvekhU69KagC"><i>Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300107595" title="Special:BookSources/0300107595"><bdi>0300107595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britons%3A+Forging+the+Nation%2C+1707%E2%80%931837&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0300107595&rft.aulast=Colley&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUvekhU69KagC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser, Antonia</a> (1975). <i>The Lives of the Kings and Queen of England</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-76911-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-76911-1"><bdi>0-297-76911-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Kings+and+Queen+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-297-76911-1&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Hibbert, Christopher</a> (1999). <i>George III: A Personal History</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-025737-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-025737-3"><bdi>0-14-025737-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+III%3A+A+Personal+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-14-025737-3&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedley1902" class="citation book cs1">Medley, Dudley Julius (1902). <i>A Student's Manual of English Constitutional History</i>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xi4GAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA501">501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Student%27s+Manual+of+English+Constitutional+History&rft.pages=501&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Medley&rft.aufirst=Dudley+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Shaughnessy2013" class="citation book cs1">O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFc-UCp6ZQsC"><i>The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300191073" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300191073"><bdi>978-0300191073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Men+Who+Lost+America%3A+British+Leadership%2C+the+American+Revolution%2C+and+the+Fate+of+the+Empire&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0300191073&rft.aulast=O%27Shaughnessy&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFc-UCp6ZQsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPares1953" class="citation book cs1">Pares, Richard (1953). <i>King George III and the Politicians</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+George+III+and+the+Politicians&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Pares&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitan1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._A._Reitan" title="E. A. Reitan">Reitan, E. A.</a>, ed. (1964). <i>George III, Tyrant Or Constitutional Monarch?</i>. Boston: D. C. Heath and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+III%2C+Tyrant+Or+Constitutional+Monarch%3F&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=D.+C.+Heath+and+Company&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span> A compilation of essays encompassing the major assessments of George III up to 1964.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts, Andrew</a> (2023). <i>George III: The Life and Reign of Britain's Most Misunderstood Monarch</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-99146-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-99146-7"><bdi>978-0-141-99146-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1334883294">1334883294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+III%3A+The+Life+and+Reign+of+Britain%27s+Most+Misunderstood+Monarch&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1334883294&rft.isbn=978-0-141-99146-7&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRöhlWarrenHunt1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._G._R%C3%B6hl" title="John C. G. Röhl">Röhl, John C. G.</a>; Warren, Martin; Hunt, David (1998). <i>Purple Secret: Genes, "Madness" and the Royal Houses of Europe</i>. London: Bantam Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-593-04148-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-593-04148-8"><bdi>0-593-04148-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purple+Secret%3A+Genes%2C+%22Madness%22+and+the+Royal+Houses+of+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-593-04148-8&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6hl&rft.aufirst=John+C.+G.&rft.au=Warren%2C+Martin&rft.au=Hunt%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedgwick1903" class="citation book cs1">Sedgwick, Romney, ed. (1903). <i>Letters from George III to Lord Bute, 1756–1766</i>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+from+George+III+to+Lord+Bute%2C+1756%E2%80%931766&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmsRiotte2007" class="citation book cs1">Simms, Brendan; Riotte, Torsten (2007). <i>The Hanoverian Dimension in British History, 1714–1837</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hanoverian+Dimension+in+British+History%2C+1714%E2%80%931837&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Simms&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft.au=Riotte%2C+Torsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2016" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Alan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E92aCwAAQBAJ&q=American%2BRevolutions"><i>American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804</i></a>. New York City: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-35476-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-35476-8"><bdi>978-0-393-35476-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Revolutions%3A+A+Continental+History%2C+1750%E2%80%931804&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-393-35476-8&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE92aCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAmerican%252BRevolutions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/P._D._G._Thomas" title="P. D. G. Thomas">Thomas, Peter D. G.</a> (1985). "George III and the American Revolution". <i><a href="/wiki/History:_The_Journal_of_the_Historical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="History: The Journal of the Historical Association">History</a></i>. <b>70</b> (228): 16–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1985.tb02477.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1985.tb02477.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=George+III+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=228&rft.pages=16-31&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1985.tb02477.x&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Trevelyan,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet">Trevelyan, George</a> (1912). <i>George the Third and Charles Fox: The Concluding Part of the American Revolution</i>. New York: Longmans, Green.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+the+Third+and+Charles+Fox%3A+The+Concluding+Part+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Steven_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Steven Watson">Watson, J. Steven</a> (1960). <i>The Reign of George III, 1760–1815</i>. London: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+George+III%2C+1760%E2%80%931815&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=J.+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (1996). <i>Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy</i> (Revised ed.). London: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-7448-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-7448-9"><bdi>0-7126-7448-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families%3A+The+Complete+Genealogy&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7126-7448-9&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheelerBroadley1908" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, H. F. B.; Broadley, A. M. (1908). <i>Napoleon and the Invasion of England. Volume I</i>. London: John Lane The Bodley Head.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+the+Invasion+of+England.+Volume+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Lane+The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=H.+F.+B.&rft.au=Broadley%2C+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillcoxArnstein1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Willcox" title="William B. Willcox">Willcox, William B.</a>; Arnstein, Walter L. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w49ZOx-KufMC&q=Willcox%2520%2526%2520Arnstein%2520The%2520Age%2520of%2520Aristocracy%25201688%2520to%25201830"><i>The Age of Aristocracy 1688 to 1830</i></a> (Fifth ed.). D.C. Heath and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-669-13423-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-669-13423-6"><bdi>0-669-13423-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Aristocracy+1688+to+1830&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=D.C.+Heath+and+Company&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-669-13423-6&rft.aulast=Willcox&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft.au=Arnstein%2C+Walter+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw49ZOx-KufMC%26q%3DWillcox%252520%252526%252520Arnstein%252520The%252520Age%252520of%252520Aristocracy%2525201688%252520to%2525201830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1996" class="citation journal cs1">Black, Jeremy (1996). "Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence?". <i>Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research</i>. <b>74</b> (299): 145–154. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44225322">44225322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+for+Army+Historical+Research&rft.atitle=Could+the+British+Have+Won+the+American+War+of+Independence%3F&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=299&rft.pages=145-154&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44225322%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1811/30022">Online 90-minute video lecture given at Ohio State in 2006; requires Real Player</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1965" class="citation journal cs1">Butterfield, Herbert (1965). "Some Reflections on the Early Years of George III's Reign". <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 78–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F385501">10.1086/385501</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175147">175147</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162958860">162958860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Some+Reflections+on+the+Early+Years+of+George+III%27s+Reign&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=78-101&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162958860%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F175147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F385501&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDitchfield2002" class="citation book cs1">Ditchfield, G. M. (31 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=koxbPN_AHsgC"><i>George III: An Essay in Monarchy</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333919620" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333919620"><bdi>978-0333919620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+III%3A+An+Essay+in+Monarchy&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2002-10-31&rft.isbn=978-0333919620&rft.aulast=Ditchfield&rft.aufirst=G.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkoxbPN_AHsgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolding2017" class="citation book cs1">Golding, Christopher T. (2017). <i>At Water's Edge: Britain, Napoleon, and the World, 1793–1815</i>. Temple University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Water%27s+Edge%3A+Britain%2C+Napoleon%2C+and+the+World%2C+1793%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Golding&rft.aufirst=Christopher+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadlow2014" class="citation book cs1">Hadlow, Janice (2014). <i>A Royal Experiment: The Private Life of King George III</i>. Henry Holt and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Royal+Experiment%3A+The+Private+Life+of+King+George+III&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Hadlow&rft.aufirst=Janice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHecht1966" class="citation book cs1">Hecht, J. Jean (1966). "The Reign of George III in Recent Historiography". In Furber, Elizabeth Chapin (ed.). <i>Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. 206–234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reign+of+George+III+in+Recent+Historiography&rft.btitle=Changing+views+on+British+history%3A+essays+on+historical+writing+since+1939&rft.pages=206-234&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Hecht&rft.aufirst=J.+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacalpineHunter1966" class="citation journal cs1">Macalpine, Ida; Hunter, Richard (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1843211">"The 'insanity' of King George III: a classic case of porphyria"</a>. <i>Br. Med. J</i>. <b>1</b> (5479): 65–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.5479.65">10.1136/bmj.1.5479.65</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1843211">1843211</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5323262">5323262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br.+Med.+J.&rft.atitle=The+%27insanity%27+of+King+George+III%3A+a+classic+case+of+porphyria&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5479&rft.pages=65-71&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1843211%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5323262&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.1.5479.65&rft.aulast=Macalpine&rft.aufirst=Ida&rft.au=Hunter%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1843211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacalpine,_I.Hunter,_R.Rimington,_C.1968" class="citation journal cs1">Macalpine, I.; Hunter, R.; Rimington, C. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1984936">"Porphyria in the Royal Houses of Stuart, Hanover, and Prussia"</a>. <i>British Medical Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (5583): 7–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.5583.7">10.1136/bmj.1.5583.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1984936">1984936</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4866084">4866084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Porphyria+in+the+Royal+Houses+of+Stuart%2C+Hanover%2C+and+Prussia&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5583&rft.pages=7-18&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1984936%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4866084&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.1.5583.7&rft.au=Macalpine%2C+I.&rft.au=Hunter%2C+R.&rft.au=Rimington%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1984936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamier1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Bernstein_Namier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Bernstein Namier">Namier, Lewis B.</a> (1955). "King George III: A Study in Personality". <i>Personalities and Power</i>. London: Hamish Hamilton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=King+George+III%3A+A+Study+in+Personality&rft.btitle=Personalities+and+Power&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Namier&rft.aufirst=Lewis+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Shaughnessy2004" class="citation journal cs1">O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson (Spring 2004). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'If Others Will Not Be Active, I Must Drive': George III and the American Revolution". <i>Early American Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (1): iii, 1–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Feam.2007.0037">10.1353/eam.2007.0037</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143613757">143613757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+American+Studies&rft.atitle=%27If+Others+Will+Not+Be+Active%2C+I+Must+Drive%27%3A+George+III+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=iii%2C+1-46&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Feam.2007.0037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143613757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=O%27Shaughnessy&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts, Andrew</a> (2021). <i>The Last King of America: The Misunderstood Reign of George III</i>. <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1984879264" title="Special:BookSources/978-1984879264"><bdi>978-1984879264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+King+of+America%3A+The+Misunderstood+Reign+of+George+III&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1984879264&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grant_Robertson" title="Charles Grant Robertson">Robertson, Charles Grant</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924014654044#page/n6/mode/1up"><i>England under the Hanoverians</i></a>. London: Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+under+the+Hanoverians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Charles+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924014654044%23page%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson,_Eric1952" class="citation journal cs1">Robson, Eric (1952). "The American Revolution Reconsidered". <i>History Today</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 126–132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+American+Revolution+Reconsidered&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=126-132&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Robson%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span> British views</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Robert_A.1984" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Robert A. (1984). "Reinterpreting the Reign of George III". In Schlatter, Richard (ed.). <i>Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing since 1966</i>. Rutgers University Press. pp. 197–254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reinterpreting+the+Reign+of+George+III&rft.btitle=Recent+Views+on+British+History%3A+Essays+on+Historical+Writing+since+1966&rft.pages=197-254&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Smith%2C+Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>George III</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/George_III" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/George III">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="c:George III of the United Kingdom">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/George_III" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/George III">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="q:George III of the United Kingdom">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="s:Author:George III of the United Kingdom">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/George_III" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/George III">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/George_III" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/George III">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/george-iii">George III</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/george-iii-king-of-the-united-kingdom-1738-1820#/type/subject">George III</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Collection Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/george_iii_king.shtml">George III</a> at BBC History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp01750">Portraits of King George III</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127318#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgianpapersprogramme.com">Georgian Papers Programme</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/223267">George III papers, including references to madhouses and insanity from the Historic Psychiatry Collection, Menninger Archives, Kansas Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/005984">Newspaper clippings about George III</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates">"Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – Estimates"</a>. <i>slavevoyages.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=slavevoyages.org&rft.atitle=Trans-Atlantic+Slave+Trade+%E2%80%93+Estimates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslavevoyages.org%2Fassessment%2Festimates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+III" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>George III </div><div><b> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a> </b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">House of Welf</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 4 June 1738 </span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 29 January 1820 </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Great Britain">King of Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">Ireland</a> </b><br />25 October 1760 – 31 December 1800 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> </b><br />25 October 1760 – 12 October 1814 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />1 January 1801 – 29 January 1820 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hanover" title="King of Hanover">King of Hanover</a> </b><br />12 October 1814 – 29 January 1820 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> </b><br />1751–1760 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">George (IV)</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Peerage of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Prince Frederick</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Duke of Edinburgh">Duke of Edinburgh</a> </b><br /><i>1st creation</i><br />1751–1760 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Merged with the Crown </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #79DBFF;"><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Titles in pretence</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><small><b>— TITULAR —</b></small><br /><i><b> <a href="/wiki/British_claims_to_the_French_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="British claims to the French throne">King of France</a> </b></i><br />25 October 1760 – 31 December 1800 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Title abandoned </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_and_topics_related_to_George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_and_topics_related_to_George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles and topics related to George III of the United Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_III" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_III" title="Template:George III"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_III" title="Template talk:George III"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_III" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George III"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_III" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George III</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hanover" title="King of Hanover">Hanover</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a> (wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV, King of the United Kingdom</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV, King of the United Kingdom</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Princess_Royal" title="Charlotte, Princess Royal">Charlotte, Princess Royal</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom">Augusta</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom">Elizabeth</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary,_Duchess_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom">Sophia</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Octavius_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Octavius of Great Britain">Octavius</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alfred_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Alfred of Great Britain">Alfred</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Amelia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom">Amelia</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a> (father)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Saxe-Gotha" title="Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha">Augusta of Saxe-Gotha</a> (mother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Augusta of Great Britain">Augusta, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany">Edward, Duke of York and Albany</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain">Princess Elizabeth</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn">Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louisa_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Louisa of Great Britain">Princess Louisa</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Frederick of Great Britain">Prince Frederick</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Matilda_of_Great_Britain" title="Caroline Matilda of Great Britain">Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_George_III" title="Descendants of George III">Descendants</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_George_III_and_Charlotte" title="Coronation of George III and Charlotte">Coronation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Marriages_Act_1772" title="Royal Marriages Act 1772">Royal Marriages Act 1772</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="United Kingdom in the Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_George_III" title="Golden Jubilee of George III">Golden Jubilee</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Rock" title="Jubilee Rock">Jubilee Rock</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Regency_Acts#Care_of_King_During_his_Illness,_etc._Act_1811" title="Regency Acts">Regency Act 1811</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency era</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_George_III" title="Cultural depictions of George III">Cultural<br />depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Portrait_of_George_III" title="Coronation Portrait of George III">Coronation Portrait of George III</a></i> (1762)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/George_III_and_the_Prince_of_Wales_Reviewing_Troops" title="George III and the Prince of Wales Reviewing Troops">George III and the Prince of Wales Reviewing Troops</a></i> (1798)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_George_III_(Lawrence)" title="Portrait of George III (Lawrence)">Portrait of George III</a></i> (1809)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Public sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Place_d%27Armes#George_III_Monument" title="Place d'Armes">Montreal</a> (1773)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_III,_Somerset_House" title="Statue of George III, Somerset House">Somerset House, London</a> (c. 1778–1789)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Statue" title="King's Statue">Weymouth</a> (1809)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Copper_Horse" title="The Copper Horse">Windsor Great Park</a> (1831)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Theatre, film,<br />radio and<br />television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/America_(1924_film)" title="America (1924 film)">America</a></i> (1924, film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Mr._Pitt" title="The Young Mr. Pitt">The Young Mr. Pitt</a></i> (1942, film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Fitzherbert_(film)" title="Mrs. Fitzherbert (film)">Mrs. Fitzherbert</a></i> (1947, film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Songs_for_a_Mad_King" title="Eight Songs for a Mad King">Eight Songs for a Mad King</a></i> (1969, music theatre)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Barry_Lyndon" title="Barry Lyndon">Barry Lyndon</a></i> (1975, film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adams_Chronicles" title="The Adams Chronicles">The Adams Chronicles</a></i> (1976, TV)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Regent_(TV_series)" title="Prince Regent (TV series)">Prince Regent</a></i> (1979, TV)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Ruins" title="In the Ruins">In the Ruins</a></i> (1984, radio play)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Blackadder_the_Third" title="Blackadder the Third">Blackadder the Third</a></i> "<a href="/wiki/Duel_and_Duality" class="mw-redirect" title="Duel and Duality">Duel and Duality</a>" (1987, TV)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_George_III" title="The Madness of George III">The Madness of George III</a></i> (1991, play)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_King_George" title="The Madness of King George">The Madness of King George</a></i> (1994, film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Longitude_(TV_series)" title="Longitude (TV series)">Longitude</a></i> (2000, TV)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">John Adams</a></i> (2008, TV)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton: An American Musical</a></i> (2015, musical)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mr_Foote%27s_Other_Leg" title="Mr Foote's Other Leg">Mr Foote's Other Leg</a></i> (2015, play)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte:_A_Bridgerton_Story" title="Queen Charlotte: A Bridgerton Story">Queen Charlotte: A Bridgerton Story</a></i> (2023, TV)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Books and poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Strange_%26_Mr_Norrell" title="Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell">Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell</a></i> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_of_Eagles" title="Victory of Eagles">Victory of Eagles</a></i> (2008)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Library" title="King's Library">King's Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_manuscripts,_British_Library" title="King's manuscripts, British Library">King's manuscripts, British Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Observatory" title="King's Observatory">King's Observatory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Nicholson" title="Margaret Nicholson">Margaret Nicholson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Frith_(assailant)" title="John Frith (assailant)">John Frith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Hadfield" title="James Hadfield">James Hadfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_III_(ship)" title="George III (ship)"><i>George III</i> (ship)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">← George II</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV →</a></b></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Template:Kingdom of Great Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Template talk:Kingdom of Great Britain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of Great Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Constitutional development <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union of 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Union of 1801</a></li></ul></li> <li>External wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">Jenkins Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Anglo-French War (1778–1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Anglo-Dutch (1780–1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early-18th-century_Whig_plots" title="Early-18th-century Whig plots">Whig plots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%931797" title="Panic of 1796–1797">Panic of 1796–1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Scottish Agricultural Revolution">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Floral Badge of Great Britain"><img alt="Floral Badge of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg/120px-Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg/180px-Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg/240px-Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Floral Badge of Great Britain</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George III</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_Great_Britain" title="List of parliaments of Great Britain">List of parliaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain">Acts of Parliament:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1707" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707">1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1708" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1709" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1709">1709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1710" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1710">1710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1711" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1711">1711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1712" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1712">1712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1713" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1713">1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1714" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1714">1714</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1715" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1715">1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1716" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1716">1716</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1717" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1717">1717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1718" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1718">1718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1719" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1719">1719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1720" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1720">1720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1721" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1721">1721</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1722" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1722">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1723" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1723">1723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1724" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1724">1724</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1725" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1725">1725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1726" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1726">1726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1727" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1727">1727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1728" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1728">1728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1729" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1729">1729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1730" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1730">1730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1731" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1731">1731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1732" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1732">1732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1733" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1733">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1734" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1734">1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1735" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1735">1735</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1736" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1736">1736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1737" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1737">1737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1738" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1738">1738</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1739" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1739">1739</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1740" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1740">1740</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1741" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1741">1741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1742" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1742">1742</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1743" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1743">1743</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1744" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1744">1744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1745" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1746" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1746">1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1747" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1747">1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1748" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1748">1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1749" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1749">1749</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1750" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1750">1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1751" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1751">1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1753" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1753">1753</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1754" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1754">1754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1755" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1755">1755</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1756" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1756">1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1757" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1757">1757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1758" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1758">1758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1759" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1759">1759</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1760" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1760">1760</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1761" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1761">1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1762" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1762">1762</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1763" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1763">1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1764" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1764">1764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1765" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1765">1765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1766" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1766">1766</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1767" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1767">1767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1768" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1768">1768</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1769" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1769">1769</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1770" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1770">1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1771" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1771">1771</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1772" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1772">1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1773" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1773">1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1774" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1774">1774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1775" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1775">1775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1776" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1776">1776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1777" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1777">1777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1778" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1778">1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1779" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1779">1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1780" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1780">1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1781" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1781">1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1782" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1782">1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1783" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1783">1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1784" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1784">1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1785" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1785">1785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1786" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1786">1786</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1787" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1787">1787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1788" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1788">1788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1789" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1789">1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1790" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1790">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1791" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1791">1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1792" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1792">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1793" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1793">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1794" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1794">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1795" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1795">1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1796" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1796">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1797" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1797">1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1798" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1798">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1799" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1799">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1800" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1800">1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Great Britain">Elections:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1708_British_general_election" title="1708 British general election">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1710_British_general_election" title="1710 British general election">1710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1713_British_general_election" title="1713 British general election">1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_British_general_election" title="1715 British general election">1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1722_British_general_election" title="1722 British general election">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1727_British_general_election" title="1727 British general election">1727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1734_British_general_election" title="1734 British general election">1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1741_British_general_election" title="1741 British general election">1741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1747_British_general_election" title="1747 British general election">1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1754_British_general_election" title="1754 British general election">1754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_British_general_election" title="1761 British general election">1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1768_British_general_election" title="1768 British general election">1768</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1774_British_general_election" title="1774 British general election">1774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1780_British_general_election" title="1780 British general election">1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1784_British_general_election" title="1784 British general election">1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_British_general_election" title="1790 British general election">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_British_general_election" title="1796 British general election">1796</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Junto" title="Whig Junto">Whig Junto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Whigs" title="Patriot Whigs">Patriot Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit-Cat_Club" title="Kit-Cat Club">Kit-Cat Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_18th-century_British_periodicals" title="List of 18th-century British periodicals">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Romantic literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Romanticism in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature_in_the_eighteenth_century" title="Scottish literature in the eighteenth century">Scottish 18th-century literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Stockings_Society" title="Blue Stockings Society">Blue Stockings Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitude_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitude prize">Longitude prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_tax" title="Window tax">Window tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speenhamland_system" title="Speenhamland system">Speenhamland system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival" title="Welsh Methodist revival">Welsh Methodist revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Great_Britain" title="Flag of Great Britain">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain" title="Coat of arms of Great Britain">Royal arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Edinburgh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Edinburgh" title="Template:Dukes of Edinburgh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Edinburgh" title="Template talk:Dukes of Edinburgh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Edinburgh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Edinburgh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_Edinburgh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Duke of Edinburgh">Dukes of Edinburgh</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick</a> (1726–1751)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George</a> (1751–1760)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></i> (1764–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred</a> (1866–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Philip</a> (1947–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles</a> (2021–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Edward</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_princes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_princes" title="Template:British princes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_princes" title="Template talk:British princes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_princes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British princes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_princes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_prince" title="British prince">British princes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>, who formalised the use of the titles <i>prince</i> and <i>princess</i> for members of the British royal family.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_William_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince George William of Great Britain">Prince George William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Prince William, Duke of Cumberland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn">Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Frederick of Great Britain">Prince Frederick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">King George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">King William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">King Ernest Augustus of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Octavius_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Octavius of Great Britain">Prince Octavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alfred_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Alfred of Great Britain">Prince Alfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Frederick,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover" title="George V of Hanover">King George V of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">Prince George, Duke of Cambridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">King Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Prince Ernest Augustus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor,_Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale" title="Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale">Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexander_John_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Alexander John of Wales">Prince Alexander John of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur_of_Connaught" title="Prince Arthur of Connaught">Prince Arthur of Connaught</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover#Issue" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Prince George William of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover#Issue" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Prince Christian of Hanover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick">Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">King Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">King George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">Prince George, Duke of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_John_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prince John of the United Kingdom">Prince John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Windsor,_2nd_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Alastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johann_Leopold,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hubertus_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(pilot)" title="Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (pilot)">Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ernest_Augustus_of_Hanover_(born_1914)" title="Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover (born 1914)">Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_William_of_Hanover" title="Prince George William of Hanover">Prince George William of Hanover</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_of_Gloucester" title="Prince William of Gloucester">Prince William of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Richard,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Michael_of_Kent" title="Prince Michael of Kent">Prince Michael of Kent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/James,_Earl_of_Wessex" title="James, Earl of Wessex">James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Wales" title="Prince George of Wales">Prince George of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Wales" title="Prince Louis of Wales">Prince Louis of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Archie_of_Sussex" title="Prince Archie of Sussex">Prince Archie of Sussex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span> Not a British prince by birth, but created <a href="/wiki/Prince_consort" title="Prince consort">Prince Consort</a>. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span> Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom.<br /><i>Princes whose titles were removed and eligible people who do not use the title are shown in italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_of_Wales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Wales" title="Template:Princes of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Wales" title="Template talk:Princes of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_of_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Princes of Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward of Caernarfon</a> <i>(1301–1307)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward the Black Prince</a> <i>(1343–1376)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard of Bordeaux</a> <i>(1376–1377)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry of Monmouth</a> <i>(1399–1413)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster</a> <i>(1454–1471)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward</a> <i>(1471–1483)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Middleham,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales">Edward of Middleham</a> <i>(1483–1484)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur</a> <i>(1489–1502)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry</a> <i>(1504–1509)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward</a> <i>(1537–1547)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick</a> <i>(1610–1612)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles</a> <i>(1616–1625)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles</a> <i>(1641–1649)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James</a> <i>(1688)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George</a> <i>(1714–1727)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick</a> <i>(1728–1751)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George</a> <i>(1751–1760)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George</a> <i>(1762–1820)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Albert Edward</a> <i>(1841–1901)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George</a> <i>(1901–1910)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward</a> <i>(1910–1936)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles</a> <i>(1958–2022)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William</a> <i>(2022–present)</i></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers" title="Prince of Wales's feathers"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg/75px-Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg/113px-Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg/150px-Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>See also</i>: <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Hanover" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#ffd700;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Hanover" title="Template:Rulers of Hanover"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_Hanover" title="Template talk:Rulers of Hanover"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Hanover" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Hanover"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Hanover" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hanover_(region)" title="History of Hanover (region)">Rulers of Hanover</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ffd700; text-align:center;">Electors of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Elector_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover">Ernest Augustus I</a><i> (Elector-designate)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I Louis</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George III</a>*</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/113px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/75px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/113px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/150px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ffd700; text-align:center;">Kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George III</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus II</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover" title="George V of Hanover">George V</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#ffd700;"><div>* also <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British monarch</a> **also <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Teviotdale" title="Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale">Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127318#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127318#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127318#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108986255">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/49264990">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7475151778234218130008">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/36864/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr7RXBFbvQYVPFTv6DH4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118716913">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79061402">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12159008k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12159008k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="George III <re di Gran Bretagna>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/NAPV090485">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35118717">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700822&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX982909">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070497443">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98047628">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000195807&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000106557&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000398236">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=145383">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cd5qh0p6pk52">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810665162605606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810558499105606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/118314">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007296031105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058530075306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14273393">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08927511?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500009904">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/30950">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/78dbcdd1-fc21-4591-9ec9-0b690dbad0b5">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/831884">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118716913.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118716913">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030884039">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ck9691">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/33813">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/344579">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_III&oldid=1258202582">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_III&oldid=1258202582</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:George_III" title="Category:George III">George III</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1738_births" 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